初二英语全程知识点总结及练习必备学习
初二年级（上）【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. on time
2. best wishes
3. give a talk
4. for example
5. short for
6. a waste of time
7. go on a field trip
8. go fishing
9. I agree
10. next week
11. the day after tomorrow
12. have a picnic
13. have some problems doing sth.
14. go the wrong way
15. hurry up
16. get together
17. in the open air
18. on Mid-Autumn Day
19. come over
20. have to
21. get home
22. agree with
23. in the country
24. in town
25. all the same
26. in front of
27. on the left/right side
28. next to
29. up and down
30. keep healthy
31. grow up
32. at the same time
33. the day before yesterday
35. last Saturday
36. half an hour ago
37. a moment ago
38. just now
39. by the way
40. all the time
41. at first
II. 重要句型
1. have fun doing sth.
2. Why don’t you…?
3. We’re going to do sth.
4. start with sth.
5. Why not…?
6. Are you going to…?
7. be friendly to sb.
8. You’d better do sth.
9. ask sb. for sth.
10. say goodbye to sb.
11. Good luck(with sb)!
III. 交际用语
1.Welcome backto school!
2.Excuse me. I’m sorry I’m late, because the traffic is bad.
3.It doesn’t matter.
4.Happy Teachers’ Day !
5.That’s a good idea.
6.What are you going to do？
7.Where are we going ?
8.What are we going to do ?
9.I’m good at…
10.It’s not far from…
11. Are you free tomorrow evening?
12.Would you and Lily like to come over to my home for Mid-Autumn Festival?
13.I’m glad you can come.
14.Thanks for asking us.
15.How about another one?
16.May I have a taste?
17.Let me walk with you.
18.What do you have to do?
19.Do you live on a farm?
20.Which do you like better, the city or the country?
21.Which do you like best, dogs, cats or chickens?
22.Shall we go at ten? Good idea!
23.---Let’s make it half past one. ---OK.
24.---Why not come a little earlier? ---All right.
25.Excuse me. Where’s the nearest post office, please?
26.It’s over there on the right.
27.I’m sorry I don’t know.
28.You’d better…
29.Thank you all the same.
30.Which bus do I take?
31.Go along this road.
32.What day was it yesterday?
33.I’m sorry to hear that.
34.I hope you’re better now.
35.Why did you call me?
36.I called to tell…
IV. 重要语法
1.be going to的用法；
2.形容词的比较级、最高级；
3.形容词和副词的比较
4.一般过去时
【名师讲解】
1. on the street / in the street
表示“在街上”时，on the street和in the street都可以，在美国多用on the street, 在英国多用in the street. 例如：
We have a house in the street. 我们在街上有座房子。
I met him on the street. 我在街上遇见了他。
2. would like / like
would like和like含义不同。like意思是“喜欢”，“爱好”，而would like意思是“想要”。试比较：
I like beer.=I’m fond of beer. 我喜欢喝啤酒。
I’d like a glass of beer= I want a glass of beer. 我想要一杯啤酒。
Do you like going to the cinema? 你喜欢看电影吗？
Would you like to go to the cinema tonight? 你今晚想去看电影吗？
3. another / the other
(1)another通常用于三个或三个以上或不确定数量中的任意一个人或物体。例如：
May I have another apple, please? 请在给我一个苹果好吗？
This coat is too small for me. Please show me another这件外套我穿太小，请再给我拿一件看看。
(2)the other通常指两者中的另一个。例如：
He has two rulers. One is short. The other is long. 他有两把尺子，一把短的，另一把长的。
I have two brothers. One works in Xi’an . The other works in Beijing. 我有两个兄弟，一
个在西安工作，另一个在北京工作。
4. have to /must
(1)have to和must都可以用来谈论义务，但用法略有不同。如果某人主观上觉得必须
去做而又想去时，常用must。如果谈论某种来自“外界”的义务，常用have to。例如：
I must stop smoking. 我必须戒烟。（自己想戒烟）
They have to work for the boss.
他们不得不为那个老板工作。（条件逼得他们去工作）
(2)have to可用于多种时态，must只能用于一般现在时。例如：
I’ll have to get up early tomorrow morning.明天早晨我必须早早起床。
We had to work long hours every day in order to get more money.
为了多挣钱，我们不得不每天长时间地工作。
(3)用于否定句时，mustn’t意思是“决不能”，“禁止”，而don’t have to意思是“不必”，相
当于needn’t。例如：
You mustn’t be late again next time.下一次你决不能再迟到。
You don’t have to go there today. You can go there tomorrow.
你今天不必到那里去了。你可以明天去。
5. hear sb. or sth.doing sth. / herar sb. or sth. do sth.
hear sb. or sth.doing sth.意思是“听到某人或某物在做某事”，而hear sb. or sth. do sth.意思是“听到某人或某物做过某事”。试比较：
I hear him singing an English song.听见他在唱英歌曲。
I heard him sing an English song.我听见他唱一首英文歌。
类似hear 这种用法的还有see, watch, listen, feel等感官动词。
6. any /some
any和some 都可以同不可数名词和可数名词的复数形式连用，但some一般用在肯定句中；any用在疑问句和否定句中。试比较：
I want some money. 我想要点钱。
Have you any money? 你有钱吗？
I don’t have any money. 我一点钱也没有。
some 有时也用于疑问句，表示说话人期待一个肯定回答或鼓励人家说“是”。例如：Would you like some more beer?请你再来点啤酒好吗？
Could I have some rice, please?请给我来点米饭好吗？
7. hear /listen to
listen to和hear都有“听”的意思，但含义有所不同。Listen to强调“听”的动作，hear强调“听”的结果。例如：
Listen to me ,please! I’m going to tell you a story. 请听我说！我给你们讲个故事。
Listen! Can you hear someone crying in the next room? 听！你能听见有人在隔壁房间里哭吗？
I listened, but heard nothing.我听了听，但什么也听不见。
hear 后面如果接宾语从句，常常表示“听说”。例如：
I hear some foreign students will visit our school.我听说一些外国学生将要访问我们学校。
I hear there is going to be a film in our school this evening.我听说今晚我们学校要演一场电影。
8. Let’s… /Let us…
Let’s… 和Let us… 都表示“让我们……”, 如果us 包括听话人在内，其含义相同，附带问句用shall we. 如果us 不包括听话人在内，其含义不同，Let us…的附带问句要用will you。例如：
Let’s go shopping, shall we? 我们去购物好吗？
9. take/ bring/ carry /get
这四个动词都有“拿”和“带”的意思，但含义有所不同。take意为“带走”，“拿走”，bring 意为“带来”，“拿来”, get表示“到别的地方把某人或某物带来或拿来”，carry不强调方向，带有负重的意思。试比较：
My parents often take me there on holidays.我父母常常带我到那里去度假。
I’m going to take you to Beijing.我准备带你去北京。
Bring me a cup of tea, please.请给我端杯茶来。
I’ll bring the book to you tomorrow.明天我把那本书给你带来。
The waiter carried the me to the table服务员把肉送到桌上。
The monkey carried the bag on her back.猴子把那个包背在背上。
She went back to get her handbag.他折回去拿他的手提包。
Let me get the doctor.让我去请医生吧。
10. far away /faraway
(1)f a r away是一个副词短语，意思是“很远”。例如：
Some are far away. Some are nearer.有些离得很远，有些离得近一些的。
The village is far away from here.那个村子离这儿很远。
(2)faraway是一个形容词，意思是“遥远的”，可以在句中作定语。例如：
He lives in faraway mountain village.他住在一个遥远的小山村。
11. find / look for
find和look for 都有“找”的意思，但含义不同。find 强调“找”的结果，而look for 强调“找”的过程。请看下列例句：
He is looking for his bike.他在找他的自行车。
I’m looking for my watch, but can’t find it.我在找我的手表，但是找不到。
I hope you will soon find your lost ring.希望你尽快找到丢失的戒指。
另外，find还有“发现”；“感到”等意思。例如：
I found a wallet in the desk.我在课桌里发现了一个钱包。
I find this book very interesting.我觉得这本书很有意思。
12. in front of /in the front of
In front of表示在某物的前面，不在某物的范围内。In the front of表示在某物的前部，在某物的范围内。试比较：
My seat is in front of Mary’s.我的座位在玛丽座位的前面。
He is sitting in the front of the car with the driver.他和司机坐在小车的前部。
【考点扫描】
1. be going to的用法；
2. 形容词的比较级、最高级；
3. 形容词和副词的比较
4. 一般过去时
5. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；
6. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。
【中考范例】
1. (2004年烟台市中考试题)
In the exam, the ________ you are, the ________ mistakes you’ll make.
