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Model Test Three
Part ⅠWriting (30 minutes)
Directions:For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition with the title of A Harmonious Cyberspace, giving an introduction of the advantages and disadvantages of the cyberspace, and some measures to solve the problem. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese: Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (is minutes)
Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1.
For questions 1--4, mark
Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passage;
N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage.
For questions 5--10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.
Intelligent Transport System
Today, there are many ways to travel around a large metropolitan area, for work or pleasure. You could walk, although the range is admittedly low. You could bicycle, but you still do a lot of work, and it's dangerous. You could drive a car, which takes concentration and sobriety and a license. You could ride a bus, and let someone else drive. You could take a train, and let a computer drive you. Or you could fly, and wait a long time for the plane to take off and land.
All modes of transportation have advantages, and disadvantages. However, in recent decades, the single system that has won over all others is the private automobile. This allows you to go from your starting point to your destination point, with your complete control, at a reasonable speed in a reasonable time. Unfortunately, apart from the pollutants created by the vehicle itself, the fact that so many other people seem to enjoy its perceived freedom causes major traffic jams, and the requirement for traffic control devices.
Too many people using too little road space at the same time causes traffic jams. It is most profound on large grade separated roads, that have limited access. There have been various solutions tried out, including high occupancy vehicle lanes, ramp metering, or road widening. Unfortunately, they simply don't solve the problem of lack of capacity.
Traffic control devices impose certain controls on the flow of traffic. Most common are traffic lights. These meter the flow of traffic between two or more roads so that at no time is any vehicle in conflict with any other. However, they also impose that traffic comes to a complete stop, requiring vehicles to stop and then start again. This not only slows vehicles down, but also is the prime cause of wasted energy in urban settings.
Unfortunately, cities are very reluctant to spend money. Therefore any future transport system has to be cheap for cities. This implies that current infrastructure is kept as much as possible, or improved. Using roads, the prime infrastructure available today would mean the form factor for vehicles would stay the same, but each individual vehicle could be made more intelligent.
So for tomorrow, we need to design a transport system that uses roads or a very slight improvement on roads to provide a high capacity system that provides service for everyone. This could be achieved by implementing the following eight systems, each of which provides more of a burden on the car manufacturer, but would eventually provide a system, which is automatic, safe and efficient.
Firstly, all cars should have intelligence brakes and cruise control. These would remove the driver from the responsibility of having to follow along behind somebody. By pressing a button, the driver would give control of the distance between his car and the car in front. If the car in front slowed down, you would not have to wait for the brake lights to light up, the driver to see them, Wen press the brake pedal the right amount, and continuously monitor the distance. Instead the car would be programmed to continuously monitor the distance to the car in front
By speeding up the feedback circuit, you can close the distance of cars, and therefore increase the capacity. You also remove driver error so reducing the number of accidents. Also, cars could communicate locally with each other and ware ahead of time that following cars need to slow down.
Next, you need to remove the driver from the responsibility of steering the vehicle. Having complex vision systems on a car seems over the top as they not only dramatically increase the cost of the car, but also the complexity of the control software. Instead you could build detector into the front of the car that detect the middle of a lane of traffic. The car would try and keep the vehicle in that lane. Junctions could be built by having the centerline split. The operator or route planning software would decide which of the two or more signals to follow.
Separating lanes of automatic cars from those driven by humans especially on high speed highways, would give an incentive to not only purchase an automatic car but also to purchase the road space which it uses. Since these separate lanes would have not only fast moving traffic but also safer traffic, they could be marked and sold by cities to create a revenue stream to allow the building of more augmented roads.
Having a device in the car that does route planning is a great help for people who don't know the way around your city. But what if you lived in the city for many years? It's not going to be that much use, is it? By linking route planning with real time information on traffic levels in the city, you can quickly divert your journey to use the most efficient roads. This information could be relayed to vehicles using broadcast radio. Roadside sensors that determine the flow of traffic on a road would detect the speeds.
The ability to remove the parking requirements from near a building would allow more compact cities, which are better pedestrian environments. However, people don't like to walk from a parking structure that is a long way from their destination. The solution is to allow the car to drop off the passengers where required and then drive itself to the nearest parking structure that is known to have a space.
By automatically controlling the speed and location of all traffic, you can' make junctions work very efficiently. At the moment, some traffic has to stop, and when it resumes, the cars spread out into a large disperse volume. Instead you could move each group of cars as a packet, adjusting its speed so that it arrives at an intersection at just the right time so that it never has to stop. This could be achieved by changing the speed of a section of road so those cars slow down gradually. The speeds of road segments would be set by nearby junction computers each linked to the other. This would create a holistic traffic control system. If one section lost power, the system would revert to a normal junction.
When a group of people move from one location to another, it would make sense to allow them to travel together instead of having to each use a separate vehicle. On demand group transport would allow the request of a large vehicle which can automatically move people from one location to another. These vehicles would be stored at strategic locations, and then sent to the requesting site as quickly as possible. Vehicles could be booked in advance, and you pay by the time used in minutes, not the distance traveled or destination.
At the other end is the replacement of the taxi. This would be similar to the group transport but for smaller groups. Again these vehicles would be stored at strategic locations, so that people don't have to wait very long. Again they are hired by the minute of use. Since you are no longer required to own your own vehicle, the total number of vehicles required in the whole system is reduced, and therefore the number of parking spaces required. Given a fully demand driven transport system, you would never need to find another parking space in your life.
After the above is implemented, you have on demand private or group transport vehicles driving themselves from point to point without the need to stop at junctions, wait for traffic jams on freeways, or get lost along the way.
1. Riding a bicycle takes concentration, sobriety and a license.
2. Private automobile is the most important mode of transportation in recent decades.
3. Air pollution is the most serious problem caused by the exist of too many private automobiles.
4. Traffic lights are the most common traffic control devices.
______.
6. Having complex vision system will increase the cost of the car and increase ______.
7. You can have fast moving and safer traffic in ______.
8. To solve the problem of parking, we need the car to drive itself to the nearest parking structure after ______.
9. We have a request of a large vehicle which can automatically move people from one location to another to meet the demand of ______.
10. In order to be prompt, taxi for the transport of smaller groups should be stored at ______.
Part ⅢListening Comprehension (35 minutes)
Section A
Directions: In. this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
11. A) Commenting on a picture. B) Looking at some paint, C) Painting a picture. D) Comparing two paintings.
12. A) Professor and student. B) Shop assistant and customer.
C) Librarian and reader. D) Two friends.
13. A) Future happiness is attractive,
B) The man shouldn't work too hard for the happiness of future.
C) The man should retire early.
D) Today' s happiness is less important than tomorrow's.
14. A) In a bar. B) In a restaurant.
C) In a hotel. D) In a grocer' s.
15. A) The man is handsome. B) The man used to be unhealthy.
C) The lecture is not very clear D) The man has become a better person.
16. A) Buy something to eat on the train. B) Take the five o' clock train
C) Wait to catch a later train. D) Take the train to the airport,
17. A) She feels nervous about the test.
B) She worries about her competence.
C) She thinks she is well prepared.
D) She doesn't like the training behind the wheel.
18. A) Take a break. B) Go to work.
C) Do the other problems. D) Keep trying.
Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
19. A) ballet. B) Swimming. C) Nursing. D) Teaching
20. A) She has a powerful mother. B) She loves her cat.
C) To be a vet is her dream. D) For her teacher.
21. A) Cathy is not so brilliant.
B) Cathy thinks her mother is very kind.
C) She went to France with the school choir last year.
D) The man is her father.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
C) Same number of children. D) Same university.
23. A) She married twice. B) She does not like baby.
C) She likes to do housework. D) She envies her sister.
24. A) Manager. B) Teacher.
C) Engineer. D) Journalist.
25. A) Same gene, same life.
B) Identical twins also have very different lives.
C) The element of environment is more important.
D) None of the above.
Section B
Directions: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some question. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
Passage One
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. A) It's near Mexico City.
B) It's in Guatemala.
C) It's stretched from the plains of central Mexico to the mountains of Guatemala.
D) It's in America.
27. A) It has become a clumsy giant.
B) The city has suffered from lung-time famine.
C) There was an epidemic disease that time.
D) It has been set on fire.
28. A) Teotihuacan, once the home of 200,000 people, was the center of a large empire.
B) Many archaeologists are fascinated by the ruins of a pre-Columbia city called Teotihuacan.
C) Teotihuacan, once a major metropolitan area, was destroyed by an invasion.
D) A still unsolved mystery is why the people of Teotihnacan suddenly abandoned their city.
Passage Two
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
29. A) For hunting.
B) For protecting himself.
C) For stimulation.
D) For protecting the country.
30. A) Males are arrested about four times more than females.
B) According to the survey, 61% of all men feel unsafe in their own neighborhoods at night.
C) More women arrested than men in juvenile runaway cases and prostitution.
D) The police and court are required to be more kind to the female offenders.
31. A) Rape. B) Burglary.
C) Aggravated assault. D) Smuggling.
Passage Three
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
32. A) Paris. B) Copenhagen.
C) New York. D) London.
33. A) Once. B) Twice.
34. A) They won the tournament last year.
B) They have been trained the hardest in the tournament.
C) They have the most money to spend on their athletes.
D) They have never lost a game before.
35. A) The German team. B) The British team.
C) The Brazilian Team. D) The American team.
Section C
Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.
With the recent rapid advances in information technologies, (36) researchers at every level and in every (37) have developed new methods, tools, and (38) for instruction. As the Internet, e-mail and multimedia have already become parts of most college students lives nowadays; (39) these new information tech nologies to engineering and science instruction is a great (40) for teachers and researchers. Although the effectiveness and (41) of new information technologies on education are not yet well (42) and documented the promises and (43) they hold for improving education are exciting For example, (44) Students at home and in work places can have access to learning material at any time. (46) . Students can work on learning materials at their own pace and discuss them with other people when they have questions. In other words, (46) Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes)
Section A
Directions:In this section, there is a passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words on Answer Sheet 1.
