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Public distrust of scientists stems in part from the blurring of boundaries between science and technology, between discovery and manufacture. Most governments, perhaps all governments, justify public expenditure on scientific research in terms of the economic benefits the scientific enterprise has brought in the past and will bring in the future. Politicians remind their voters of the splendid machines "our scientists" have invented, the new drugs to relieve old ailments (病痛), and the new surgical equipment and techniques by which previously intractable (难治疗的) conditions may now be treated and lives saved. At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists that they tailor their research to "economics needs", that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are "near the market" and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. Dependent, as they are, on politicians for much of their funding, scientists have little choice but to comply. Like the rest of us, they are members of a society that rates the creation of wealth as the greatest possible good. Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring, creative spirit.

In such circumstances no one should be too hard on people who are suspicious of conflicts of interest. When we learn that the distinguished professor assuring us of the safety of a particular product holds a consultancy with the company making it, we cannot be blamed for wondering whether his fee might conceivably cloud his professional judgment. Even if the professor holds no consultancy with any firm, some people may still distrust him because of his association with those who do, or at least wonder about the source of some his research funding.

This attitude can have damaging effects. It questions the integrity of individuals working in a profession that prizes intellectual honesty as the supreme virtue, and plays into the hands of those who would like to discredit scientists by representing them as venal (可以收买的). This makes it easier to dismiss all scientific pronouncements, but especially those made by the scientists who present themselves as "experts". The scientist most likely to understand the safety of a nuclear reactor, for example, is a nuclear engineer, and a nuclear engineer is most likely to be employed by the nuclear industry. If a nuclear engineer declares that a reactor is unsafe, we believe him, because clearly it is not to his advantage to lie about it. If he tells us it is safe, on the other hand, we distrust him, because he may well be protecting the employer who pays his salary.

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1. What is the chief concern of most governments when it comes to scientific research?

A . The reduction of public expenditure.

B . Quick economics returns.

C . The budget for a research project.

D . Support from the voters.

正确答案:Quick economics returns.

题目详解:由文章第一段第四句话“At the same time, the politicians demand of scientists

that they tailor their research to 'economics needs', that they award a higher priority to research proposals that are 'near the market' and can be translated into the greatest return on investment in the shortest time. ”可知,政府要求科学家的研究工作必须适应经济的需求,对于与市场接轨,投资回报快的项目给予优先考虑,因此Quick economics returns.项的内容符合题意。其余选项与原文不符。

2. Scientists have to adapt their research to "economic needs" in order to ______.

A . translate knowledge into wealth

B . obtain funding from the government

C . pursue knowledge for knowledge's sake

D . impress the public with their achievements

正确答案:obtain funding from the government

题目详解:文章首段第五句话“Dependent , as they are , on politicians for much of their funding , scientists have little choice but to comply . ”指出,由于科学家的经费依靠政客的资助,那么科学家们只能满足政治家们的需求,也就是说,为了获得经费他们的研究必须满足“经济的需求”,故obtain funding from the government项的说法符合文义。

3. Why won't scientists complain about the government's policy concerning scientific research?

A . They know it takes patience to win support from the public.

B . They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.

C . They think compliance with government policy is in the interests of the public.

D . They are accustomed to keeping their opinions to themselves.

正确答案:They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge. 题目详解:由首段末句话“Many have reservations, but keep them to themselves in what they perceive as a climate hostile to the pursuit of understanding for its own sake and the idea of an inquiring , creative spirit .”可知科学家们不抱怨的原因能是他们处于一种追求理解,追求创新充满敌意的氛围中,因此,他们只能保持沉默,故选项[They think they work in an environment hostile to the free pursuit of knowledge.]的内容符合文义。

4. According to the author, people are suspicious of the professional judgment of scientists because ______.

A . some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty

B . sometimes they hide the source of their research funding

C . they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned

D . their pronouncements often turn out to be wrong

正确答案:they could be influenced by their association with the project concerned

题目详解:由第二段的内容可以推知科学家会受到科研资金来源的影响,故they could be

influenced by their association with the project concerned项正确。干扰项some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty项之所以不正确是因为原文提到的原因是科学家会受到资金来源的影响,而不是说科学家不诚实。他们也为生活所迫,也是生活的一分子,因此,他们势必会受到项目组织机构的左右,但不能说他们不诚实,故some of them do not give priority to intellectual honesty项不正确。

5. Why does the author say that public distrust of scientists can have damaging effects?

A . Scientists themselves may doubt the value of their research findings.

B . People would not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.

C . It makes things difficult for scientists seeking research funds.

D . It may dampen the enthusiasm of scientists for independent research.

正确答案:People would not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.

题目详解:第三段内容以核技术人员的工作举例说明,即使科学家有时说实话,我们也不会信。故选项People would not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.概括了此段内容。因此People would not believe scientists even when they tell the truth.项正确。

Science writer Tom Standage draws apt parallels between the telegraph and the gem of late 20th century technology, the Internet. Both systems grew out of the cutting edge science of their time. The telegraph's land lines, underwater cables, and clicking gadgets reflected the 19th century's research in electromagnetism. The Internet's computers and high-speed connections reflect 20th century computer science, information theory, and materials technology. But, while inventions make a global network possible, it takes human cooperation to make it happen. Standage's insight in this regard adds depth to his technological history. It underscores the relevance to our own time of the struggles of Samuel Morse in America. William Cooke in England, and other telegraph pioneers. They made the technology work efficiently, sold it to a skeptical public, and overcame national and international bureaucratic obstacles. The solutions they found smooth the Internet's way today. Consider a couple of technical parallels. Telegrams were sent from one station to the next, where they were received and retransmitted until they reached their destination. Stations along the way were owned by different entities, including national governments. Internet data is sent from one server computer to another that receives and retransmits it until it reaches its destination. Again the computers have a variety of owners. Then there is the social impact. The Internet is changing the way we do business and communicate. It makes possible virtual communities for individuals scattered around the planet who share mutual interests. Yet important as this may turn out to be, it is affecting a world that was already well connected by radio, television, and other telecommunications. The Associated Press, Reuters, and other news services would have spread the Star report quickly without the Internet. In this respect, the global telegraph network was truly revolutionary. The unprecedented availability of global news in real time gave birth to the Associated Press and Reuters news services. It gave a global perspective to newspapers