A. carefully, little
B. more carefully, fewest
C. more careful, fewer
D. more careful, less
【解析】答案：C。该题考查的是形容词和副词的比较以及他们的比较等级的用法。第一个空应填形容词careful的比较级，因为它在句中作表语，第二个空应填few的比较级，因为它修饰的是复数可数名词。
2. (2004年河北省中考试题)
Bob never does his homework _________ Mary. He makes lots of mistakes.
A. so careful
B. as carefully as
C. carefully
D. as careful as
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是形容词和副词的用法比较。该空应填副词，因为它修饰的是动词does。该题用的是not as+副词+as的结构，所以答案应是B。
3. (2004年重庆市中考试题)
That day I saw some parents _________ at the back of the classroom, ________ to the teacher.
A. sitting, listened
B. sat, listened
C. sitting, listening
D. sat, listening
【解析】答案：C。该题考查的是see sb. doing sth.的句型结构和分词作状语的用法。第一个空stting在句中作saw的宾语补足语，第二个空listening做伴随状语。
4. (2004年杭州市中考试题)
You ________ open the door before the train gets into the station.
A. don’t have to
B. mustn’t
C. needn’t
D. may not
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是几个情态动词否定式的用法区别。don’t have to和needn’t 的意思都是“不必”，may not的意思是“可以不”，只有mustn’t表示“不许”，“禁止”。
【满分演练】
一. 单项填空
1. Welcome back ________school.
A. in
B. at
C. to
D. on
2. Miss Gao is our new Chinese teacher ________.
A. in this term
B. this term
C. on this term
D. that term
3. ---I’m sorry I’m late.
---_____________.
A. OK
B. It doesn’t matter
C. All right
D. Thank you
4. Li Mu and Jill are talking _________where they are going.
A. about
B. to
C. with
D. for
5. There is very ______food in the house.
A. a few
B. little
C. a little
D. few
6. You’d better take a raincoat ____you.
A. to
B. with
C. on
D. for
7. The children are going to the Great Wall ______a field trip.
A. to
B. with
C. on
D. for
8. I’m______hungry. May I have a mooncake?
A. a little
B. little
C. a few
D. few
9. I’m still hungry. I’d like _________one.
A. other
B. another
C. an other
D. the other
10.The moon looks ____than the sun, but in fact the sun is ______than the moon.
A. big; big
B. bigger; bigger
C. small; small
D. smaller; smaller
11. I can see them_____football on the playground.
A. play
B. playing
C. to play
D. are playing
12. Ji Wei runs_________than I.
A. fast
B. faster
C. fastest
D. the fastest
13. I think steamed bread is ____________ hamburger.
A. more delicious than
B. most delicious than
C. more delicious to
D. most delicious to
14. ---What are you going to do this afternoon?
----__________. I’m free.
A. To do my homework
B. To clean my house
C. To do some shopping
D. Nothing much
15. ---May I speak to Jack?
---____________. Who’s that?
A. I’m Jack
B. That is Jack
C.This is Jack speaking
D. I’m Jack speaking
16. ----Why not _________ and see the play?
---Good idea.
A.go
B. going
C. to go
D. goes
17. It’s cold outside. Please keep the door_________.
A. close
B. closing
C. closes
D. closed
18. My home is about two hundred metres_____our school.
A. from
B. far from
C. away
D. to
19. There are some apple trees ________her house.
A. in the front of
B. at the back of
C. in the middle of
D. at the front of
20. Which floor do you ________?
A. live
B. live on
C. live at
D. live in
二. 完形填空
The Xingqing Palace Park（兴庆宫公园）is __1___ park in Xi’an.__2__ Saturdays or Sundays, children like ___3___ there __4___ their parents. There they can play games. There is a lake and a hill in the park. Today is Sunday. Many children are playing in the park. Look! Some children __5___ on the lake. They are good __6___ it. Is the boat ___7___ a chicken? No. It looks like a duck. Some boys are playing __8___ football on the grass(草地)。A few boys __9___the hill over there. All the children are having a good time. They think playing in the park is___10___ than having classes at school.
1.A. bigger B. the biggest C. smaller D. the smaller
2.A. In B. On C. At D. With
3.A. walking B. going C. running D.flying
4.A. with B. for C. on D. in
5.A. is swimming B. is boating C. are running D. are boating
6.A. In B. with C. from D. at
7.A. look B. likes C. looks D. like
8.A. a B. / C. an D. the
9.A. are running B. are walking C. are climbing D. are jumping
10.A. little better B. much better C. many better D. the best
三. 阅读理解
(A)
Mark Twain is traveling to Dijon by train. He wants to sleep very much, so he asks the conductor(服务员)to wake him up when the train gets to Dijon. The he goes to sleep. Later, when wakes up, it is early the next morning and the train has got to Paris. He knows at once that the conductor doesn’t wake him up at Dijon. He is very angry. He runs up to the conductor and says, “Why didn’t you wake me up and put me off the train at Dijon? I am very angry about it!”
The conductor smiles and looks at him, “Another American is mor e angry than you. But you
can’t see him now. I put him off the train at Dijon last night.”
根据短文内容，判断下列各句的正误：正确的答“A”，错误的答“B”。
1．Mark twain asks the conductor to wake him up in Paris.
2．The train got to Dijon at night.
3．Mark Twain was very angry with the conductor.
4．The conductor made a mistake（错误）. He put another American off the train at Dijon. 5．Mark T wain can’t see that American because the American doesn’t like him.
(B)
The worst tourist in the world is Nicholas Scotti of San Francisco . Once he flew from the US to his home town in Italy to see someone at home. The plane made a one-hour stop to get oil at Kennedy Airport of New York. As he thought he had arrived home, Mr Scotti got off the plane. He thought he was in Rome .
When nobody was there to meet him, Mr Scotti thought maybe they were held up by heavy traffic. While looking for their addresses, Mr Scotti found that the old "Rome" had changed a lot. Many old buildings were replaced by high modern ones.
He also found that many people spoke English instead of Italian and that many street signs were written in English.
Mr Scotti knew very little English, so he asked a policeman(in Italian) the way to the bus station. He happened to meet a policeman who was also born in Italy and answered him in the same language.
After twelve hours' traveling round on a bus, the driver handed him over to a second policeman. He asked the policeman why the Rome police employed so many people as policemen speaking English of Italian.
To get him on a plane back to San Francisco, He was sent to the airport in a police car with sirens(警报) on. "Look," said Scotti to his interpreter , "I know I'm in Italy. That's how they drive."
1. When Mr Scotti arrived at the airport, nobody met him because ____________.
A. he was in New York
B. he was in Rome
C. policemen could help him
D. he was in an Italian city
2. In what direction (方向) did the plane fly when Mr Scotti went to Italy from the US?
A. To the east.
B. To the south.
C. To the west
D. To the north.
3. Why was Mr Scotti so sure that he was in Rome?
A. Because he traveled a lot.
B. Because he knew little about the US.
C. Because he knew little about Italy.
D. Because he didn't travel much.
4. At last Mr Scotti _________.
A. knew he did something wrong
B. still thought he was
C. knew he was wrong
D. knew he was home
5. Do you think many people do the same thing as Mr Scotti did?
A. Nobody but Mr Scotti made this kind of mistake.
B. Many people make this kind of mistake.
C. Few people make this kind of mistake.
D. 50% of people will make the same mistake.
(C)
My wife and I stayed in London for a few weeks last year. We went there in the autumn. We think it is the best season to visit England. The weather is usually quite good and there are not too many visitors in October.
We stayed in a small restaurant in the West End. We did most of our sightseeing on foot. We went to look at all the places. We went shopping and spent too much money. We liked going to the theatre . We don't have the chance to see such good plays (戏剧) at home. A lot of people say English food is very bad. We didn't think so. Most of the restaurants are French or Chinese, but we had some very good meals.