The three biggest lies in America are: (1) "The check is in the mail." (2) "Of course I'll respect you in the morning." (3) "It was a computer error."
Of these three little white lies, the worst of the lot by far is the third. It's the only one that can never be true. Today, if a bank statement cheats you out of $900 that way, you know what the clerk is sure to say: "It was a computer error." Nonsense. The computer is reporting nothing more than what the clerk typed into it.
The most irritating case of all is when the computerized cash register in the grocery store shows that an item costs more than it actually does. If the innocent buyer points out the mistake, the checker, bagger, and manager all come together and offer the familiar explanation: "It was a computer error."
It wasn't, of course. That high-tech cash register is really nothing more than an electric eye. The eye reads the Universal Product Code--that ribbon of black and white lines in a comer of the package--and then checks the code against a price list stored in memory. If the price list is right, you'll be charged accurately.
Grocery stores update the price list each day--that is, somebody sits at a keyboard and types in the prices. If the price they type in is too high, there are only two explanations: carelessness or dishonesty. But somehow "a computer error" is supposed to excuse everything.
One reason we let people hide behind a computer is the common misperception that huge, modem computers are "electric Brains" with artificial intelligence. At some point there might be a machine with intelligence, but none exists today. The smartest computer on Earth right now is no more "intelligent" than your average screwdriver. At this point in the development of computers, the only thing any machine can do is what a human has instructed it to do.
47. The biggest lie in America is ______.
49. We are told that a high-tech cash register is really just ______.
50. The reason why a computerized cash register in the grocery store shows that an item costs more than it actually does is that ______.
51. Nowadays computers can do ______.
Section B
Directions: There are two passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Corporations and individual donors will now be able to claim tax deductions (减除，扣除) for donations to any licensed non-profit public welfare organization.
The new policy was announced by the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Friday.
In the meantime, the draft of the country's first law on charity is expected to be presented to the top legislature (立法机关，立法机构) for examination and approval later this year.
At present only donations to about 20 major charity organizations are tax-deductible, according to a policy issued last year.
But Ge Daosheng, a researcher at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences' Institute of Sociology, doubted whether the policy could be faithfully carried out at all levels.
"The procedures for donors to claim deductions in taxes are often extremely complicated in many places," Ge said.
Experts have called for legislative transparency and less government involvement in charity activities.
The Ministry of Civil Affairs, which has overall responsibility for the nation's charity affairs, said on Wednesday it had finished drafting the Law of Charity and would submit it to the National People's Congress for examination.
The Beijing Times quoted Vice-Minister of Civil Affairs Li Liguo as saying the law would encourage any kind of charity or voluntary body to promote public welfare, and would strengthen supervision of charity organizations in their use of donations.
"There has been a strong voice in recent years to promulgate (发布) a charity law to standardize charity practices and give people more freedom to participate in public welfare undertakings," said Yang Tuan, a researcher with the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences.
However, Yang said the controversial draft might take another two to three years before it becomes law.
Yang, director of the academy's Social Policy Research Center and an expert involved in the draft law, said a major point of controversy was the government's role in charity activities.
He said the government should play a less dominant role and give non-governmental charity organizations more scope to grow.
"The law should make establishing charity or public welfare organizations as easy as registering businesses," Yang said.
52. China's first law on charity has now been finished drafting and will be submitted to China's top legislature, ______ for approval.
A) the National People's Congress B) the Ministry of Finance
C) the State Administration of Taxation D) Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
53. What benefits will donors get from the new policy on charity?
A) Compensation. B) Official commendation.
C) Tax deductions. D) Less procedures.
A) legislative transparency
B) the government's dominant role in charity activities
C) the supervision of charity organizations
D) the Ministry of Civil Affairs' responsibility
55. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A) Donors who want to claim deductions 'in taxes don't have to go through complex procedures from now on.
B) The Law of Charity will be promulgated this year.
C) China's charity development sill has a long way to go.
D) It is as easy establishing charity or public welfare organizations as registering businesses now.
56. ______ play (s) an important role in accelerating the drafting of the Law of Charity.
A) Public voice B) Non-profit welfare organizations
C) Corporations D) Charity organizations
Passage Two
Every Sunday morning millions of Indians settle down with a cup of tea and the special weekend issues of their newspapers, just as Americans do. But here, with the marriage season approaching, many of them turn quickly to a Sunday feature that is particularly Indian--the columns and columns of marriage advertisements in which young people look for husbands or wives.
"Beautiful Brahman girl wanted for bank officer from well-connected family," one says. "Vegetarian man (doctor, engineer preferred) for church-educated girl with light complexion," says another. "Solid 25-year-old, salary four figures, wants tall, charming, educated Punjabi," says a third.
This is a relatively modem change in the age-old custom of the arranged marriage. The thousands of advertisements published each week increasingly reflect social changes that are coming to this traditional society. For example, although women are still usually described in terms of appearance, or skills in "the wifely arts", information about their earning power is entering more and more of the advertisements. This reflects the arrival in India of the working wife.
Divorce, which used to be almost unheard of in India, is sometimes now mentioned in the advertisements as in the case of a woman whose advertisement in a New Delhi newspaper explained that she had been "the innocent party" when her marriage broke up.
Because the custom of the dowry (marriage payment) is now illegal, some advertisements say "no dowry", or "simple marriage," which means the same thing. However, the fathers of many bridegrooms still require it.
As a sign of the slight loosening of the rigid caste (social class) system, a number of advertisements promise "caste not important", or "girl's abilities will be main consideration". The majority of them, however, still require not only caste, such as Brahman or Kshatriya, but also a certain home region or ethnic origin.
In a land where light skin is often regarded as socially preferable, many also require that a woman have a "wheat color" complexion or that a man be "tall, fair and handsome". Advertisements are placed and eagerly read by a wide range of people in the upper classes, mostly in cities. Many of them receive dozens of answers. "There's nothing embarrassing about it," explained a Calcutta businessman advertising for a son-in-law. "It's just another way of broadening the contacts and increasing the possibility of doing the best one can for one's daughter."
Because of high unemployment and a generally poor standard of living here, one of the best attractions a marriage advertisement can offer is a permit to live abroad, especially in Canada or the United States. A person who has one can get what he wants.
One recent Sunday in Madras, for example, a Punjabi engineer living in San Francisco advertised for a "beautiful slim bride with lovely features knowing music and dance". And a man whose advertisement said that he had an American immigration permit was able to say, "Only girls from rich, well-educated families need apply."
A) that India's society is changing B) women work
C) arranged marriages are an age old custom D) working wife arrives
58. Although he does not directly say it, the Calcutta businessman would probably agree that ______.
A) it is a good idea to place marriage advertisements in the newspaper
B) it is a bad idea to place marriage advertisements in the newspaper
C) it is embarrassing if anyone answers such advertisements
D) it is embarrassing if no one answers such advertisements
59. In the sentence "A person who has one can get what he wants", the word "one" refers to ______.
A) feature B) marriage advertisement
C) permit to live abroad D) Canada or the United States
60. Paragraph 10 gives examples of ______.
A) advertisements from two women looking for husbands
B) typical marriage advertisements from the Madras newspapers
C) the qualities that a person with an immigration permit can ask for and expect to get
D) the change of traditional marriage custom
61. A good title for this article would be ______.
A) Why Do People Marry?
B) Marriage Customs in India Are Changing
C) Why Indians Read the Sunday Newspaper?
D) Living Abroad
Part ⅤError Correction (15 minutes)
Directions:This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each numbered line. You may have to change a word, add a word or delete a word. Mark out the mistakes and put the corrections in the blanks provided. If you change a word, cross it out and write the correct word in the corresponding blank. If you add a word, put an insertion mark (∧) in the right place and write the missing word in the blank. If you delete a word, cross it out and put a slash (—) in the blank.
A great many cities are experiencing difficulties which
are nothing new in the history of cities, except for in their 62. ______
scale. Some cities have lost their original purpose and have
not found? new one. And any large or rich city is going to 63. ______
attract poor immigrants, who flood in, filling with hopes 64. ______
of prosperity which are then often disappointing. There are
backward towns on the edge of Bombay or Brasilia, just
as though there were on the edge of seventeenth-century 65. ______
London or early nineteenth-century Paris. This is new is 66. ______
the scale. Descriptions written by eighteenth-century travelers
of the poor of Mexico City, and the enormous contrasts
that was to be found there, are very similar to descriptions 67. ______
of Mexico City today-the poor can still be numbered in millions.
The whole monstrous growth rests on economic prosperity,
but behind it lies two myths: the myth of the city as a 68. ______
promised land, that attracts immigrants from rural poverty 69. ______
and brings it flooding into city centers, and the myth of the 70. ______
country as a Garden of Eden, which, a few generations
late, sends them flooding out again to the suburbs. 71. ______
Directions: Complete the sentences on Answer Sheet 2 by translating into English the Chinese given in brackets.
72. By making vehicles lighter in weight, aluminum ____________________ (大减少了开动它们所需的燃料).
73. Some people claim that health is wealth, because they consider ____________________ (身体的健康比钱财或物质财富更有价值).
74. The modem communication industry ____________________ (通过让人们获取信息和娱乐，拓宽了人们的眼界).
75. He stated his belief ____________________ (认为进化是自然选择的产物).
76. Many people ____________________ (主张将儿童教育延长到18岁).
答案
Model Test Three
Part ⅠWriting
A Harmonious Cyberspace
The advent of the Internet ushered in a new era of interpersonal communications and business operations. It provides a vehicle for netizens to shop, search, publish blogs and browse Webpages.
A range of problems lurking behind the frenzy of Internet impressively stand out. A vast majority of Internet users' mail boxes are saturated with junk mails. Porn websites lure a growing number of young people's visits. False news via the e-mail, BBS and chat room increasingly poses a threat to the social prosperity and stability.
To crack them down, we should push for a more effectively tough law. We should join our forces to launch a nation-wide campaign, including imposing stiff penalties on spammers, shutting down or blocking the unhealthy sites and introducing a real-name registration system to get rid of false messages. We can fully believe that our combined efforts will reap rewards. A clean cyberspace will paint our lives more colorfully.
