英语国家概况考点及要点

The United Kingdom

What is the geographical position of the uk?

It is marked by latitude 50`N in southern England and by latitude 60’ across the Shetland islands off the northwest coast of Scotland. The distance from the southern coast of England to the most northern point of the Scottish mainland is 995km, and the English east coast and welsh west coast are 483km apart. With an area of 242,524 square km.

Could you give examples of important rivers in the uk? What is the lake district famous for in British literary history.

1.The largest river, the seven, is 338 km in length, beginning in Wales, emptying into the Atlantic Ocean.

2.

The second largest but most important river is the Thames. 3. In Scotland, the Clyde lake and the forth. 4.

in Northern Ireland, the lagan, the Bann, and the foyle. Lake District, located in the cumbrian mountains of northwest England, comprises 15 major beautiful lakes and has become a popular tourist destination. This district is attractive also because of its association with the lake poet s, who settled there in the early 1800s. What influences the climate in the uk? What are its features with respect to temperature rainfall and sunshine?

The moist and mild westerly wind from the Atlantic Ocean. The warm drift of the Gulf Stream around the land. Smallness of the British Isles and its inlet-filled coastal configuration.

Rainfall: is fairly well distributed throughout the year, with February to march being the driest period and October to January, the wettest. Temperature: rarely lower than 0`c in winter or higher than 32`c in summer. July and august are normally the warmest months In England. December to February is often cold, wet and windy. Sunshine: the uk is not a very sunny country. In summer, average daily sunshine varies from 5 hours in northern Scotland to 8 hours on the Isle of Wight in the south. In winter, 1 hour in northern Scotland, 2 hours on the south coast of England.

How does the weather in the uk affect British life.

The uk unique climate pattern inevitably results in a changeable and often unpredictable weather. This provides a constant topic of daily conversation for the Britons and it is believed that this changeability of weather is a conditioning factor of the national character that has helped the British become more adaptable.

Uk is made up of: England (London), Scotland (Edinburgh), Wales (Cardiff), northern Ireland (Belfast). London is located on the bank of the river Thames in southeast England.

The uk cost ling is very long, about 8000km.

What patterns of settlement and immigration has the uk demonstrated in history?

The United Kingdom has a multinational and multi-ethnic society where its people have diverse origins in every continent of the world. Its contemporary population is predominantly of English, welsh, Scottish and northern Irish stock, who have derived from varied settlement internal migration and assimilation in history.

Is it correct to describe contemporary British society as”multi-ethnic” and “multinational” if so, why?

The British are often regarded as a “mixed”people, meaning that they are products of waves of invasion and immigration from different ethnic groups in the course of history. Their ethnic origins have been complicated by intermarriage and relocation.

They are: 1. Neolithic Iberians (in the Bronze Age) 2. Celtic tribes (between 600 bc and 43 ad, bringing in an iron age civilization and two languages that became the later Gaelic and welsh) 3. Romans (55 bc,) 4. Germanic (5th to 7th century, come to constitute Britain’s present predominant stock, their language became the foundation of the basic, short, everyday words in modern English) 5. Scandinavians(Vikings, 8th to 9th , subdued and integrated by the Anglo-Saxon agricultural and Christian culture.) 6. French Normans.( in 1066) meaning: Celtic languages are still used to some extent and Celtic culture is still celebrated. Affected the developing fabric of British life and

formed the first foundations of the modern state. This mixture, increased by later immigration, has produced the present ethnic and national diversity in Britain.

Immigrations: Jewish moneylenders, 1330, Dutch and Flemish, helping build the textile trade in England. Others, including gypsies, enslaved blacks and a further wave of Jews. In 16th and 17th, refutes from Europe, such as Dutch Protestants and French Huguenots that added to Britain’s agricultural population. 19th, countryside to urban centres, from Wales, Scotland and Ireland to England. 1840s, Irish people moved to Britain because of potato famine. Meaning: in history, the multicultural communities have helped build today’s vibrant uk and contributed to its economic and social development. With its range and unique mix of cultural identities and heritages, is seen to have defined and added cultural value to the contemporary uk. But, inequality and discrimination do exist in Britain society because of the differences in religion, race, and cultural habits, particularly at times of economic stagnation. As a consequence, it seems that ethnic divisions and tensions will have increasing rather than diminishing significance for British life.