that had focused on local affairs. A provincialism that geographical isolation had forced on people for millennia was gone forever. Some seers naively hailed this as a force for world peace. They predicted that tensions over cultural and ethnic differences would relax as people interacted in real time. Visionaries say the same about the Internet. While communications can smooth this process, they do not automatically make it happen. As the experience of the past century and a half has shown, peace takes the will to make it work and sustained effort by all parties.

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1. What does "the gem of late 20th century technology" refer to?

A . The Internet.

B . The telegraph.

C . Materials technology.

D . Information theory.

正确答案:The Internet.

题目详解:题干引号里的短语出现在文章第一段开头,接着原文提到了互联网“the Internet”;根据语法结构,“the Internet”是“the gem Of late 20th century technology”的同位语,即将“互联网”比喻为“二十世纪末科技上一颗璀璨的宝石”,因此答案为“The Internet.”。

2. What is the relevance to our own time of the struggles of telegraph pioneers?

A . They smooth the way for the popularity of today's technology.

B . They made the Internet a global network.

C . They overcame national and international bureaucratic obstacles.

D . They made today's technology work efficiently.

正确答案:They smooth the way for the popularity of today's technology.

题目详解:定位于文章第二段,要准确区分论点和论据.掌握本段的中心思想,即虽然这些科技发明使全球网络成为可能,但是仍然需要人类的合作才能使其成为现实。而电报先驱们为推广他们的发明而做出的努力为互联网的发展铺平了道路。“They made today's technology work efficiently.”、“They made the Internet a global network.”、“They overcame national and international bureaucratic obstacles.”是具体的论据,而“They smooth the way for the popularity of today's technology.”则概括了本段的论点,因此答案为“They smooth the way for the popularity of today's technology.”。

3. Why is it that the global telegraph network was truly revolutionary?

A . It makes virtual communities possible.

B . It has changed the way we do business and communicate.

C . It makes world peace.

D . It makes real-time global news service available.

正确答案:It makes real-time global news service available.

题目详解:定位于文章第四段的开头部分,本段总结了两种技术对社会的影响。虽然文章先肯定了互联网对人类社会的影响,但侧重说明了全球电报网络对人类社会的深刻影响,并且进一步表明自己的观点“全球电报网的形成和发展带来真正意义上的社会革命——前所未有地使人类能够及时获得世界新闻报道”。因此答案为“It makes real-time global news service available.”,而其他选项并不能准确表达作者的观点,不是答案。

4. The Associated Press and Reuters came into being thanks to ______.

A . the well connected radio and TV system

B . the breakup of provincialism

C . the development of global telegraph network

D . the popularity of the Internet

正确答案:the development of global telegraph network

题目详解:题中问及美联社、路透社等新闻机构产生的原因,对于这一点,可定位于第四段的第六、七句话。由此可以推断出电报网络的发展使即时新闻传播成为可能,而后者促使各种新闻社的产生,故答案为“the development of global telegraph network”。“the popularity of the Internet”、“the well connected radio and TV system”与问题无关,而“the breakup of provincialism”是新闻机构产生后所带来的结果。

5. All of the following facts about the telegraph and the Internet are true EXCEPT the fact that ______.

A . both develop from the most advanced science of their time

B . they are operated similarly in technical terms

C . both help to change the way we do business and communicate

D . both facilitate the communication between cultures and ethnic groups

正确答案:both help to change the way we do business and communicate

题目详解:本文讨论了电报和互联网在发展基础、发展过程、技术基础、社会影响等方面的相似之处(parallels)。文章第一段提到了“both develop from the most advanced science of their time”(发展基础);文章第三段提到了“they are operated similarly in technical terms”(技术基础)以及“both facilitate the communication between cultures and ethnic groups”中提及的新技术为不同文化和种族的交流提供了便利,在文章最后一段的结尾部分也得到了印证。但文章中第四段第二句只提到了互联网改变了人们经商和交流的方式,而并未提到电报技术的运用改变了人们经商和交流的方式,因此答案为“both help to change the way we do business and communicate”。

As the great low ebb of high tech sweeps through the world of online commerce, two kinds of sites are weathering the storm. The first group is often referred to as "clicks and mortar" online extensions of stores like Walmart or Sears. They take an existing, traditional

