美国黑人文学中黑人身份解析

美国黑人文学中的黑人身份解析

摘要20世纪美国黑人小说在反映作家“双重意识”的同时，也在传达他们对美国黑人文化身份的思考。本文对美国黑人文学中的黑人身份进行解析，指出自20世纪中期以来，美国黑人作家们的创作及其创作出来的主人公们渐渐走出了“双重意识”的误区，观念上已经变成“我是美国人，又是黑人”的倾向，并以这个为定位开始人生奋斗。而作家的双重意识，形象生动地再现了美国黑人的文化心理。

关键词：美国黑人小说“双重意识”建构文化身份倾向

中图分类号：i106 文献标识码：a

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20世纪，美国黑人在法律层面上获得了平等自由，但这在后来被证明是一张空头支票，无法兑现，黑人们依旧无法享有公正的待遇，

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让我们来轻松一下，做一道有意思的连线题： 幼发拉底河流域泰姬陵 尼罗河流域秦始皇陵兵马俑 恒河流域金字塔 黄河流域巴比伦的空中花园 ………… 现在同学们从连线中，有没有观察到一个内在的联系：即古文明与河流同在，哪里有大河，哪里就有古代灿烂的文明，可见文明离不开河流，河流孕育文明。今天我们要学的一篇课文也跟河流，跟大河有关，跟古文明有关。 （板书：黑人谈河流休斯） 二、资料助读 投影： 休斯(1902～1967)美国黑人诗人、小说家，美国黑人文艺复兴运动的领导者，被誉为“黑人桂冠诗人”。 休斯写过小说、剧本、自传和新闻速写，以诗歌方面的成就最为突出。他创作了十多部诗集，比较重要的有《哈莱姆的莎士比亚》《单程票》《延迟的梦之蒙太奇》等。 休斯的创作植根于美国黑人生活，对他们痛苦生活给予同情，讴歌他们美好的情感，颂扬了他们源远流长的文化传统。诗歌的主题思想有积极的社会意义，休斯创造性地把黑人民歌艺术引进诗歌创作，吸收了黑人爵士音乐和布鲁斯民歌的形式和手法，形成了轻松活泼豪迈奔放的风格，对美国黑人诗歌的发展具有深远的影响。

美国文学题_答案

III Multiple choice (20%) 1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. When her poems were published in England, she became known as the “______” who appeared in America. A Ninth Muse B Tenth Muse C Best Muse D First Muse 2. ______ is the sometimes exaggerated use of local language, characters and customs in regional literature. A purple prose B waste-land imagery C local color D symbolism 3. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as _______. A The Jazz Age B The Gilded Age C The Glorious Age D The Beat Age 4. ___________ was a reaction to the ideas of the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment. A Romanticism B Realism C Naturalism D Modernism 5. Although only few of her poems were published in her lifetime and a complete collection of them didn’t appear until the 1950’s, _____ had a major impact on 20th century poetry. A Anne Bradstreet B Gertrude Stein C Emily Dickinson D Amy Lowell 6. Who of the following is NOT a 20th century American poet? A Henry Wordsworth Longsfellow B Amy Lowell C Ezra Pound D Robert Frost 7. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ______. A International theme B Waste-land imagery C Local color

当代美国黑人女权主义文学批评理论.

2003年12月学术交流Dec.,2003 总第117期第12期Academic Exchange Serial No.117No.12 当代美国黑人女权主义文学批评理论 修树新 (东北师范大学外国语学院,吉林长春130024 [摘要]美国黑人女权主义文学批评理论自20世纪70年代开始蓬勃发展。这一时期涌现了一批优秀的批评家。芭芭拉?史密斯、奥吉?劳德、爱丽斯?沃克、芭芭拉?克里斯汀等代 表人物各自从不同的侧重点阐发了黑人女权主义批评的理论和方法。她们的理论、观点体现 了黑人女权主义批评的两大任务———寻找、建构一个内涵丰富的黑人女性文学传统;考察并 消除文学作品中有关黑人女性气质和黑人女性神话中的女性形象的刻板模式。 [关键词]当代;美国黑人;女权主义;文学批评 [中图分类号]I106[文献标识码]A[文章编号]1000-8284(200312-0165-03 20世纪70年代,美国黑人女权主义文学批评异军突起,成为评论界一支不可忽视的力量,和英美派、法国派并驾齐驱。黑人女权主义批评的崛起有着必然的历史原因。首先,黑人妇女遭受着双重压迫,即来自白人世界的种族歧视和黑人世界的男性压迫。出于这种特殊体验而写出的黑人文学作品必然和白人女性及男性的作品存在着显著的差异。其次,在男权中心社会中,黑人女性文学一直被忽视、曲解或视为异端。直到20世纪70年代,黑人女性形象在评论中仍被歪曲、排斥;甚至到了70年

