2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷-完整版

2013MD

全国医学博士外语统一考试

英语试卷

答题须知

1．请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。

2．试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不要做在试卷上。

3．试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更正，先用橡皮擦干净。书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。

4．标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。

5．听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。

国家医学考试中心

PAPER ONE

Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%）

Section A

Directions:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question

about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear

the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D.

Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the

ANSWER SHEET.

Listen to the following example

You will hear

Woman: I feel faint.

Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day.

Question: What’s the matter with the woman?

You will read:

A. She is sick.

B. She was bitten by an ant.

C. She is hungry.

D. She spilled her paint.

Here C is the right answer.

Sample Answer

A B C D

Now let’s begin with question Number 1.

1. A. A cough B. Diarrhea C. A fever D. V omiting

2. A. Tuberculosis B. Rhinitis C. Laryngitis D. Flu

3. A. In his bag. B. By the lamp.

C. In his house.

D. No idea about where he left it.

4. A. He’s nearly finished his work.

B. He has to work for some more time.

C. He wants to leave now.

D. He has trouble finishing his work.

5. A. A patient B. A doctor C. A teacher D. A student

6. A. 2.6 B. 3.5 C. 3.9 D. 136

7. A. He is the head of the hospital. B. He is in charge of Pediatrics.

C. He went out looking for Dan.

D. He went to Michigan on business.

8. A. He has got a fever. B. He is a talented skier.

C. He is very rich.

D. He is a real ski enthusiast.

9. A. To ask local people for help.

B. To do as Romans do only when in Rome.

C. Try to act like the people from that culture.

D. Stay with your country fellows.

10.A. She married because of loneliness.

B. She married a millionaire.

C. She married for money.

D. She married for love.

11.A. Aspirant B. Courageous C. Cautious D. Amiable

12.A. He was unhappy. B. He was feeling a bit unwell.

C. He went to see the doctor.

D. The weather was nasty.

13.A. You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.

B. You can buy it from almost every bookstore.

C. It’s a very popular magazine.

D. It doesn’t sell very well.

14.A. A general practitioner. B. A gynecologist.

B. An orthopedist D. A surgeon.

15.A. Chemotherapy B. Radiation C. Injections D. Surgery Section B

Direction:In this section you will hear one conversation and two passages, after each of which, you will hear five questions. After each question, read

the four possible answers marked A, B, C and D, Choose the best

answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Dialogue

16.A. It is a genetic disorder.

B. It is a respiratory condition in pigs.

C. It is an illness from birds to humans.

D. It is a gastric ailment.

17.A. Eating pork.

B. Raising pigs.

C. Eating chicken.

D. Breeding birds.

18.A. Running nose.

B. Inappetence.

C. Pains all over.

D. Diarrhea.

19.A. To stay from crowds. B. To see the doctor immediately.

C. To avoid medications.

D. To go to the nearby clinic.

20.A. It is a debate.

B. It is a TV program.

C. It is a consultation.

D. It is a workshop.

Passage One

21.A. About 10,000,000.

B. About 1,000,000.

C. About 100,000.

D. About 10,000.

22.A. A cocktail of vitamins.

B. A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium.

C. The combination of vitamins A, C and E.

D. The combination of minerals.

23.A. The delicate structures of the inner ear. B. The inner ear cells.

C. The eardrums.

D. The inner ear ossicles.

24.A. General Motors. B. The United Auto Workers.

C. NIH.

D. All of above.

25.A. An industrial trial in Spain.

B. Military trials in Spain and Sweden.

C. Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden.

D. A trial involving students at the University of Florida.

Passage Two

26.A. The link between obesity and birth defects.

B. The link between obesity and diabetes.

C. The risk of birth abnormalities.

D. The harmful effects of obesity.

27.A. Neural tube defects. B. Heart problems.

C. Cleft lip and palate.

D. Diabetes.

28.A. 20 million. B. 200 million.

C. 400 million.

D. 40 million.

29.A. A weight-loss surgery. B. A balanced diet.

C. A change of life style.

D. More exercise.

30.A. Why obesity can cause birth defects.

B. How obesity may cause birth defects.

C. Why obesity can cause diabetes.

D. How obesity may cause diabetes.

Part II Vocabulary (10%)

Section A

Direction:In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B C and D .are given beneath each of them. You are to

choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark

your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.

31. Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.

A. overlapped

B. segregated

C. intersected

D. interspersed

32. As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year.

A. stern

B. slack

C. sumptuous

D. glamorous

33. As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in

a slightly acid ___________.

A. mechanism

B. miniature

C. medium

D. means

34. Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane.