We enjoyed our holiday very much. We want to go there again this year. We are going to take our umbrellas . I'm sure we'll need them sometimes.
1. “We went shopping and spent too much money” means _________.
A. they didn't enjoy shopping and spent too much money
B. prices were high in England
C. there were so many good things in the shops and they bought a lot
D. they liked to go shopping with lots of money
2. They didn't have the chance to see such good plays_________.
A. in their small restaurant
B. in their home town
C. in France
D. in England
3. You can get _______ in a restaurant.
A. meals
B. clothes
C. books
D. cakes
4. I'm sure we'll need umbrellas sometimes because__________.
A. umbrellas can be very good presents for their friends in London
B. it often rains in London
C. the English people like to bring umbrellas with them
D. the English people protect (保护) themselves with umbrella
5. The two visitors came from________.
A. England
B. France
C. America
D. a country we don't know
四. 根据所给汉语完成下列英语句子
1. Yesterday afternoon Miss Li came here _________ (向你道歉).
2. I did everything ___________ (他要求我做的).
3. We saw the old scientist ____________ (在花园里散步) just now.
4. My grandpa has ___________ (好记忆). He can remember many things.
5. Do you know who _______ (发明了机器人)？
6. I find ____________ (记住这些单词很难).
7. I enjoy ____________ (吃大肉).
8. Don’t st and ___________ (一直). Please give me a hand.
9. Wang Zheng __________ (出身在)a worker’s family.
10. ________________ (祝你们好运), all the boys.
初二年级（中）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. give a concert
2. fall down
3. go on
4. at the end of
5. go back
6. in ahurry
7. write down
8. come out
9. all the year round
10. later on
11. at times
12. ring sb. up
13. Happy New Year!
14. have a party
15. hold on
16. hear from
17. be ready
18. at the moment
19. take out
20.the same as
21. turn over
22. get-together
23. put on
24. take a seat
25. wait for
26. get lost
27. just then
28. first of all
29. go wrong
30. make a noise
31. get on
32. get off
33. stand in line
34. at the head of
35. laugh at
36. throw about
37. in fact
38. at midnight
39. enjoy oneself
40. have a headache
41. have a cough
42. fall asleep
43. again and again
44. look over
45. take exercise
II. 重要句型
1. be good for sth.
2. I think …
3. I hope…
4. I love…
5. I don’t like…
6. I’m sure…
7. forget to do sth.
8. take a message for sb.
9. give sb. the message
10. help yourself to sth.
11. be famous for sth.
12. on one’s way to…
13. make one’s way to…
14. quarrel with sb.
15. agree with sb.
16. stop sb. from doing sth.
III. 交际用语
1.What’s the weather like today?
2.It’s cold, but quite suuny.
3.How cold it is today!
4.Yes, but it’ll be warmer later on.
5.Shall we make a snowman?
6.Ok. Come on!
7.Happy New Year!
8.May I speak to Ann, please?？
9.Hold on, please.
10.Thanks a lot for inviting me to your party.
11.Ok. But I’m afraid I may be a little late.
12.Can I take a message for you?
13.That’s OK. It doesn’t matter.
14.I’m very sorry, but I can’t come.
15.I’m sorry to hear that.
16.Happy birthday!
17.Would you like ...? Would you like to ...?
18.Do you think ...? Yes, I think so. / No, I don't think so.
19.Do you agree? Yes, I agree. / No, don't really agree. I really can't agree.
20.There are a few / a lot of ... / on it.
21.So do we.
22.I'm happy you like it.
23.Which is the way to ..., please?
24.Turn right/left at the ... crossing.
25.Go on until you reach ...
26.How can I get to ...? Go down/up/along this road.
27.What's the matter?
28.It'll take you half an hour to ...
29.We'd better catch a bus.
30.It may be in ... Ah, so it is
31.You must be more careful!
32.You mustn't cross the road now.
33.If you want to cross a street, you must wait for the green light.
34.Please stand in line.
35.You must wait for your turn.
36.If you don't go soon, you'll be late.
37.I don't feel very well.
38.My head hurts.
39.You mustn't eat anything until you see the doctor.
40.What's the trouble?
41.What's the matter with…?
42.She didn't feel like eating anything.
43.Nothing serious.
44.Have/get a pain in…
45.No problem.
46.Take this medicine three times a day.
IV. 重要语法
1. 一般过去时；
2. 反意疑问句的用法；
3. 一般将来时；
4. 感叹句；
5. 简单句的五种基本句型；
6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to的用法；
7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句。
【名师讲解】
1. above/ over/ on
这三个介词都表示“在……之上”，但含义不同。on指在某物的表面上，和某物接触；above指在某物的上方，不和某物接触，但也不一定在某物的正上方；over指在某物的正上方，不和某物接触。试比较：
There is a book on the desk.课桌上有一本书。
I raise my right hand above my head. 我把右手高举过头。
There is a stone bridge over the river. 河面上有座石桥。
2. forget to do sth./forget doing sth.
forget to do sth.意思是“忘记做某事”，实际上还没做；forget doing sth,意思是“忘记做过某事”，实际上已经做过了。试比较：
I forgot to tell him the news.我忘记告诉他这条消息了。
I forgot telling him the news.我已经把这条消息告诉他了，我却忘了。
类似的词还有：remember, regret等。
3. hope/wish
hope和wish在汉语中都有“希望”的意思，但其含义和用法有所不同。主要区别如下：
(1)wish可以用来表示不可实现的愿望；hope只能用来表示可能实现的愿望。例如：
I wish I were 20 years younger.我但愿自己能年轻二十岁。
I hope you’ll be better soon. 我希望你能很快好起来。
I wish the weather wasn’t so cold. 但愿天气不这麽冷。
I hope he will come, too. 我希望他也能来。
(2)wish可以接sb. to do sth. 的结构，而hope不可以。例如：
Do you wish me to come back later? 你是否希望我再来？
4. be sure to do sth./ be sure of/about sb. or sth.
(1)be sure to do sth.可以用来表示说话人给对方提出要求，意思是“务必”，也可以用来表
示说话人做出的推断，意思是“一定”，“肯定”。例如：
Be sure to lock the door when you leave.你离开时务必把门锁好。
It’s a good film. You are sure to enjoy it.这是一部好电影，你肯定会喜欢的。
(2)be sure of/about sb.or sth. 可用来表示“某人对某事有把握”。例如：
I’m sure of his success.我相信他会成功。
I think it was three years ago, but I’m not sure about it.我想那是三年前的事情，但我没有
把握。
5. hear from/hear of
hear意思是“听到”，从哪里听到要用from来表示。例如：
I’ve heard from Xiao Wu that we’ll start out military training tomorrow.
我听小吴说，我们明天开始军训。
Listen to the tape and write out what you hear from Han Mei.
听录音，并写出你从韩梅那里听到的内容。
hear from还有一个意思是“收到某人的来信”（=receive a letter from sb.）。例如：
I heard from my pen friend in the U.S.A. last month.
上个月我受到了美国笔友的来信。
I heard from her last week. 我上周接到了她的来信。
hear of和和hear from含义不同。hear of 意思是“听说”，“得知”（某事或某人的存在），常用在疑问句和否定句里。例如：
Who is he? I’ve never heard of hi m.他是谁？我从来没有听说过他。
I never heard of such a thing! 这样的事我从来没有听说过。
6. It’s a pleasure./With pleasure.
It’s a pleasure这句话常用作别人向你表示致谢时的答语，意思是“那是我乐意做的”。
例如：
---Thank you for helping me. 谢谢你地帮助。
---It’s a pleasure. 那是我乐意做的。
---Thanks a lot. Bye.非常感谢。再见。
---It’s a p leasure. 那是我乐意做的。再见。
类似的话还有“Not at all.” “You are welcome.” “That’s all right.”
With pleasure也用作客气的答语，主要用在别人要你做某事，而你又非常愿意去做的场合。例如：
---Will you please pass me the newspaper, please?
请你把报纸递给我好吗？
---With pleasure.
