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评价理论在英文影视语篇翻译中的应用研究

评价理论在英文影视语篇翻译中的应用研究
评价理论在英文影视语篇翻译中的应用研究

评价理论在英文影视语篇翻译中的应用研究

摘要:本文以影视语篇分析为切入点,分析英文影视语篇翻译中评价理论的应用价值,开拓评价理论的应用领域,并为英文影视语篇翻译寻找到一个新的视角。评价理论是语言学家Martin以系统功能语言学的话语基调理论为基础建立起来的,主要关注用于协调社会关系的语言资源和态度表达。为了论证评价理论对影视翻译的应用价值,本文选取美剧《绝望的主妇》的部分影视文本为语料,通过分析本文发现:在对语篇的人际情感意义有了一个宏观判断的基础上,译者能更好的领悟原文,贴切的译出文本。

关键词:评价理论;影视语篇;翻译

一.引言

影视作品的翻译是翻译领域的一个重要分支。“影视语言既含一般文学语言的要素。但也有自身的特点:聆听性,综合性,瞬间性,通俗性和无注性”(钱绍昌,2001)。为了准确传递信息同时处理好其中的文化因素,必须根据情况灵活运用增译删译等翻译技巧。但在翻译实践中,往往会出现评价标度不一致而未能准确传达源语信息的情况。

评价理论,是系统功能语言学人际意义研究的扩展,它关注语篇中可以协调的各种态度,已经被运用到多种文本的语篇分析中去,但在影视语篇的翻译中的运用较少涉及。

二.理论框架

Halliday的系统功能观开拓了研究者识解语篇意义的视野,但该理论有其自身的不足。作为补充,以马丁为首的语言学家发展了评价理论。评价系统主要研究说话者通过语言赋予语言对象的价值意义(王振华,2001:14),“评价是任何语篇意义的一个核心部分,任何对语篇的人际意义的分析都必须涉及其中的评价”(Thompson,1996/2000:65)。

影视作品作为大众传媒,其社会效应是无可估量的。然而,在学术领域内,电影翻译研究却颇受冷落。我国著名影视翻译界学者钱绍昌教授曾撰文指出:“翻译界对影视翻译的重视远不如文学翻译。”而这“与影视翻译的社会作用不相称。这一现象亟应引起翻译界的注意。”(钱绍昌,2000)鉴于此,本文拟从语言的角度来探讨电影翻译。

三.运用评价理论进行文本分析

(一)语料选择与分析方法

笔者将对语料运用评价理论分析,深入挖掘影视作品中人物实现其人际意义的资源,对评价理论下的各子系统在语篇中的分布状况、所占的比例等进行数据统计,通过定性及定量分析研究,从而更科学的说明作品实现人际意义的手段与激发观众情感的高明之处,通过分析评价意义的分布进而探讨翻译过程中的借鉴价值。

(二)评价分析

在词汇语法层面构建评价意义可以先从态度系统中情感、判断和鉴赏等资源分析,还应注意到态度的发出者和被评价者。下面的样本中笔者选取《绝望的主妇》剧中片段中20个评价个体并用表格列出各项变量(见表一)。

表一.评价性词语分析表

本文选取片段为女主妇Gabrielle Solis对于邻居Lee的严格教育方式不满而对其评头论足。可以看出对话中评价语的来源85%为Gabrielle Solis,被评价者多数为Lee。而这位自以为是的主妇对于自己的词语多数是积极态度,而通过负面态度词汇表达了她的不满,希望对方改变教育方式。在态度评价中25%的是情感,30%的是鉴赏而判断占45%,这说明Gabrielle Solis在说服对方,证明自己观点时较多的对行为的评估。判断和鉴赏是体制化的感情,判断对应对应该怎么做---即“建议”中的感情的再加工,其中有些建议已被作为正式的规章制度。(Martin&White,2005:2)

(三)译例分析

3.1译文的评价意义与原文一致

译者忠实于原文则表现出与原作者的评价标度一致,忠实的再现文中的思想观点。

例如,

Lee:Well,this should be interesting.Two different parenting philosophies and a talent show to prove which one of us is right.,in front of hundreds of people.

Gabrielle:Yes,will it be the overbearing,hypercritical father or the loving mom who still looks hot in these sweats?

Lee:那一定很有意思,两种不同的教育理念由一场才艺表演来决定谁对谁错,当着几百人的面

Gabrielle:好,那是傲慢苛求的父亲取胜呢还是穿着运动衫也身材火辣的慈母?