business and extend it into the online arena. The second group provides a unique service made possible by the Internet's special characteristics. Job sites and online auctioneer e-Bay are both good examples of the new breed of business that the Internet continues to foster. Cafepress. com is one of the latter group. It's a website that provides users with online stores where they can sell shirts, mugs, and mousepads customized with their own logos and/or slogans. By itself, this is a fairly useful service, and an example of how the Internet has changed the art of marketing and customer service. Cafepress. com, however, is rather remarkable for another reason. Customers don't need to print large lots of items. They don't need to worry about shipping the goods to their customers. And they don't need to talk to another human being to get their store "built" in the first place. The site lets you upload an image and choose what sort of item you'd like it to appear on. You can then choose how much to mark the item up -- the difference between the item's base cost and your mark-up price is your profit. Base prices are high, but understandable when you consider what Cafepress. com does for the initial investment. An 11-bunce mug starts at $ 10.99. For that, Cafepress. Com prints the mug on a piece-by-piece basis, provides the ordering software, handles the money, packs it, and ships it for you. The mug's purchaser pays shipping and handling costs; the store owner's effort is limited to uploading the original image for the mug, setting the cost, and writing a brief description of the item. It seems to be catching on. "More and more companies come to us, who want to do some kind of merchandising, who want to offer a range of products to their users, but don't want the hassles associated with it," says Maheesh Jain, Cafepress. com's co-founder and vice-president. "That's where we come in -- we're one of the few companies that offer this kind of full-service solution." But the most exciting aspect of Cafepress. com is not its ability to help major corporations outsource and customize their merchandising efforts. What's remarkable about the system is how simple it is to open a store. An average individual with an idea that could sell 50 T-shirts or mugs can't justify a traditional merchandising effort, but with https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6613249490.html,, users can easily bring ideas to fruition with very little time and no financial risk. Moreover, the quality of the merchandise is good; I've ordered a mug and a shirt from Cafepress. com, and both were shipped relatively promptly, and arrived exactly as promised. Cafepress. com is an idea that's easy to get excited about. It's a small -- but tangible -- example of how the Internet can change the way we live.

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1. The expression "weathering the storm" in the first sentence means ______.

A . coming into being

B . being dominated by a stormy high tech wave

C . surviving a crisis

D . struggling in the storm

正确答案:surviving a crisis

题目详解:“weather”在这里的意思是“安全度过(困难、风暴等)”,“the storm”指的是上半句提到的内容。这句话可以翻译为“当高新技术巨大的衰退浪潮袭击整个电子商务领域时,两

种网站却正在破浪前进”,由此可知答案为“surviving a crisis”。

2. The first kind of site differs from the second kind of site in that ______.

A . the first kind sells commodities while the second offers service

B . the second kind offers untraditional jobs to people experienced in auctioning

C . the first kind extends items sold beyond the traditional categories

D . the second kind is rising while the first kind is declining in the world of online commerce

正确答案:the first kind sells commodities while the second offers service

题目详解:定位于文章第一段第二至五句“第一类网站通常被称作“点击井涂抹”——比如象Walmart或Sears(两个连锁零售商的名字)”这样的商店扩大到网上销售;第二类充分利用互联网的特点,提供一种独特的服务,一些就业信息网站和象e-bay这样的在线拍卖商是这类新网站的好例子,互联网将继续促进这类买卖的开展,由此可知答案为“the first kind sells commodities while the second offers service”。

3. Which of the following about Cafepress. com is NOT true?

A . It, along with similar sites, has changed the traditional way of marketing.

B . Its users don't have to transact the items to be sold face-to-face with their customers.

C . Its customers are those who want to sell things rather than buy things.

D . It keeps its profit to a minimum in order to attract online customers.

正确答案:It keeps its profit to a minimum in order to attract online customers.

题目详解:根据第二段第二句可排除“Its customers are those who want to sell things rather than buy things.”;由本段最后一句可排除“It, along with similar sites, has changed the traditional way of marketing.”;此外,根据第三段第三句可排除选项“Its users don't have to transact the items to be sold face-to-face with their customers.”,由此可知答案为“It keeps its profit to a minimum in order to attract online customers.”。

4. What kind of customers need Cafepress. com most according to its vice-president?

A . Those who have problem keeping their commodities moving.

B . Those who sell a great variety of items.

C . Those who want to avoid the trouble of negotiating with clients.

D . Those who sell unconventional commodities.

正确答案:Those who want to avoid the trouble of negotiating with clients.

题目详解:定位于第五段第二句“该公司的副总裁说,越来越多的公司来找我们,他们想销售货物,有一系列的货物要卖,但想省去争论的麻烦”,由此可知答案为“Those who want to avoid the trouble of negotiating with clients.”。

5. What is the most outstanding about Cafepress. com according to the author?

A . The conveniences it gives to companies in selling their commodities.

B . The speed and security it offers users to put their ideas into practice.

C . The help it offers major companies in marketing their commodities.

D . The high quality of the merchandise it offers to customers.

正确答案:The speed and security it offers users to put their ideas into practice.

题目详解:文章第六段首句提到,Cafepress.com最令人兴奋的一面不是它促进了一些大公司的产品销售,它最突出的特点是使开一个商店变得非常简单。随后又举了个例子来说明这一观点,由此可知答案为“The speed and security it offers users to put their ideas into practice.”。而其他三个选项虽然文中都提到了,但都不是Cafepress.com最突出的特点,不是答案。

In Mexico, President Vicente Fox is making an effort to calm protests in the farming sector through a dialogue with the government. But, the talk, so far, is mostly one-sided. The dialogue between Fox government officials and farm group leaders held on Tuesday here in Mexico City included two cabinet officials and a number of governors and legislators, but very few campesinos, as the farmers are called in Spanish. The leaders of the nation's largest campesino organizations, the Congreso Agrario Permanente, or Permanent Agrarian Congress, and the Confederation National Campesino, or National Farmers Confederation, boycotted the session. They complained that the government's decision to change the venue, from the National Archives building to a sports complex, violated an agreement to consult with them on such arrangements. President Fox is calling on all such groups to attend another meeting later this week so that they can contribute to the effort to improve the lot of Mexico's farmers. He says he wants to move forward quickly to develop a national accord for the agricultural sector by March 15. He says this accord should include details about how to provide more financing and credit to farmers as well as how to help farmers commercialize their products. President Fox is encouraging poor farmers to develop more skills in both production and in marketing. He says that some farm operations in Mexico are prospering under the North American Free Trade Agreement, known as NAFTA. Mr. Fox notes that the Mexican farm sector produces 157 products for sale in the United States and that Mexico leads the world in production of several types of products, including watermelons, tomatoes, broccoli and cauliflower. Mexican tomato producers are among the most enthusiastic supporters of the trade agreement. In the past ten years, Mexico has nearly doubled its tomato exports and today, one out of every three tomatoes sold in the United States comes from Mexico. But campesino leaders say NAFTA has favored such large-scale operations and left behind the millions of poor, small-scale farmers who cannot compete with the United States and Canada. Two weeks ago, some 20,000 campesinos marched in Mexico City demanding that the government renegotiate NAFTA, something President Fox has said he would not favor. Under the terms of the treaty, tariffs on several commodities were reduced to zero on January 1. By 2008, tariffs are set to fall on a number of other products including corn, sugar and beans. The United States has remained out of the fray over NAFTA here in

