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新SAT前测试题

Section 1: Reading Section

This passage is excerpted from John P. A. Ioannidis, “Scientific Research Needs an Overhaul,” ?2014 by Scientific American.

Earlier this year a series of papers in The Lancet reported

that 85 percent of the $265 billion spent each year on medical

research is wasted. This is not because of fraud, although it is

true that retractions are on the rise. Instead, it is because too

often absolutely nothing happens after initial results of a

study are published. No follow-up investigations ensue to

replicate or expand on a discovery. No one uses the findings

to build new technologies.

The problem is not just what happens after publication—

scientists often have trouble choosing the right questions and

properly designing studies to answer them. Too many

neuroscience studies test too few subjects to arrive at firm

conclusions. Researchers publish reports on hundreds of

treatments for diseases that work in animal models but not in

humans. Drug companies find themselves unable to

reproduce promising drug targets published by the best

academic institutions. The growing recognition that

something has gone awry in the laboratory has led to calls

for, as one might guess, more research on research (aka,

meta-research)—attempts to find protocols that ensure that

peer-reviewed studies are, in fact, valid.

It will take a concerted effort by scientists and other

stakeholders to fix this problem. We need to identify and

correct system-level flaws that too often lead us astray. This

is exactly the goal of a new center at Stanford University (the

Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford), which will

seek to study research practices and how these can be

optimized. It will examine the best means of designing

research protocols and agendas to ensure that the results are

not dead ends but rather that they pave a path forward.

The center will do so by exploring what are the best ways

to make scientific investigation more reliable and efficient.

For example, there is a lot of interest on collaborative team

science, study registration, stronger study designs and

statistical tools, and better peer review, along with making

scientific data, analyses and protocols widely available so

that others can replicate experiments, thereby fostering trust

in the conclusions of those studies. Reproducing other

scientists’ analyses or replicating their results has too often in

the past been looked down on with a kind of “me-too”

derision that would waste resources—but often they may help

avoid false leads that would have been even more

wasteful.

The Priorities of Major Stakeholders in Scientific Research

Publishable Fundable Translatable Profitable Scientists +++ +++ +

Drug companies +++

Not-for-profit funders / philanthropists ++ +++

Journal editors +++ + Universities + +++ +

Not-for-profit research institutions +++ +++ + +

This table highlights the priorities of major stakeholders in scientific research. One "+" is the lowest non-zero

score and three "+++" is the highest non-zero score.

1) The main purpose of the passage is to

A) argue that scientific studies need to be more efficient.

B) describe the results of a scientific study.

C) explain the history of scientific inquiry.

D) highlight the fraudulent nature of many research studies.

2) Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from

A) an explanation of a phenomenon to a narrative illustrating this phenomenon.

B) the identification of a problem to a proposal for solving this problem.

C) a prediction for the future to an explanation underlying this prediction.

D) the introduction of an argument to a counterclaim refuting this argument.

3) Which of the following situations is most similar to the research problems described in paragraph 2?

A) A high school has to cut its music and arts programs due to a decrease in government funding.

B) A patient continues to get sicker because she does not abide by her physician’s recommendations.

C) A governmental body is unable to come to a consensus about the budget for the upcoming year.

D) A marketing firm tests a website with participants that are not representative of the target population.

4) In the final paragraph, which of the following counterarguments regarding experiment replication does the author anticipate?

A) That it often results in contradictory outcomes

B) That it is unoriginal and therefore not worthwhile

C) That it is difficult to fund

D) That it is frequently unpublishable

5) According to the graph, what are the primary research priorities for drug companies and universities?

A) Drug companies prioritize profitability; universities prioritize publishability.

B) Drug companies prioritize fundability; universities prioritize translatability.

C) Drug companies prioritize profitability; universities prioritize fundability.

D) Both drug companies and universities prioritize profitability above fundability, publishability, and

translatability.

This passage is excerpted from Herman Melville’s “Redburn: His First V oyage,” originally published in 1849. It describes the life of a young sailor during his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean.

Passage 1

The order was given to loose the main-skysail, which is

the fifth and highest sail from deck. It was a very small sail,

and from the forecastle looked no bigger than a cambric

pocket-handkerchief. But I have heard that some ships carry

still smaller sails, above the skysail; called moon-sails, and

skyscrapers, and cloud-rakers. But I shall not believe in them

till I see them; a skysail seems high enough in all conscience;

and the idea of anything higher than that, seems

preposterous. Besides, it looks almost like tempting heaven,

to brush the very firmament so, and almost put the eyes of

the stars out; when a flaw of wind, too, might very soon take

the conceit out of these cloud-defying cloud-rakers.