Part ⅡReading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning)
1．[答案]N
[解析] 文章第一段中提到开汽车需要集中精神，清醒冷静，还需要有驾照，而不是指骑自行车。
2．[答案]Y
[解析] 文章第二段中提到近几十年中私家车是超越其他所有形式的交通工具，也就是最重要的。
3．[答案]NG
[解析] 文中没有提到相关内容。
4．[答案]Y
[解析] 文章第四段中提到交通指示灯是最常见的交通控制装置。
5．[答案]intelligence brakes and cruise control
[解析] 文章第七段中提到所有汽车都应该安装智能制动装置和中速行驶控制装置，这样司机就不用再小心翼翼的跟在前面的车后面了。
6．[答案]complexity of the control software
[解析] 文章第九段中提到安装复杂的视觉系统不仅会大大提高汽车的价格，而且也增加了控制软件的复杂程度。
7．[答案]separating lanes
[解析] 文章第十段中提到在独立车道行驶不仅车速快，而且更安全。
8．[答案]dropping off the passengers where required
[解析] 文章第十二段中提到因为人们都不愿从远离目的地的停车场走回来，为了解决停车问题，最好能让汽车在需要的地方先放下乘客，再自己开到最近的停车场去。
9．[答案]group transport
[解析] 文章第十四段中提到为了满足团体运输的需求，我们需要有更大的机动车搭载乘客从一处到另一
10．[答案]strategic locations
[解析] 文章第十五段中提到为了不让乘客等得太久，出租车需要安装策略定位系统。
Part ⅢListening Comprehension
Section A
Section A
11. M: That is the worst painting I've ever seen.
W: Come on. It's not that bad.
Q: What are the speakers probably doing?
12. M: How long can I keep the book?
W: Three weeks, but you can renew it if you need it for a longer time.
Q: What is the possible relationship between the Speakers?
13. W: You are burning the candle at both ends. You should take a break.
M: But I haven't saved enough for my retirement.
Q: What does the woman imply?
14. W: Would you mind sending champagne and strawberries to my room at 1. a. m. , please?
M: I'll try, ma'am, but on Wednesday the kitchen staff leave at midnight.
Q: Where does the conversation probably take place?
15. W: Good to see you. You look fitter and better.
M: Thanks. I had a lot of exercise and drank vegetable juice everyday.
Q: What can we learn from the conversation?
16. M: Hero are the tickets, miss. The train will depart from plat form five at one o'clock.
W: Thank you. Could you please tell me if there is a snack bar on the train?
Q: What will the woman probably do?
17. M: Well, Mary, today is the day you're going for your driver's license. Do you think you are ready for the test? W: I certainly hope so! I've put in so many hours of behind - the wheel training, and I've gone through the driving manual so many times. I should be perfect!
Q: How does Mary feel about the test for her driver's license?
18. M: I lust can't get the answer to the problem! I've been working on it for three hours.
W: Maybe you should get some rest and try it again later.
Q: What does the woman suggest the man doing ?
Now you'll hear two long conversations
Conversation One
M: There are just one or two more things, Catherine.
W: Do call me Cathy.
M: OK, Cathy. Are you really interested in being a vet?
W: Not really. Anyway, I'm not bright enough. I'm reasonably intelligent, but I'm not brilliant, I’m afraid my mother is a bit over optimistic.
M: Yes, I guessed that. She's a bit overpowering, isn't she, your mum?
W: A bit. But she's very kind.
M: I'm sure she is. So, you're interested in ballet and music, are you?
W: Not really. My mother sent me to lessons when I was six, so I'm quite good, I suppose. But I don't think I want to do that for the rest of my life, especially music. It's so lonely.
M: What do you enjoy doing?
W: Well, I like playing tennis, and swimming. Oh, I went to France with the school choir last year. I rosily enjoyed that. And I like talking to people. But I suppose you mean real interests things that weald help me to get a
M: No. I'm more interested in what you really want to do. You like talking to people, do you?
W: Oh yes, I really enjoy meeting new people.
M: Do you think you would enjoy teaching?
W: No, no, I don't really. I was never very interested in school work, and I'd like to do something different. Anyway, there's a teacher training college very near us. It would be just like going to school again.
Questions 19 to 21 ere based on the Conversation you have just heard.
19. What does the girl like doing?
20. Why does she learn to be a vet?
21. Which of the following is not true according to this conversation?
Conversation Two
M: We continue with the World of Investigation. Laura, an identical twin, has agreed to contribute to our investigations, l must apologize for the fact that Laura's twin cannot be here tonight. And I'd like to tell you, Laura, how sorry we are. You and your sister are very close, aren't you?
W: Of course we are.
M: Interesting! You said "of course". Don't you think there are quite a few sisters who aren't close?
W: Sarah and I aren't just sisters. We're identical twins.
M: I take your point. How identical are you, in fact?
W: Both blonde, with brown eyes. Same height, same weight, same size. Even shoes.
M: As you're the same size, have you always dressed alike?
W: Oh yes. I'm told it started when we were babies. Mum made a feature of her twins. And then we got into the habit of buying two of everything.
M: And you've never minded having a double identity? I mean...an other person exactly like you?
W: Sarah isn't exactly like me. We may look identical, but I remember our boyfriends couldn't tell us apart.
M: Didn't that cause problems?
W: For them, perhaps. Not for us. We couldn't stop laughing.
M: I think you said you and Sarah weren't exactly alike? Just what did you mean by that?
W: Sarah has a well-fed happy husband and four healthy children. When she was washing up, I was learning to type. When she was knitting, I was writing articles for the school newspaper. When she was having her second child, I was in Panama, doing my first job for United Information Services. See what I mean?
M: And haven't you got a healthy husband and happy children?
M: And haven't you got a healthy husband and happy children?
W: You must be joking. There's never been the time ... or the inclination.
M: Laura, you've made some very interesting points. I gather that you don't feel that behaviour is purely genetic ... that there might be some element of environment or choice or even perhaps ...
W: Shall I conclude? Sarah and I are identical twins ... in appearance, that is ... but it's a fact that life has presented us with different opportunities, se we've led very different lives.
Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.
22. How identical are the twins?
23. What is true about Sarah?
24. What is Laura's career most probably?
25. What is the point of their conclusion?
Section B
Passage One
At one time it was the most important city in the region--a bustling commercial center known for its massive monuments, its crowded streets and commercial districts, and its cultural and religious institutions. Then, suddenly,
all but a ghost town. This is the history of a pre-Columbia city called Teotihuacan. The name is the Aztec word, which means "the place the god calls home". It was once a metropolis of as many as 2,000,000 inhabitants 33 miles northwest of present-day Mexico City. And it was also the focus of a great empire that stretched from the arid plains of central Mexico to the mountain of Guatemala.
Why did this city die? Researchers have found no signs of epidemic disease or destructive invasions. But they have found signs that suggest the Teotihuacanos themselves burned their temples and some of their other buildings. There were evidence revealed that piles of weed had been placed around these structures and set fire. Some speculate that Teotihuacan's inhabitants may have abandoned the city because it had become" a clumsy giant... " But other experts think that the ancient inhabitants may have destroyed their temples and abandoned their city in rage against their gods for permitting a long famine.
Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.
26. Where is the abandoned city-Teotihuacan?
27. Which is NOT the possible reason for the death of the city?
28. What is the main idea of the passage?
Passage Two
It's generally agreed that serious, violent crime has reached alarming proportions in the United States. A survey by the Law En forcemeat Assistance Administration found that 61% of all women feel unsafe in their own neighborhoods at night; that 45% of the population is afraid to walk alone at night near their own homes; and that 47% own guns, large for salf-protection.
Those arrested for crimes and disproportionately likely to be male, young, a member of a racial minority, and a city resident. Males are arrested about four times as often as females. Only in juvenile runaway cases and prostitution are females more often atoned. One is the sex role stereotyping which encourages males to be more aggressive and daring, while females am encouraged to he nacre passive and conforming to the rules and norms. The second reason is the tendency of police officers and the calms to deal more kindly with female offenders. However, it should be noted, in the past decade, crime among females has been increasing at much faster rate than among males, a negative side effect which has been attributed to women challenging the traditional sex role. of passivity and conformity.
Young people appear to commit far more than their share of crime, including the crimes that are classified by the FBI as most serious-rape, murder, robbery, arson, burglary, aggravated assault, auto theft. In 1985, 31% of all arrests were of person under the age of 21, and 50% of all arrests were of persons under 25.
Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.
29. What's the reason for most American to own their gun?
30. Which of the following statements is true?
31. Which crime is not the one classified by the FBI as most serious according to the passage?
Passage Three
This is today's sports news.
In the world of tennis, the London International Tennis Tournament ended today. Samuel Cox of the United States was the winner with Lloyd Smith, of Great Britain, finishing second. Cox scored a decisive victory over Smith in his first major victory outside the United States. His victory also marked the first time that an American has won the London Tennis Tournament in over fifty years. The only other American to win it was Fred Jackson in 1938. Cox won the tournament quickly in three sets. He started out playing aggressively, and the overwhelmed Smith could not keep up with its overpowering serves. Cox took home the $ 500,000 cash prize and Smith received $ 350,000. When asked about the big victory, Cox stated he just hopes to be able to win again in next month's tournaments in Paris and Copenhagen.
In the world of soccer, Cuba upset Germany, last year's winner, in the opening games of the International
victory shocked many who believed that the German team could easily defeat the relatively obscure Cuban team. The German coach, noticeably disappointed at their first, round loss, told reporters that he hopes to train his team harder for next year's tournament. Cuba will play Brazil in the next game tomorrow. Overjoyed at their surprise victory, they hope to continue this winning streak and eventually capture the tournament.
Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.