Mexico other than issuing statements highlighting the benefits of the agreement. However. Canada's ambassador to Mexico. Keith Christie, in an interview published in the Reforma newspaper Tuesday, said his country is against any change in the treaty. He said NAFTA is a complete package and it is not possible to change one part without reopening the entire agreement. That, he said, would not be good for any of the countries involved and he noted that both Canada and Mexico have gained more than the United States in terms of increased exports as a result of NAFTA.

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1. What fact indicated that the talk was mostly one-sided?

A . The President manipulated the government.

B . There were very few farmers present in the dialogue.

C . The campesino leaders supported the President.

D . The cabinet officials and governors and legislators were on the farmer's side.

正确答案:There were very few farmers present in the dialogue.

题目详解:定位于原文第二段“福克斯政府官员和农业组的领导之间的对话在墨西哥城展开,参加这次谈话的有两名内阁官员、数名州长和立法委员,几乎没有农民”,由此可见,几乎没有农民参加这次关于农业的对话,应该说是单边的,故答案为“There were very few farmers present in the dialogue.”。

2. Why did the farm leaders protest against the session?

A . Because they did not like the session to be held in the National Archives building.

B . Because they thought the decision of changing venue was against the previous agreement.

C . Because they did not think sports had anything to do with the talk.

D . Because they thought the talk was unfair to poor farmers.

正确答案:Because they thought the decision of changing venue was against the previous agreement.

题目详解:定位于原文第三段第二句话“他们抱怨政府决定把会议地点由国家档案大厦改在一个综合体育场,违背了他们就会议安排达成的协议”,故答案为“Because they thought the decision of changing venue was against the previous agreement.”。

3. What is implied about the Mexican agricultural products?

A . Some agricultural products are imported from the US.

B . Some Mexican agricultural product has got a majority of America market share.

C . The Mexican agricultural products are in the leading place in the world.

D . The Mexican agricultural products have been highly commercialized.

正确答案:Some Mexican agricultural product has got a majority of America market share.

题目详解:根据第七段的最后一句话:在美国出售的每3个番茄中就有一个产自墨西哥。这与选项“Some Mexican agricultural product has got a majority of America market share.”(某种农产品在美国市场上占很大份额)是一致的,故其为答案。选项“The Mexican agricultural products have been highly commercialized.”和“Some agricultural products are imported from the US.”文中并末提到,而选项“The Mexican agricultural products are in the leading place in the world.”不正确,因为并不是所有的墨西哥农产品都占世界主导地位,而只是其中一些农产品。

4. What do campesino leaders think is the disadvantage of NAFTA?

A . They think it hinders the development of Mexican agriculture.

B . They think it hurts the interests of poor Mexican farmers.

C . They think it unfair to Mexican farmers.

D . They think it affects the benefits of the campesino organizations.

正确答案:They think it hurts the interests of poor Mexican farmers.

题目详解:文中倒数第三段的第一句明确提到:农民组织领导说北美自由贸易协议支持了大规模经营,而丢下了数百万贫穷的小规模经营的农民,他们是没有能力与美国和加拿大竞争的。由此可说明北美自由贸易协议伤害到了贫困农民的利益,故答案为“They think it hurts the interests of poor Mexican farmers.”。

5. What does Keith Christie think of the treaty?

A . He thinks it no good for any countries concerned.

B . He is in favor of reopening the entire agreement.

C . He is against any change of it.

D . He thinks Mexico will get more benefits from it than Canada will.

正确答案:He is against any change of it.

题目详解:文中最后一段第二、三句提到Keith Christie的想法:他的国家反对这一条约的任何改动。并且他还说,北美自由贸易协议是一套完整协议,不可能在没有重新进行讨论全部协议的情况下改变其中任何一部分,故答案为“He is against any change of it.”。而最后一段最后一句提到:修改这一条约不会对任何成员国有利,KeithChristie还提醒说,从增加出口方面讲,北美自由贸易协议的结果是加拿大和墨西哥两国都比美国获益多,由此排除选项“He thinks it no good for any countries concerned.”和“He thinks Mexico will get more benefits from it than Canada will.”。

If your child only picks at his food, he can be trained to be a good eater. That will happen only when you've changed some of your own habits. Your child only accidentally discovered that being a bad eater meant getting lots of rewards from you. But you, as a parent, can easily undo your child's bad eating habits. I recall the case of little Sally Sanders, aged three-and-a-half, who was angrily described by her mother as being, "the

worst cater I've ever seen in my life! I can't get her to eat anything. I'm afraid she's going to grow up sick and weak, that's how little she eats." "What do you do when she won't eat her food?" I asked. Her voice showing a very high state of pique, Mrs. Sanders continued resentfully, "Every time we have a meal. I wind up having a big fight with Sally.