How has English language evolved in history? Why is it said that it is important to the uk`s class structure? Class structure: 1. upper-middle class 2. Middle class 3. lower middle class 4. Skilled working class 5. Semi-skilled and unskilled working class 6. Those at the lowest level of subsistence.

Who were the main foreign invaders of Britain at different times in British history? What contributions have they respectively made to the British culture, or what impacts have they had?

1.Early Settlers （5000BC-55BC）early man came from the European continent, stone circles and tools appeared all over the British Isles in the Neolithic Age from around 4400 bc. Famous sites of Stonehenge and silbury hill.

2.the celts invaded from central Europe by 500 BC. They introduced 2 important changes: the beginning of the Iron Age and the building of hill forts.

II. Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)

罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年-410年）

1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a Roman general, invaded Britain twice.

2. Roman's influence on Britain.

The Roman built many towns, road, baths, temples and buildings. They make good use of Britain's natural resources. They also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain.

罗马人修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物。他们还很好地利用了英国的自然资源。罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。

III. The Anglo-Saxons (446-871)

盎格鲁-撒克逊人（公元446-871年）

1．Basis of Modern English race: the Anglo-Saxons.

盎格鲁-萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）

In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. In the 7 century, they developed 7 separate kingdoms known as England, and established the English language now refered to as Old English.

The Anglo-Saxons brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain. Christianity soon disappeared, 3．The Early Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English state.

早期盎格鲁-撒克逊人为英国做出的贡献。

The Anglo-Saxons laid the foundations of the English state. Firstly, they divided the country into shires, with shire courts and shire reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering law. Secondly, they devised the narrow-strip, three-field farming system which continued to the 18th century.

Thirdly, they also established the manorial system. Finally, they created the Witan（council or meeting of the wisemen）to advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council which still exists today. 盎格鲁-撒克逊人为英国国家的形成打下了基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至18世纪。此外，他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们还创立了议会(贤人会议)，向国王提供建议，这就成为了今天仍存在的枢密院的基础。

IV．Viking and Danish invasions

北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵

1．The invaders were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked various parts of England from the end of the 8th century.

2．King Alfred (849-899) and his contributions

艾尔弗雷德国王（849-899）和他所做出的贡献

Alfred was a king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a friendly agreement with them in 879. The Danes gained control of the north and east, while he ruled the rest. He also converted some leading Danes into Christians.阿尔弗雷德是威塞克斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公元879年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。

V．The Norman Conquest (1066)

诺曼征服（公元1066年）

1．The Norman Conquest and its consequences

诺曼征服及其产生的影响。

The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English history. the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and the civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners and architecture were introduced. The Church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil courts.

1066年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼-法国文化、语言、举止和建筑。教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世俗法庭分离。

How did feudalism emerge and decline in medieval Britain?

Feudalism, a concept often used to describe the medieval society, had existed under the Anglo-Saxon, to consolidate his power.

The Black Death, a fierce and widespread outbreak of plague that ravaged the whole of Europe. killed perhaps up to one-third of the British population. As a result, in 1381, wat Tyler led a band of Kentish rebels to stage a revolt, but was subdued with force. It inspired other public demonstrations and rebellions against the feudal power throughout the later medieval period. the hundred years` war (1337-1453), a series of dynastic civil wars for the English between French, The war destroyed the feudal nobility and therefore brought about a new social order. Internationally, by ending England’s status as a power on the continent, it led the English to expand their power at sea. After, wars of the roses, a series of dynastic civil wars for the English throne were staged from 1422 onwards between the houses of Lancaster and York. With Henry Tudor’s accession as Henry vii, the central authority of the crown was soon to be resumed, bringing England’s turbulent medieval period to an end and, most importantly, ushering in a mew age.