Now, when the order was passed to loose the skysail, an

old Dutch sailor came up to me, and said, "Buttons, my boy,

it's high time you be doing something; and it's boy's business,

Buttons, to loose de royals, and not old men's business, like

me. Now, d'ye see dat leelle fellow way up dare? dare, just

behind dem stars dare: well, tumble up, now, Buttons, I zay,

and looze him; way you go, Buttons."

All the rest joining in, and seeming unanimous in the

opinion, that it was high time for me to be stirring myself,

and doing boy's business, as they called it, I made no more

ado, but jumped into the rigging. Up I went, not daring to

look down, but keeping my eyes glued, as it were, to the

shrouds, as I ascended.

It was a long road up those stairs, and I began to pant and

breathe hard, before I was half way. But I kept at it till I got t

o the Jacob's Ladder; and they may well call it so, for it took

me almost into the clouds; and at last, to my own amazement,

I found myself hanging on the skysail-yard, holding on might

and main to the mast; and curling my feet round the rigging,

as if they were another pair of hands.

For a few moments I stood awe-stricken and mute. I could

not see far out upon the ocean, owing to the darkness of the

night; and from my lofty perch, the sea looked like a great,

black gulf, hemmed in, all round, by beetling black cliffs. I

seemed all alone; treading the midnight clouds; and every

second, expected to find myself falling—falling—falling, as I

have felt when the nightmare has been on me.

I could but just perceive the ship below me, like a long

narrow plank in the water; and it did not seem to belong at all

to the yard, over which I was hanging. A gull, or some sort of

sea-fowl, was flying round the truck over my head, within a

few yards of my face; and it almost frightened me to hear it;

it seemed so much like a spirit, at such a lofty and solitary

height.

6) Which choice best summarizes the passage?

A) A character faces a difficult situation and describes the experience of confronting it.

B) A character reflects on a past experience in order to inspire himself to action in the present.

C) A character prepares to take a significant action but then decides not to undertake that action.

D) A character undertakes an action but then questions the rightness of his decision.

7) In the first paragraph, the words “heaven,” “firmament,” and “stars” serve mainly to

A) highlight the spiritual nature of sailing.

B) illustrate the dangers involved in climbing the mast.

C) describe the constellations in the night sky.

D) emphasize the height of the skysail.

8) It can reasonably be inferred that the narrator decides to loosen the skysail because

A) the crew would be in danger otherwise.

B) the captain of the ship ordered him to.

C) the other sailors on the ship agreed that he should.

D) it was something he had always wanted to do.

9) Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question?

A) lines 1–2 (“The . . . deck”)

B) lines 13–15 (“Now . . . something”)

C) lines 20–23 (“All . . . rigging”)

D) lines 23–25 (“Up . . . ascended”)

10) As used in line 36, “hemmed in” most nearly means

A) attached

B) framed

C) controlled

D) connected

This passage is excerpted from President John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address, given in

1961.

Passage 1

The world is very different now. For man holds in his

mortal hands the power to abolish all forms of human

poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same

revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still

at issue around the globe. Let the word go forth from this

time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been

passed to a new generation of Americans—born in this

century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter

peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness

or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which

this nation has always been committed, and to which we are

committed today at home and around the world.

To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the

free, we pledge our word that one form of colonial control

shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far

more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them

supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them

strongly supporting their own freedom—and to remember

that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding

the back of the tiger ended up inside.

To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe

struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our

best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever

period is required—not because we seek their votes, but

because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who

are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.

Finally, to those nations who would make themselves our

adversary, we offer not a pledge but a request: that both sides

begin anew the quest for peace, before the dark powers of

destruction unleashed by science engulf all humanity in

planned or accidental self-destruction.

So let us begin anew—remembering on both sides that

civility is not a sign of weakness, and sincerity is always

subject to proof. Let us never negotiate out of fear, but let us

never fear to negotiate.

Let both sides, for the first time, formulate serious and

precise proposals for the inspection and control of arms, and

bring the absolute power to destroy other nations under the

absolute control of all nations.

Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science

instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars,

conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths,

and encourage the arts and commerce.