A. flexibility

B. morality

C. capacity

D. productivity

35. In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country – recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.

A. denial

B. reversal

C. interval

D. withdrawal

36. Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.

A. wholesome

B. contagious

C. vulgar

D. stagnant

37. Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and _____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.

A. sustainable

B. renewable

C. revivable

D. merchandisable

38. In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.

A. rational

B. radical

C. conservative

D. progressive

39. Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.

A. rippling

B. waning

C. fluctuating

D. devastating

40. It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.

A. at large

B. at random

C. on end

D. on average

Section B

Directions:Each of the following sentences has a word or phase underlined. There are four words or phases beneath each sentence, Choose the word or

phase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is

substituted for the underlined part, Mark your answer on the

ANSWER SHEET.

41. Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at

a discount.

A. deficits

B. deviations

C. drawbacks

D. discrepancies

42. The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.

A. despise

B. evade

C. demand

D. undertake

43. After ―9.11‖, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country.

A. improved

B. burdened

C. inspected

D. tariffed

44. The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.

A. a fit of enthusiasm

B. a scream of fright

C. a burst of laughter

D. a cry of anguish

45. We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.

A. loan

B. payment

C. withdrawal

D. retrieval

46. The advocates highly value the ―sport spirit‖, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.

A. fine

B. sudden

C. finite

D. absolute

47. Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise.

A. irritated

B. tamed

C. stamped

D. probed

48. The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.

A. induction

B. perception

C. interpretation

D. penetration

49. My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect.

A. presentation

B. gesture

C. rhythm

D. pronunciation

50. In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.

A. untimely

B. unexpectedly

C. unreasonably

D. unconventionally

Part III Cloze (10%)

Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D on the right side.

Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the

ANSWER SHEET.

Video game players may get an unexpected benefit

from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing ―action‖ video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester.

Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said,―A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.‖

The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. ―__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,‖ Bavelier said.

Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a ―life simulation‖ video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. 51. A. crucial for

B. available in

C. resulting from

D. ascribed to

52. A. in disguise of

B. in shades of

C. in search of

D. in place of

53. A. This is how

B. That’s why

C. It is not that

D. There exists

54. A. paid

B. pays

C. pay

D. paying

55. A. though

B. not to say

C. not just one

D. as well

56. A. Until

B. While

C. Unless

D. Once

57. A. as opposed to

B. in addition to

C. as a result of

D. in spite of

58. A. benefits

B. defects

C. approaches

D. risks

59. A. in case

B. in advance

C. in return

D. in particular

60. A. effect

B. reason

C. outcome

D. conclusion

Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%)

Directions:In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are four possible answers marked A, B,

C, and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on

the ANSWER SHEET.

Passage one

There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unreported so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.

Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression.

Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this ―double whammy‖of predisposition and an unfortunate upbringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties – can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk?

No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care.

Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes ―set‖ as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable.

61. Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________.

A. in terms of physical environment

B. form a biological perspective

C. based on the empirical data

D. in a statistical way

62. When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as

indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________.

A. a particular gene is passed on in families

B. child abuse will lead to domestic violence

C. the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency

D. the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse

63. The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial

and criminal behavior ___________.

A. boys are to be screened for the biological predisposition

B. high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergarten

C. it is important to spot the genes for the risk factors

D. active measures ought to be taken at an early age

64. To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a

point to consider ___________.

A. the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behavior

B. the consequences of compromising democracy

C. the huge cost of improving parenting skills

D. the greater cost of failing to intervene

65. Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?

A. Parenting Strategies for Kids

B. The Making of a Criminal

C. Parental Education

D. Abusive Parenting

Passage two

After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them.

Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent ―cure‖ of a man with HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050.

Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money –initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs.

The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead.

No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon – and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses.

66. Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph?

A. The end of the world.

B. A candle of hope.

C. A Nobel prize.

D. A Quick Fix.

67. According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also

developed leukemia would ___________.

A. make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy

B. facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infection

C. compel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemia

D. would change the way we look at those with AIDS

68. As another bit of good news, ___________.

A. HIV will be virtually wiped out first in Africa

B. the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART

C. the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zero

D. the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years

69. The last reason for optimism is that ___________.

A. governments will invest more in improving ART

B. the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline

C. everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the world

D. the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem

70. The whole passage carries a tone of ___________.

A. idealism

B. activism

C. criticism

D. optimism

Passage Three

Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything?

Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物)for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia.

Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged.

Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls ―the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)‖. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world?

His answer is that the software –the culture –took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations,

passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children.

Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C ―relaxed‖ and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for.

Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster.

