夏徛荣考研英语冲刺预测三套卷之一

SectionⅠUse of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Psychologist Alfred Adler suggested that the primary goal of the psyche was superiority. Although 1 he believed that individuals struggled to achieve superiority 2 others, Adler eventually developed a more 3 definition of the drive for superiority.

Adler’s 4 of striving for superiority does not refer to the everyday meaning of the word superiority. He did not mean that we innately seek to 5 one another in rank or position, 6 did he mean that we seek to maintain an exaggerated importance over our peers. 7 , Adler’s drive for superiority involves the8 to be competent and 9 , complete and thorough, in whatever one strives to do.

Striving for superiority occasionally 10 the form of an exaggerated lust for power. An individual may seek to play god and exercise 11 over objects and people. The goal may introduce a 12 tendency into our lives, in which we play games of “dog eat dog”. 13 , such expression of the desire for superiority do not reflect its more positive, constructive nature.

According to Adler, striving for superiority is innate and is part of the struggle for 14 that human beings share with other species in the process of evolution. From this perspective, life is not motivated by the need to 15 tension or restore equilibrium, as Sigmund Freud tended to think; 16 , life is 17 by the desire to move from below to 18 , from minus to plus, from inferior to superior. The19 ways in which individuals undertakes their 20 for superiority are determined by their culture, their unique history, and their style of life.

1. [A] primarily [B] separately [C] initially [D] paradoxically

2. [A] to [B] in [C] for [D] over

3. [A] complex [B] apparent [C] ambiguous [D] perplexing

4. [A] effort [B] concept [C] advice [D] perspective

5. [A] contend [B] surpass [C] encounter [D] defeat

6. [A] what [B] or [C] as [D] nor

7. [A] Rather [B] Moreover [C] Thus [D] Therefore

8. [A] quality [B] position [C] desire [D] attempt

9. [A] cooperative[B] persistent[C] efficient[D] effective

10. [A] brings [B] takes [C] draws [D] plans

11. [A] power [B] control [C] influence [D] abuse

12. [A] noble [B] gracious [C] subtle [D] hostile

13. [A] Also [B] Hence [C] However [D] Later

14. [A] survival [B] existence [C] cooperation [D] property

15. [A] restrict [B] dispose [C] reduce [D] balance

16. [A] likewise [B] besides [C] indeed [D] instead

17. [A] characterized[B] encouraged[C] assisted [D] restrained

18. [A] above [B] up [C] down [D] forth

19. [A] unusual [B] typical [C] particular [D] unique

20. [A] quest [B] search [C] taste [D] fancy

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Leadership is hardly a new area of research, of course. For years, academics

have debated whether leaders are born or made, whether a person who lacks charisma can become a leader, and what makes leaders fail. Warren G. Bennis, possibly the world’s foremost expert on leading, has, together with his co-author, written two best-sellers on the topic. Generally, researchers have found that you can’t explain leadership by way of intelligence, birth order, family wealth or stability, level of education, race, or sex. From one leader to the next, there’s enormous variance in every one of those factors.

The authors’ research led to a new and telling discovery: that every leader, regardless of age, had undergone at least one intense, transformational experience — what the authors call a “crucible”. These events can either make you or break you. For emerging leaders, they do more making than breaking, providing key lessons to help a person move ahead confidently.

If a crucible helps a person to become leader, there are four essential qualities that allow someone to remain one, according to the authors. They are: an “adaptive capacity” that lets people not only survive inevitable setbacks, heartbreaks, and difficulties but also learn from them; an ability to engage others through shared meaning or a common vision; a distinctive and compelling voice that communicates one’s conviction and desire to do the right thing; and a sense of integrity that allows a leader to distinguish between good and evil.

That sounds obvious enough to be commonplace, until you look at some recent failures that show how valid these dictums are. The authors believe that former Coca-Cola Co. Chairman M. Douglas Ivester lasted just 28 months because “his grasp of context was sorrowful.” Among other things, Ivester degraded Coke’s highest-ranking African-Americans even as the company was losing a $200 million class action brought by black employees. Procter & Gamble Co. ex-CEO Durk Jager lost his job because he failed to communicate the urgent need for the sweeping changes he was making.