32. Where did the tennis tournament take place?
33. How many times have Americans won the London International Tennis Tournament?
34. Why was the German defeat shocking to many?
35. What team will the Cubans play tomorrow?
Section C
With the recent rapid advances in information technologies, (36) educational researchers at every level and in every (37)discipline have developed new methods, tools, and (38)environments for instruction. As the Internet, e-mall and multimedia have already be come parts of most college students' lives nowadays; (39)applying these new information technologies to engineering and science instruction is a great (40) challenge for teachers and researchers. Although the effectiveness and (41) impact of new information technologies on education use not yet well (42) comprehended and documented the promises and (43) visions they hold for improving education are ex citing. For example, (44) computer-mediated networks provide distance education with a new medium for bringing teachers students and learning materials in different locations together. Students at home and in work places can have access to learning material at any time. (45)Individual students can communicate with their teachers and talk without the relative nervousness of having to meet at specific places and times. Students can work on learning materials at their own pace and discuss them with other people when they have questions. In other words, (46) they can learn individually but not a lone; they are physically separated but study together through computer networks.
Section A
11．[答案] A
[详细解答] 两个人对painting有不同的评价，关键词：worst painting，not that bad。
12.[答案] B
[详细解答] 通过关键词"keep the book", "renew"，可以判断是图书管理员和读者之间的对话。故选B。
13．[答案] B
[详细解答] 题目测试的是学生对“burn the candle at both ends”的理解，该短语是“过度操劳”的意思，结合语境，故选B。
14．[答案] C
[详细解答] 如果请求将食物或饮料之类的东西在晚上1:00送到房间，可以判断是宾馆的客人在请求room service，因此可判断该对话发生在一家宾馆。故选C。
15．[答案] B
[详细解答] You look fitter and better属于比较级，言下之意是以前身体情况不佳。其他选项的意思没有涉及。故选B。
16．[答案] A
[详细解答] 对话中提及snack bar on the train，很明显讲话人需要在车上用餐。故选A。
17．[答案] C
[详细解答] 通过对话中的关键词"gone through the driving manual so many times"和"I should be perfect"可知说话人对驾照考试是胸有成竹了。故应选c。
18．[答案] A
[详细解答] 原句中的"get some rest"和选项中的"take a break"是同义词。故选A。
Conversation One
[详细解答] 对话中明确谈到Cathy喜欢游泳，芭蕾是母亲让学的她并不喜欢，而C、D两项对话中未提及，故应选B。
20．[答案] A
[详细解答] 她有一位强势的母亲，使她学不太喜欢的东西，故选A。
21．[答案] D
[详细解答] 从对话开头的"Do call me Cathy"可知两人还不是很熟，故the mall肯定不是父亲，D是错误的。
Conversation Two
22．[答案] A
[详细解答] 对话中明确提到两人的身高相同，而其他三项均未提及，故只能选A.
23．[答案] C
[详细解答] 对话细节显示劳拉学打字时萨拉在洗衣，劳拉在为校报写稿时，萨拉在织东西，可知她喜欢做家务。
24．[答案] D
[详细解答] 从对话来看劳拉一直从事与文字有关的工作，所以选D。
25．[答案] D
[详细解答] 前三项都不足以概括，选D。
Section B
Passage One
26．[答案] A
[试题分析] 本题考查考生的细节理解能力。
[详细解答] 文中提到"it was once a metropolis 33 miles north west of present-day Mexico City."故选A。
27．[答案] C
[试题分析] 本题考查考生的信息筛选与整理能力。
[详细解答] 文中提到"found no signs of epidemic disease or destructive invasions", "it had become a clumsy giant" "in rage against their gods for permitting a long famine"显然C项与原文相左。故选C。
28．[答案] D
[试题分析] 本题考查考生的综合理解能力。
[详细解答] 由第二题即可推知第三题的答案。
Passage Two
29．[答案] D
[试题分析] 本题考查考生的细节理解能力。
[详细解答] 文中提到"large for serf-protection"，可知B为答案。
30．[答案] C
[试题分析] 本题考查考生的细节分析理解能力。
[详细解答] 文中提到"Only in juvenile runaway cases and prostitution are females more often arrested."前提到male比female在很多方面犯罪率高,"only"则表示是相反的情况。
31．[答案] D
[试题分析] 本题考查考生的细节筛选理解能力。
[详细解答]文中提到"crimes that are classified by the FBI as most serious—rape，murder, robbery, won, burglary, aggravated assault, auto theft", "smuggling"不在其中.
Passage Three
32．[答案] D
[试题分析] 本题考查考生的信息筛选与整理能力。
[详细解答] 文中的细节有两个，—个是"Cox scored a victory outside the U.S." "Cox hopes to win again in next month's tournaments in Paris and Copenhagen."因此可排除A、B、C。故选D。
[试题分析] 本题考查考生的信息整理与综合能力。
[详细解答] "Cox's victory is the first time that American has won the London Tennis Tournament in over fifty years."另一个细节是"The only other American...in l938."显然美国人一共赢得过二次，虽然已经事隔五十多年。
34．[答案] A
[试题分析] 本题考查考生的细节理解能力。
[详细解答] 文中提到“Germany，last year's winner."故选A。
35．[答案] C
[试题分析] 本题考查考生对文章细节的理解。
[详细解答] 文中提到"Cuba will Play Brazilin the next game to morrow."故选C。
Section C
36．educational 37．discipline 38．environments 39．applying
40．challenge 41．impact 42．comprehended 43．visions
44．computer—mediated networks provide distance education with a new medium for bringing teachers，students and learning materials in different locations together．
45．Individual students can communicate with their teachers and talk without the relative nervousness of having to meet at specific places and times．
46．they can learn individually but not alone; they are physically separated but study together through computer networks．
Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth)
Section A
47. [答案] "It was a computer error."
[解析] 文章第一段中提到了美国的三个最大的谎言，第二段中又指出这三个谎言之中又以第三个为最大，因此美国最大的谎言就是所谓的计算机故障。
48．[答案]report what the clerk typed into it
[解析] 文章第二段的最后一句话指出计算机做的仅仅是汇报出文员所输入的内容。
49．[答案]an electric eye
[解析] 文章的第三段中指出高科技的收银机实际上只是一个读条码的电子眼。
50．[答案]someone typed a higher price of the item into the computer
[解析] 文章第四段中指出计算机中的物品价格是由人输入的，如果收银机显示的价格高于商品原价，则是人在输入价格的时候输高了。
51．[答案]what a human has instructed it to do
[解析] 文章最后一段中提到所有机器包括计算机在内所能做的仅仅是依照人的指示去做。
Section B
52．[答案]A
[解析] 本文通篇谈的都是正处于立法阶段的慈善法，而问题中将要批准该草案的最高立法机关即第八段中提到的全国人大，因此答案应为A。
53．[答案]C
[解析] 题目问的是新出台的慈善政策将给捐献者带来何种好处，而根据第一段内容，可以很清楚地知道答案应为“课税减免”，即C。
54．[答案]B
[解析] 文中倒数第五段已提到“有争议的草案”，而从倒数第四段及倒数第三段，我们可以看出，争议主要围绕着政府该不该在慈善活动中占据主导地位这一问题。答案明显应该为B。
55．[答案]C
[解析] 从最后几段可以知道，C选项“中国的慈善事业仍亟需发展”无疑是正确的。其他选项都与原文意
56．[答案]A
[解析] 从文章第九段中可以看出，正是公众的呼吁促使国家考虑出台慈善法事宜。其他选项都不符合原文意思。
57．[答案]A
[解析] 本文主要讲述的是印度传统婚姻习俗的变革。第三段的大意为印度的社会正在改变。本段的主题句在第二句：每个星期刊出的成千上万的广告不断反应了这个传统社会经历的社会变革。根据此主题句，就不难找出本题的最佳选项应为A项。
58．[答案]A
[解析] 凯尔卡特市的商人虽然未直接发表观点，但是他说“There's nothing embarrassing about it．”(这样做没什么尴尬的)而且他是在登广告找女婿时说这句话的，因此句中的it指的是advertising for a son-in-law。同时他认为登广告是拓宽接触面的又一种方法，同时增加了为其女儿选择最合适人选的可能性。这句话中的it指的还是advertising for a son-in-law。这样，我们不难得出A项是本题的最佳答案。
59．[答案]C
[解析] 在A person who has one can get what he wants中one指的是定居海外的批文。这句话出现在文章的第九段。one在这里很明显不可能是指人，而指前文所提之事：由于高失业率和贫穷的生活标准，征婚广告的最大魅力之二就在于获得移居国外的批文，特别是到加拿大和美国。因此，one指的是a permit to live abroad。因此，C项正确。
60．[答案]C
[解析] 第10段给出了一个拥有移民批文的人能够要求并希望得到的地位。文章第十段所举事例是为了说明前文所说的：一个人若拥有移居国外的批文就能得到他想要的。在婚姻上也是如此，只要有这个批文，不论自己如何，他就可以任意选择自己的新娘，因此，本题答案应是C。
61．[答案]B
[解析] 本文主要讲述的是印度一改传统婚姻习俗，通过广告来寻找结婚对象，因此B项“印度的婚俗在改变”最佳。
Part ⅤError Correction
62．[答案]for—
[解析] 固定搭配错误。except与except for都表示“除了……之外”，但except“除去”的跟同类或同级事物，而except for跟不同类或不同级事物。本句中in their scale (它们的规模)，与前面的nothing同级，因此要用except而不能用except for。
63．[答案]found∧new→a
[解析] 词性错误。本句意为“一些城市丧失了初衷，却没有找到新的方向。”one在作代词指代前面出现的可数名词时，如果有形容词修饰，前面应该加冠词。本句中one指代前面的名词purpose，且又有形容词new修饰，因此应在new前加冠词a。
64．[答案]filling→filled
[解析] 固定搭配错误。主语和谓语动词是被动关系。be filled with表示“充满……”，是一个固定搭配。
65．[答案]though
[解析] 固定搭配错误。just as表示“正如”，引导比较状语从句；as though表示“仿佛，好像”，引导虚拟状语从句。本句意为：“现在孟买和巴西利亚周边有一些落后的城镇，正如17世纪伦敦和19世纪初巴黎周边也有一些落后的城镇一样。”此处的从句是比较状语从句，要用just as引导，though为多余的词，应删去。
66．[答案]This→What
[解析] 关系代词错误。This is new is the scale显然不合语法，句意也说不通。本句的意思显然应是“新的是规模”。句中的is the scale是系表结构，作谓语；前面部分是名词从句作主语，由于引导词同时还在主语从句中充当主语成分，因此不能用that引导，只能用连接代词what。
67．[答案]was→were
中的that即指代contrasts。根据主谓一致原则，was应改为were．
68．[答案]lies→lie
[解析] 主谓一致性方面的错误。but后的分句是个完全倒装句，介词短语behind it提前，主谓倒装，因主语是two myths，所以谓语动词不能用单数形式lies，应改为lie。
69．[答案]that→which
[解析] 关系代词错误。非限定性定语从句只能用which引导，不能用that。
70．[答案]it→them
[解析] 前后一致性方面的错误。句中动词bring的宾语指的应该是前文中提到的immigrants，因此应用代词them而不能用it。
71．[答案]late→later
[解析] 易混词错误。late作为副词意为“迟，晚”，例如：The bus arrived five minute late．(公共汽车迟到了五分钟。)；later做副词则意为“后来，……之后”，例如：Five years later，he became a lawyer．(五年后他成了一名律师。)本句中时间状语要表示的意思是“几代人之后/几十年之后”，因此应是a few generations later．
Part ⅥTranslation
72. has greatly reduced the amount of fuel needed to move them.