代末期,各类版本的文选选集要么对黑人女作家的作品闭口不谈,要么就对像佐拉?尼尔?赫斯顿(Z ora Neale Hur2 ston这样的黑人女性文学史上重要的先驱轻描淡写,几笔带过。即使大多数当代的女权主义文学批评对黑人女性作品的关注也不够。“由于黑人女批评家和作家意识到白人男性和女性,黑人男性都在将自己的经验作为标准而视黑人妇女的经验为异端,这就促成了黑人女权主义批评的诞 生。”[1](P3561974年在美国文学界发生了两大标志性的事件。一是《黑人世界》(Black W orld特刊上发表了朱恩?乔丹(June Jor2 dan和玛丽?海伦?华盛顿(Mary Helen Washington的文章,封面登有佐拉?尼尔?赫斯顿的照片;另一件是爱丽斯? 沃克(Alice Walker的《寻找我们母亲的花园》(In Search of Our M other s’G ardens在MS杂志上的发表。这两件事为黑人女权主义批评的蓬勃发展拉开了序幕。芭芭拉?史密斯、奥吉?劳德、爱丽斯?沃克、芭芭拉?克里斯汀等代表人物从不同的侧面,系统地研究并阐述了黑人女权主义批评理论。 黑人女权主义批评最重要的代表人物之一芭芭拉?史密斯(Barbara Smith在《黑人女性主义批评的萌芽》(T oward a Black Feminist Criticism开篇便指出,没有一个黑人女权主义批评角度,黑人女性作品不但会被误读,长此以往,这些作品终将被毁掉。黑人女权主义批评方法必须承认这样一个前提:在黑人女性作品中,性政治以及种族、阶级的政治是相互交织、密不可分的。其次,黑人女权主义批评家应致力于探求黑人女性作品没有体现的与黑人女性身份未曾感受到的性与种族的政治。再次,女权主义文学批评必须承认黑人妇女悠长的历史,还应旨在发掘黑人女作家的“不同”。史密斯强调黑人女权主义批评理论的立足点应是“自治”但不是“隔离”;应该是和各种女性主义理论的对话和结合。她通过对大量的黑人女作家作品的分析,揭示了她们在文本、主题、意象等方面形成的不同于白人、男性作家的共性, [收稿日期]2003-09-17 [基金项目]吉林省哲学社会科学规划研究资助项目(2003088 [作者简介]修树新(1969-,女,吉林德惠人,东北师范大学外语学院讲师,妇女研究中心成员,硕士,从事英美文学研究。

美国文学选读诗歌赏析

One’s Self I Sing This poem was published as “Inscription”in Leaves of Grass (1867) and given its present title in 1871. According to Whitman’s plan, the poem is printed first in his book. As the title is “One’s Self,”not “Myself”, this already forms the bond between the reader and writer which again it’s what he is conveying in the poem. In the first stanza, the speaker sings of a simple separate person, but the alliteration lends more powerful symbolism to the words. The repetition seems to indicate that perhaps what he sings is not so simple at all. The poem celebrates the “simple, separate Person”as a physical, moral, intellectual, emotional, and aesthetical being, but declares that when he sings of himself, he uses the “word En-masse”to show that he represents the modern man. While he is one voice, he is speaking for a lot of people. In the second stanza, the theme changes when the poet refers to the spirit and physical body, and wisdom. Whitman tells us that he speaks for all colors, classes and creeds. He seems to be telling us to live together like one, accepting all. All organs in the body need others to function properly. No person can live without relying on the complete system. In the last stanza, the poet hammers us with alliteration. Though modern man fights for his freedom and individuality, the greatest freedom he has is his right to live. Altough Whitman consistently celebrated an average man, he was probably feeling his unique qualities. Divided between faith in democratic equality and belief in the individual rebel against society’s restrictions, he combined the figure of the average man and the superman in his conception of himself. He certainly differed in the hypersensitivity that made him as zealous in pursuing emotional freedom through love as he had been in pursuing social freedom in democracy. He differed also in his frequent, forceful declarations of his democratic love for man (The Female equally with the Male I sing), and he has been considered a homosexual. Fire and Ice Desire and hate, believed by some to be the two largest faults of the human race. Robert Frost explains these two ideas in only nine lines. “Fire and Ice”is a perfect example of juxtaposition between fire and ice, or, desire and hate. Both are believed to destroy a person if they succumb to its hold. Frost begins with saying that some believe the world will end in fire, some believe ice. In other words, some believe that those who desire too much will perish; others believe that hating so much as to put their whole self into it will have the same result. Frost did not mean that having either of these faults meant physical death, more of a death of the spirit. Those who desire things such as power or wealth soon think of nothing else and lose all touch with everything around them; those who hate never enjoy life and lose touch with what truly matters in life. With either one, the

爱党青年和谐版美国文学答案

Literary terms这部分的答案均来自星火《英美文学》一书，质量高 1.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. 2.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At the end of the 19th century，this pessimistic form of realism appeared in America. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious “truth” were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut from the old value and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that “you are all a lost generation.” 4.Jazz age: the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term "Jazz Age" retroactively to refer to the decade after World War I and before the stock market crash in 1929, during which Americans embarked upon what he called "the gaudiest spree in history". Jazz Age is inextricably associated with the wealthy white "flappers" and socialites immortalized in Fitzgerald's fiction. 5.Free verse: is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman's poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. It has since been used by Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century. 6. The iceberg analogy: The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by American writer Ernest Hemingway, as follows：if a writer of a prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader，if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. 这部分来自星火的为：3,7,8, 来自课本为：1,4,9 来自网络为：2,5,6大家自取之 1.Poe's Poetic Ideas A.His conviction that the function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty. B.He insists that poetry must be disembarrassed of that moral sense. C.Poe believes that the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle” thus poetry must concern itself only with “supernal beauty”. D.Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” a definition gi ving unexampled emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.