It’s striking, too, that the authors found their geezers (whose formative period, as the authors define them, was 1945 to 1954, and who were shaped by World War Ⅱ) sharing what they believed to be a critical trait — the sense of possibility and wonder

more often associated with childhood. “Unlike those defeated by time and age, our geezers have remained much like our geeks (who came of age between 1991 and 2000, and grew up “virtual, visual, and digital”) — open, willing to take risks, hungry for knowledge and experience, courageous, and eager to see what the new day brings”, the authors write.

21. It is indicated in Para. 1 that leadership

[A] used to appeal to researchers in some areas.

[B] has been a highly controversial subject for a long time.

[C] can be explained in terms of family backgrounds.

[D] is determined by internal rather than external factors.

22. A “crucible” probably means one transformational experience characterized by

[A] dangerous events.

[B] inevitable consequences.

[C] essential qualities.

[D] useful trials and sufferings.

23. M. Douglas Ivester is mentioned in the text

[A] to stress the role of skills in communications.

[B] to show profound sympathy for his failures.

[C] to exemplify what really constitutes leadership.

[D] to pour scorn at his radical class actions.

24. Warren G. Bennis would most probably agree that

[A] curiosity activates potential leadership.

[B] leaders are born with charming qualities.

[C] leadership derives from cooperativeness.

[D] attractive leaders could be made.

25. Which of the following proverbs is closest to the message the text tries to convey?

[A] “It is easy to be wise after the event.”

[B] “Great minds think alike.”

[C] “Experience is the father of wisdom.”

[D] “Great hopes make great man.”

Text 2

An official report, addressing concerns about the many implications of genetic testing, outlined policy guidelines and legislative recommendations intended to avoid involuntary and /or ineffective testing, and to protect confidentiality. The report identified urgent concerns, such as quality control measures (including federal oversight for testing laboratories) and better genetics training for medical practitioners. It recommended voluntary screening, urged couples in high-risk populations to consider carrier screening, and advised caution in using and interpreting pre-symptomatic or predictive tests, because certain information could easily be misused or misinterpreted.

About three in every 100 children are born with a severe disorder presumed to be genetic or partially genetic in origin. Genes, often in concert with environmental factors, are being linked to the causes of many common adult diseases such as heart disease, hypertension, various cancers, Alzheimer’s disease, etc. Tests to determine predisposition to a variety of conditions are under study, and some are beginning to be applied.

The report recommended that all screening, including screening of newborns, be voluntary. Citing the results of two different voluntary newborn screening programs, the report said these programs can achieve compliance rates equal to or better than those of obligatory programs. State health departments could eventually require the offering of tests for diagnosing treatable conditions in newborns; however, careful pilot studies for conditions diagnosable at birth need to be done first.

Although the report asserted that it would prefer that all screening be voluntary, it did note that if a state requires newborn screening for a particular condition, the

state should do so only if there is strong evidence that a newborn would benefit from effective treatment at the earliest possible age. Newborn screening is the most common type of genetic screening today. More than four million newborns are tested annually so that effective treatment can be started in a few hundred infants.

Prenatal (preceding birth) testing can pose the most difficult issues. The ability to diagnose genetic disorders in the fetus far exceeds any ability to treat or cure them. Parents must be fully informed about risks and benefits of testing procedures, the nature and variability of the disorders they would disclose, and the options available if test results are positive.

Obtaining informed consent — a process that would include educating participants, not just processing documents — would enhance voluntary participation. When offered testing, parents should receive comprehensive counseling, which should be nondirective. Relevant medical advice, however, is recommended for treatable or preventable conditions.

Genetics also can predict whether certain diseases might develop later in life. For single-gene diseases, population screening should only be considered for treatable or preventable conditions of relatively high frequency. Children should be tested only for disorders for which effective treatments or preventive measures could be applied early in life.

26. From the first two paragraphs, we learn that

[A] it is worrisome how genetic testing is utilized and understood.

[B] parents are unwilling to subject their newborns to genetic testing.

[C] medical practitioners have generally employed genetic testing.

[D] there are a higher percentage of newborns with genetic disorders.

27. The phrase “in concert with” in Para. 2 may be best replaced by

[A] “ruling out.”

[B] “combined with”

[C] “leading to.”

[D] “conditioned by.”