[解析] 根据语境译句采用现在完成时态表示过去发生动作所造成的目前结果。同时译句采用增译法，根据需要增加amount一词，符合英语表达习惯。同时译句改变汉语语序，后置的过去分词短语的使用使译句简练而又不失原意。
73. good health more valuable than money or material possessions.
[解析] 译句考查形容词比较级的译法。翻译时，动词consider采用“动词+宾语+宾补”的结构使译句简洁明了。
74. broadens people's horizons by allowing access to information and entertainment.
[解析] 译句改变汉语句序，将汉语谓语部分前置，符合英文表达习惯。同时译句并用直译与意译，既正确表达原句的内容，又不拘泥于原句的形式。
75. that evolution occurred through natural selection.
[解析] 汉英两种语言在结构上相异，在翻译过程中，注意将汉语复合句转译成英语的同位语从句。同时，译句根据上下文和逻辑关系，采取意译，摒弃了直译法。
76．advocate keeping all children at school until the age of eighteen.
[解析] 翻译时要认真推敲中文词汇的具体含义，而后仔细选择相应的适当英语词汇。汉译英同时要考虑英语词汇间的搭配关系。译句选择动名词短语，采取意译法处理原句的内容。
关于中国刑法人道主义原则及体现
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在刑罚人道主义的倡导下取得的丰硕成果，其至今仍为西方国家刑法的一项基本原则，是现代刑法赖以生存的重要支柱之一。刑法人道主义与宽容、柔和和人性等德性词汇相联系，与野蛮、残酷、恐怖、折磨等形象相对立，表现出国家在制定和运用刑法时对犯罪以及犯罪之实施者的一种宽容态度。但是，这只是刑法人道主义的表象，刑法人道主义的蕴涵究竟是什么？对这一极具学术价值和实践意义的问题，我国学者有不同看法： (一)学者曲新久认为[3]：刑法人道主义的实质命题乃是将犯罪人作为伦理主体对待，而不是物理处理。刑法人道主义意味着对于人的自主性的承认，其中心思想是：犯罪人是人，因而必须将其作为人，而不是作为手段对待。该学者将刑罚人道主义的蕴涵阐释为否定性和肯定性两个具体规则。否则性规则是指绝对禁止酷刑和其他残忍、不人道和有辱人格的待遇和处罚；肯定性规则是指在最低层面上要求满足受刑人作为人的基本需求，在更高的层面上要求给以受刑人以尊重并引导受刑人的自尊。其中从犯罪人的真实需要出发，考虑犯罪人利益，为犯罪人着想，是刑法人道主义最为重要和最为基本的内容。(二)学者邱兴隆认为[4]：犯罪的实施者与刑罚的承受者是人不是物。不随意剥夺犯罪人权益，给犯罪人以人的尊重，是社会人道观念的必然要求。国家作为个人权益的保障者，必须尊重而不随意剥夺个人权益。犯罪人虽然应受惩罚，但不会因犯罪而不再是社会意义上的人，那么其权益也具有不可随意剥夺性。在任何情况下，人道观念都是公正观念的前提与基础。在不尊重人、不把人当作人的前提下，任何公
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12-13期末自动变速器检修试卷B答案
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中华人民共和国刑法及相关司法解释
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5.《中华人民共和国刑法》规定，罪是指国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体，索取、非法收受他人财物，为他人谋取利益，情节严重的行为。（C） A.单位行贿 B.介绍贿赂 C.单位受贿 D.对单位行贿 6.《中华人民共和国刑法》规定，在经济往来中，违反国家规定，给予国家工作人员以各种名义的回扣、手续费的，以罪追究刑事责任。（D）A.受贿B.贪污C.侵占D.行贿 7.《关于人民检察院直接受理立案侦查案件立案标准的规定（试行）》明确，涉嫌巨额财产来源不明，数额在万元以上的，应予立案。（D）A.15B.20C.25D.30 8.《关于人民检察院直接受理立案侦查案件立案标准的规定（试行）》明确，国家机关工作人员严重不负责任，不履行或者不认真履行职责，造成死亡1人以上，或者重伤3人以上，或者轻伤人以上的，应予立案。（D）A.4B.6C.8D.10 二、多选题 1.《中华人民共和国刑法》规定，国家工作人员利用职务上的便利，
汽车构造期末考试知识点下归纳
第十一章汽车传动系统 汽车传动系统的基本功用是将发动机所发出的动力传递到驱动车轮，按能量传递方式的不同分为机械式、液力式、电力式传动系统，均具有减速增矩、变速、倒车、中断动力、轮间差速和轴间差速等功能。 货车采用发动机前置、后轮驱动的传统布置方式，简称FR式，其技术特点是前排车轮负责转向，后排车轮承担整个车辆的驱动工作，它能有效利用载荷重量产生驱动力。它将发动机纵向放置在汽车前部，通过一线展开的离合器、变速器、万向传动装置（万向节和传动轴）将动力传给后部的驱动桥，经驱动桥内的主减速器、差速器和半轴带动后轮，推着汽车前进。 轮间差速 汽车转向时，外侧车轮滚过的路程长，内侧车轮滚过的路程短，要求外侧车轮转速快于内侧车轮。通过驱动桥中的差速器，可以使两驱动轮能以不同转速转动，实现差速功能。
分时四轮驱动系统有前后两个驱动桥，前置发动机通过离合器、变速器将动力传给分动器，再经传动轴分别传递到前后驱动桥，驾驶员一般通过操纵杆或按钮控制分动器在两驱与四驱之间进行切换。分动器一般配有H2、H4及L4等档位，H2是高速两轮驱动，H4用于雨雪天和沙石路面，L4适宜于拖曳重物或越野攀坡。 离合器安装在发动机与变速器之间，用来分离或接合前后两者之间动力联系。汽车离合器有摩擦式离合器、液力偶合器、电磁离合器等几种。目前在汽车上广泛采用的是用弹簧压紧的摩擦式离合器（简称为摩擦离合器）。功用：平稳起步，平顺换档，防止过载。 一、摩擦离合器由主动部分从动部分压紧机构操纵机构组成 二、螺旋弹簧离合器采用螺旋弹簧作为压紧元件的离合器，称为螺旋弹簧离合器。将若干个螺旋弹簧沿压盘圆周分布的称为周布弹簧离合器，将一个大螺旋弹簧置于离合器中央的称为
4.5.2线段的长短比较
4.5 最基本的图形——点和线 4.5.2 线段的长短比较 一、基本目标 【知识与技能】1．使学生在理解线段概念的基础上，了解线段的长度可以用正数来表示，因而线段可 以度量、比较大小以及进行一些运算．使学生对几何图形与数之间的联系有一定的认识，从而初步了解数形结合的思想． 2．使学生学会线段的两种比较方法及表示法． 3．通过本课的教学，进一步培养学生的动手能力、观察能力． 二、重难点目标 【教学重难点】对线段与数之间的关系的认识，掌握线段比较的正确方法，是本节的重点，也是难点． 一、复习线段的概念，引出线段的长度的度量和表示 1. 学生动手画出(1)直线AB.⑵射线0A.⑶线段CD . 2．提出问题：能否量出直线、射线、线段的长度？(如果有学生将直线、射线也量出了 长度，借此复习直线和射线的概念．) 3．提出数与形的问题：线段是一个几何图形，而线段的长度可用一个正数表示．这就是数与形的结合． 4．线段的两种度量方法：( 1 )直接用刻度尺．(2)圆规和刻度尺结合使用．(教师可让学生自己寻找这两种方法) 5．教师再讲表示法：线段AB =7cm． 二、通过实例，引导学生发现线段大小的比较方法教师设计以下过程由学生完成． 1．怎样比较两个学生的身高？提出为什么要站在一起，脚底要在一个平面上？ 2．怎样比较两座大山的高低？只要量出它们的高度．由此引导学生发现线段大小比较的两种比较方法：重叠比较法将两条线段的各一个端点对齐，看另一个端点的位置．教师为学生演示，步骤有三： (1) 将线段AB 的端点A 与线段CD 的端点C 重合． (2) 线段AB 沿着线段CD 的方向落下． (3) 若端点B 与端点D 重合，则得到线段AB 等于线段C D ，可以记AB=CD．若端点B落 在D上，则得到线段AB小于线段CD，可以记作AB V CD . 若端点B落在D夕卜，则得到线段AB大于线段CD，可以记作AB> CD .