And, if a beachhead of cooperation may push back the

jungle of suspicion, let both sides join in creating a new

endeavor—not a new balance of power, but a new world of

law—where the strong are just, and the weak secure, and the

peace preserved.

All this will not be finished in the first one hundred days.

Nor will it be finished in the first one thousand days; nor in

the life of this Administration; nor even perhaps in our

lifetime on this planet. But let us begin.

11) A central theme of the passage is that

A) those nations that dedicate themselves to democracy will receive aid and support from the

United States.

B) cooperation among all nations is necessary to protect the future of humanity.

C) the Founding Fathers of the United States would be proud of the country’s progress over

the last century.

D) the United States should dedicate more resources to fighting tyranny around the world.

12) Kennedy’s reference to “our forebears” serves mainly to

A) call into question the relevance of struggles faced by people under colonial rule.

B) inspire a rebellion similar to that proposed by the American revolutionaries.

C) connect contemporary struggles for freedom with the American colonists’ fight for

independence.

D) highlight the importance of the next generation of Americans in the fight for freedom.

13) Kennedy indicates that the ability to monitor weapons should be

A) given exclusively to the government of the United States.

B) shared by the leaders of all nations.

C) designated to a small group of international leaders.

D) adopted by a newly created independent body.

14) Over the course of the passage, the main focus shifts from

A) a description of the history of the United States to a proposal for improving the lives of its

citizens.

B) a commitment to helping allies of the United States to a call for better cooperation among

opposing nations.

C) an argument for improving the lives of people around the world to a recognition of that

argument’s weaknesses.

D) an explanation of the foreign policies of the United States to an example illustrating these

policies.

15) Which choice best summarizes Kenned y’s perspective on scientific progress?

A) The advancement of science should be a central priority for the United States.

B) Scientific knowledge will inevitably improve the lives of people on this planet.

C) Science has the potential to both improve and harm humanity.

D) Investment in the sciences will enable humans to better understand how the universe

works.

Passage 1 is excerpted from Michael Thackeray’s “The Long, Winding Road to Advanced Batteries for Electric Cars,” published in 2012. Passage 2 is excerpted from Julie Chao’s “Goodbye, Range Anxiety?

Electric Vehicles May Be More Useful Than Previously Thought,” published in 2015.

Passage 1

Batteries have come a long way since Alessandro V olta

first discovered in 1800 that two unlike metals, when

separated by an acidic solution, could produce an electric

current. In their evolution, batteries have taken on various

forms, ranging from lead-acid, to nickel-metal hydride, to

current-day lithium-ion.

Now, technological advances in batteries are more critical

than ever. Coupled with the alarming rate at which we are

exploiting fossil fuels, the world’s growing energy demand

necessitates that we find alternative energy sources.

With present-day technology, however, electric vehicles

cannot compete with internal combustion vehicles.

According to [one] review, “energy densities two and five

times greater are required to meet the performance goals of a

future generation of plug-in hybrid-electric vehicles (PHEVs)

with a 40-80 mile all-electric range, and all-electric vehicles

(EVs) with a 300-400 mile range, respectively.” To make the

leap, scientists will have to find new couplings of battery

materials.

Still, researchers are hopeful of a breakthrough. They can

now use computing to accelerate the discovery of new

electrode and electrolyte systems. This creates a positive

feedback loop in which computing informs experiments, and

experimental results help refine the computing process. This

high-throughput iterative process may be scientists’ ultimate

hope for discovering materials that can significantly improve

the electrochemical performance, safety and cost of batteries.

Passage 2

With today’s electric vehicle (EV) batteries, “end of life”

is commonly defined as when the storage capacity drops

down to 70 to 80 percent of the original capacity. As capacity

fades, the vehicle’s range decreases. Berkeley researchers

decided to investigate the extent to which vehicles still meet

the needs of drivers beyond this common battery retirement

threshold.

The Berkeley scientists analyzed power capacity fade, or

the declining ability of the battery to deliver power, such as

when accelerating on a freeway onramp, as it ages. They

modeled th e impact of power fade on a vehicle’s ability to

accelerate as well as to climb steep hills and complete other

drive cycles. They found that power fade for the chosen

vehicle [a Nissan Leaf] does not have a significant impact on an

EV’s performance, and that a battery’s retirement will be

driven by energy capacity fade rather than by power fade.