28. Why should obligatory screening programs sometimes be implemented?

[A] These programs prove to be superior.

[B] Treatments can be applied at an early age.

[C] The use of genetic screening is sensitive.

[D] Newborns would benefit in certain ways.

29. Which of the following can be one of the problems concerning prenatal testing?

[A] Inactive participation.

[B] Indefinite diagnosis.

[C] Unreliable information.

[D] Ineffective treatments.

30. It can be concluded from the text that genetic testing should be used

[A] conditionally and effectively.

[B] cautiously and voluntarily.

[C] intently and systematically.

[D] widely and constructively.

Text 3

Fundamentally, income disparity describes two disparate groups: rich and poor. It is hardly news that the rich are getting richer. The underlying story is a familiar one: the wealthiest households own the most assets, namely stocks, and asset prices have risen at a ferocious pace in recent years. Beyond the standard explanation, it is also the case that the emergence of technology, rising productivity, and an expanding global market have brought forth a new upper class among corporations. These newly wealthy firms pay skilled employees well and in an ever-tighter labor market, they are forced to constantly sweeten their employees’ compensation.

Then there are the poor, where conditions are a little murky. Falling

unemployment, anecdotal evidence of rising starting wages for low-level service jobs, and the relative non-event of welfare reform so far suggest that conditions at the low end are improving. Yet at the same time, whole communities under siege by crime and hopelessness cannot be ignored.

That said, income inequality as a blanket indictment on our economic system does not fly. Income disparity is the gas that runs our economic engine. The ability to someday earn more, to live at a higher standard, is what gets people out of bed in the morning, particularly in our consumer-oriented economy. Income disparity only becomes a problem if it widens to the extent that the labor force believes that greater wealth can only be achieved by the already wealthy.

Indeed, it is unreasonable to state that income disparity is eroding the labor force’s will to improve productivity and move ahead. Increasing labor force participation, record homeownership, surging consumer confidence and spending, near-record levels of immigration, and urban renewal are all anecdotal evidence that hopes are high. All types of people are flourishing in the New Economy and there is sufficient evidence to suggest that most still want their shot at the brass ring.

It is also important to remember that it is not the ultimate goal of every person to be fabulously rich. One of the fundamentals of economics is that one decides how hard to work, where to work, and what risks to take. Monetary wealth is not the sole means of maximizing utility. Each person has a finite life span and finite abilities; it is up to the individual to apply those as they see fit. The wealthy getting wealthier is not always evidence to others that they themselves are falling behind.

31. The author holds that income disparity is something

[A] getting worse because of undue pay rises.

[B] that can be seem as a response to economic expansion.

[C] attributed to the consumer-oriented economy.

[D] that improving productivity is chiefly responsible for.

32. Which of the following best defines the word “murky” (Para. 1)?

[A] desperate.

[B] threatening.

[C] mischievous.

[D] depressing.

33. By saying “most still want their shot at the brass ring”, the author implies that

[A] People may have expected too much of the economic system.

[B] The poor have long been in great financial difficulties.

[C] Most people decide to live a much higher standard like a shot.

[D] All types of people are entitled to equal payment.

34. What can be inferred from the passage?

[A] Skilled employees are more likely to become richer.

[B] Income disparity will disappear sooner or later.

[C] Income inequality is not necessarily detrimental to the poor.

[D] Economic situation falls short of people’s expectations.

35. The text intends to express the idea that

[A] every person is unwilling to become as wealthy as possible.

[B] income disparity should be accepted as a fact of economy.

[C] it is unreasonable for the wealthy to become wealthier.

[D] income inequality is harmful to the development of economy.

Text 4

Critics have derided a 1998 extension of American copyrights as the “Mickey Mouse Protection Act” because it stopped early images of the Disney company’s mascot from entering the public domain. But such laws, they argue, are no joke. Extending and strengthening copyrights, they claim, will help a handful of big corporations crush creativity in the digital age. On the contrary, say Hollywood studios and big record companies, without stronger copyright protection, a wave of

piracy will destroy their industries, depriving consumers everywhere of a broad choice of movies, music and books.

