词汇学 期末考试复习资料
第一章
A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function
Word ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.
The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.
Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.
What is the relationship between sound and meaning?
1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat
2)The relationship between them is conventional.
3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.
What is relationship between sound and form?
1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree wit
h the oral form.
2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage
Old English
3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.
What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?
Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.
According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you
What are the characteristics of basic word stock?
1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) Collocability
None basic vocabulary
1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语
2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语
4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语
5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言
6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词
7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词
第二章语系
Three Phases of the Historical Development
The first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.
The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.
Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.
…Indo-European?两大分支：Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albani an
Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.
Balto-Slavic///Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgaria n ,Slovenian and Russian.
In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived fro m Hellenic.
Celtic：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton
The Italic family The five Romance languages, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Romanian 。
The Germanic family consists of the four Northern Europea n Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,wh ich are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then t here is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.
With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came int o the English language.
In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengali, Hindi, Romany.
Old English450-1150 middle eng1150-1500
modern1500 up to now
Anglo-Saxon as Old English.
Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence on
English was mainly Germanic.
Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance . ancient Greek and Roman classics.
Modern English：Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern English
Old English was a highly inflected language. It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）
Modern English period 外来语
The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern
The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises fro m (Colonization )
Three main sources of new words :
1)The rapid development of modern science and technology
2)Social, economic and political changes;
3)The influence of other cultures and language
Modes of Vocabulary Development
1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing
英语从synthetic language 发展到
present analytical language 答案：Modern English period 三语鼎立French, Latin, English in Middle English period
文艺复兴时期，Greek , Roman culture
主要是Latin, Greek
某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?
答案：Modern English
Borrow最多从Latin, Greek, French, Scandinavian
第三章
The smallest unit in the English language (morphemes)
The minimal free form in the English language (word)
In the plural form changing, some of the words will take inter nal vowel change , this internal vowel change is allomorph s A morpheme attached to a base, stem or root (affix) Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language，’the smallest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs that are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Morph（形素）—— the phonetic语言学的or orthographic 拼写法的segments部分which realize morfhemes. Allomorph (词素变体）--- refers to the variants of the same morpheme.
types of morphemes：Free and bound
Free morphemes : independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.
free morphemes are free roots.
bound morphemes: cannot occur as separate words are bound.
1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words
2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words.
3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix
affix 分为两类: inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus know n as inflectional morphemes.
The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable.
Derivational affixes:
derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words
can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.
stem : a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff.
2) 可以加inflectional affixes 的，不改变意思。n, ed,ing 比较，最高，所有格，三单
a base can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Inflectional 和derivational 都可以加的，可以改变意思
Root is the basic form of a word ，
analyzed without total loss of identity. 第四章
主要的构词法1) Affixation 词缀法 2) Compounding 法 3) conversion 转类 5) clipping 截短 6) acronymy 拼音 7) blending 拼缀 最常用: affixation , compounding and conversion Affixation adding word-forming or derivational affixes to Affixation is also known as derivation
falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation
Prefixation is the formation of new words by prefixes to stems. Suffixation to stems. Acronymy ：initialisms 首字母缩略 or acronyms 拼音
Conversion is the formation of new words by converting wo
rds of one class to another class.
fridge 、、refrigerator coke ( coca cola)
diagnosis diagnose Pop: popular Sitcom : situation
comedy FORTRAN :formula translator Bath bathe
Old English has vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words
第五章
Reference is the relationship between language and the
world.
Concept: the general idea or meaning which is associated
with a word or symbol in a person’s mind.
Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human
cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is
arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of
generalization and abstraction.
Sense of an expression is its place in a system of
semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.
Sense denotes the relationships inside the language.
Motivation refer to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. the type of motivation 理据
Conceptual meaning also know as (denotative meaning )
The opposite of semantic elevation in meaning change is call
ed degradation or pejoration.///appreciative ，pejorative
types of meaning? 意义
大分支 (1)grammatical 语法meaning (2)Lexical m 词汇
Lexical m 分为Conceptual m 概念,Associative m 联想
Associative m 分为connotative 内涵, stylistic 文体, affective
情感, collocative 搭配.
Grammatical meaning refers to that part of the meaning of
the word which indicates grammatical concept or
relationships
Conceptual meaning (denotative m) is the meaning given in
the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.