The researchers thus conclude that “range anxiety may be

an over-stated concern” since EVs can meet the daily travel

needs of more than 85 percent of U.S. drivers even after

losing 20 percent of their originally rated battery capacity.

They also conclude that batteries can “satisfy daily mobility

requirements for the full lifetime of an electric vehicle.”

16) Which situation is most similar to the “positive feedback loop” (lines 22–23) described in Passage

A) A professional tennis player wins a tournament, which then qualifies him for additional tournaments.

B) An online advertising firm sends advertisements to an online customer, and the customer’s choices

inform which advertisements are sent to her in the future.

C) A thermostat turns on the heat when the temperature drops to a certain temperature, and then turns

off the heat when the temperature rises to a certain temperature.

D) A truck driver swerves to avoid a pothole. Seeing this, the driver of the car behind the truck avoids

the same pothole.

17) In Passage 2, one weakness of the Berkeley study is that the researchers

A) focused on power fade instead of energy capacity fade.

B) looked at battery performance beyond the “end of life” threshold.

C) used one type of electric vehicle to generalize about all electric vehicles.

D) relied only on U.S. drivers.

18) The researchers described in Passage 2 rely primarily on which type of evidence?

A) Experimental data

B) Literature reviews

C) Expert testimonies

D) Customer feedback

19) The authors of both passages would likely agree that

A) humans need to stop using fossil fuels as an energy source.

B) researching the performance of electric car batteries is a worthwhile endeavor.

C) the travel needs of U.S. drivers are likely greater than anticipated.

D) electric cars will soon become more popular than internal combustion vehicles.

20) How would the researchers described in Passage 2 likely respond to the review quoted in the third

paragraph of Passage 1 (lines 11–19)?

A) They would argue that it is likely impossible to meet the performance needs of future electric car

vehicles.

B) They would claim that most electric car drivers need batteries that can last for more than 400 miles.

C) They would agree that electric car batteries do not currently meet the needs of most U.S. drivers.

D) They would assert that electric vehicles likely have performance ranges greater than initially

thought.

Section 2: Writing Section

The symbol 1 indicates that question 1 references this portion of the passage. The symbol [1] indicates that the following sentence is referenced in a question.

Toshio Fukuda: Medical Robotics Pioneer

Imagine a world in which it’s 1 casual for a doctor to prepare fo r a difficult surgery by “operating” on a full-sized, electronically responsive model of a patient. It may seem fantastical, but one engineer is working to make this scenario possible. Dr. Toshio Fukuda is a pioneer in the field of medical robotics. In designing his medical robotic equipment, Dr. Fukuda draws upon a variety of disciplines and skill sets. His work serves as an example of how collaboration across a variety of fields can drive innovation.

[1]Dr. Fukuda’s career is a case study in how the inte raction of vastly different fields can produce exciting results. [2]He did not begin his career with the goal of developing medical robotics. [3]Rather, Dr. Fukuda earned his Ph.D. in mechanical 2 engineering—not medicine; and his early work focused on finding new ways for robots to move. [4]Together, they designed a micro-robot that could be used for clearing blocked arteries and performing other delicate operations. [5]Shortly thereafter, Dr. Fukuda was approached by a doctor who asked if he could build a robot that could travel inside a human’s blood vessels. 3

Today, Dr. Fukuda has moved from the world of the micro-robot to 4 the macro-robot. He is busy developing full-sized medical models of patients scheduled to undergo complex surgical procedures. These types of surgeries are rarely performed by a single doctor. Rather, a team of specialists works together in close coordination to complete an operation. Dr. Fukuda’s robots help these teams to train for surgery by giving them the opportunity to rehearse an entire surgical procedure on a full-scale robotic replica of the patient.

Working together, 5 innovators in robotics and medicine share their expertise to save lives. According to Fukuda, “medical robotics is a very interdisciplinary area.” It draws upon the expertise of surgeons, medical researchers, robotics engineers, and even computer programmers.

A) NO CHANGE

B) common

C) shared

D) general

A) NO CHANGE

B) engineering—not medicine,

C) engineering not medicine—

D) engineering—not medicine—

3) To make this paragraph most logical, sentence 4 should be placed

A) where it is now.

B) before sentence 1.

C) after sentence 2.

D) after sentence 5.

A) NO CHANGE

B) that of the macro-robot.

C) those of the macro-robot.

D) macro-robots.