汽车自动变速器检修期末考试题及答案DOC
江西省井冈山经贸学校2014—2015第二学期 15汽修（4）班《汽车自动变速器检修》期末考试题 注意事项： 1、考生应严格遵守考场规则，得到监考人员指令后方可答题。 2、考生拿到试卷后应首先填写密封线内各项内容（准考证号、姓名、学校），不得填出密封线外，同时把座位号填写在试卷右上角座位号栏内。 3、用蓝、黑色圆珠笔或钢笔把答案直接写在试卷上。 4、注意字迹清楚，保持卷面整洁。 5、考试结束将试卷放在桌上，不得带走。待监考人员收毕清点后，方可离场。 一、填空题 ：（每空1 分，共计20 分） l 、传动系的主要组成部分有 、 、 。 2、自动变速器的换档可通过 _或_ 来操纵。 3、传动比等于 齿轮的齿数除以 齿轮的齿数。 4、倒档的实现是通过在两个齿轮之间附加一个 。 5、现代AT 的变矩器由 、 、 、 和 等组成。 6、在前驱汽车中，变速器和驱动桥组成一个单独的整体，叫做 。 7、在AT 的液压系统中，由 阀调节管道油压。 8、AT 中常用电磁阀的作用主要有 、 和 等。 9、在液力变矩器中发生油流形式是 和 。 二、判断题 ：（每题 2 分，共计 30 分） 1、太阳齿轮、齿圈和行星齿轮三者的旋转轴线是重合的。（ ） 2、根据换档工况的需要，自动变速器中的单向离合器由液压系统控制其自由或锁止。（ ） 3、AT 中制动器的作用是把行星齿轮机构中的某二个元件连接起来形成一个整体共同旋转。（ ） 4、AT 的制动器能把行星齿轮机构中元件锁止，不让其旋转。（ ） 5 、AT 的离合器的自由间隙是利用增减离合器片或钢片的片数进行调整的。（ ） 6、在自动变速器中使用数个多片湿式制动器，为使其停止运作时油缸排油迅速，其油缸内设 置单向阀钢珠。（ ） 7、自动变速器中的离合器以机械方式进行运作控制的。（ ） 8、油泵在工作时产生泄漏是与输出油压有关。（ ） 9、AT 的内啮合式齿轮泵是靠液力变矩器的输出轴驱动的。（ ） 10、AT 的内啮合式齿轮泵的内齿是不旋转的。（ ） 11、AT 的内啮合式齿轮泵的排量取决于齿轮齿形及偏心距的大小。（ ） 12、在有四个前进档的自动变速器中，在超速行星排设置单向离合器的作用是换档运作本身的 需要。（ ） 13、由于行星齿轮机构处于常啮合状态，故动力传输不会产生齿轮间冲击。 （ ） 14、在液力变矩器中，由于导轮的作用，使泵轮的转矩增大。（ ） 15、自动变速器中，换档离合器是装于转轴上的。（ ） 三、单选题 ：（每题 2 分，共计 40 分） 1 ）。 A 、输出转矩愈大； B 、输出转矩愈小； C 、效率愈高； D 、输出功率愈大。 2、液力变矩器的锁止电磁阀的作用是当车速升到一定值后，控制油液能把（ ）锁为一体。 学校： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 身份证号： ……………………………装………………………订………………………线…………………………………
中国古代刑法
一、刑事政策 中国古代刑事政策主要表现为“刑罚世轻世重”。“刑罚世轻世重”起源于西周。周灭商之后，如何统治广大的“殷顽民”及原来臣服于殷商的众多诸侯方国成为棘手问题。据说，周武王“皇皇若天下之未定”，不惜汙尊降贵，向殷朝元老箕子请教作为治国安邦的大法。 周朝最高统治层内部的观点也不一致，据说当时有三种代表性的意见，一是姜太公主张应“咸刘厥敌，靡使有余”，即将敌人全部杀光，不留残余；二是召公奭主张“有罪者杀之，无罪者活之”，即只杀掉有罪之人，留下无辜的人；三是周公旦主张“各安其宅，各田其田，毋故毋私，惟仁之亲”，即保持原来的社会经济关系不变，利用殷商贵族，以仁为本，进行统治，但如果有谁胆敢作乱，不论商人还是周人，都应镇压。 最后，周公的主张得到了多数的支持，强调应根据具体情形，由朝廷编订“建国之三典”：“刑新国用轻典”，“刑平国用中典”，“刑乱国用重典”。 相传到周穆王时制订《吕刑》，将上述原则概括为“轻重诸罚有权，刑罚世轻世重，惟齐非齐，有伦有要” ，即强调适用刑罚必须懂得轻重权变，根据社会情势确定刑罚的轻与重，既要注意刑罚适用的统一性，又要注重适用刑罚的灵活性，这样做有助于正确处理案件，也有利于制定完备的刑律。 周代之后，“刑罚世轻世重”成为历代奉行的一项基本原则。春秋时代，子产有“宽猛相济”的主张，认为“惟有德者能以宽服其民，其次莫如猛” ，表现在刑事政策上，也就是轻重相济，以重为主。战国时法家大都强调“礼法以时而定，制令各顺其宜” ，当时之世既“争于气力”，故必须“重刑轻罪”。儒家的荀子则强调“治则刑重，乱则刑轻，犯治之罪固重，犯乱之罪固轻”。曹操治魏，也强调“治定之化，以礼为首；拨乱之政，以刑为先” ；而明太祖朱元璋更明申此旨，对建文帝称：“吾治乱世，刑不得不重；汝治平世，刑自当轻。” 可谓深得此中真谛。 附带需要说明的是溯及力问题。在汉代，采从旧主义，依据犯罪时的法律定罪科刑。至唐代改采从轻主义，凡犯罪未发、已发未断而逢格改者，若改重则依旧条，减轻则从新法。到明代又改为从新主义，无论轻重，并依新律拟断。清同明制。这也是“刑罚世轻世重”政策的一个方面。 二、犯罪主体 1、“化外人” “化外人”类似我们现在说的外国人，但当时的范围要广一些，除了外国人以外，还包括在中国境内的各少数民族之人。按照《唐律疏议》的解释，是指“蕃夷之国，别立君长者”。这一定义适用于以后历代。
《中华人民共和国刑法》——部分名词解释
《中华人民共和国刑法》总论部分，部分名词解释 1.刑法: a) 广义：指一切规定犯罪、刑事责任和刑罚的法律规范的总和。 b) 狭义：指系统规定犯罪、刑事责任和刑罚的刑法典。（即《中华人民共和国刑法》） 2.刑法体系：指刑法典的组成和结构。 3.刑法的解释：对刑法规范含义的阐明。 4.立法解释：就是由最高立法机关对刑法的含义所作的解释。 5.司法解释：就是由最高司法机关对刑法的含义所作的解释。 6.学理解释：就是由国家宣传机构、社会组织、教学科研单位或者专家学者从学理上对刑法含 义所作的解释。 7.文理解释：就是对法律条文的字义，包括单词、概念、术语，从文理上所作的解释。 8.论理解释：就是按照立法精神，联系有关情况，从逻辑上所作的解释。 9.扩张解释：是根据立法原意，对刑法条文作超过字面意思的解释。 10.限制解 释：是根据立法原意，对刑法条文作狭于字面意思的解释。 11.刑法基本原则：是指贯穿全部刑法规范、具有指导和制约全部刑事立法和刑事司法的意义， 并体现我国刑事法治的基本精神的准则。 12.罪刑法定原则：就是“法无明文规定不为罪，法无明文规定不处罚”。 13.适用刑法人人平等原则：对任何人犯罪，不论犯罪人的家庭出身、社会地位、职业性质、财 产状况、政治面貌、才能业绩如何，都应追究刑事责任，一律平等地适用刑法，依法定罪、量刑和行刑，不允许任何人有超越法律的特权。 14.罪责刑相适应原则：（刑法典第五条：刑罚的轻重，应当与犯罪分子所犯罪行和承担的刑事 责任相适应。）犯多大的罪，就应承担多大的刑事责任，法院也应判处其相应轻重的刑罚，做到重罪重罚，轻罪轻罚，罪刑相称，罚当其罪；在分析罪重罪轻和刑事责任大小时，不仅要看犯罪的客观社会危害性，而且要综合行为人的主观恶性和人身危险性，把握罪行和罪犯各方面因素综合体现的社会危害性程度，从而确定其刑事责任程度，适用相应轻重的刑罚。 15.刑法的效力范围：即刑法的适用范围，是指刑法在什么地方、对什么人和在什么时间内具有 效力。 16.刑罚的空间效力：就是指刑法对地和对人的效力，也就是要解决刑事管辖权的范围问题。 17.刑法的溯及力：是指刑法生效后，对于其生效以前未经审判或者判决尚未确定的行为是否适 用的问题。 18.犯罪的形式概念：就是把犯罪定义为违反刑事法律并且应当受到刑罚处罚的行为。 19.犯罪的实质概念：不强调犯罪的法律特征，而试图揭示犯罪现象的本质所在，或者说，是想 说明犯罪行为之所以被刑法规定为犯罪的根据和理由。 20.犯罪的混合概念：是指犯罪的实质概念和形式概念合二为一，既指出犯罪的本质特征，又指 出犯罪的法律特征的概念。 21.我国刑法中的犯罪概念：（刑法典第十三条）一切危害国家主权、领土完整和安全，分裂国 家、颠覆人民民主专政的政权和推翻社会主义制度，破坏社会秩序和经济秩序，侵犯国有财产或者劳动群众集体所有的财产，侵犯公民私人所有的财产，侵犯公民的人身权利、民主权利和其他权利，以及其他危害社会的行为，依照法律应当受刑罚处罚的，都是犯罪，但是情节显著轻微危害不大的，不认为是犯罪。 22.社会危害性：即指行为对刑法所保护的社会关系造成或可能造成这样或那样损害的特性。 23.犯罪构成：就是依照我国刑法的规定，决定某一具体行为的社会危害性及其程度而为该行为