I scream and shout a lot at her. She makes me so mad when she won't eat her food. I warn her she needs a good, well-balanced meal to grow up healthy. She's just a stubborn child who won't eat her food. I'm afraid she'll get a bad vitamin deficiency for not eating all the good food I cook for her." I took a thorough case history. I went into much detail about the family's habits, their routines, their way of getting on together. Sally- I was told, had always been a bad eater. Mother and father agreed that Sally became worse in her eating habits soon after Elizabeth, her nine-month-old baby sister, was born. "It only makes Sally very angry when I tell her what a wonderful little eater Elizabeth is. Elizabeth is such a wonderful eater I never have any problems with her. Why can't Sally be like Elizabeth?" "Instead of making mealtime an occasion for pleasure- you've made it into a battle of wills. a struggle for power between you and little Sally", I explained. Meals should be a sort of treat, not a nutritional treatment for your child. For Now, stop being an amateur nutritionist. Give her the sort of food she really enjoys. And give her only very small portions. Don't scold if she doesn't eat everything on her plate. If she's eaten everything and wants more, give her only tiny additional portions. Never insist that she eat everything on her plate. Remain, to the best of your ability calm, unconcerned and indifferent to her habit of slowly picking away at her food. Instead, enjoy your own food, and pay no attention to Sally. Then, after about, say, 30 minutes, very calmly pick up all the plates and other crockery from the table. Mealtime is over. Maybe your child will complain that she hasn't finished yet. Pay her no heed. But do say, for example. "That's the way it's got to be. We can't stay at the table too long eating. Sorry, if you're still hungry, you'll just have to wait until lunch time, (or whatever the next meal is)."

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1. A bad eater in the article refers to who ______.

A . has no taste for food

B . pay no attention to nutrition of food at all

C . picks at the food and eats very little

D . eats bad food

正确答案:picks at the food and eats very little

题目详解:文章第一段提到了“pick at his food”,第三段提到了“I can't get her to eat anything ... that's how little she eats”,由此可见一个坏的饮食者是指喜欢挑三捡四,并且吃得很少的人,故答案为“picks at the food and eats very little”。而选项“has no taste for food”和“eats bad food”文中并未提到,选项“pay no attention to nutrition of food at all”中的关键词nutrition在最后一段提到,但与bad eater无关。

2. The author is probably________.

A . a psychologist

B . a nutritionist

C . a physician

D . a skillful nurse

正确答案:a psychologist

题目详解:根据最后一段作者给这位母亲的建议可以看出,他非常了解孩子的心理,可能是位心理学家,又因为其他三个选项文中并未提到,故答案为“a psychologist”。

3. Which of the following is true according to the article?

A . Sally's mother contributes much to sally's bad eating habits.

B . Sally's mother cannot cook nutritional food.

C . Sally's mother intends to make mealtime a struggle for power.

D . Sally's mother praises her baby sister to make her angry.

正确答案:Sally's mother contributes much to sally's bad eating habits.

题目详解:文章第七段提到“你(指这位孩子母亲)没有将吃饭时间当成一种快乐的时刻,相反,你却把它变成了一场你和萨莉之间意志力的斗争”,由此可见,她妈妈要对萨莉坏习惯的养成负很大的责任,故答案为“Sally's mother contributes much to sally's bad eating habits.”。

4. The author advises Mrs. Sanders ______.

A . to force her child to cat everything

B . to stop starving her child to change her bad eating habits

C . to give her child nutritious food only

D . not to become an amateur nutritionist

正确答案:not to become an amateur nutritionist

题目详解:定位于文章最后一段,本段第二句话提到“从现在开始,停止做一个业余的营养师”,由此可知答案为“not to become an amateur nutritionist”。而选项“to give her child nutritious food only”、“to force her child to cat everything”和“to stop starving her child to change her bad eating habits”都过于绝对,并且文中也并未提到这样的建议。

5. In the phrase "a very high, state of pique" (Paragraph 5), the word "pique" can be replaced by the word ______.

A . resentment

B . pleasure

C . anger

D . excitement

正确答案:anger

题目详解:根据第三段第一句话“... who was angrily described by ...?”以及第五段第一句话“... Mrs Sanders continued resentfully”可以排除选项“excitement”和“pleasure”。选项“resentment”和后一句中的副词“resentfully”词义重复,所以排除此项,故答案为“anger”。

Common cold is a viral infection that starts in the upper respiratory tract, sometimes spreads to the lower structures, and may contribute secondary infections in the eyes or middle ears. The main differences between the common cold and other respiratory infections are the absence of fever and the relative mildness of the symptoms. About 200 different strains of virus are capable of producing colds. Frequently two or more different viruses can be isolated during a single episode. The cold is spread by person-to-person contact. People can carry the virus and communicate it without themselves experiencing any of the symptoms. Incubation is short -- usually one to four days. The viruses start spreading from an infected person before the symptoms appear, and the spread reaches its peak during the symptomatic phase. The incidence of colds peaks during the autumn, and minor epidemics commonly occur throughout the winter. The reason for this incidence is unknown: it may not stem mainly from stresses imposed by chilly weather but rather result from the greater amount of time spent indoors, which increases the likelihood of close contact with those persons carrying cold viruses. Pathologic changes occurring in the mucous membrane that lines the nose, the nasal sinuses, the nasoharynx, and other upper respiratory passages may include tissue swelling, congestion of blood, and oozing of fluids. During the acute phase of the disease, the respiratory secretions are altered by increase in serum proteins. Parts of cells may also be found in the fluids. Tissue repair is rapid and seems complete, although a relationship might exist between colds and more serious respiratory conditions. Cold symptoms vary from person to person, but in the individual the same symptoms tend to recur in succeeding bouts of infection. Manifestations may include sneezing, headaches, fatigue, chilling, sore throat, inflammation of the nose (rhinitis), and nasal discharge. There is usually no fever. The symptoms usually last for only a few days. The nasal discharge is the first warning. The secretions become watery, clear, and excessive. Later, they thicken, increase in mucus and pus content, and may colour a yellow-green, with traces of blood. Coughing can be dry or produce amounts of mucus. Other, more serious diseases with similar general symptoms may be mistaken for a cold; some of these are tuberculosis, bronchitis, lung abscesses, and inflammation around the heart. Treatment is, in most instances, directed toward allaying of symptoms, coupled with rest and adequate fluid intake. Occasionally antibiotics are given to prevent secondary infections.