A) NO CHANGE

B) the expertise of innovators in robotics and medicine is shared to save lives.

C) lives are saved by innovators in robotics and medicine sharing their expertise.

D) the sharing of expertise by innovators in robotics and medicine saves lives.

Searching for Guinevere

Stories of kings and queens have captivated readers for centuries, and arguably, the tales of King Arthur and Guinevere are among the most enchanting. Arthur ruled the kingdom of Camelot, and Guinevere was his queen. But were they real people or fictional characters? The debate has continued for centuries. Though many scholars have found evidence that the legendary Arthur was, at the very least, based on a real person who lived in Britain roughly between 450 and 6 500 CE. They continue to search for the historical identity of Guinevere.

Guinevere first appeared as King Arthur’s queen in one of the most widely-studied works of Arthurian literature, 7 The History of the Kings of Britain. This book was written by Geoffrey of Monmouth around 1135 CE. Geoffrey’s historical treatment of the legend is often 8 sited as evidence that the queen of Camelot existed, as the book chronicles the lives of a number of historical rulers. Guinevere is identified by Geoffrey as a noblewoman of Roman descent who met King Arthur in the court of Duke Cador of Cornwall, where she lived as a ward. 9In Malory’s portrayal, Guinevere had no real power as a monarch but served as a kind of spiritual leader, providing guidance and moral support to the knights in their roles as defenders of the kingdom. Le Morte d’Arthur was also one of the first works to reference Guinevere’s romance with the knight, Sir Lancelot.

As many Arthurian scholars know, the distinction between history and literature was blurred in the Middle Ages. Consequently, the true identity of Guinevere may never be known with certainty. Yet regardless of whether Guinevere was real or fictional, her story 10 had endured centuries—and through each retelling, she continues to live on in the imaginations of people around the world.

A) NO CHANGE

B) 500 CE. Continuing

C) 500 CE, continuing

D) 500 CE, they continue

7) Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

A) The History of the Kings of Britain, and this book

B) The History of the Kings of Britain, which

C) a book called The History of the Kings of Britain, as this

D) a book called The History of the Kings of Britain, and this

A) NO CHANGE

B) insighted

C) cited

D) incited

9) At this point, the author wants to add a sentence which effectively sets up the portrayal of Guinevere

discussed in the rest of the paragraph. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

A) Three centuries later, however, Thomas Malory painted a very different portrait of Guinevere in Le

Morte d’Arthur.

B) Sir Thomas Malory was an English knight and Member of Parliament who also wrote extensively

about the history of the British monarchy.

C) Many historians believe that the portrayal of Arthur and Guinevere in Sir Thomas Malory’s Le

Morte d’Arthur was actually a political commentary on the War of the Roses (1455-1487 CE).

D) In Le Morte d’Arthur, Sir Thomas Malory describes an idyllic Engla nd under King Arthur and

Guinevere, which eventually collapses into chaos and political unrest.

10)

A) NO CHANGE

B) was enduring

C) would have endured

D) has endured

The Need for Increased Regulation of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing

With the rapid expansion of scientific knowledge regarding the human genome, genetic testing has become a common method for screening, testing, and diagnosing a number of inherited diseases. Some companies have even begun selling genetic tests dir ectly to consumers: a method referred to as “direct-to-consumer” (DTC) genetic testing. The benefits of DTC testing include the accessibility of the tests and the promotion of proactive healthcare by consumers. However, additional government regulation

of DTC tests is necessary in order to ensure that the tests remain accurate and that consumers are not misled about their health.

In order to provide useful information to consumers, DTC tests need to be both accurate and 11 reliable. However, until recently, government regulation of DTC tests has focused on how these tests are advertised to the public rather than the validity of the tests themselves. Thankfully, in 2014, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) unveiled a plan to increase the regulation of thousands of laboratory-developed tests, including many DTC tests. The 12 essential necessity of such increased regulation cannot be overstated. In a 2006 investigation, for example, the Government Accountability Office found that some anonymous donors were given vastly different results from a sample of four DTC tests. 13

In addition to improving the validity of DTC tests, government regulation would also help to prevent the potential misinterpretation of test results by consumers. Even with a detailed breakdown of someone’s genome, it is impossible for anyone—including physicians—to know how all of those genes will interact with one another and how various environmental factors will mediate 14 their effects. Thus, government regulation is necessary in order to ensure that consumers are properly educated about the limitations of DTC testing. The FDA has accomplished this, to some degree, by regulating how DTC tests are advertised to the public. Following the GAO investigation, for example, spending on DTC advertisements 15 was cut in half between 2006 and 2009. However, further communication is needed between consumers, physicians, and DTC testing companies in order to safeguard consumers from making potentially harmful decisions about their health.

