大学英语B2备课笔记 Unit 2

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新世纪大学英语第二册备课笔记

Unit Two: Optimism and Positive Thinking

Section One: Warm up

1.Are you an optimist or a pessimist?

Task 1: Look at the following picture. What do you see?

Oral Discussion: Sit in groups of threes or fours and discuss the following questions.

1)How do you feel about your present life?

2)Are you in a bad mood sometimes? If so, why?

3)Do you know how to keep yourself in a good mood?

4)How do youreact to difficulties in life? Can you give an example?

5)Do you think optimism is the key to a happy and better life?

Section Two: Quotes

Study the following quotes about personality and see if you accept the ideas expressed in the quotes.

⊙Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.

─Victor Hugo

⊙What seems to us as bitter trials are often blessings in disguise (伪装).

─Oscar Wilde ⊙A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the opportunity in every difficulty.

─Winston Churchill ⊙Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence.

─Helen Keller Background: information:

About Victor Hugo:

Victor Hugo : French writer of poems, plays, and novels. Two of his most famous novels, Notre Dame de Paris (《巴黎圣母院》); in English also called The Hunchback of Notre Dame (《钟楼怪人》) and Les Misérables(《悲惨世界》), have been made into films, and Les Misérables has also been made into a famous musical (音乐剧).

About Oscar Wilde:

Oscar Wilde/5CskE(r) waIld/ (1854-1900): Irish writer of poems, stories, and especially humorous plays. He is best known for his play The Importance of Being Earnest and for his novel The Picture of Dorian Gray.

About Winston Churchill:

Winston Churchill/5wInst E n 5tF\:tFIl/ (1874-1965): British politician who was Prime Minister during most of World War II and again from 1951 to 1955. He is still remembered and admired by most British people as a great leader who made possible Britain?s v ictory in the war. About Helen Keller:

Helen Keller/5helEn 5kelE(r)/ (1880-1968): US writer known especially for the way she learned to speak and write after becoming blind and deaf as a baby. She greatly helped blind and deaf people by collecting money, making speeches, and trying to change people?s attitudes. She was the subject of a famous book and film about her life called The Miracle Worker (《奇迹创造者》).

Section Three: Read and Explore

Text A

Part I :Text A can be divided into three parts. Now write down the paragraph numbers of each part and then give the main idea of each in one or two sentences.

▆Answers for Reference:

Part Paragraph(s) Main Idea

One1-3 It is necessary to choose optimism to shape our outlook and

expectations.

Two

4-7 The author illustrates the effect ofnegativism through his

own experience.

Three

8-10 The author suggests that we direct our attention to positive

and constructive thinking rather than to negativism.

Part II: In-depth Study

Key Words and Expressions for Text A

reverse n.

[(of)] the opposite; the other way round [常与of连用]相反

e. g.If you tell these naughty children to do something, they will often just do the exact reverse.

He did the reverse of what we expected: instead of being angry, he bought us a drink.

他所做的和我们的预料正相反——他非但没有生气，反而请我们喝酒。

in reverse

in the opposite way to normal or to the previous situation; vice versa 反过来；反之亦然

e. g.The secret number is my phone number in reverse.

To stop the engine you repeat the same procedures, but in reverse.

若想停下引擎，则重复相同的步骤，但要以相反的顺序。

shape vt.

influence and fix the course or form of 影响（……的形态等）；决定（进程等）

e. g. She had a leading role in shaping the party?s policy.

It is said that childhood experiences can shape a person?s character.

据说童年经历能影响一个人的性格。

curse vi. & vt.

express a wish that great misfortune will happen to (sb.), esp. by calling on magical powers 诅咒

e. g.People in many cultures believe witch doctorshave the power to bless or curse their lives.

She cursed him for ruining her life.

她诅咒他，说他毁了她一生。

perspective n.

[(on)]the way in which a situation or problem is judged, so that (proper) consideration and importance is given to each part [常与on连用]（观察问题的）视角

e. g.The novel is written from a child?s perspective.

The new evidence put an entirely different perspective on the case.