In 1215, the Magna carta大宪章to impose legal limits on the king’s personal powers in raising money from his subjects. In 1265, Simon de Montfort summoned the first elected parliament.

Enclosure movement圈地运动，helped accumulate enough capital for capitalism to develop in Britain. British civil war: 1642-1651, took place between parliamentarians and royalists, was a constitutional issue between a king who claimed to rule by divine right and represented the feudal nobility.内战in 1865, James took the throne.

Th e industrial revolution: started in age-old wool textile industry. James watt.

The seven years` war(英法，殖民地掠夺): e nd with the treaty of Paris, firmly establishing the British in India and Canada.

Victorian Britain: from 1837 to 1901, queen Victoria had the longest reign in British history, presiding over, first, a kingdom and then an empire.

两党演变：civil war(roundhead, royalist) 17th century (Whigs, Tory) 工革(liberal party, conser vative party) 1922(labour party, conser party)

What was the social background for the reformation to take place in England ? what major achievements did the Elizabethan era witness?

1.Henry iii failed to get the papal approval for divorcing his wife, he initiated a revolution in 1533, separating

the English church from roman and establishing himself head of the church.2. king Henry desired to make the pope and all church officers of England acknowledge his superior jurisdiction over the church in England. 2.she succeeded in putting to rest religious issue; her government was effective in reducing the power of the old

nobility, expanding the power of her government, and effecting common law and administration throughout England; she also witnessed the English renaissance.

British history entered the reign of Elizabeth I in 1558, an age of glory.

The Civil Wars and their consequences

Because of the absolute rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles I and the parliament developed into the civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and ended in 1651. Charles I was condemned to death.

The English Civil War is also called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as a conflict between the parliament and the King, and a conflict between economic interests of the Crown. The economic interests of the urban middle classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan) ideology while the Crown's traditional economic interests correspondingly allied with Anglican religious belief. The English Civil War not only overthrew feudal system in England but also shook the foundation of the feudal rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the beginning of modern world history.

The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)

1．The industrial Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry and the consequent changes in social and economic organization in Britain in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

工业革命指的是17世纪末、18世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经济结构的变化。

Consequences of the industrial Revolution工业革命的结果

（1）Britain was by 1830 the "workshop of the world";

（2）Towns grew rapidly and became the source of the nation's wealth.

（3）Mechanization destroyed the livelihood of those who could not invest in it . The working men worked and lived in a appalling conditions.

（4）The industrial revolution created the industrial working class, the proletariat, and it later led to trade unionism.

What are the characteristics of the British constitution? 1. Constitutional monarchy 2.parliamentary sovereignty 3.representative democracy 4.the rule of law. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the head of state is a king or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty's Government. The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution, the British constitution is not set out in any single document. It is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.

What are the functions of the parliament? The UK parliament is one of the oldest representative assemblies in the world, having its origins in the mid-thirteenth-century great councils. It comprises three elements: the Crown, the non-elected House of Lords, and the elected House of Commons. The main function of parliament is to legislate, that is, to create, abolish or amend new laws for the entire nation. But, in practice, it normally passes bills that are often proposed by the government. It also votes the taxation and expenditures of the government; examine government policies and administration, and debates major political issues of the day.

Queen: is not only the sovereign of the United Kingdom, but also the head of state of 15 other realms and head of the commonwealth. (declare war, dissolve parliament, dismiss the prime, minister, appoint a new, prime minister) Parliament comprises three elements: the crown, the non-elected House of Lords, and the elected House of Commons.

House of Lords: initiate legislation, debating the issues of the day and improving certain non-tax bills inadequately. It serves as the highest court of appeal in the uk, hearing appeals with the exception of criminal cases in Scotland. The Prime Minster: is the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the house of commons, his responsibilities include presiding over the cabinet, allocating functions among ministers and meeting with the queen regularly to inform her of the general business of the government.

Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher第一女首

How does the UK differ from other countries like the United States in the division of powers of the state? The judicial system of the UK is among the oldest and most traditional of British institutions. 4 places zx/have separate legal system, with marked differences in law, court names and procedures. The British law and politics are closely intertwined. There is no ministry of justice in the uk, various government departments and agencies are also responsible for administering the legal system, including the department for constitutional affairs and the home office.

What are the main sources of British laws?

The three main sources of English and Welsh law are common law, statute law and European Union law. ①Common law: decided by Judhes, their decisions in cases being arrived at after considering the customs and practices of the people involved. This kind of law has envolved long before parliament became the main law-making body.②Statute law: made by parliament.③European Union law became part of British law when the UK entered the European Economic Communnity in1973, it is confined mainly to economic and social matters

T he principle court system is divided into criminal law and civil law.

Criminal law：mostly involves the rules laid down by the state for citizens and acts punishable by the state, such as theft and murder.

Civil law:governs the relationships and transactions between private parties, individuals, organizations, or companies, dealing with disputes about issues such as compensation for loss or damage.

Criminal Courts刑事法庭（一级法庭）Magistrates’ Courts二级法院Crown Court皇家法庭（三级法院）Keynesian demand management—the economic theories of English economist john Maynard Keynes, that advocate government monetary and fiscal programmes, designed to increase employment and stimulate business activity. , Using fiscal policy to control the level of aggregate demand. Consequently, it nationalized railways, road transport, water, gas, electricity, coal, iron and steel industries, airlines, the health service, the post office and

telecommunications. This resulted in two million workers transferring from the private to the public sector.

Why is the British social security system said to take care of the people “from the cradle to the grave”? Today, the national insurance act expands coverage, there are family allowances for children up to the age of 16(18, if the child is still in school, full time), as well as allowance for guardians and widows. Pensions for the elderly, or retirement benefits, begin at the age of 65 for men and 60 for woman. Almost two million people who receive incapacity benefits and severe disablement allowance for being unable to work.

What was the 1994 education act intended for？The education act divided state schools in the UK into three different types: grammar, secondary modern and technical to cater for the different academic levels and other aptitudes of children.

State schools: Scotland has an ancient independent LEA educational system. In Northern Ireland, the state schools are mostly divided on religious grounds into catholic and protestant and are often single-sex. The Department for Education and Skills initiates policy and the Local Education Authorities.

Oxford and Cambridge

Why has there been an increasing tendency for contemporary Britons to spend leisure time within the home? What are the popular home activities for leisure? There has been an increasing tendency for the Britons to spend leisure time within the home. It is not only that people participate less in public events such as religious festivals, professions, fairs and carnival; it is also that there is relatively less involvement in leisure activities outside the home such as visits to the pub or cinema in favor of more drinking at home and a greater dedication to watching television.//therefore, they spent most of their time of the day at home, pursuing activities including sleeping, leisure, housework. Among the 5 hours for leisure, nearly half was spent in watching tv/videos/dvd and listening to music, with the remaining time shared by four other activities, including social life and entertainment, hobbies and games, sports, and reading.,

The United States of American

1.What is the most pronounced feature of the United States in terms of its geography?

Physical Feature of The USA has two fundamental dimensions①geological determine the main pattern of landforms drainage(排水系统) and minerals, the fertility of soil to a considerable degree②meteorological which dictate the nature of weather and climate

2.What does the statement “American is a nation with an abundance of geography, but a shortage of

history” mean?

There is some true in the statement, for the United States took over the bulk of their national domain within the last century and a half. Even today, much of the United States remains only thinly populated and hardly tamed by civilization.

3.What makes the northeast stand out as a unique cultural region?

This area was one of the two earliest settlement by British colonists, Americans tend to trace many of the nation’s core values to the region. The region still thought to hold the greatest concentration of instutions of higher learning and advanced research. The region has also enjoyed a long history of booming tourism industry.