当然可以。
7. seem/look
(1)二者都可以作“看起来”讲，但seem暗示凭借一些迹象作出的有根据的判断，这种判断往往接近事实；look着重强调由视觉得出的印象。两者都可跟(to be)+形容词和as if从句。如：
He seems / looks (to be) very happy today. 他今天看起来很高兴。
It looks (seems) as if it it is going to rain. 好像要下雨了。
(2)但下列情况中只用seem不用look：
1)后跟不定式to do时。如：
He seems to know the answer. 他似乎知道答案。
2)在It seems that ...结构中。如：
It seems that he is happier now than yesterday.他像比昨天高兴些了。
8. be ready to do/be ready for/ get ready to do/get ready for
(1)be ready to do和be ready for…表示“已作好…的准备”，强调状态
(2)get ready to do和get ready for…表示“为…做准备”，强调行为。如：
I'm ready to do anything you want me to do. 我愿意/随时准备做一切做你要我做的事。
I'm ready for any questions you may ask.我愿意/随时准备回答你可能问的问题。
He's getting ready to leave for Tokyo.他正准备动身去东京。
Let's get ready for the hard moment.我们为这一艰难时刻作好准备吧。
(3)be ready to do通常可理解“乐于做某事”，即思想上总是有做某事的准备。be not
ready to do表示
“不轻易做某事”。如：
He's usually not ready to listen to others.他通常不轻易听从别人。
9. at table/at the table
at table在吃饭，at the table在桌子旁边。例如：
The Greens are at table. 格林一家人在吃饭。
Mr. Black is sitting at the table and reading a book.布莱克先生坐在桌旁读书。
10. reach, arrive/get to
三者都有"到达"之意。reach是及物动词，后直接加名词，get和arrive是不及物动词，不能直接加名词，须借助于介词。get to后加名词地点，若跟副词地点时，to去掉；arrive at +小地方，arrive in+大地方。如：
Lucy got to the zoo before 8 o'clock. 露西8点前到了动物园。
When did your parents arrive in Shanghai? 你父母何时到上海的？
It was late when I got home. 我到家时天色已晚。
11. sick/ill
二者都是形容词。当“生病的，患病“之意时，ill只作表语，不作定语；而sick既可作表语也可作定语。sick有"呕吐，恶心"的意思，只能作表语，而ill无此意。如：Li Lei was ill last week. (只作表语)李磊上周生病了。
He's a sick man. （作定语）他是病人。不能说成：He's an ill man.
My grandfather was sick for a month last year. （作表语）我祖父去年病了一个
月。
12. in time/on time
in time是"及时"的意思，on time是"准时，按时"。如：
I didn't get to the bus stop in time. 我没有及时赶上汽车。
We'll finish our job on time.
13. may be/maybe
It may be in your inside pocket. = Maybe it is in your inside pocket. 也许在你里边的口袋里。第一句中may be是情态动词+be 动词构成的谓语部分，意思是"也许是"，"可能是"；第二句中的maybe是副词，意思是"可能"，常位于句首，不能位于句中，相当于另一副词perhaps。再如：
Maybe you put it in that bag.也许你放在了那只包里。（不能说You maybe put it
in that bag.）
It may be a hat.那可能是顶帽子。（不能说It maybe a hat. 或It maybe is a hat.）
14. noise/ voice/ sound
noise指嘈杂声，噪音大的吵杂声。voice是指说话的声音，嗓音，嗓子。sound是指耳朵能够听到的声音、闹声等。它是表示声音之意的最普通的字。有时还用作科学上的声音。例如：
Don't make so much noise! 别那么大声喧哗！
I didn't recognize John's voice on the telephone. 在电话里我听不出约翰的声
音。
He spoke in a low voice. 他低声说话。
We heard a strange sound. 我们听到了一种奇怪的声音。
Sound travels fast, but light travels faster. 声音传得快，但是光传得更快。
【考点扫描】
中考考点在本单元主要集中在：
1. 一般过去时；
2. 反意疑问句的用法；
3. 一般将来时；
4. 感叹句；
5. 简单句的五种基本句型；
6. 情态动词can, may和must, have to的用法；
7. 时间状语从句和条件状语从句；
8. 本单元学过的词汇、短语和句型；
9. 本单元学过的日常交际用语。
考试形式可以是单项填空、完型天空、短文填空和完成句子。
【中考范例】
1. (2004年长沙市中考试题)
---Do you know if we will go to the cinema tomorrow?
---I think we’ll go if we ________ too much homework.
A. will have
B. had
C. won’t have
D. don’t have
【解析】答案：D。该题考查的是条件状语从句的时态。在条件和时间状语从句里通常用一般现在是表示将来的动作。
2. (2004年佛山市中考试题)
You have been to Tibet, _________? I was told that the snow-covered mountains were very beautiful.
A.have you
B. haven’t you
C. don’t you
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是反意疑问句的构成。反意疑问句的前一部分是肯定句，后一部分就应该是否定的疑问部分，而且要和前一部分保持时态上的一致。
3. (2004年扬州市中考试题)
---Jacky, look at that Japanese sumoist(相扑手).
---Wow, ______________!
A. How a fat man
B. What a fat man
C. How fat man
D. What fat man
【解析】答案：B。该题考查的是感叹句的构成。这个感叹句省略了主谓部分，只保留了感叹部分。如果以What开头，就应该是What a fat man! 如果是How开头，就应该是How fat!
4. (2004年福建省泉州市中考试题)
---Thanks for your help.
---__________________
A. It doesn’t matter
B. Don’t thank me
C. You’re welcome
D. That’s right
【解析】答案：C。该题考查的是日常交际用语。回答别人的道谢通常用“That’s all right.”或”You’re welcome.”
【满分演练】
一. 选择填空
1. Don’t forget _________your book here tomorrow.
A. to take
B. to bring
C. taking
D. bringing
2. Mrs Brown went to the cinema, ______she?
A. didn’t
B. doesn’t
C. wasn’t
D. isn’t
3. It was half past four. Everything _______ready.
A. is
B. was
C. are
D. were
4. ---Happy New Year!
---____________.
A. The same to you
B. I’m glad to hear that
C. I’m very happy
D. Thank you. It’s very kind of you.
5. I got up late yesterday. There _________no time to have breakfast.
A. has
B. had
C. was
D. is
6. Thank you for ______me to your party.
A. invite
B. inviting
C. to invite
D. invited
7. ---I’m sorry I took your pen by mistake yesterday.
---______________.
A. All rig ht
B. That’s right
C. Right
D. That’s all right
8. ---Thank you for showing me the way!
---________________.
A. The same to you
B. It doesn’t matter
C. It’s a pleasure
D. That’s right
9. ---Could I use your computer for a moment?
---_____________.
A. Sure
B. Really
C. Right
D. It doesn’t matter
10. ---I just lost my bike.
---________________.
A. I wish you to buy a new one
B. You’d better buy a new one
C. I’m sorry to hear that
D. It’s always nice to ride a new one
二. 选择能代替句中划线部分的词语或短语
1.What’s the matter with your mother?
A.problem
B. question
C. message
D. wrong
2.---Thank you very much.
---It’s a pleasure.
A. I’m very glad.
B. That’s right.
C. It doesn’t matter
D. Not at all
3.What is he doing at the moment?
A.now
B. a moment ago
C. late D later on
4.Did you have a good time at the party?
A.stay long
B. sing and dance
C. enjoy yourself
D. eat enough
5.---May I speak to John, please?
---Certainly.
A.Sure.
B. I think so.
C. I’d love to
D.That’s all right.
6.---Could I speak to Jim, please?
---Sorry，he isn’t in.
A.is at home
B. is not at work
C. is out
D. is free
7.There is nothing but an old table in the room.
A. many
B. some
C. any
D. only
8.What’s the weather like?
A. When
B. Where
C. why
D. How
9.Please let me look at your photo.
A.give me
B. pass me
C. bring me
D. show me
10.Please ask him to ring me up when he comes back.
A. see
B. help
C. call
D. thank
三. 完形填空
When I __1__ in London last year, it had one of the thickest fogs(雾) in years. You could __2____ see your hand in __3___ of your face. When evening fell, it became even __4___ . All traffic __5___ to a stop. I decided to walk.
A few minutes __6___ , I couldn’t find my__7___ . Then I saw a young man and asked him to help me. He agreed. As I was following him __8__ the streets, he told me, “I know this part of London quite well. And the thick fog ___9__ to me. You see, I’m __10___ .”