Last week America’s Supreme Court weighed into what is rapidly becoming a nasty worldwide battle about the scope and enforcement of copyrights, by rejecting a challenge to the 1998 law on constitutional grounds. But even as it upheld the law, the court expressed misgivings. Blistering dissents from two justices dismissed the 20-year extension of copyright as unwarranted, and even the majority’s opinion hinted that Congress’s decision may have been “unwise”.

The court’s ambivalence is understandable. The growing quarrel over copyright is just one of the many difficult issues thrown up by the spread of the internet and related technologies. But of all these issues, the copyright battle is becoming one of the most urgent, and bitterly fought, because it could yet determine the future character of cyberspace itself.

Both sides have a point. Digital piracy does indeed threaten to overwhelm so-called “content” industries. As the power and reach of the internet continue to grow, the illicit trading of perfect copies may well devastate the music, movie and publishing industries. The content industries want to protect themselves with anti-copying technology, backed by stronger laws. So far, they have been at loggerheads with technology firms about how to implement such schemes. But a deal between Hollywood and Silicon Valley is likely eventually. Critics are right to fear that, when such a deal is struck it will be in the interests of big firms, not the public.

The alternative is to return to the original purpose of copyright, something no national legislature has yet been willing to do. Copyright was originally the grant of a temporary government-supported monopoly on copying a work, not a property right. Its sole purpose was to encourage the circulation of ideas by giving creators and publishers a short-term incentive to disseminate their work. Over the past 50 years, as a result of heavy lobbying by content industries, copyright has grown to such ludicrous proportions that it now often inhibits rather than promotes the circulation of ideas, leaving thousands of old movies, records and books languishing behind a legal barrier. Starting from scratch today, no rational, disinterested lawmaker would agree

to copyrights that extend to 70 years after an author’s death, now the norm in the developed world.

36. The “Mickey Mouse Protection Act” is cited

[A] to introduce the controversy over copyright extension.

[B] to show the popularity of the Mickey Mouse.

[C] to contrast different attitudes towards copyrights.

[D] to urge creators to publicize their ideas.

37. What do we learn from the Supreme Court?

[A] Its bias regarding the copyright battle carried weight.

[B] It was forced to follow the decisions by the Congress.

[C] Its attitude towards copyright extension was very complex.

[D] It unanimously challenged the extension of copyrights.

38. The phrase “at loggerheads with” (Para. 4) most probably means

[A] crushing down.

[B] contending against.

[C] backing up.

[D] conforming to.

39. We can learn from the last paragraph that copyrights

[A] are immune to legal challenges.

[B] were meant to hamper the circulation of ideas.

[C] increase the incidence of piracy.

[D] might have been unnecessarily extended.

40. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?

[A] Issues of copyright extension.

[B] A looming threat to “content” industries.

[C] Protection for copyright owners.

[D] A legal plea against copyrights.

Part B

Directions:

In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45，choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

It is the number one cause of bankruptcy in the United States. It is also the biggest issue behind labor disputes and the most important factor in the ballooning US budget deficit. It has become a leading reason why US companies risk becoming uncompetitive and a devastating worry for tens of millions of ordinary Americans. It is, as President Clinton put it, “The biggest problem I have ever messed with.”

(41) ____________ And yet America is no healthier than those countries; it is paying superpower prices often for Third World standards.

On a recent visit to a clinic which immunizes children against polio, measles and other common diseases, President Clinton stunned his audience by noting that “only Bolivia and Haiti have worse immunization records in this hemisphere”. (42) ____________

Millions of Americans are trying to find out how the crazy arithmetic of their health care system adds up; why it is that the United States spends more per person than anywhere on earth and yet is the only advanced country not to provide basic care to everyone. How can 37 million Americans be left with no health insurance at all?

(43) ____________

The University of Arkansas Medical Centre (UAMC) in Little Rock is a high-tech medical jewel, American health care as featured in heroic Hollywood movies and television dramas. Patients can arrive by helicopter on the rooftop heli-pad and the centre treats all emergencies regardless of ability to pay. Totally

private, profit-driven hospitals do not, and as so many Americans cannot afford to pay $35 or $50 or more for a private doctor, dozens of non-emergency patients stream into UAMC demanding free treatment every day. (44) ____________ Seeing an emergency doctor actually costs UAMC twice as much as an ordinary family doctor would do, but the family doctors demand payment and in many areas are hard to deal with.