文体分’frozen’, ’formal’, ’consultative’, ’casual’ ’intimate’.
1)formal 2)neutral 3) informal
affective meaning(1) appreciative m (2) pejorative m
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料chapter
现代英语词汇学概论最强版复习资料c h a p t e r 文件管理序列号：[K8UY-K9IO69-O6M243-OL889-F88688]
Chapter 9 Changes in Word Meaning 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning 9.2 Four Tendencies in Semantic Change 9.3 Semantic Development or Change Resulting from the Figurative Use of Words Definition: Change of meaning refers to the alteration of the meaning of existing words, as well as the addition of new meaning to established words. 9.1 Causes of Changes in Word Meaning A.Historical cause 历史原因 It often happens that though a word retains its original form ,its meaning has changed because the object which it denotes has changed . *Changes of meaning because of increased knowledge of the object described are common in the history of science. Eg. pencil ==is from a Latin word meaning “a little tail” or “a fine brush”, like our Chinese “pen”毛笔.Later, when it was made of wood and graphite ,it was still called a “pencil”. atom ==It was borrowed though Latin and French from Greek arouos,invisible. Thus atom meant originally “an particle too small to be divided”. This meaning is now out-of-date, because scientist have found out that atom can be split.
汽车文化期末考试a卷答案)
贵州城市职业学院2014—2015学年度第二学期 本大题得（） 分 一、单选题（每题2分，共20分） 1. 1765年英国人（A ）发明了蒸汽机。 A.瓦特 B. 福特 C ?卡尔?本茨 D.古诺 2. 属于中国汽车自主品牌的是：（A ） A.红旗 B. 福特C .大众D. 起亚 3. 采用人字齿轮形状作为公司标志的汽车公司是：（C ） A.法国标致 B. 德国大众 C .法国雪铁龙 D.韩国现代 4. 第一家采用流水线生产方式的汽车企业是（B ）。 A.奔驰 B. 福特 C .法拉利 D.丰田 5. 活塞位于（A ）内 A.气缸 B. 曲轴箱 C .空气滤清器 D.飞轮 6. VIN 车辆识别代码共有（B ）位 A. 15 B. 17 C . 20 D. 25 7. 柴油机是由（B ）发明的 A.奥托 B. 狄塞尔 C .雷诺尔 D. 古诺 8. “多功能汽车”的英文简写是（B ） A. SUV B. MPV C . 4WD D. RV 9. 斯巴鲁SUBAR 的含义是（A ） A.昂星宿 B. 龙卷风 C .流星 D.银河系 10. 东风汽车标记是一对（B ） A.树叶 B. 飞燕 C .鱼鳍 D.羽毛 : 号位座 :名姓 :号学 :级班 ? ? 业专《汽车文化》期末考试（A ） 试卷命题人：王丰 任课老师：王丰
本大题得（）分 二、填空题（每空1分，共30分） 1.汽车史上的四次大变革是：第一次流水线生产方式_______ 、第二次汽车产品多样 性 _____ 、第三次精益的生产方式、第四次汽车工业走向世界。 2.至1966年，我国汽车工业已形成第一汽车制造厂、南京汽车制造厂、上海汽车制造厂、济南汽车制造厂、北京汽车制造厂五个汽车生产基地，基本填补了汽车类型的空白。 3.汽车的主要性能指标有动力性、燃油经济性、制动性、操纵稳定性、行驶平顺性、 排放污染物和噪声。 4.汽车主要是由发动机、底盘、车身、电气设备四大部件组成。 5.四冲程汽油机的一个工作循环包括四个行程，进气、压缩、做功、排气。 6.按传动介质分，汽车传动系的形式有机械传动、液力传动、液压传动、电传动。 7.两位德国人卡尔?本茨、戈特利布?戴姆勒被誉为现代汽车之父。 8.确定汽车外形有三个因素，包括机械工程学、人机工程学、空气动力学。 本大题得（）分 三、判断题（只判断正误）（每题1分，共10分） 1.在我国，拖拉机和摩托车属于汽车的范畴。（x ） 2.按我国规定，中型客车的车长划分为 3.5米v L V 7米。（x ） 3.美国福特汽车公司生产出T型车，又在世界上首推流水线装配汽车的方式。（V ） 4.发动机由曲轴连杆机构、配气机构、燃料供给系、传动系、润滑系、冷却系、和起动系组 成。（x ） 5.宝马的英文缩写是BMU （X ）
英语期末考试复习资料
英语期末考试----12月26日 （一）题型： 1.听力(10个短对话&2个短篇文章--10个问题) 2.阅读（3篇，其中一篇从第二册快速阅读的1--5单元中出） 3.单词（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中vocabulary&word-building） 4.完型 5.翻译（3，4，6单元A课文课后练习中汉译英部分；以及3，4，6A课文中一段的段落进行英译汉） （二）单词&短语 1. I firmly believe that this agreement will be for our mutual benefit. 我坚决相信这份协议有利于我们的共同利益。 1.People have bought these houses under the illusion that their value would just keep on rise. 人们买房子是基于它们会增值这种幻象。 2.The project has been canceled by the local government for lack of public resources. 由于缺乏公共资源，当地政府取消了这个项目。 3.The clerk must have overlooked your name, because he said you were not here. 书记员一定是漏掉了你的名字，因为他说你不在这。 4.The speaker said something about the actors and then proceeded to talk