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1. According to this passage, common cold is ______.

A . caused by spending a lot of time outdoors in chilly weather

B . a kind of popular respiratory infection

C . generally accompanied with mild fever

D . a hereditary disease

正确答案:a kind of popular respiratory infection

题目详解:根据第一段第一句“普通感冒是从上呼吸道开始的由滤过性病毒引起的传染病……”可知答案为“a kind of popular respiratory infection”,而选项a hereditary disease “遗传疾病”肯定不正确。由文中第四段第三句“感冒一般不出现发烧症状”,可知选项“generally accompanied with mild fever”不正确;再由第二段第七句“……感冒的主要原因可能不是因为严寒的天气而是由于大部分时间呆在室内引起的……”可知选项“caused by spending a lot of time outdoors in chilly weather”不正确。

2. The second paragraph is written to mainly talk about ______ of colds.

A . the incubation

B . the causes

C . the definition

D . the spreading

正确答案:the causes

题目详解:该段的第一、二句“大约有200多种病毒会引起感冒。一次感冒往往可能会找到两种或更多种病毒”,指出病毒是感冒的起因。随后提到感冒病毒的传播过程,感冒的流行期等,最后还分析了引起感冒的主要原因。可见,该段主要讲的是感冒的起因,因此答案为“the causes”。该段中并未提到感冒的定义,由此可排除“the definition”。虽然本段中也提到了“incubation”和“spreading",但只是论述感冒起因时所涉及到的问题而已,所以选项“the incubation”和“the spreading”也不正确。

3. It seems that the person ______ is most likely to catch cold.

A . having a mild fever for a few days

B . carrying viruses capable of producing colds

C . spending most of his time indoors

D . spending most of his time outdoors

正确答案:spending most of his time indoors

题目详解:定位于第二段最后一句话“感冒发生的原因是不清楚的,感冒的主要原因可能不是因为严寒的天气而是由于大部分时间呆在室内引起的,是因为增加了与携带感冒病毒的人紧密接触”,可知答案为“spending most of his time indoors”。而其它三个选项与上下文意思不符,不是答案。

4. The underlined word "recur" in the 4th paragraph most probably means________.

A . regress

B . repeat

C . refresh

D . retreat

正确答案:repeat

题目详解:定位于第四段第一句,根据语法结构,此处所填的词应是个不及物动词,因此排除选项“refresh”。选项regress意为“倒退、退化”;retreat意为“撤退、退却”,不符合上下文的意思,所以排除这两项,因此答案为“repeat”。

5. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A . The application of antibiotics is the only effective means in the treatment of common cold.

B . Common cold is the first warning of bronchitis.

C . Radical surgery is never needed in the treatment of common cold.

D . Tuberculosis is believed to have developed from common cold.

正确答案:Radical surgery is never needed in the treatment of common cold.

题目详解:文章第四段最后一句提到“可能把其他症状大体相同的更严重的疾病错当成感冒,这样的疾病有;肺结核、支气管炎、肺脓肿以及心肌炎”,因此可知“Common cold is the first warning of bronchitis. (普通感冒是支气管炎的最早征兆)”和“Tuberculosis is believed to have developed from common cold. (人们认为肺结核是感冒演变来的)”不正确。文章最后一句提到,偶尔使用抗生素预防继发性感染,由此可知“The application of antibiotics is the only effective means in the treatment of common cold. (广使用抗生素是治疗感冒的唯一有效手段)”不正确。由最后一段“多数感冒,治疗在于减轻症状,再加上休息和多喝水”可知答案为“Radical surgery is never needed in the treatment of common cold. (治疗感冒无需进行大手术)”。

Can computers reason? Reasoning requires the individual to take a given set of facts and draw correct conclusions. Unfortunately, errors frequently occur, and we are not talking about simple carelessness as occurs when two numbers are incorrectly added, nor do we mean errors resulting from simple forgetfulness. Rather, we have in mind errors of a logic nature --those resulting from faulty reasoning. Now, or at least soon, computers will be capable of error-free logical reasoning in a variety of areas. The key to avoiding errors is to use a computer program that relies on the last two decades' research in the field of automated theorem proving. AURA (Automated Reasoning Assistant) is the program that best exemplifies this use of the computer. AURA solves a problem by drawing conclusions from a given set of facts about the problem. Program does not learn, nor is it self-analytical, but it reaches logical conclusions flawlessly. It used various types of reasoning and, more important, has access to very powerful and sophisticated logical strategies. AURA seldom relies on brute force to find solutions. Instead it solves almost all problems by using sophisticated techniques to find a contradiction. One generally starts with a set of assumptions and adds a statement that the goal is unreachable. For example, if the problem is to test a safety system that automatically shuts down a nuclear reactor when instruments indicate a problem, AURA is told that the system will not shut the reactor