文中斜体部分标出的overbearing、hypercritical、loving、hot都是表述说话人社会评判的判断。Overbearing和hypercritical都为负面的判断,而译文中也同样采用“傲慢苛求”这

样的负面表达与原文一致;loving和hot都为正面的判断,译文在判断上依然是“身材火辣”“慈祥”这样的正面表达。在译文中,这种评价意义一致的现象较为普遍。

3.2译文的评价意义与原文不一致

“译者首先是读者,他从读者的角度按照自己所确立的认知世界的价值标准对其做出了判断,从而做了这样的解读和翻译”(王寅,2007:590)。事实上我们发现译文中很多地方会增加或删除了部分内容,这是译者能在使用语言成功的转达原作者的意图的同时,也帮助译文读者的理解。

3.2.1译文增加了原文中没有的评价意义

评价涉及说话人的主观意旨和态度,而在翻译过程中译者需要体会说话人的态度,并通过自己的灵活处理,有时是增加一些评价意义。

例1.Sometimes being a friend requires you to lie.

有时候朋友间需要善意的谎言。

例2.We have a connection,Bree,and you know it.

咱俩心有灵犀的,布里,你明白。

例1中lie是一个负面情感词汇,按原文直译会导致歧义与语境情节不符。译者需增译“善意的”消除歧义,虽然增加原文没有的评价意义,却达到主旨上的忠实。

例2中connection表“联系”之意时评价词语属于偏中性的表达。在译文中,除保留“联系”的语义还应该增加强势(force),“心有灵犀”这样的译文符合语境,传达主人公的情感,同时增强语气与上下连贯。

3.2.2译文改变了原文的评价意义类型

有时原文中出现的评价类型在译文中根据语义有所改变,由其他的评价类型或是由同一评价类型中不同的次类型体现。

例如,

I mean,Paul’s a smart guy.He wouldn’t pull a stunt like this unless he thought he could get away with it.

保罗很狡猾。除非他肯定自己能成功,否则他是不会耍这个花招的。

“聪明”和“狡猾”都是判断评价类型,但表达正负意义不同,导致不同的态度取向。剧中保罗这个角色是遭人们厌恶的形象,所以“smart”这个正面的能力判断评价变为负面意义。这样既保证传达原文的主旨又便于观众的理解,表达人物有前后一致的态度评价。

3.2.3隐含评价意义处理

评价意义不只可以通过词汇语法等方式表达出来,有些通过间接的方式表达,称之为“引发”(invocation),以区别直接的态度“铭刻”(inscription)。“引发”主要包括“激发”(provoke)和“邀请”(invite),其中“邀请”包括“旗示”(flag)和“致使”(afford)(Martin&White2005:61-91)。

在影视语篇中时常会出现隐含意义的表达,作为译者考虑到观众的理解,可以进行处理,由“隐性”变为“显性”

例如,

You are the very milk of human kindness.

你可真是大善人啊。

原文用了具体形象的名词(milk,human kindness)表达了说话者的态度情感。我们发现milk具有很多形象意义,例如:营养、美味、白皙等,当其与human kindness一起出现时人们会有美好的联想,从而理解说话人的态度,摒弃了其他的语义,构成隐性的社会约束。译文中采用具体形象所引申出来的抽象评判词汇:大善人,表达评价意义。由具体的名物转译为抽象的评价结果,从而完成了由隐性转向显性的过程。

四.结语

本文从评价理论的态度系统出发,以美国影视作品《绝望的主妇》中部分语料为例,探讨影视语篇翻译中人际意义的构建,为影视语篇翻译提供了一个新的视角,译者在翻译过程中可以参照语篇价值取向,并结合译语的特点对原文的评价意义做出灵活处理。同时进一步验证了人际功能理论中评价系统的实用性及其强大的阐释力,为影视文学解读和翻译实践提供一定的启示。

*本文为“江西师范大学研究生创新基金项目”资助论文

*本文为2011年度教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目一般项目(批准号:11YJC740039)资助论文。

参考文献:

[1]Halliday,M.A.K.1994.An Introduction to Functional Grammar(2nd ed.)[M].London:Arnold.

[2]Martin,J.R.and P.R.R.White.2005.The Language of Evaluation:Appraisal in English[M]. London/New York:Palgrave/Macmillan.

[3]Martin,J.R.&D.Rose.2003.Working with Discourse[M].London&New York: Continuum.

[4]Thompson,G..1996/2000.Introducing Functional Grammar[M].London:Arnold../Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.

[5]钱绍昌,影视翻译----翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领域[J].北京:中国翻译,2001.(1)

[6]王寅,认知语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007.

[7]王振华,评价系统及其运作---系统功能语言学的新发展[J].上海:外国语,2001.

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