71. The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________.

A. seem to have no answers whatever

B. are intended to dig for ancient human minds

C. are not scientific enough to be answered here

D. are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance

72. The scientists find the proxy to be ___________.

A. the role of culture

B. the passage of time

C. the structure of a skull

D. the biological makeup of the brain

73. According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago

suggests that ___________.

A. human civilization came too late

B. the hardware retained biologically static

C. it took so long for the software to evolve

D. there existed an interaction between gene and environment

74. From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we

might conclude that ___________.

A. the mental development has not been exclusively biological

B. the brain and culture have not developed at the same pace

C. the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution

D. vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain

75. Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________.

A. its cognitive development is extremely slow

B. to know its past is to understand its future

C. its biological evolution is hard to predict

D. as the brain develops, so as the mind

Passage Four

Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change. A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population.

This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it?

One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate.

Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting.

So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to ―Earth’s plan B‖.

Plan B involves making sure we have large scale geoengineering technologies ready and waiting to either suck CO2out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing.

Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change.

Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.

76. To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________.

A. the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient

B. the warning against worsening climate change

C. the inevitable consequence of global warming

D. the misconception of a warmer world

77. As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________.

A. live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°C

B. have nowhere to go but live in the desert

C. become victims as soon as 2050

D. move closer to the poles

78. It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________.

A. to reduce massively CO2 emissions

B. to take protective measures by 2025

C. to prepare a blueprint for mass migrations

D. to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles

79. Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________.

A. to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worse

B. to remove the sources of CO2emissions altogether

C. to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiency

D. to manage the Earth’s thermostat

80. Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for?

A. It’s Time to Go Green

B. Energy-efficient measures must be taken

C. Mass migration to the poles is inevitable

D. For th e Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe

Passage Five

Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s mother, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development.

Last week, Brittany was given the green light to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.

Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder.

So will Donovan vsIdant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a ―product‖in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way.

Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to early Alzheimer’s?

Donovan vsIdant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion.

81. Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________.

A. a cheat in boasting its biological products

B. donor sperm as a product

C. problematic donor sperm

D. a breach of confidentiality

82. It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm _____________.

A. without knowing its potential dangers

B. regardless of repeated warnings

C. for the reason of quality supply

D. for their desperate needs

83. The question from the case is whether___________.

A. people are entitled to donor sperm

B. donated sperm should be just a product

C. Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bank

D. Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certi fied

84. It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________.

A. treat donor sperm as a product

B. screen out the fragile X mutation

C. manage their business as others do in NY

D. guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect

85. The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________.

A. Donovan will surely win the case in court

B. any product could have a defect in one way or another

C. the sperm bank guarantees its seed like any other product

D. donor sperm cannot be guaranteed as much as anything else

Passage Six

Stephanie Smith, a children’s dance instructor, thought she had a stomach virus. The aches and cramping were tolerable that first day, and she finished her classes. Then her diarrhea turned bloody. Her kidneys shut down. Seizures knocked her unconscious. The convulsions grew so relentless that doctors had to put her in a coma for nine weeks. When she emerged, she could no longer walk. The affliction had ravaged her nervous system and left her paralyzed from the waist down.

Ms. Smith, 22, was found to have a severe form of food-borne illness caused by E. coli, which Minnesota officials traced to the hamburger that her mother had grilled for their Sunday family party. In the simplest terms, she ran out of luck in a food-safety game of chance whose rules and risks are not widely known.

Meat companies and grocers have been barred from selling ground beef tainted by the virulent strain of E. coli known as O157:H7 since 1994. Yet tens of thousands of people are still sickened annually by this pathogen, with hamburger being the biggest culprit. Ground beef has been blamed for 16 outbreaks in the last three years alone. This summer, contamination led to the recall of beef from nearly 3,000grocers in 41 states.

Ms. Smith’s reaction to the virulent strain of E. coli was extreme, but tracing the story of her burger shows that neither the system meant to make the meat safe, nor the

meat itself, is what consumer have been led to believe.

Ground beef is usually not simply a chunk of meat run through a grinder. Instead, a single portion of hamburger meat is often an amalgam of various grades of meat from different parts of cows and even from different slaughterhouses. This makes the costs 25% less than it would have for cuts of whole meat. These cuts of meat are particularly vulnerable to E. coli contamination, food experts and officials say. Despite this, there is no federal requirement for grinders to test their ingredients for the pathogen.

Those ingredients include cuts from areas of the cow that are more likely to have had contact with feces, which carries E. coli, industry research shows. Yet most meat companies rely on their suppliers to check for the bacteria and do their own testing only after the ingredients are ground together.