down under those circumstances. If AURA finds a contradiction between the statement and the system's design assumptions, then this aspect of the reactor's design has been proved satisfactory. This strategy, known as the set of support strategy, lets AURA concentrate on the problem at hand and avoid the many fruitless steps required to explore the entire theory underlying the problem. Almost never does the program proceed by carrying out an exhaustive search. The chief use for AURA at this time is for electronic circuit design validation, but a number of other uses will arise. For example, there already exist "expert systems" that include a component for reasoning. An expert system is a special-purpose program designed to automate reasoning in a specific area such as medical diagnosis. These expert programs, unlike human experts, do not die. Such systems continue to improve and have an indefinite life span. Moreover, they can be replicated for pennies. A human who can expertly predict where to drill for oil is in great demand. A program that can predict equally well would be invaluable and could be duplicated any number of times. Will the computer replace the human being? Certainly not. It seems likely that computer programs will reproduce -- that is, design more clever computer programs and more efficient, more useful components. Reasoning programs will also analyze their own progress, learn from their attempts to solve a problem, and redirect their attack on a problem. Such programs will assist, rather than replace, humans. Their impact will be felt in design, manufacturing, law, medicine, and other areas. Reasoning assistants will enable human minds to turn to deeper and far more complex ideas. These ideas will be partially formulated and then checked for reasoning flaws by a reasoning program. Many errors will be avoided.

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1. The primary purpose of AURA is to________.

A . check human reasoning for possible errors

B . function as a safety mechanism in nuclear reactors

C . develop expert human programs for technical fields

D . detect contradictions and other faults in computer programs

正确答案:check human reasoning for possible errors

题目详解:文章第一段最后两句提到,(人)要想不出逻辑推理方面的错误,关键在于使用一种计算机程序,这个程序是在过去20年中对自动定理证明领域的研究的基础上设计出来的。AURA(自动推理助手)就说明了计算机在这方面的应用,由此可知答案为“check human reasoning for possible errors”。

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as areas from applying AURA?

A . Medical diagnosis.

B . Mathematic and formal logic.

C . Nuclear engineering.

D . Electronic engineering.

正确答案:Mathematic and formal logic.

题目详解:由第三段第一句可以排除选项“Electronic engineering.”,再由第二段的后半段可排除“Nuclear engineering.”,此外根据第三段第三句可排除选项“Medical diagnosis.”。而文中并没有提到AURA在数学和形式逻辑方面的应用,因此答案为“Mathematic and formal logic.”。

3. All of the following are advantages of expert programs EXCEPT________.

A . they cost little to reproduce

B . they are self-analytical

C . they have an indefinite life span

D . many copies can be made available

正确答案:they are self-analytical

题目详解:定位于文章第三段后半部分,其中第五句提到“这些专门用的程序可以不断提高,无限制地存在下去”可排除“they have an indefinite life span”;第六句“它们可以被廉价复制”从而排除“they cost little to reproduce”;最后一句提到“……而且这种程序可以无限制地被复制”可排除“many copies can be made available”,因此答案为“they are self-analytical”。

4. Which of the following titles best describes the content of the text?

A . Some Suggested Applications for AURA.

B . Scientific Applications of Logical Reasoning.

C . Scientific Applications of Computers.

D . Using Computers to Assist Human Reasoning.

正确答案:Using Computers to Assist Human Reasoning.

题目详解:文章第一段直接点明主题“一种计算机程序AURA可帮助人们检查逻辑推理方面的错误”,再根据以上各题的题解,不难得出答案为“Using Computers to Assist Human Reasoning.”,而其他三个选项都不能准确表达此主题,不为答案。

5. The author's primary concern is to________.

A . recommend a solution

B . refute and objection

C . discuss recent developments

D . correct a misconception

正确答案:discuss recent developments

题目详解:本文主要讨论了计算机在逻辑方面的研究上的最新动向,并重点探讨了AURA在目前以及将来的应用,由此可知答案为“discuss recent developments”。

It was 1961 and I was in the fifth grade. My marks in school were miserable and, the thing was, 1 didn't know enough lo really care. My older brother and I lived with Mom in a dingy multi-family house in Detroit. We watched TV every night. The background noise of our lives was gunfire and horses' hoofs from "Wagon Train' or "Cheyenne" ,and laughter from "I Love Lucy" or "Mister Ed". After supper, we'd sprawl on Mom's bed and stare for hours at the lube. But one day Mom changed our world forever. She turned off the TV. Our mother had only been able to get through third grade. But she was much brighter and smarter than we hoys knew at liie time. She had noticed something in the suburban houses she cleaned—books. So she came home one day, snapped off the TV , sat us down and explained that her sons were going to make something of themselves. '' You boys are going to read two books every week," she said. "And you're going to write me a report on what you read. We moaned and complained about how unfair it was. Besides, we didn't have any books in the house other than Mom's Bible. But she explained that we would go where the books were; "I'll drive you to the library. " So pretty soon there were these two peevish boys sitting in her white 1959 Oldsmobile on their way to Detroit Public Library. I wandered reluctantly among the children's books. I loved animals, so when I saw some books that seemed to be about animals, I started leafing through them. The first book I read clear through was Chip die Dam Builder. It was about beavers. For the first time in my life I was lost in another world. No television program had ever taken me so far away from my sur?roundings as did this verbal visit to a cold stream in a forest and these animals building a home. It didn't dawn on me at the time, but the experience was quite different from watching TV. There were images forming in my mind instead of before my eyes. And I could return to them again and again with the flip of a page. Soon I began to look forward to visiting this hushed sanctuary from my other world. I moved from ani?mals lo plants, and then to rocks. Between the covers of all those books were whole worlds, and I was free to go anywhere in them. Along the way a funny thing happened ;I started to know things. Teachers started to notice it too. I got to the point where I couldn't wait to get home to my books. Now my older brother is an engineer and I am chief of pediatric neurosurgery at John Hopkins Children's Center in Baltimore. Sometimes I still can't believe my life's journey, from a failing and indif?ferent student in a Detroit public school to this position, which takes me all over the world to teach and perform critical surgery. But I know when the journey began—the day Mom snapped off the TV set and put us in her Oldsmobile for that drive to the library.