Direct-to-Consumer (DTC) Advertisement Spending

Ada pted from “DTC Ad Spend,” ? 2010 Pharma Marketing News.

11)

A) NO CHANGE

B) be reliable.

C) to be reliable.

D) need reliability.

12)

A) NO CHANGE

B) necessity of such increased additional

C) necessity of such

D) essential necessity of such

13) At this point, the writer is considering adding the following sentence.

One individual, who had been given a pacemaker thirteen years earlier to correct an irregular heartbeat, was even informed by one company that he had a low risk for developing such a condition.

Should the writer make this addition here?

A) Yes, because it provides additional support for the main topic of the paragraph.

B) Yes, because it provides an effective transition linking the topics of the second and third paragraphs.

C) No, because it is inconsistent with the claim made in the previous sentence.

D) No, because it blurs the focus of the paragraph with an irrelevant detail.

14)

A) NO CHANGE

B) there affects.

C) their affects.

D) there effects.

15) Which choice offers an accurate interpretation of the data in the graph?

A) NO CHANGE

B) was reduced by nearly $1 billion between 2006 and 2007.

C) dropped by approximately $1 billion in 2008.

D) fell by over $1 billion each year between 2006 and 2008.

The Complex History of the Simple Chopstick

The origin of chopsticks reaches back to the Shang Dynasty of ancient China. At that time, chopsticks—which were then called “Zhu”—were used for cooking rather than 16 to eat. Because the people of ancient China liked to steam or boil their food, chopsticks were originally used to reach deep into boiling pots of water or oil. However, according to Chinese lore, chopsticks later evolved into an eating utensil during the Han Dynasty due to the influence of the Chinese philosopher, Confucius. Both a pacifist and vegetarian, Confucius believed that knives and other sharp utensils were inappropriate for mealtime because they reminded people of violence and warfare. Chopsticks, on the other hand, allowed people to savor their meals in a more relaxed and enjoyable setting. 17

Since then, the diversity of chopstick styles and uses 18 has quickly expanded. In China, for example, chopsticks are often longer and taper to a blunt end, while in Japan, chopsticks are shorter and taper to a sharp end. In addition to the length of chopsticks, the materials used to make them also vary considerably between cultures. 19 In Korea, it is also customary to use spoons for rice and chopsticks for larger, more manageable pieces of food.

As different chopstick styles have evolved over centuries, so have a number of cultural traditions and taboos. In China, for example, it is customary to transfer food between relatives as a sign of caring and respect. In Japan, on the other hand, using chopsticks to transfer food and other materials is considered taboo and is reserved solely for funeral rites. Given 20 their importance and prominence in Asian history, it is no surprise that chopsticks have become as unique and nuanced as the cultures from which they arose.

16)

A) NO CHANGE

B) the purpose of eating.

C) when one ate.

D) eating.

17) At this point, the writer wants to add a sentence that will provide an effective transition from this

paragraph to the next one. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

A) Regardless of whether the nod to Confucius is accurate, chopsticks became ubiquitous throughout

China and much of Asia after his death.

B) Confucius is also famous for championing the doctrine, based on his philosophical teachings, “Do

not do t o others what you do not want done to yourself.”

C) Ironically, though, Confucius did support a number of rebellions.

D) It was during this period that people began holding chopsticks in their dominant hand and handling

them using their thumb, middle, and ring fingers.

18)

A) NO CHANGE

B) have

C) have been

D) were

19) Which choice provides an example that most effectively supports the claim made in the previous

sentence?

A) In both China and Japan, chopsticks are often made out of wood or bamboo.

B) Unlike the chopsticks found in traditional homes, the chopsticks found in Chinese restaurants are

often made out of melamine plastic.

C) While chopsticks in China are often made of wood, those from Korea are often made of metals such

as brass or silver.

D) The material chopsticks are made from, such as jade, ivory, or porcelain, can also signal one’s social

status.

20).

A) NO CHANGE

B) their prominence in

C) the high historical importance of chopsticks within

D) how important chopsticks’ prominence is wi thin the past of