4.The great lakes—these are the most important lakes in America, extending about 1600 kilometers and

forming a section of the boundary between the United States and Canada. The great lakes include Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

5.Mississippi river: one of the largest navigable river systems in the world is not merely a useful river; is also

serves as a potent geographic symbol-the traditional dividing line in American between “east” and “west”.

6.The Appalachians: on the east stretch almost unbroken from Alabama to the Canadian border and beyond.

7.Cordillera: a collective term for all the high rough country of the western third of the united states.

8.in sum, as far as geography is concerned, there are four recognizable and definable topographic regions in the

united states, they are, from east to west, 1, the Atlantic and gulf coastal plain, 2, the cordillera, which includes both main mountain ranges and a variety of intermontane valleys, basins, and plateaus.

9.climate: the humid east, (drought is rare occurrence); the arid west, (dry and arid);the human-arid

transition, (offers fine farmland , with deep black prairie soil formed of humus and loess.); the humid pacific coast, (western united states)

10.the southern region南部联邦refers to the eleven states that left the union to form the confederacy during

the civil war period.

11.the plantation system 种植园体系

12.Middle Western states: the largest industrial and commercial center of the area.

13.The west: made up of three major parts: the southwest, the mountain states, and the pacific coast (gold rush,

the discovery of gold).

14.how did the south and the north differ from each other in their economic development before the civil

war?

15.what were the main reasons that made the united states the world’s leading industrial power in the late

19th and early 20th centuries.

16.what were the chief causes of the great depression? Did the new deal solve the problem brought about

by the depression? Why and why not?

the boom was fueled be an inflated stock market, which later led to a crash on October 29th, 1929. the great depression led to government effort to restart the economy and help its victims with Franklin d. Roosevelt’s new deal. The recovery was rapid in all areas except unemployment, which remained fairly high until 1940.

17.Post-world-war-ii Americas said to have created an affluent society for its people. To what extent can

such a statement be justified?

二战对美国的意义：①enormous military forces were raised and sent to fight on land,on sea,and in the air around the globe.②The most productive economy the world had ever seen sustained America's large civilian population and simultaneously supplied its and its allies' military forces fighting the Axis powers.③War enhanced the power and reach of the US federal government.④War transformed the nation's social structure ⑤War opened up unprecedented economic opportunities for women.

18.the cold war: following wwii, the united states emerged as one of the two dominant superpowers. The

post-war era in the united states was defined internationally by the beginning of the cold war, in which the united states and the soviet union attempted to expand their influence at the expense of the other, and checked by each side’s massive nuclear arsenal and the doctrine of mutual assured destruction. The result was a series of conflicts during this period including the Korean war and the tense nuclear showdown of the Cuban missile crisi s’

19.the united nations联合国：on 25 April, 1945,representatives of 50 nations met in san Francisco to create a

world organization . Meaning: this action marked the end of the spirit of isolationism as a dominating element in American foreign policy, signaling to the world that the United States was now ready to play a major role in international affairs.

20.The founding of the NATO: on April 4th, the north Atlantic treaty was signed.

21.Iron curtain: in 1946, symbolized by Winston church’s, marked by the tearing-down of the Berlin wall in

1989.

22.W ASP: white Anglo-Saxon protestant—as a term, it refers to people of English descent who believe in

Protestantism. Although there are many denominations within Protestantism in the united states, all of then

share a common heritage that has been a powerful force in shaping the values and beliefs of Americans. One of the self-improvement. Protestant Christianity, like Roman Catholic Christianity, often emphasizes the natural sinfulness of their sins, individuals are left alone before god to improve themselves or suffer eternal punishment by god for their sinful acts. For this reason, Protestantism encourages a strong and restless desire for self-improvement. Today, in the context of cultural pluralism, this term is often used derogatively in the United States.

23.Why is the United States called a nation of immigrants?

The county was settled, built, and developed by generations of immigrants and their children. Even today, American continues to take in more immigrants than any other country in the world.