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1. We can learn from the beginning of the passage that

A . the author had been very concerned about his school work.

B . the author and his brother had done poorly in school.

C . the author had spent much time watching TV after school.

D . the author had realized how important schooling was.

正确答案:the author had spent much time watching TV after school.

题目详解:在短文第一段作者就提到“We watched TV every night.”而后又列出一堆当时播

出的电视剧的名称,并且这些电视里的声音已经成为the back ground noise of our lives,可见文中的我和哥哥放学后消磨了大部分的时间在电视上。所以the author had spent much time watching TV after school.为正确答案。

2. Which of the following is NOT true about the author's family?

A . His mother worked as a cleaner.

B . His mother had received little education.

C . He came from a single-parent family.

D . He came from a middle-class family.

正确答案:He came from a middle-class family.

题目详解:短文中第一段就提到“My older brother and l lived with Mom...”说明他是来自单亲的家庭,由此排除He came from a single-parent family.;在短文的第二段提到“She had noticed something in the suburban houses she cleaned...”也就是说妈妈的工作是给其他人家打扫卫生,可排除His mother worked as a cleaner;同样是在这段里“Our mother had only been able to get through third grade"说明妈妈没有受过太多的教育,排除His mother had received little education.。只有He came from a middle-class family.是答案。

3. The mother was_______ to make her two sons switch to reading books.

A . reluctant

B . determined

C . unprepared

D . hesitant

正确答案: determined

题目详解:短文没有直接说妈妈要她的两个孩子去读书的态度:而是从一些行为表现出来的。当妈妈在他人家里发现了很多书以后,回到家她就snapped off the TV,即猛然关上电视;而后就给她的两个孩子提出了要求“You boys are going to read two books every week,and you are going to write me a report on what you read”,由于家里除了圣经什么书也没有,所以妈妈告诉她的孩子“I?ll drive you to the library.”从这一系列的行动来看,妈妈的态度是果断的,所以应该选determined。

4. How did the two boys feel about going to the library at first?

A . They were eager to go.

B . They were indifferent.

C . They were afraid.

D . They were reluctant.

正确答案:They were reluctant.

题目详解:当妈妈要求孩子们读书以后,文中的我和哥哥的反应是“We moaned and complained about how unfair it was.”由此可以推断出两个孩子最开始的反应是不愿意,

即They were reluctant.。

5. The author began to love books for the following reasons EXCEPT that_______

A . he could visualize what he read in his mind.

B . he realized that books offered him new experience.

C . he could go back to read the books again.

D . he began to see something in his mind.

正确答案:he could go back to read the books again.

题目详解:短文中写到:当文中的我开始读书以后,就发现自己“...taken...to a cold stream in a forest and these animals building a home”,并且感到“There were images forming in my mind instead Of before my eyes”,对他来说这种experience was quite different from watching TV。只有he could go back to read the books again.没有提到

In the case of mobile phones, change is everything. Recent research indicates that the mobile phone is changing not only our culture, but our very bodies as well. First, let's talk about culture. The difference between the mobile phone and its parent, the fixed-line phone, is that a mobile number corresponds to a person, while a landline goes to a place. If you call my mobile, you get me. If you call my fixed-line phone, you get whoever answers it. This has several implications. The most common one, however, and perhaps the thing that has changed our culture forever, is the "meeting" influence. People no longer need to make firm plans about when and where to meet. Twenty years ago, a Friday night would need to be arranged in advance. You needed enough time to allow everyone to get from their place of work to the first meeting place. Now, however, a night out can be arranged on the run. It is no longer "see you there at 8" ,but "text me around 8 and we'd see where we all are . Texting changes people as well. In their paper, "Insights into the Social and Psychological Effects of SMS Text Messaging" ,two British researchers distinguished between two types of mobile phone users; the "talkers" and the "texters"—those who prefer voice to text messages and those who prefer text to voice. They found that the mobile phone's individuality and privacy gave texters the ability to express a whole new outer personality. Texters were likely to report that their family would be surprised if they were to read their texts. This suggests that texting allowed texters to present a self-image that differed from the one familiar to those who knew them well. Another scientist wrote of the changes that mobiles have brought to body language. There are two kinds that people use while speaking on the phone. There is the "speakeasy" ;the head is held high, in a self-confident way, chatting away. And there is the " spacemaker" : these people focus on themselves and keep out other people. Who can blame them? Phone meetings get cancelled or reformed and camera-phones intrude on people's privacy. So, it is understandable if your mobile makes you nervous. But perhaps you needn't worry so much. After all, it is good to talk.

英语阅读教学设计

特色材料 哈尔滨市永源中学 田素刚

英语阅读课教学设计 一、本课在教材的地位与作用: 本课在教材中是本话题的第三部分,重点在于培养学生的阅读和写作能力,同时,本课学习的好与坏影响到写关于音乐方面作文的水平。所以,本课的学习对于学生练习相关的写作有很大的作用。 二、教学目标: 1、本课的主要教学目标是培养学生的阅读和写作能力,在学 习的过程中教师要适度地讲阅读的方法和写相关文体的写作要领。 2、培养学生良好的阅读和写作能力,应该是能够与现实的学习环境相适应的。 3、通过本课的学习使学生对音乐方面的知识有一定的了解并能够初步培养良好的音乐爱好。 三、教学重点: 本课的教学重点是训练学生的阅读和写作能力。 四、教学难点: 学习有实际效果的阅读和写作方法 五、教学方法: 自主探究及小组合作的教学方式。 六、教学工具:多媒体计算机 七、教学过程: 1、教学预备 出示给学生两组有关乐队的图片,让他们猜测是谁。主要通过听音乐的方式进行,这样能够引起学生的学习热情和兴趣。

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