1.A. is B. was C. am D. are
2. A. easily B. hard C. hardly D. even
3. A. front B. the front C. back D. the back
4. A. bad B. worse C. good D. better
5.A. began B. started C. went D came
6.A. late B. later C. early D. earlier
7.A. road B. way C. street D. home
8.A. along B. in C. through D. by
9.A. is not good B. does good
C. is nothing
D. has something
10.A. strong B. week C. blind D. clever
四. 阅读理解
(A)
John was a very famous pianist. When he was a small boy, he once played at a party at the home of a rich man. He was only eight years old. But he had played for several years. At the party he played a famous piece by Beethoven (贝多芬). He played wonderfully.
The famous piece has in it several very long rests. In each of these rests he took his hands from the piano and waited. To him this was very exciting. But it seemed that the mother of the rich man thought differently. Finally during one of these rests she came over to him. She touched him on the head with a smile and said, “My boy, why
don’t you play us what you know well?”
根据短文内容判断正误：正确的答“A”，错误的答“B”。
1.John once played the piano at a party when he was only a little boy.
2.John began to play the piano at the age of eight.
3.In each of the rests John took his hands from the piano because he felt tired.
4.The rich man’s mother did not think John played the piece well.
5.I n fact the mother of the rich man knew the piece well.
(B)
One day, we had an English class. The teacher saw a boy reading a picture book and said, “Tom, what do you usually do after lunch?” Tom nervously(紧张地)got up from his seat, but he did not know what to answer. He thought for some time and then said, “Wait for supper.”
The teacher was displeased and just at that moment, he saw another boy asleep. The teacher was gettin g a little angry now, but he was trying not to show it. Then he asked, “And you, Joke?”
As Joke was asleep, of course, he could not hear what the teacher had said. His deskmate(同桌) woke him up. Joke stood up quickly and answered in a loud voice, “So do I”.
1.This story happened____________.
A. in the teacher’s office
B. after lunch
C. in class
D. a home
2.Tom’s answer made the teacher __________.
A. angry
B. displeased
C. surprising
D. laughing
3.The teacher asked Joke ________.
A.what he wanted to do after class
B.what he did in class
C.the same question as he asked Tom
D.to help Tom
4.Joke’s answer meant that_______.
A.he knew what to do and what not to do after lunch
B.he did the same thing as Tom did
C.he read a picture-book
D.he did many things after lunch
5.From the above story we can see that ________.
A. Joke did not know what question the teacher had asked
B.Tom did well in his lessons
C.Joke was good at his lessons
D.Tom and Joke worked hard at their lessons
(C)
Mrs Black, the wife of a rich business man, invited some of her friends to have
lunch. She wanted to try a new way of cooking a fish, and she was very pleased with
herself when the dish was ready. As the dish was very hot, she put it near the open
window to cool for a few minutes. But, five minutes later, when she came back for it,
she was shocked(震惊)to find the neighbour’s cat at the dish. She was in time to stop
the car. That afternoon was successful and everyone enjoyed the dish very much.
They talked and laughed till four o’clock.
At the end of the afternoon, when she was alone again, Mrs Black felt tired and
happy. She was in a chair just near the window. She looked out of the window and
shocked to se e the neighbour’s cat dead in her garden. Why, the fish dish must be bad!
What would happen to her friends? She at once telephoned the family doctor for
advice. The doctor told her to telephone each of the visitors to meet him at the
hospital as soon as he could. Finally the danger was over. Once again Mrs Black was
alone in her chair in the sitting-room, still tired but no longer happy. Just then the
telephone rang. It was her neighbour. “Oh, Mrs Black,” her neighbour cried, “My cat
is dead. She was killed by someone in a car and put it in your garden.”
1.Mrs Black invited _______to lunch.
A. Mr Black’s friends
B. her neighbour
C. her parents
D. some of her friends
2.Why was Mrs Black not happy after she had a good party?
A.She was sad about the dead cat.
B.She found her fish dish was bad.
C.She never thought that she would have so much trouble.
D.She felt tired after she had a busy day.
3.Mrs Black________________________.
A.stopped the cat before it began to eat the fish
B.was too late to stop the cat in time
C.stopped the cat before it ate the fish up
D.stopped the cat but it was too late
4.Why was Mrs Black so shocked to see the cat dead in her garden?
A.She liked the cat very much.
B.She worried about her friends.
C.She was sure that her fish was bad.
D.She didn’t know how the cat died.
5.Finally________________.
A.Mrs Black found that all her friends were all right
B.a visitor told her that the cat was killed by someone in a car
C.Mrs Black felt happy as all her friends were safe
D.Mrs Black met all her friends at the hospital
五. 根据汉语句子的意思完成下列英语句子
1. 收音机里说今天晚些时候雨会停的。
The radio says the rain____ ____ ____ ____today.
2. 我不喜欢冬天，因为天气太冷了。
I don’t like winter, _____it’s ____ _____.
3. 西安位于中国的西北部。
Xi’an is ______the ______of China.
4. 多好吃的面包啊！
_____ _____ bread it is!
5. 明天白天温度将保持在零度以上。
The temperature will _____ ____ _____ in the daytime tomorrow.
六. 句型转换，使第二个句子和第一个句子的意思相近或相同
1.What a hot day today!
_____ _____ it is today!
2. Most of North and South China will have a cold wet day .
____ will be cold and wet _____ most of North and South China. 3. The radio says it will be cloudy sometimes.
The radio says it will be cloudy ____ ____.
4. The snow will be heavy in some places.
It _____ _____ _____ in some places.
5. Shall we go out for a walk?
_____ _____ going out for a walk?
初二英语（下）
【知识梳理】
I. 重点短语
1. on time
最新人教版八年级下册数学知识点总结归纳
新人教版八年级下册数学知识点总结归纳期末总复习 一、 第十六章 二次根式 【知识回顾】 ： 2.最简二次根式：必须同时满足下列条件： ⑴被开方数中不含 开方开的尽的因数或因式； ⑵被开方数中不含分母； ⑶分母中不 含根式。 3.同类二次根式： 二次根式化成最简二次根式后，若被开方数 相同，则这几个二次根式就是同类二次根式。 4.二次根式的性质： （1）（1）（a ）2=a （a ≥0）； （2） ==a a 2 5.二次根式的运算： （1）因式的外移和内移：如果被开方数中 有的因式能够开得尽方，那么，就可以用它的算术根代替而移到根号 外面；如果被开方数是代数和的形式，那么先解因式，?变形为积的 形式，再移因式到根号外面，反之也可以将根号外面的正因式平方后 移到根号里面． （2）二次根式的加减法：先把二次根式化成最简二 a （a ＞0） a -（a ＜0） 0 （a =0）；
都适用于二次根式的运算 二、第十七章 勾股定理 归纳总结 1.勾股定理：如果直角三角形的两直角边长分别为a ，b ，斜边 长为c ，那么c b a 222=+ 应用： （1）已知直角三角形的两边求第三边（在ABC ?中，90C ∠=?， 则 c = ，b = ，a =） （2）已知直角三角形的一边与另两边的关系，求直角三角形的另两边。 2、勾股定理逆定理：如果三角形三边长a,b,c 满足c b a 222=+那么 这个三角形是直角三角形。 应用： 勾股定理的逆定理是判定一个三角形是否是直角三角形的一 种重要方法。 （定理中a ，b ，c 及222a b c +=只是一种表现形式，不可认为是唯一 的，如若三角形三边长a ，b ，c 满足222a c b +=，那么以a ，b ，c 为三 边的三角形是直角三角形，但是b 为斜边） 3、勾股数 ①能够构成直角三角形的三边长的三个正整数称为勾股数，即 222a b c +=中，a ，b ，c 为正整数时，称a ，b ，c 为一组勾股数 ②记住常见的勾股数可以提高解题速度，如3,4,5；6,8,10； 5,12,13；7,24,25等 4.直角三角形的性质 （1）直角三角形的两个锐角互余。可表示如下：∠C=90°?∠A+∠B=90° （2）在直角三角形中，30°角所对的直角边等于斜边的一半。 ∠A=30° ?BC=2 1AB ∠C=90°
人教版八年级下册英语知识点总结