汽车构造期末知识点整理
压缩比:压缩前气缸中气体的最大容积与压缩后的最小容积之比。 工作循环：四冲程汽油机经过进气、压缩、燃烧作功、排气四个行程。 气门重叠：由于进气门在上止点前即开启，而排气门在上止点后才关闭，这就出现了一段时间内排气门和进气门同时开启的现象。 悬架：是车架与车桥之间的一切传力连接装置的总称。 气门间隙：在发动机冷态装配时，在气门及传动机构中留有一定的间隙，以补偿气门受热后的膨胀量。配气相位：用曲轴转角表示的进、排气门的开启时刻和开启延续时间，通常用环形图表示。 点火提前角：从点火时刻到活塞到达压缩上止点，这段时间内曲轴转过的角度 活塞行程：活塞运行在上下两个止点间的距离，它等于曲轴连杆轴部分旋转直径长度 前轮前束：为了消除前轮外倾带来的轮胎磨损，在安装前轮时，使两前轮的中心面不平行，两轮前边缘距离B小于后边缘距离A,A-B之差称为前轮前束。 麦弗逊式悬架：也称滑柱连杆式悬架，由滑动立柱和横摆臂组成。 起动转矩：在发动机启动时，克服气缸内被压缩气体的阻力和发动机本身及其附件内相对运动零件之间的摩擦阻力所需的力矩 气缸工作容积：一个气缸中活塞运动一个行程所扫过的容积 发动机工作容积：发动机全部气缸工作容积的总和 过量空气系数：φa=燃烧1kg燃料实际供给的空气质量/完全燃烧1kg燃料所需的理论空气质量 总论/概述单元 1、汽车主要由哪四大部分组成？各有什么作用？（P13） 发动机：燃料燃烧而产生动力的部件，是汽车的动力装置 底盘：接受发动机的动力，使汽车运动并按照驾驶员的操纵而正常行驶的部件 车身：驾驶员工作的场所，也是装载乘客和货物的部件 电器与电子设备：电器设备包括电源组、发动机点火设备、发动机起动设备、照明和信号装置等；电子设备包括导航系统、电子防抱死制动设备、车门锁的遥控及自动防盗报警设备等2. 国产汽车产品型号编制规则（P13） CA---一汽；EQ---二汽；BJ---北京；NJ---南京 1---载货汽车（总质量）； 2---越野汽车（总质量）； 3---自卸汽车（总质量）； 4---牵引汽车（总质量）； 5---专用汽车（总质量）； 6---客车（总长度）； 7---轿车（发动机工作容积） 末位数字：企业自定序号 一．发动机基本结构与原理单元 1、四冲程内燃机中各行程是什么？各有什么作用？（P22） 进气行程：汽油机将空气与燃料先在气缸外部的化油器中混合，形成可燃混合气后被吸入气缸 压缩行程：为了能够使吸入的可燃混合气能迅速燃烧，以产生较大的压力，从而增加发动机输出功率作功行程：高温高压燃气推动活塞从上止点向下止点运动，通过连杆使曲轴旋转并输出机械能 排气行程：可燃混合气燃烧后生成的废气，必须从气缸中排出，以便进行下一个工作循环 2、汽车发动机总体结构由哪几大部分组成？（8个）各起什么作用？（P30） 机体组：作为发动机各机构、各系统的装配基体 曲柄连杆机构：将活塞的直线往复运动变为曲轴的旋转运动并输出动力 配气机构：使可燃混合气及时充入气缸并及时将废气从气缸中排除
论中国刑法发展史
论中国刑法发展史 打开历史的卷轴，首先映入我们眼帘的便是泱泱华夏五千年的进程，作为四大文明古国之一的中国，是如何能在沧桑岁月中屹立不倒，是如何能在改朝换代中激流勇进，这一切的一切，终究都逃不过一个“法”字。 法度，是维系一个国家耐以生存的纽带，特别是刑法，更是以铁腕手段促使国家安定统一的法宝。 早在氏族社会时候，刑法的身影便以悄然出现，但那时，无国度一说，刑法便只能作为一种规则存在于社会上，夏商周也并为对其有一个准确的定义。一直到了百家争鸣的春秋战国时期，法家的出现，让底层阶级的人更加深入的了解到刑法。 作为法家代表人物的李斯，最终确是死在了自己所推崇的法度之上，“具五刑，诛三族”，可谓惨兮。 到了唐代，刑法完成了从封闭到开放的转变。朝鲜高丽一代之制，大抵皆仿唐，无论是法典的体系，刑法总规的具体规定，刑法分责罪名的规定，还是在刑法的执行上，近乎相似。日本与中国的交往，随着唐朝的强大日益频繁。公元645年，日本开始学习唐朝的法律文化模式。其中，唐朝对日本关于刑法方面的输出颇重。以至于日本学着也不得不承认，他们的某一部分法律采用了唐律，只不过稍微斟酌国情，改变了下。 1840年鸦片战争，西方列强用坚船利炮轰开了中国的大门，使得中国的社会经济关系，阶级结构和社会主要矛盾，民族矛盾发生了
重要的变化，出于风雨飘摇之中的清王朝统治者为救亡图存，变法自强，开始了一场以“斟酌各国法律”为指导思想的法律活动，中国法律传统向主罚合体，刑法为主转变。刑法的修订遂成为整个清末法律的核心和关键内容。它首次采用了独立的刑法典型式，完全采用西方资产阶级刑法的体例和名称，既实现了刑法分则的民族化，也完成了犯罪类型的现代化。虽据中国国情不能废除死刑，但酌情减少了死罪条目，引导中国刑法在体系上与世界刑法的接轨。在共犯的规定上，完全受大陆法系刑事立法例与刑法理论的影响，采用了正犯，片面共犯，过失共犯等诸多中国传统刑法没有的概念，在刑事制裁体系上，参照世界通例，使刑事制裁体系符合了当时的世界潮流。 新中国成立以后，虽然一直强调从中国的实际国情出发，但也学习苏联刑事立法方面的经验。以此便有了“刑法是保护一定统治阶级利益的工具，是统治阶级进行斗争的武器。” 我国刑法的目地和一切剥削者国家刑法的目地是完全不同的，一切剥削者国家适用刑法只有惩罚一个目地，我国刑法的目地是惩罚和教育，，符合广大人民的利益。 中国的刑法越来越趋向于国际化，无论是唐朝对朝鲜，日本的法律输出，还是晚清对各国刑法体制的吸收，都说明刑法的国际化离不开国家间的相互交往，只有开放的国际环境，才能促成中国刑法体制的改革更新。当下中国正在进行的刑法国际化建设，也面临着学习与移植的对象选择问题，比如说向说学习，俄罗斯还是西方列
七年级数学线段的长短比较
第2课时线段的长短比较 要点感知 1 比较两条线段的长短，我们可用刻度尺分别测量出_____来比较大小，或把其中的一条线段移到________作比较. 预习练习1-1 若线段AB=3 cm，CD=2 cm，则下列判断正确的是( ) A.AB=CD B.AB＞CD C.AB＜CD D.不能判断 要点感知2 两点之间的所有连线中，线段最短.简单说成：___________.连接两点的线段的_____，叫做这两点间的距离. 预习练习2-1 如图，已知从A地到B地共有五条路，小红应选择第______条路最近，用数学知识解释是因为____________. 要点感知3 仅用_____和_____作图的方法叫尺规作图. 预习练习3-1 如图，已知线段a，借助圆规和直尺作一条线段使它等于3a. 要点感知 4 线段上一点将线段分成相等的两条线段，这个点叫做线段的_____.类似地，还有线段的三等分点、四等分点等. 预习练习4-1 已知点C是线段AB的中点，AB=4，则BC=_____. 知识点1 线段的长短比较 1.七年级一班的同学想举行一次拔河比赛，他们想从两条大绳中挑出一条最长的绳子，请你为他们选择一种合适的方法( ) A.把两条大绳的一端对齐，然后同一方向上拉直两条大绳，另一端在外面的即为长绳 B.把两条绳子接在一起 C.把两条绳子重合，观察另一端情况 D.没有办法挑选 2.如图所示，已知线段AD＞BC，则线段AC与BD的关系是( ) A.AC＞BD B.AC=BD C.AC＜BD D.不能确定 知识点2 线段基本事实及两点间的距离 3.把弯曲的河道改直，能够缩短航程，这样做的道理是( ) A.两点之间，射线最短 B.两点确定一条直线 C.两点之间，线段最短 D.两点之间，直线最短 4.若点B在线段AC上，AB=10，BC=5，则A，C两点的距离是( ) A.5 B.15 C.5或15 D.不能确定 知识点3 尺规作图 5.已知线段a，b，c，借助圆规和直尺作线段AD，使AD=a+b-c.