In the little town of Marvell, for instance, on the Arkansas side of the Mississippi delta, Dr. Jim Wise has been a family doctor for 35 years. In October 1993 he quit, fed up at the deadweight of the American health care bureaucracy.(45) ____________ In Arkansas so few doctors can afford to pay the highest amounts that of the 75 counties in the state, 26 are without an obstetrician: a third of the state with no one to deliver babies. Not surprisingly, when doctors have to pay so much in insurance, their charges are often beyond belief.

[A] President Clinton has begun the Herculean task of cleaning up the health care

mess, entrusting the overall plan to his wife, Hillary. The Clinton principles are to provide universal coverage without reducing overall standards and yet somehow to cut costs, which cynics say is a great trick if you can manage it.

[B] Any doctor brave enough to deliver babies in the United States risks multi-million

dollar lawsuits from patients if anything goes wrong. Malpractice insurance premiums can cost a family doctor $50,000 a year and an obstetrician might pay twice that, or more.

[C] The polio vaccine, which costs $10 per person in the United States, costs just

$1.87 in Britain. Pharmaceuticals discovered and produced in America somehow end up costing far less in Mexico, Canada or Europe.

[D] For patients who can afford insurance, a family of four might pay $5,000 or

$7,000 a year depending on their medical history and ages. But the premiums go up, sometimes becoming prohibitively expensive. “Medical insurance companies give you an umbrella,” one friend moans, “then take it away as soon as it rains.”

[E] This massive national headache for the United States is health care. The costs

have more than quadrupled since 1980, meaning that the health leviathan now swallows one dollar in every seven spent in the USA — almost twice as much as in Britain, Germany or Japan.

[F] The head of emergency medicine, Dr Gail Ray, has been forced to divert half her

casualty staff to see non-emergency cases — high blood pressure, heart problems, diabetes — and the result is the economics of the madhouse.

[G] A trip to President Clinton’s home state of Arkansas — he was Governor for 12

years — reveals some of the answers.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

There is, moreover, no stuff more resistant nor more substantial. (46) For our duration is not merely one instant replacing another; if it were, there would never be anything but the present — no prolonging of the past into the actual, no evolution, no concrete duration. Duration is the continuous progress of the past which gnaws into the future and which swells as it advance. (47) And as the past grows without ceasing, so also there is no limit to its preservation. Memory, as we have tried to prove, is not a faculty of putting away recollections in a drawer, or of inscribing them in a register. There is no register, no drawer; there is not even, properly speaking, a faculty, for a faculty works intermittently, when it will or when it can, whilst the piling up of the past upon the past goes on without relaxation. In reality, the past is preserved by itself, automatically. In its entirety, probably, it follows us at every instant; (48) all that we have felt, thought and willed from our earliest in fancy is there, leaning over the present which is about to join it, pressing against the portals of consciousness that would readily leave it outside. The cerebral mechanism is arranged just so as to drive back into the unconscious almost the whole of this past, and to admit beyond the

threshold only that which can cast light on the present situation or further the action now being prepared — in short, only that which can give useful work. (49) At the most, a few superfluous recollections may succeed in smuggling themselves through the half-open door. These memories, messengers from the unconscious, remind us of that we are dragging behind us unawares. But, even though we may have no distinct idea of it, we feel vaguely that our past remains present to us. What are we, in fact, what is our character, if not the condensation of the history that we have lived from our birth — nay, even before our birth, since we bring with us prenatal dispositions? Doubtless we think with only a small part of our past, but it is with our entire past, including the original bent of our soul, that we desire, will and act. (50) Our past, then, as a whole is made manifest to us in its impulse; it is felt in the form of tendency, although a small part of it only is known in the form of idea.

Section ⅢWriting

Part A

51. Directions:

You have bought a brand-new computer in a dealer’s office. But much to your disappointment, it could not be normally operated when you got it back. Now write a letter to the manager,

1) launching your complaints,

2) specifying its troubles, and

3) proposing solutions.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead.

Do not write the address. (10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) interpret the following picture,

2) analyze possible reasons for this situation, and

3) suggest counter-measures.

You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

【资格考试】2019最新整理-考研英语模拟试题1(一)

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考研英语冲刺试卷

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