英语知识点 Unit 1 What’s the matter? 一、重点短语 1. have a fever 发烧 2. have a cough 咳嗽 3. have a toothache 牙疼 4. talk too much 说得太多 5. drink enough water喝足够的水 6. have a cold 受凉;感冒 7. have a stomachache 胃疼 8. have a sore back 背疼 9. have a sore throat 喉咙痛10. lie down and rest 躺下来休息11. hot tea w ith honey 加蜂蜜的热茶12. see a dentist 看牙医13. get an X-ray 拍X 光片14. take one’ s temperature 量体温15. put some medicine on sth. 在……上面敷药16. feel very hot 感到很热17. sound like 听起来像18. all weekend 整个周末19. in the same way ? 以同样的方式20. go to a doctor 看医生21. go along 沿着……走22. on the side of the road 在马路边23. shout for help 大声呼救24. without th inking twice 没有多想25. get off 下车26. have a heart problem 有心脏病27. to one’ s surprise 使....... [京讶的28. thanks to 多亏了；由于29. in time 及时30. save a life 挽救生命31. get into trouble 造成麻烦32. right away 立刻；马上33. because of 由于34. get out of 离开;从……出萍35. hurt oneself 受伤36. put a bandage on sth. 用绷带包扎37. fa ll down 摔倒38. feel sick 感到恶心39. have a nosebleed 流鼻血40. cut his knee 割伤他的膝盖42. have problems breathing 呼吸困难43. mountain climbing 登山运动44. be used to doing sth. 习惯做某事45. run out (of) 用完;用尽46. so that 以便47. so. . . that 如此……以至于…48. be in control of 掌管;管理49. in a d iffic u lt situation 在闲境屮50. keep on doing sth. 继续或坚持做某事51. make a decision 做出决定52. take risks 冒险53. give up 放弃 二、重点句型 1. What’ s the matter? What’ s the matter with you? = What’s the trouble with you? = What’ s wrong with you?你怎么了 2. W hat should she do?她该怎么办呢？ Should I take my temperature?我应该量一下体温吗？主语+ should/shouldn’t + 动词原形. ..①You should lie down and rest.你应该躺下休息一会儿。② You shouldn’ t go out at night. 你晚上不应该出去。 3. Do you think it comes from a newspaper or abook? 你认为它是来自报纸还是书呢？ 4. I think I sat in the same way for too long withoutmoving. 我想我以同样的姿势一动不动地坐得太久了。 5. She said that the man had a heart problem andshould go to the hospital Unit 2 I ’ll help to clean up the city parks. 一、重点短语 1. Clean-Up Day 清洁日 2. an old people’s home 养老院 3. help out with sth. 帮助解决困难 4. used to 曾经……；过去_ 5. care for 关心;照顾 6. the look of joy 快乐的表情 7. at the age of 在......岁时8clean up 打扫(或清除)干净9. cheer up (使)变得更高兴;振雀10. give out 分发;散发11. come up w ith 想出；提出12. make a plan 制订计
人教版初中英语知识点复习总结
人教版初中复习资料 【初中英语词组总结】 1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、look at (感官动词)+do eg:I like watching monkeys jump 2 （比较级and 比较级）表示越来越怎么样 3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟（容易） 4 agree with sb 赞成某人 5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样 6 all over the world = the whole world 整个世界 7 along with同……一道，伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去 the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树 8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样 9 as you can see 你是知道的 10 ask for ……求助向…要…（直接接想要的东西） 11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么 12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事 13 at the age of 在……岁时 14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初；……的开始 15 at the end of +地点/+时间最后；尽头；末尾 16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候 17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句感觉/对什么有信心，自信 18 be + doing 表：1 现在进行时2 将来时 19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原）能够…… 21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧，害怕…… 22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么 23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气 25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高 26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开 29 be bad for 对什么有害 30 be born 出生于 31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事be busy with sth 忙于…… 32 be careful 当心；小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样 34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好 36 be from = come from 来自 37 be full of 装满……的be filled with 充满eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water 38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原）将来时 40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于…… 41 be good for 对什么有好处 42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事 43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处 44 be in good health 身体健康 45 be in trouble 处于困难中
人教版初二英语语法总结及复习要点
初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如： When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的？ 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如： Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五，爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如： Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京？ 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用，常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等，有“竟会”的意思，例如：How should I know? 我怎么知道？ Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚？ should有时表示应当做或发生的事，例如： We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点： 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如： You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如： You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服，你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如： We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词，都可以指人或事物，但是what仅用来询问职业。如：What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的？ 该句相当于： What does your father do? What is your father's job?
人教版八年级上册英语知识点汇总
新人教版｜八年级上学期英语所有必考知识点大汇总 Unit1 Where did you go on vacation? 【重点语法】 不定代词：不指名代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词叫做不定代词。 用法注意： 1. some 和any +可数名/不可数名。 some 多用于肯定句，any多用于否定句、疑问句和条件从句。有些问句中用some,不用any, 问话者希望得到对方肯定回答。 2. 由some, any, no, every 与body, one, thing构成的复合不定代词作主语时，其谓语动词用三单。 3. 不定代词若有定语修饰，该定语要置于其后：如：something interesting 【重点短语】 1. buy sth for ab./ buy sb. sth 为某人买某物 2. taste + adj. 尝起来…… 3. nothing...but + V.(原形) 除了……之外什么都没有 4. seem + (to be) + adj 看起来 5. arrive in + 大地方/ arrive at + 小地方到达某地 6. decide to do sth. 决定做某事 7. try doing sth. 尝试做某事/ try to do sth. 尽力做某事8. enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 9. want to do sth. 想去做某事10. start doing sth. 开始做某事=begin doing sth. 11. stop doing sth. 停止做某事区分：stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事 12. dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事14. so + adj + that + 从句如此……以至于…… 16. tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事17. keep doing sth. 继续做某事 18. forget to do sth. 忘记去做某事/ forget doing sth 忘记做过某事 【词语辨析】 1. take a photo/ take photos 拍照 quite a few+名词复数“许多…” 2. seem + 形容词看起来…... You seem happy today. seem + to do sth. 似乎/好像做某事I seem to have a cold It seems + 从句似乎..…. It seems that no one believe you. seem like ... 好像，似乎….. It seems like a good idea. 3. arrive in +大地点= get to= reach+地点名“到达......” arrive at +小地点 （注：若后跟地点副词here/there/home, 介词需省略，如：arrive here; get home） 4. feel like sth 感觉像… feel doing sth. 想要做某事 5. wonder（想知道）+疑问词（who, what, why)引导的从句。 6. because of +名/代/V-ing because+从句 He can’t take a walk because of the rain. I don’t buy the shirt because it was too ex pensive. 7. enough +名词足够的…... 形容词/副词+enough Unit2 How often do you exercise? 【重点语法】 1. 频率副词: always, usually, often, sometimes, never 频率副词在句中通常放在实义动词之前, be动词或助动词之后。常用于一般现在时态中。 2.“次数”的表达方法 一次once，两次twice，三次或三次以上：基数词+ times, 如：three times, five times, 3. how often“多久一次”问频率，回答常含有频率词组或短语。
初二英语知识点归纳八年级英语知识点汇总
初二英语知识点归纳八年级英语知识点汇总 升入初二，英语越来越难了，想要学好英语，就要常对所学过的英语知识点进行归纳，下面就来给大家分享初二英语知识点归纳，希望对大家有所帮助。 (一) 一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years 等。 be going to do (动词原形)结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 结构表示将来的用法： 1. 表示预见 Do you think it will rain?