《自动变速器造构造与维修》期末考笔试试卷
10秋汽修《自动变速器造构造与维修》期末考试卷 姓名：学号：成绩： 一、判断题：（将正确的打“√”，错误的打“×”填到相应的表格内）（每题1 1 2、P档可做为手制动器的辅助制动器，而不可代替手制动器。（） 3、单向离合器失效表现为在两个方向都能自由旋转，则反映出汽车低速时加速性能减弱。（） 4、液力变矩器式变速器的换档规律是唯一的，由结构决定。（） 5、若行星架作为被动件，则它的旋转方向和被动件同向。（） 6、自动变速箱的摩擦系数不同，所以ATF油不同，不能混用。（） 7、要挂R位或P位时，一定要在汽车停稳以后进行。否则，会损坏变速器中的换挡执行元件或停车锁止机构。（） 8、如果电控自动变速器有故障，而手动换挡试验正常，说明故障在自动变速器的液压控制系统或换挡执行元件。（） 9、主调压阀一般能够随转速的变化调节油压。（） 10、典型的行星齿轮变速器有辛普森式、拉维娜式、CR—CR式。（） 11、自动变速器就是无极变速器。（） 12、自动变速器中的齿轮都是行星齿轮。（） 13、没有电子控制系统的不可能都是是自动变速器。（）t 14、无极变速器换挡时车速可以连续改变。（） 15、泵轮与液力变矩器克体相连而涡轮与变速器输入轴相连。（） 16、涡轮转速在一般情况下低于泵轮转速。（） 17、失速转速一般在800——900转。（） 18、液力变矩器的锁止往往发生在转速较高时。（） 19、离合器钢片在连接时会随鼓转动而制动器钢片或制动带任何时候都不转。（） 20、自动变速器中摩擦片表面有油会打滑。（） 二、给相应的名词找出正确的答案，按序号填入相应的表格内（每题1分共10 1、AT A、手动变速器 2、CVT B、电控自动变速器 3、EAT C、无级变速器 4、MT D、自动变速器 5、SPORT E、经济模式 6、ECONOMY F、动力模式 7、NORMAL G、雪地模式
关于我国刑法属地原则的理解、适用及立法完善
关于我国刑法属地原则的理解、适用及立法完善 作者：陈忠林 我国《刑法》第6 条第一款规定：“凡在中华人民共和国领域内犯罪的，除法律有特别规定外，都适用本法。”根据我国刑法学界的通说，该款即我国刑法空间效力属地原则的规定，正确理解我国刑法中的属地原则，实际上包括三个方面的内容：即如何理解《刑法》第6 条第一款中的“中华人民共和国领域”，哪些属于该款中中提到的“法律有特别规定的”情况，以及如何认定“在中华人民共和国领内犯罪”。鉴于我国刑法学界对这几个问题的解释，多有与我国参与的有关国际条约、我国国际法学界以及刑法规定本身内在逻辑相悖，或者不甚清楚的地方，笔者愿谈一些自己的看法，望能得到学界同仁的指正。 一如何理解《刑法》第6条第一款中的“中华人民共和国领域” 在如何理解“中华人民共和国领域”上，我国刑法学界的分歧主要表现在对《刑法》第6条第二款的规定，即在我国船舶、航空器和驻外使领馆内发生的犯罪是否属于我国领域，是否属于我国刑法属地原则适用范围的问题上。 从刑法效力角度看，在我国船舶、航空器和驻外使领馆内发生的犯罪涉及到两个不容混淆的问题：一是在我国登记的船舶、航空器和驻外使领馆内发生的犯罪应否适用我国刑法；二是对在我国的船舶、航空器和驻外使领馆内发生的犯罪是否应根据属地原则适用我国刑法。对前者的回答必须以我国刑事管辖权的范围为基础，而对后者的回答则只能以我国领域的范围为据。这二者的区别在于：一国的刑事管辖权是一个没有地域限制的概念，因为一国的刑事管辖权不仅包括属地管辖，而且也包括属人管辖、保护管辖、普遍管辖和专属管辖（后面我们将看到，这是《联合国海洋法公约》用来表示一国对该国船舶行使管辖的崭新的概念），除属地管辖外，后四种管辖的范围都与特定的地域没有必然的联系；而一国的领域则是一个必须有明确地域界限的概念，因为所谓一国的领域是一个国家能够行使完全排他性主权的地域范围，因而一国的领域只能是“国家主权管辖下的地球表面的特定部分”（注：王献枢主编高等政法院校规划教材《国际法》，第137页。） 目前我国刑法学界通说认为，根据有关国际法规定及国际惯例，应将我国的船舶、航空器和驻外使领馆理解为我国的领域，对在上述空间范围内发生的犯罪应根据属地原则适用我国刑法。笔者认为，我国刑法学界的这一理解，不仅不符合国外刑法学界、我国国际法学界在此问题上的主导性观点，更是违背国际法有关的基本原则，有悖于我国参加的有关国际条约和公约规定的精神。 （一）我国的船舶、航空器不应解释为我国领域 在一国登记注册的船和航空器是否属于该国领域，在国际法中是一个较为复杂的问题。在我国刑法学界，除少数人外（注：参见高铭暄主编《刑法学原理》第一卷，中国人民大学出版社（1994），第296页；李恩慈：《论我国刑法空间效力的立法完善》，见高铭暄主编《刑法修改建议文选》，中国人民大学出版社（1997），第188页。），绝大多数的人都对此持肯定的态度。理由是根据国际惯例，在一国登记的船舶或航空器，不论是民用或军用，不论是国家所有或是私人所有，都是该国的“拟制领土”，旗籍国应对其享有属地管辖权。 从国际法的角度看，将船舶、航空器视为旗籍国的浮动领土，不能说一点都没有依据。因为，尽管我国国际法学界的主流认为认为对船舶、航空器适用旗籍国刑法属于属人管辖（注：王献枢主编高等政法院校规划教材《国际法》第84页。），但是，根据国际法学界“占主导地位学说（有争议！）（惊叹号为原作者所加—笔者），公海上的船舶是船旗国的国土”（注：［德］英戈·冯·文希：《国际法教程》，知识出版社（1997），324页。）。而且我国国际法学界也有人认为，国家属地管辖权中的“属地”“包括一国的领陆、领海、领空，也包括在该国
汽车自动变速器检修期末考试题及答案
学校： 班级： 姓名： 学号： 身份证号：
8、AT 中常用电磁阀的作用主要 有 、 和 等。 9、在液力变矩器中发生油流形式是 二、判断题 ：（每题 2 分，共计 30 分） 1、太阳齿轮、齿圈和行星齿轮三者的 旋转轴线是重合的。（ ） 2、根据换档工况的需要，自动变速器 中的单向离合器由液压系统控制其 自由或锁止。（ ） 3、AT 中制动器的作用是把行星齿轮机 构中的某二个元件连接起来形成一 个整体共同旋转。（ ） 4、AT 的制动器能把行星齿轮机构中元 件锁止，不让其旋转。（ ） 5、AT 的离合器的自由间隙是利用增减 离合器片或钢片的片数进行调整 的。（ ） 6、在自动变速器中使用数个多片湿式 制动器，为使其停止运作时油缸排油迅速，其油缸内设置单向阀钢 珠。（ ） 7、自动变速器中的离合器以机械方式进行运作控制的。（ ） 8、油泵在工作时产生泄漏是与输出油压有关。（ ） 9、AT 的内啮合式齿轮泵是靠液力变矩 器的输出轴驱动的。（ ） 10、AT 的内啮合式齿轮泵的内齿是不 旋转的。（ ） 11、AT 的内啮合式齿轮泵的排量取决于齿轮齿形及偏心距的大小。（ ） 12、在有四个前进档的自动变速器 中，在超速行星排设置单向离合器 的作用是换档运作本身的需要。 （ ） 13、由于行星齿轮机构处于常啮合状 态，故动力传输不会产生齿轮间冲 击。 （ ） 14、在液力变矩器中，由于导轮的作 用，使泵轮的转矩增大。（ ） 15、自动变速器中，换档离合器是装 于转轴上的。（ ） 三、单选题 ：（每题 2 分 1愈大，则（ ）。 A 、输出转矩愈大； B 、输出转矩愈小； C 、效率愈高； D 、输出功率 愈大。 2、液力变矩器的锁止电磁阀的作用是当车速升到一定值后，控制油液能把（ ）锁为一体。 A 、泵轮和导轮； B 、泵轮和涡 轮； C 、泵轮和单向离合器； D 、涡轮和导 轮。 3、在输出轴处于增矩状态下，液力变 矩器中的导轮处于（ ）状态。 A 、自由； B 、锁止； C 、与涡轮同速； D 、与泵轮 同速。
4.3 线段的长短比较
4.3 线段的长短比较 一．选择题（共4小题） 1．（2018?滨州）若数轴上点A、B分别表示数2、﹣2，则A、B两点之间的距离可表示为（） A．2+（﹣2）B．2﹣（﹣2）C．（﹣2）+2 D．（﹣2）﹣2 2．（2017?随州）某同学用剪刀沿直线将一片平整的银杏叶剪掉一部分（如图），发现剩下的银杏叶的周长比原银杏叶的周长要小，能正确解释这一现象的数学知识是（） A．两点之间线段最短 B．两点确定一条直线 C．垂线段最短 D．经过直线外一点，有且只有一条直线与这条直线平行 3．（2016?宜昌）如图，田亮同学用剪刀沿直线将一片平整的树叶剪掉一部分，发现剩下树叶的周长比原树叶的周长要小，能正确解释这一现象的数学知识是（） A．垂线段最短 B．经过一点有无数条直线 C．经过两点，有且仅有一条直线 D．两点之间，线段最短 4．（2015?新疆）如图所示，某同学的家在A处，书店在B处，星期日他到书店去买书，想尽快赶到书店，请你帮助他选择一条最近的路线（）
A．A→C→D→B B．A→C→F→B C．A→C→E→F→B D．A→C→M→B 二．填空题（共3小题） 5．（2019?日照）如图，已知AB＝8cm，BD＝3cm，C为AB的中点，则线段CD的长为cm． 6．（2019?聊城）数轴上O，A两点的距离为4，一动点P从点A出发，按以下规律跳动：第1次跳动到AO的中点A1处，第2次从A1点跳动到A1O的中点A2处，第3次从A2点跳动到A2O的中点A3处，按照这样的规律继续跳动到点A4，A5，A6，…，A n．（n≥3，n是整数）处，那么线段A n A的长度为（n≥3，n是整数）． 7．（2017?桂林）如图，点D是线段AB的中点，点C是线段AD的中点，若CD＝1，则AB ＝． 三．解答题（共2小题） 8．（2017?河北）在一条不完整的数轴上从左到右有点A，B，C，其中AB＝2，BC＝1，如图所示，设点A，B，C所对应数的和是p． （1）若以B为原点，写出点A，C所对应的数，并计算p的值；若以C为原点，p又是多少？ （2）若原点O在图中数轴上点C的右边，且CO＝28，求p． 9．（2016?安徽）如图，河的两岸l1与l2相互平行，A、B是l1上的两点，C、D是l2上的两点，某人在点A处测得∠CAB＝90°，∠DAB＝30°，再沿AB方向前进20米到达点E （点E在线段AB上），测得∠DEB＝60°，求C、D两点间的距离．