Unwritten agreements between some companies appear to stand in the way of ingredient testing. Many big slaughterhouses will sell only to grinders who agree not to test their shipments for E. coli for fear of a recall of ingredients they sold to others.

―Ground beef is not a completely safe product,‖ said Dr. Jeffrey Bender, a food safety expert at the University of Minnesota who helped develop systems for tracing E. coli contami nation. He said that while outbreaks had been on the decline, ―unfortunately it looks like we are going a bit in the opposite direction.‖

86. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. An outbreak of O157:H7

B. Food contamination on a rise.

C. A case report on food poisoning

D. The flaws in the system of beef inspection

87. We can learn from the passage that _________.

A. most people get sickened every year for eating hamburgers tainted by E. coli

B. so far there have been 16 outbreaks of E. coli contamination of beef

C. beef contamination is so serious that it can be found in 41 states

D. Ms. Smith’s reaction to O157:H7 is uncommon

88. The reason behind the way ground beef is produced is __________.

A. the making of more profits

B. the satisfacti on of the customer’s needs

C. the vulnerability to E. coli contamination

D. the requirement of the federal government

89. We can infer that many big slaughterhouses ___________.

A. conducted a recall of ground beef this summer

B. cannot be too careful about the safety of their beef products

C. actually know the possibility of their ground beef contamination

D. are completely ignorant of

E. coli contamination of their beef supplies

90. As Bender implies at the end of the passage, ____________.

A. it is wise for consumers to stay away from beef products

B. the outbreaks of E. coli contamination are on the decline

C. things are not completely satisfying

D. it is unhealthy to live on hamburgers

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PAPER ONE Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） Section A Directions:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example You will hear Woman: I feel faint. Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day. Question: What’s the matter with the woman? You will read: A. She is sick. B. She was bitten by an ant. C. She is hungry. D. She spilled her paint. Here C is the right answer. Sample Answer A B C D Now let’s begin with question Number 1. 1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pints C. About 4 pints D. About 7 pints 2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work. C. Take some sleeping pills. D. Work harder to forget all her troubles. 3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor. B. He won’t complain anything. C. He is in good condition. D. He couldn’t be worse. 4. A. She is kidding. B. She will get a raise. C. The man will get a raise. D. The man will get a promotion. 5. A. Her daughter likes ball games. B. Her daughter is an exciting child. C. She and her daughter are good friends. D. She and her daughter don’t always understand each other.

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小学六年级毕业考试英语试卷 学校 _______ 姓名_________得分________ 听力题（20分） 一、听录音，选出你听到的单词。（5分） ( ) 1. A. plane B. play C. plant ( ) 2. A. wait B. want C. what ( ) 3. A. talk B. take C. tell ( ) 4. A. work B. walk C. wake ( ) 5. A. feel B. fall C. fail 二、听录音，选择正确的答句。（5分） ( ) 1. A. I’m fine. B. I’m ten. C.I am older than you. ( ) 2. A. Yes,she does. B. Yes,she doesn’t. C.Yes,she did ( ) 3. A. Here you are. B. Thank you C. That’s OK. ( ) 4. A. October 1st B. September 10th C. March 8th ( ) 5. A. 20 meters B. 20 square meters C. 20 square centimeters 三、听录音，根据短文内容选择正确的答案（10分） （）1. I walked to Amy’s home in the afternoon. ( ) 2. We read a comic book together. ( ) 3. We went to a park by bike. ( ) 4. We saw some elephants and climbed a mountain. ( ) 5. I took many pictures, but I didn’t do my homework. 笔试题（80分） 四、单项选择题（10分） ( ) 1. What _____ your parents going to do? A. is B. are C. am D. be ( ) 2. Lucy went to xinjiang last year, she ____ many pictures there. A. take B. took C. taked D.takes ( ) 3. Zhangpeng is 3 cm shorter than Mike, John is 4 cm taller than Zhangpeng, Mike is 145 cm tall, How old is John? A.146cm B.137cm C.145cm D.139cm ( ) 4. You can go to the cinema ______the No.1 bus.