You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意图 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 基本构成如下： 一般疑问句构成： (1)will+主语+do…? Will Sarah e to visit me next Sunday? (2)there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won't 否定句构成：will + not (won't)+do
Sarah won't e to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑问句构成： 特殊疑问词+will+主语+…?What will Sarah do next Sunday? (二) should的用法： should用来提出建议和忠告，后边加动词原形，否定句直接在should后边加not. 例如：I think you should eat less junk food. 我认为你应该少吃垃圾食品。 She drives a lot and she seldom walks. So I think she should walk a lot. 她经常开车，很少走路。所以我认为她应该多走路。
八下知识点汇总
第五单元生命的演化 第一章生命的起源和进化 知识点一：生命的起源 1. 关于生命起源的学说有很多，最被大家认可的是化学进化学说（见下图）。 （1）化学进化学说由苏联学者奥巴林提出。 （2）原始大气包括水蒸气、氢气、氨气、甲烷、硫化氢、二氧化碳等，没有氧气。 （3）图中发生在原始大气中的过程是：A 无机物形成有机小分子物质阶段（米勒实验证实）；发生在原始海洋中的过程是 B 有机小分子物质形成有机大分子物质阶段（我国科学家实验证实）， C 有机大分子物质组成独立的体系阶段，D 独立的体系演变为原始生命阶段（暂时没有实验证实）所以说原始海洋是原始生命的摇篮。 （4）原始生命诞生的标志是出现了原始的新陈代谢和个体增殖。 2. 下图为美国科学家米勒首创的化学进化模拟实验。 （1）该实验中 A、 B、 C 分别模拟的是原始海洋、原始 大气、原始海洋，冷凝过程模拟的是降雨。 （2）在 C 内会检测到的主要物质有氨基酸等小分子物质， 从而验证了生命起源过程中的无机物形成有机小分子物质 阶段。 1965 年，我国科学工作者在世界上首次用人工方 法合成了有生物活性的结晶牛胰岛素，1981 年，我国科学 工作者又人工合成了组成生命的另一种重要物质——核 酸。该成果验证了生命起源过程中的有机小分子物质形成 有机大分子物质阶段。 3. 研究生命起源的方法是模拟实验法。 知识点二：生物进化的证据 研究生物进化的证据有化石证据、解剖学证据、分子生物学证据。其中最直接的证据是化石证据。 1. 化石证据。越古老地层中发掘的生物化石结构越简单，越晚近地层中发掘的生物化石结构越复杂。低等生物化石可能在晚期地层中，但高等生物化石不能在早期地层中。
初二英语知识点总结
初二英语知识点总结： （一） 一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 be going to do （动词原形）结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 结构表示将来的用法： 1. 表示预见 Do you think it will rain? You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意图 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 基本构成如下： 一般疑问句构成： （1）will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? （2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t 否定句构成：will + not （won’t）+do Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑问句构成： 特殊疑问词＋will＋主语＋…？What will Sarah do next Sunday? 根据例句，用will改写下列各句 例：I don’t feel well today. （be better tomorrow） I’ll be better tomorrow. 1. Gina has six classes today. （have a lot of homework tonight） _____________________________ 2. I’m tired now. （sleep later） _____________________________ 3. My parents need a new car. （buy one soon） _____________________________ 4. We can’t leave right now. （leave a little later） _____________________________ 5. The weather is awful today. （be better tomorrow） _____________________________ 答案：1. She’ll have a lot of homework tonight. 2. I’ll sleep later. 3. They’ll buy one soon. 4. We’ll leave a little later. 5. Maybe it’ll be better tomorrow. （二）should的用法：
(完整版)人教版初中英语知识点汇总
初中英语知识点汇总初一年级（上） 【知识梳理】 I. 重点短语 1. Sit down 2. on duty 3. in English 4. have a seat 5. at home 6. look like 7. look at 8. have a look 9. come on 10. at work 11. at school 12. put on 13. look after 14. get up 15. go shopping II. 重要句型 1. help sb. do sth. 2. What about…? 3. Let’s do sth. 4. It’s time to do sth. 5. It’s time for … 6. What’s…? It is…/ It’s… 7. Where is…? It’s…. 8. How old are you? I’m…. 9. What class are you in? I’m in…. 10. Welcome to….11. What’s …plus…? It’s…. 12. I think… 13. Who’s this? This is…. 14. What can you see？I can see…. 15. There is (are) …. 16. What colour is it (are they)? It’s (They’re)… 17. Whose …is this? It’s…. 18. What time is it? It’s…. III. 交际用语 1. Good morning, Miss/Mr…. 2. Hello! Hi! 3. Nice to meet you. Nice to meet you, too. 4. How are you? I’m fine, thank you/thanks. And you? 5. See you. See you later. 6. Thank you! You’re welcome. 7. Goodbye! Bye! 8. What’s your name? My name is …. 9. Here you are. This way, please. 10. Who’s on duty today? 11. Let’s do. 12. Let me see. IV. 重要语法 1. 动词be的用法； 2. 人称代词和物主代词的用法； 3. 名词的单复数和所有格的用法； 4. 冠词的基本用法； 5. There be句型的用法。 【名师讲解】 1.in/on 在表示空间位置时，in表示在某个空间的范围以内，on表示在某一个物体的表面之上。 例如：There is a bird in the tree. 树上有只鸟。There is a picture on the wall. 墙上有张图。 2. this/that/these/those (1)this常常用来指在时间、地点上更接近讲话人的人和事，these是this的复数形式。that常常用来指在时间、地点上离讲话人更远一点的人和事，those时that的复数形式。例如：You look in this box and I’ll look in that one over there.你看看这个盒子，我去看那边的那个盒子。 I want this car, not that car. 我想要这辆小汽车，不是那一辆。 Take these books to his room, please. 请把这些书拿到他房间去。 This is mine; that’s yours. 这个是我的，那个是你的。 These are apples; those are oranges. 这些是苹果，那些是橘子。 (2)在打电话的用语中，this常常指的是我，that常常指的是对方。例如： This is Mary speaking. Who’s that? 我是玛丽。你是谁？ 3. There be/ have
初二英语知识点总结知识讲解
初二英语知识点总结
初二英语知识点总结： （一） 一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或者存在的状态。通常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year, next month, next week, in 100 years等。 be going to do （动词原形）结构：表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如：It is going to rain. will do 结构表示将来的用法： 1. 表示预见 Do you think it will rain? You will feel better after a good rest. 2. 表示意图 I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow. What will she do tomorrow? 基本构成如下： 一般疑问句构成： （1）will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday? （2）there be 结构的一般疑问句：Will there + be …? Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t 否定句构成：will + not （won’t）+do Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday. 特殊疑问句构成： 特殊疑问词＋will＋主语＋…？What will Sarah do next Sunday? 根据例句，用will改写下列各句
最新人教版八年级下册生物知识点归纳总结