24.from what parts of Europe did immigrants mainly come in the 17th, 18th and much of the 19th centuries?

25.The constitution of the USA is the world’s oldest one in force.

26.General principles: 1. federalism 2. a vigorous executive 3. a supreme national court 4. Checks and balances

5. limited government

6. a mixed government. This 6 priciples represented basic choices made by the

framers. Over the years since these choices were made, vast changes in the nature of the American nation have forced Americans to modify these principles in various ways.

27.Separation of powers: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary.

28.两党代表：democrats—labor, minority groups and the poor.

The republicans--- business, Anglo-Americans and the rich.

Westward movement西进运动: government was actively involved., spurred by an explosion of new discoveries and inventions of the era, American achieved amazing progress in its economic development .

How are welfare programmes in the United States administered?

It started to provide a variety of programmes, such as financial assistance for the needy, job training for the unemployed, rehabilitation for drug addicts, health care for the sick without financial provisions, housing for homeless, and food stamps for people living below the official poverty line. Federal funds are distributed to the states, which are expected to commit an equal amount of funds to jointly finance them. Providing such assistance as income support, cash grants, aid for housing, school meals, and supplemental security income for the elderly poor.

What are the main purposes of voluntary service and how do they function?

In rendering help to people in need of assistance. These organizations and volunteers provide a mixture of professional and non-professional aid, supply services for the sick and the elderly, operate care centers and clinics, run retirement homes and shelters for the homeless, and visit elderly, disabled, and needy people in the community. In doing all this, they supplement the public services by offering assistance and comfort to people, when public help is either unavailable or insufficient.

The us has a three-tiered national court system. How does it function?

Include district courts (are courts of original jurisdiction, are only national courts that use grand juries and petit juries.), courts of appeals (in one of eleven judicial circuits in the country. Have only appellate jurisdiction), and one Supreme Court (whose jurisdiction is both original and appellate.).

Trial jury: consists of six to twelce ordinary citizens, where actual number depends on the level of the court involved. Based on the facts presented before them, the jury makes its own decision. As a rule, a unanimous decision is needed in federal criminal cases and in most criminal cases in all states, though occasionally majority verdicts may be allowed in some cases as well.

The stand out as being the most common and most controversial school system are: t he charter school movement and the school voucher.

Canada

How many provinces and territories is Canada composed of? What are they?

Canada is composed of ten provinces and three territories. The ten provinces are Alberta, british Columbia, Manitoba, new Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, nova Scotia, Ontario, prince Edward island, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. The 3 territories are Yukon Territory, Northwest Territory and Nunavut.

What are the major mountains in Canada? Which peak is the highest in Canada?

Western cordillera, it’s part of a chain of mountains that runs from the tip of south American to Alaska, it’s often called the “Rockies” in the east is the Appalachian mountain. In northern is torngat mountains.

How many lakes are there in Canada? What are the major lakes in Canada?

31 lakes. Lakes superior and Huron are the two largest lakes in Canada. The largest lakes entirely within Canada are great bear.

How many geographical regions can Canada be divided into? What are they?

6.the Appalachian mountains, the great lakes and St. Lawrence lowlands, the Canadian shield, the Canadian interior plains, the western cordillera, and the Canadian arctic.

Who were the first inhabitants in Canada? What is the meaning of the name “Kanata’?

The first are believed to have come to Canada from asia about 12,000 years ago. It meaning a village or settlement. Which country first established colonies in Canada? When and where was the colony established?

French 1608, Quebec

How did the seven years` war break out? What was the result of the war?

The war was ended under the treaty of pairs. France officially ceded new France to Britain.

What is the significance of the Quebec act, the constitution act of 1791, and the British north American act? In 1774, the British passed a law that guaranteed the French protection of their language and region.

The British north American act contains the following major provisions: federalism is to be implemented in Canada; the British king is also the king of Canada with governor general as his representative.

The Canadian pacific railway was completed in 1885.