about the film. 发言人说了一些演员的事情，然后继续介绍电影。 5.Differences of opinion are often the most difficult problem to resolve. 如何处理各种不同的意见是最难解决的问题。 6.When he looked for a job, John strongly felt that there was a widespread prejudice against men over forty. 在找工作的过程中，约翰强烈的感觉到针对年过四十的男性的那种歧视。 7.Children should be encouraged to reach a compromise between what they want and what others want. 应该鼓励孩子们在他们自己和他人的所想所愿中找到折中点。 8.The discovery seems to confirm that people lived here over 100 years ago. 这个发现印证了此处一百多年前有人居住。 9.The book was first published in 1994 and was subsequently translated into fifteen languages. 这本书首次出版于1994年，而后被译成15种语言。 10.Mind your own business. My affairs have nothing to do with you. 管好你自己吧。我的事与你无关。 11.Having worked in the company for two years, Mr. Smith is now taking care for marketing and public relations. 在公司工作两年后，史密斯先生如今负责市场营销和公共关系。
英文专业词汇学考试复习资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary 1、The Definition of a Word Lexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words. According to semanticists（语义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning. A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function（句法功能）. 2、 Vocabulary All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary. 3、 Sound and Meaning The relationship between sound and meaning is no logic 4、 Sound and Form There was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English. With the development of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form. （1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it. The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In different languages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example, becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting different things.
汽车文化期末考试题及答案
江西省井冈山经贸学校2014—2015第二学期 15汽修（3）班《汽车文化》期末考试题 注意事项： 1、考生应严格遵守考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可答题。 2、考生拿到试卷后应首先填写密封线内各项内容（准考证号、姓名、学校），不得填出密封线外，同时把座位号填写在试卷右上角座位号栏内。 3、用蓝、黑色圆珠笔或钢笔把答案直接写在试卷上。 4、注意字迹清楚，保持卷面整洁。 5、考试结束将试卷放在桌上，不得带走。待监考人员收毕清点后，方可离场。 一、填空题 ：（每小题 1 分，共计 20 分） 1、 汽车诞生在 年。 2、 世界上第一条汽车流水装配线是在 国。 3、 被誉为赛车之父的是 。 4、 德国奥迪汽车公司原来是由 家公司合并而成。 5、 发明子午线轮胎的公司是 。 6、 中国唯一符合FIA 国际标准的F1赛道在 。 7、 世界上最著名的勒曼24小时汽车耐力赛举办地点是在 。 8、 世界上累计产量最高的汽车是 。 9、 SUV 是 汽车。 10、 现代汽车鼻祖是本茨及 。 11、 世界上最大的汽车城是美国的 。 12、 宝马的英文缩写名称是 。 13、 客车的车辆类别代号是 。 14、 我国汽车报废标准规定，家用轿车的使用年限为 年。 15、 VIN 车辆识别代码共有 位。 16、 汽油的辛烷值越高，其 越好。 17、 自动变速器上N 代表 。 18、 排气管“放炮”的主要原因有 。 19、 电控汽油机大多采用 点喷射。 20、 最新的汽车分类标准将汽车分成 商用车和 车两大类。 二、单选题 ：（每题 2 分，共计 60 分） 1的驱动形式是 。 A 、FR B 、FF C 、RR 2、 兰博基尼在创建初期生产什么 。 A 、飞机 B 、农用机械 C 、自行车 3、 最注重汽车安全性的汽车厂商是 汽车公司 。 A 、沃尔沃 B 、奔驰 C 、通用 4、 ABS 是 的缩写。 A 、 全球卫星定位系统 B 、电子防抱死制动系统 C 、汽车驱动防滑驱动系统 5、 GPS 是 A 的缩写。 A 、 全球卫星定位系统 B 、全球监测系统 C 、全球导航系统 6、 保时捷的创立者，甲壳虫的设计者是 。 