最新人教版八年级下册生物知识点归纳汇总 第七单元第一章生物的生殖和发育 第一节植物的生殖 1．有性生殖：由两性生殖细胞结合成受精卵发育成新个体的生殖方式。例如：种子繁殖（通过开花、传粉并结出果实，由果实中的种子来繁殖后代。）（胚珠中的卵细胞与花粉中的精子结合成受精卵→胚→种子） 有性生殖的过程：开花→传粉→受精→结实→新一代植株。 2．无性生殖：不经过两性生殖细胞的结合，由母体直接产生新个体。 应用：扦插，嫁接，压条，分株、组织培养等。 （1）甘薯、葡萄、菊、月季的栽培，常用扦插的方法。 （2）苹果、梨、桃等很多果树都是利用嫁接来繁育优良品种的。 嫁接就是把一个植物体的芽或枝（接穗），接在另一个植物体（砧木）上，使结合在一起的两部分长成一个完整的植物体。嫁接有枝接和芽接两种。 嫁接的关键:接穗与砧木的形成层紧密结合,以确保成活。 （3）植物的无性生殖需要的条件：以扦插为例，除去光照、水分、温度、湿度等环境条件外，用作扦插的植物茎段还需要具备以下条件（例如紫背天葵）： a.茎剪成15－20厘米长的茎段，一般每段保留两个节。 b.茎段上方的切口是水平（减小伤口水分过多蒸发）的，而茎段下方的切口则是斜向（可以增加吸收水分的面积）的。 c.上一个节上的叶要去掉部分叶片，下面一个节上的叶从叶柄处全部去掉。（一般说在节的部位居间分生组织发达，此处较易生根。去掉叶片时，叶柄在节上留下伤痕，伤口处较容易产生愈伤组织，也就容易生根。） （4）将马铃薯的块茎切成小块来种植时，每一小块都要带一个芽眼 第二节昆虫的生殖和发育 1.变态发育：在由受精卵发育成新个体的过程中，家蚕的幼虫与成体的形态结构和生活习性差异很大，这种发育过程称为变态发育。 （1）完全变态：同家蚕一样，蜜蜂、菜粉蝶、蝇、蚊、蛾等昆虫的发育也要经过卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫四个时期，这样的发育过程称为完全变态。 （2）不完全变态：蝗虫的发育过程要经过卵、若虫、成虫三个时期，像这样的发育过程，称为不完全变态。不完全变态的昆虫还有蝉、蟋蟀、蝼蛄、螳螂。
最新(2013秋)人教版八年级上册英语知识点及单词
最新（2013秋）人教版八年级上册英语知识点及单词 Unit1 Where did you go on vacation? go on vacation去度假stay at home待在家里go to the mountains去爬山 go to the beach去海滩visit museums 参观博物馆go to summer camp去参观夏令营 quite a few相当多study for为……而学习go out出去most of the time大部分时间 taste good尝起来很好吃have a good time玩得高兴of course当然feel like给……的感觉；感受到go shopping去购物in the past在过去walk around四处走走because of因为 one bowl of…一碗……the next day第二天drink tea喝茶find out找出；查明go on继续 take photos照相something important重要的事up and down上上下下come up出来 buy sth. for sb. / buy sb. sth.为某人买某物 taste + adj. 尝起来……look+adj. 看起来…… nothing…but+动词原形除了……之外什么都没有 seem+（to be）+ adj. 看起来…… arrive in+大地点/ arrive at+小地点到达某地 decide to do sth.决定去做某事 try doing sth.尝试做某事/ try to do sth.尽力去做某事 forget doing sth.忘记做过某事/ forget to do sth.忘记做某事 enjoy doing sth.喜欢做某事want to do sth.想去做某事start doing sth.开始做某事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事dislike doing sth. 不喜欢做某事keep doing sth.继续做某事 Why not do. sth.?为什么不做……呢？ so+adj.+that+从句如此……以至于…… tell sb. (not) to do sth. 告诉某人（不要）做某事 Unit2 How often do you exercise? help with housework帮助做家务on weekends在周末how often多久一次hardly ever几乎从不once a week每周一次twice a month每月两次every day每天be free有空 go to the movies去看电影use the Internet用互联网swing dance摇摆舞play tennis打网球 stay up late熬夜；睡得很晚at least至少have dance and piano lessons上舞蹈课和钢琴课 go to bed early早点睡觉play sports进行体育活动be good for对……有好处go camping去野营not…at all一点儿也不……in one’s free time在某人的业余时间the most popular最受欢迎的 such as比如；诸如old habits die hard积习难改go to the dentist去看牙医 morn than多于；超过less than少于 help sb. with sth.帮助某人做某事How about…? ......怎么样？/ ……好不好？ want sb. to do sth.想让某人做某事How many+可数名词复数+一般疑问句？……有多少……? 主语+find+that从句. ……发现……spend time with sb.和某人一起度过时光 It’s+ adj.+ to do sth. 做某事的……的。ask sb. about sth.向某人询问某事 by doing sth. 通过做某事What’s your favorite……?你最喜爱的……是什么？ the best way to do sth.做某事的最好方式 Unit3 I’m more outgoing than my sister.
八年级上册英语知识点总结完整版
八年级上册英语知识点总结完整版 Unit 1 Where did you go on vacation? 本单元的话题：谈论假期活动内容，复习一般过去时。 本单元的语法：1.复习一般过去时；2.学习不定代词和不定副词的用法。 2.不定代词和不定副词的用法： （1）左边的some、any、every、no与右边的body、one、thing 构成不定代词，some、any、every、no与右边的疑问副词where 构成不定副词； （2）一般情况下以some开头的不定代词和不定副词用于肯定句，以any开头的不定代词和不定副词用于否定句、疑问句；以no开头的不定代词和不定副词表示否定含义（no one为两个单词）；（3）不定代词或不定副词和形容词连用时，形容词放在后面。 He has something important to do.他有重要的事情要做。（肯定句用something，形容词important放后） Did you buy anything special? （一般疑问句用anything，形容词special放后） Did you go anywhere interesting last month?上个月你去令人感兴趣的地方了吗？ (一般疑问句用不定副词anywhere，形容词interesting放后) （4）不定代词和不定副词做主语时，后面的动词用单数形式。
Everone is here today.今天每个人都在这里。 本单元的短语和知识点： 1. go on vacation去度假go to the mountains 上山/进山 2.stay at home呆在家go to the beach去海滩visit museums 参观博物馆go to summer camp去参观夏令营 3. study for tests为考试而学习\备考go out出去 4. quite a few相当多,不少（后跟可数名词复数）take photos照相most of the time大部分时间 5.buy sth for sb = buy sb sth为某人买某物 6. taste good. 尝起来很好 taste（尝起来）、look（看起来）、sound（听起来）为感官动词，后跟形容词 7.have a good\great\fun time过得高兴，玩得愉快（=enjoy oneself） 8. go shopping去购物9. nothing…but+动词原形：除了……之外什么都没有 He had nothing to do at home but read yesterday.昨天他在家除了读书无事可做。 10. seem to do sth:好像… I seem to know him.我好像认识他。seem+（to be）+形容词：看起来…The work seems（to be）easy.这工作看起来很容易。 11.keep a diary记日记 12. in+大地方：达到某地（get to +地方：达到某地） arrive at+小地方：达到某地(get的过去式为got)
八下知识点整理.
第14课感受现代科技 1.现代科技给生活带来哪些新变化?P59 我们现在的生活与科技息息相关。近年来,手机、彩电、空调、电脑等新科技产品的不断问世,提高了人们生活的科技含量和生活质量,也逐渐改变着人们的生活观念和生活方式。 2.为什么说科技是社会发展的强大推力?(科技对物质文明发展和精神文明发展的影响?P61—62 ①科学技术是第一生产力。人类社会的每一步都伴随着科技的进步。尤其是现代科技的突飞猛进,为社会生产力的发展和人类文明进步开辟了更为广阔的空间,有力的推动了经济和社会的发展。我国的计算机等高科技企业的迅速成长,极大的提高了我国的产业技术水平,促进了工业、农业劳动生产率的大幅度提高,有力地带动了整个国民经济的发展。高新技术及其产业已成为当代经济发展的火车头。(为什么说科学技术是第一生产力? ②科学技术的进步和普及,为人类提供了广播等传播思想文化的新手段,使精神文明建设有了新的载体。它对于丰富人们的精神生活,更新人们的思想观念,等具有重要的意义。 ③科学技术的进步已经为人类创造巨大的物质财富和精神财富。随着知识经济时代的到来,科学技术永无止境的发展及其无限的创造力,必定还会继续为人类文明做出更大的贡献。 3.列举快速发展的现代科技? ①蓬勃兴趣的信息技术。当前信息技术正向数字化、高速化、网络化、集成化和智能化迅速发展。 ②迅速崛起的生命科学。生命科学技术已成为21世纪高新科技的主流。对促进人口与健康、生态环境领域的发展具有重大的作用。
③突飞猛进的空间科学。空间技术落是当代科学技术中发展最快的尖端技术之一。实现人类进入太空的梦想要靠空间技术的进步。空间技术的发展对于广播电视、远距离通信、气象预报、救援救灾、科学研究,发挥了传统方式无法达到的效益和作用。空间技术一个国家科学技术发展水平的重要标志。 4.人类跨入信息社会的标志是什么?信息技术包括哪些?发展趋势是什么? 信息技术革命是当代科技革命的中心。 信息技术包括:微电子技术、光电技术、计算机技术、通信技术、成像技术、显示技术等。 当前信息技术正向数字化、高速化、网络化、集成化和智能化迅速发展。 第15课走创新之路 1.为什么要创新?(如何理解科技发展靠创新? ①创新是力量之源、发展之基。科技前进的每一步都是追求创新的结果。科学的本 质是创新,科技发展靠创新,生活的每一领域、生命的每一步都呼唤着创新的智慧。②与时俱进是时代发展的要求,不断创新是当代科技发展的主旋律。随着知识经济的到来,创新将更为广泛,更为深刻,更为迅速。面对世界范围突飞猛进的科技革命,创新对于我们尤为重要。一个国家、一个民族只有不断创新,才能在激烈的国际竞争中始处于领先的地位。 2.好奇心与创新有什么关系? ①许多科学家小时候都有着强烈的好奇心。好奇心是他们走上科技发明创造的起点, 是创新的最初动力。不过,好奇心也需要正确把握