Writers: jack London and Robert service.

The gold rush : the unpopulated prairie lands were further explored and cultivated. Led to the discovery of other minerals in the Canadian wilds.

Canada national flag: red and white maple-leaf flag. National anthem: “ o Canada.”

What are the components of the present Canadian constitution?

Is governed under a parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. Queen Elizabeth 2, the monarch of Britain, is recognized as the queen of Canada. Under the British North America act, the government of Canada is divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches.

The most important components include the British North America act of 1867.

What is the Canadian parliament composed of?

Parliament of Canada is made up of 3 branches: the governor general, the elected House of Commons (most powerful), an appointed senate.

How does the senate in Canada function?

To balance the power of the elected House of Commons, supposed to protect the interests of Canada’s regions, the senate can delay the passage of a bill or suggest changes.

What are the major political parties in Canada?

Progressive conservatives and the liberals and the new democratic party. The NDP chaims to represent ordinary people. Canada’s system of political parties is characterized by one-party rule. It means that one major party usually can win many elections and dominate Canadian politics for so long that it becomes the main ruling party. Australia

What are the most prominent physical features of the Australian continent?

The continent can be divided into 3 physically distinct regions: the western plateau, the central lowlands, the eastern highlands. 1, is a vast desert and semi-desert region that covers about 60 per cent of the land area. Located on it are the country’s 4 major deserts: the Gibson, great sandy, great Victoria and Simpson. The world’s largest rock, ayers rock. 2. one fourth of Australia. Lake Eyre, the lowest point in aus, lies 16 meters below sea level. Land can be divided into 3 geographical regions—Carpentaria plain in the south, Eyre basin in the central, Murray-darling basin in the south. 3. covers about 15 per cent of aus, consist mainly of high plateaus with many gorges, hills, and low mountain ranges. Are also called “great dividing range”

How is Australia geographically divided?

Politically, Australia is divided into 7 states and territories, each of which has its own physical and cultural features. They are, from the west coast to the east coast, Western Australia, northern territory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Australia capital territory, Victoria and Tasmania.

What are the major characteristics of these geographical regions?

Western Australia: It is known as “the state of excitement”, partly for its vast expanse of red dust and desert which contains most of the country’s mineral wealth. Capital: Perth.

The northern territory: forms the essence of the Australia outback. 1/6 of the Australia land. Divided into 2 parts: the top end, the red centre. Known as “the land of aborigines” capital: Darwin

South Australia : the country’s driest state, known as the reputation of “Australian vineyard”. Capital: Adelaide Queensland: 2nd largest state. Known as the “sunshine state.” 75hours sunshine daily. Premier tourist destination. In clued the god coast, the sunshine coast. Capital: Brisbane, 3rd largest city.

New South Wales: the fist white settlement in Australia and is known as the “premier state”, lead the country in industry, shipping and agriculture. Capital, Sydney. It is the largest and most cosmopolitan city, the country’s largest seaport and major international gateway. Landmarks: the harbor bridge, the Sydney open house.

The Australia capital territory: capital: Canberra. Includes production of sophisticated scientific and communications equipment, and computer software.

The federation of Australia联邦: was the process by which the 6 separate, self-governing British colonies of new south Wales, Queensland, south Australia, Tasmania, Victoria and western Australia formed the commonwealth of Australia as a federation.

New Zealand：

Geographical features: on the map, it looks like a boot upside down

Mount ruapehu: the highest mountain. An active cone volcano.

Among its populations, 10 per cent are Maori. The original inhabitants of New Zealand. Are the largest non-European group.

History; the first European explorer came to New Zealand in 1642. the first Englishman to visit new Zealand was captain James cook of the British royal navy. In 1840, the first official governor, treaty of Waitangi was signed between the British crown and various Maoris chiefs, bringing it into the British empire and giving Maori equal rights with British citizens.

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英语国家概况教学大纲 Company Document number：WTUT-WT88Y-W8BBGB-BWYTT-19998

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