A 、 菲迪南德.波尔舍 B 、菲迪南德.雷诺 C 、菲迪南德.费雷 7、 舒马赫夺得过 F1冠军 。 A 、 6 B 、5 C 、7 8、 转子发动机的发明人的国籍是 。 A 、日本 B 、德国 C 、 美国 9、 F1大奖赛全年共有 站。 A 、17 B 、16 C 、15 10、 ESP 是 的缩写。 A 、主动式车身悬挂系统 B 、电子动态稳定系统 C 、电子感应刹车控制系统 11、“MPV ”是 的英文缩写。 A 、高级房车 B 、运动型多用途车 C 、多用途厢式车 12、奥兹莫比尔是 汽车公司的品牌。 A 、克莱斯勒 B 、通用 C 、奥迪 13、Seat 品牌属于 国家。 A 、美国 B 、意大利 C 、西班牙 14、第一个ABS 系统的制造商是 。 A 、博世 B 、西门子 C 、德尔福 15、最早的电动汽车 。 A 、1847年，美国的法莫(M.Farmer)制造了第一辆无导轨蓄电池为动力的电动汽车 B 、1880年，法国的卡米?福尔最先制造出利用蓄电池作动力的、实用的电动汽车、 C 、 ，中国武汉理工大学研制的混合动力电动汽车 16、我国生产的第一辆汽车叫 。 A 、民生牌 B 、 民族牌 C 、民权牌 学校： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 身份证号： ……………………………装………………………订………………………线…………………………………
词汇学第一、二章课后习题及答案
2012级（1）班 Chaper1 The Basic Concepts Of Words and Vocabulary I.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. 1. ______is the most important of all characteristics of the basic word stock. A.Productivity Stability C.Collocability D.All national character 2. Nonbasic vocabulary includes all of the following except_______ . A.slang B.Anglo-Saxon words C.argots D.neologisms 3. According to the origins of the words, English words can be classified into _______ . A.content words and functional words B.native words and borrowed words C.basic words and dialectal words D.loan words and dialectal words 4. Borrowings can be divided into________. A.liens, semantic loans, translationloans, denizens B.empty words, notional words, form words, content words C.blends, portmanteau words, acronyms, initializes D.derivatives, compounds, converted words and clipped words 5. Apart from the characteristics of basic vocabulary, native words have two other features, namely_________. A.Productivity and stability B.neutrality in style and high frequency in use C.collectability and polysemy D.formality and arbitrariness 6．The word beaver(meaning“girl”)is_______ . A.a dialectal word B.argot C.an archaism D.slang 7. AIDS as a nonbasic word is_______ . A.jargon B.an archaism C.aneologism D.slang 8.Form words include the following word classes except_______ . A.conjunctions B.auxiliaries C.prepositions D.adjectives 9. Vocabulary can refer to the following except_______ . A.the total number of the words in alanguage B.all the words used in a particular historical period C.all the words of a given dialect D.most words a person knows 10.Kimono is a loan word from_______ . A.German B.French C.Spanish D.Japanese 11. _______ form the mainstream of the basic word stock. A.Anglo-Saxon words B. Frenchwords C.Danish words https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6713598954.html,tin words 12.Black humor is_______ . A.a translation loan B.a semantic loan C.a denizen D.an alien 13.Pronouns and numerals are semantically_______ and have limited_______ . A.polysemous;use and stability B.monosemous;collocability and stability C.polysemous;use and productivity D.monosemous;productivity andcollectability 14.Indigestion is_______ . A.jargon B.slang C.terminology D.an archaism
【模式识别】期末考试复习资料
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