全国高考英语试题及解析全国卷

刷题（二） 第一节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分） A man who knows how to write a personal letter has a very powerful tool. A letter can be enjoyed, read and 21 . It can set up a warm conversation between two people far apart (远离的);it can keep a 22 with very little effort. I will give 23 .A few years ago my older brother and l were not getting 24 .We had been close as 25 but had grown apart. Our meetings were not 26 ; our conversation was filled with arguments and quarrels: and every effort to clear the air seemed to only 27 our misunderstanding. Then he 28 a small island in the Caribbean and we 29 touch. One day he wrote me a letter. He described his island and its people, told me what he was doing, said how he felt, and encouraged me to 30 . Rereading the letter, I was 31 by its humor（幽默）and clever expressions. These were all qualities for which I had 32 respected my older brother but 33 he no longer had them. I had never known he could write so 34 . And with that one letter we became friends 35 . It might never have occurred to 36 to write me if he had not been in a place where there were no 37 . For him, writing was a necessity. It also turned out to be the best way for us to get back in touch. Because we live in an age of 38 communication（通讯）, people often 39 that they don’t always have to phone or email. They have a 40 . And that is to write. 21. A. received B. rewritten C. returned D. reread 22. A. record B. promise C. friendship D. secret 23. A. an example B. a lesson C. an experience D. a talk 24. A. through B. together C. along D. away 25.A．brothers B. children C．fellows D．classmates 26. A．normal B. necessary C．pleasant D．possible 27. A．deepen B. start C．express D．settle 28. A．toured B. stopped C．reached D．m 29. A．lost B. kept in C．needed D．got in 30.A. think B. write C．enjoy D．read 31.A．driven B. beaten C．surprised D．honored 32. A．never B. seldom C．sometimes D．once 33. A．realized B. judged C. thought D. expected． 34. A．well B. often C. much D. soon 35. A．later B. anyhow C. too D. again． 36. A．us B. anyone C. someone D. my brother 37. A．mail services B. transport services C. phones D. relative 38. A．poor B. easy C. popular D. busy 39. A．believe B. decide C. argue D. forget 40.A. habit B. choice C. method D. plan 第二部分：阅读理解（共25小题。第一节每小题2分，第二节每小题1分；满分45分） A When I was six, Dad brought home a dog one day, who was called “Brownie”, My brothers and I all loved Brownie and did different things with her. One of us would walk her, another would feed her ,then there were baths, playing catch and many other games .Brownie, in return, loved each and every one of us. One thing that most touched my heart was that she would go to whoever was sick and just be with them. We always felt better when she was around. One days, as I was getting her food, she chewed up(咬破) one of Dad’s shoes, which had to be thrown away in the end. I knew Dad would be mad and I had to let her know what she did was Wrong. When I looked at her and said, “Bad girl.” She looked down at the ground and then went and hid. I saw a tear in her eyes. Brownie turned out to be more than just our family pet. She went everywhere with us. People would stop and ask if they could pet her. Of course she'd let anyone pet her. She was just the most lovable dog. There were many dines when we'd be out walking and a small child would come over and pull on her hair. She never barked (吠) or tried to get away. Funny thing is she would smile. This frightened people because they thought she was showing her teeth. Far from

2018年全国医学考博英语试题.doc教学文稿

2018年全国医学考博英语试题.d o c

2018MD 全国医学博士外语统一考试 英语试卷 答题须知 1.请考生首先将自己的姓名、所在考点、准考证号在试卷一答题纸和试卷二标 准答题卡上认真填写清楚，并按“考场指令”要求，将准考证号在标准答题卡上划好。 2.试卷一(Paper One)答案和试卷二(Paper Two)答案都作答在标准答题卡上，不 要做在试卷上。 3.试卷一答题时必须使用2B铅笔，将所选答案按要求在相应位置涂黑；如要更 正，先用橡皮擦干净。书面表达一定要用黑色签字笔或钢笔写在标准答题卡上指定区域。 4.标准答题卡不可折叠，同时答题卡须保持平整干净，以利评分。 5.听力考试只放一遍录音，每道题后有15秒左右的答题时间。 国家医学考试中心

PAPER ONE Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） Section A Directions:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers, At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said, The question will be read only once, After you hear the question, read the four possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answers and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Listen to the following example You will hear Woman: I feel faint. Man: No wonder. You haven’t had a bite all day. Question: What’s the matter with the woman? You will read: A. She is sick. B. She was bitten by an ant. C. She is hungry. D. She spilled her paint. Here C is the right answer. Sample Answer A B C D Now let’s begin with question Number 1. 1. A. About 12 pints B. About 3 pints C. About 4 pints D. About 7 pints 2. A. Take a holiday from work. B. Worry less about work. C. Take some sleeping pills. D. Work harder to forget all her troubles. 3. A. He has no complaints about the doctor. B. He won’t complain anything. C. He is in good condition. D. He couldn’t be worse. 4. A. She is kidding. B. She will get a raise. C. The man will get a raise. D. The man will get a promotion. 5. A. Her daughter likes ball games. B. Her daughter is an exciting child. C. She and her daughter are good friends.