新的证据使我们要从完全不同的视角来看待这个案子。

view vt.

[esp. (as, with)]consider; regard; think about [尤与as或with连用]考虑，看，认为

e. g.They try to view the situation objectively.

They viewed the future with some expectation.

他们怀着某种期待看未来。

Collocations:

view sth. as sth. 把……看作……

view sth. from sth. 从……角度来看待……

view sth. / sb. from a … perspective

think about sth. or sb. in a particular way 从……视角来看待某事或某人

e. g. Your point can be viewed from both the woman?s perspective and the m an?s.

If we view the problem from a different perspective, a solution may become more obvious.

假如我们从另一个视角考虑这个问题，或许会更容易找到解决办法。

highlight vt.

pick out (sth.) as an important part; throw attention onto 使……显著[突出]，使注意力集中于e. g.These figures clearly hightlight the differences in living standards between the two areas.

The report on the accident highlights the need for considerable improvements in safety.

事故报告强调了提高安全的重要性。

slip over

neglect; omit 忽视，忽略；遗漏

e. g.Don?t slip over the important issue.

I?m sorry I completely slipped over his birthday.

很抱歉，我完全忽略了他的生日。

by choice

because one has chosen; as a result of choosing; because of wanting to 出于自己选择地，凭爱好

e. g. Everything we do, we do by choice; and every choice we make, we make for a reason.

I didn?t have to work all weekend — I did it by choice.

我并不是非得整个周末都工作，我是自己选择这样做的。

by nature

as a result of inherent qualities; innately 出于本性地，天生地

e. g. He is by nature a very happy individual; he seems to have been born with a smile on his lips.

It?s not in her nature to be rude; she?s polite by nature.

她生性并不粗野，倒是很有礼貌。

live through

remain alive during and in spite of (a difficult or dangerous period) 活过；经过（困难、危险）之后仍活着

e. g. We were all sad to learn that the old man is in a critical condition and may not live through the winter.

He lived through two world wars.

他经历了两次世界大战。

crisis n.

a point or moment of great danger, difficulty, or uncertainty 危机；紧要关头

e. g.We need someone who can stay calm in a crisis.

Relations between the two countries have reached crisis point.

两国关系已经达到出现危机的地步。

Collocations:

cause/stir up a crisis 引起危机

lead to a crisis 导致危机

overcome/settle a crisis 解决危机

in a crisis 处于危机当中

when all is said and done

when everything is considered or explained; after all 结果，说到底，归根结底；毕竟，终究e. g.When all?s said and done, he?s only a kid and should be excused for his wrongdoing.

When all is said and done, she was a most remarkable woman with a strongcharacter.

归根结底，她是个非常出色的女士，性格坚强。

feed on / upon

(of a feeling, etc.) become stronger because of; (esp. of an animal or baby) eat（感情等）因……变得更强烈；（尤指动物或婴孩）吃，以……为食

e. g. Our memory is limited, but our imaginationis unlimited, and it feeds on optimism and hope.

His self-confidence fed on encouragement from his father.

由于有了父亲的鼓励，他的自信心更强了。

CF: feed, nourish, nurture & supply

这些动词均含有“供养、提供、抚养”之意。

feed普通用词，含义广泛。既可指给人或动物提供食物，又可指给植物以养料或为机器等加燃料等。例如：

* The farmer?s wife feeds cattle and sheep every morning.

nourish指提供生长、健康或维持生存所必需的食物或养料，尤指用促进生长的营养品。句中事物名称往往做该动词的主语。例如：

* Milk, eggs, and meat nourish the bodies of growing boys and girls.

nurture表示在幼儿、幼苗的成长过程中予以细心的照料、保护或者可以指帮助计划、想法、感情等发展。例如：

*We want to nurture the new project, not destroy it.

supply表示提供所需物品。例如：

*Most large towns are supplied with electricity.

练习：1. Milk, eggs, and meat the bodies of growing boys and girls.

2. It is mother?s du ty to her children.

3. Most large towns are with electricity.

4. The farmer?s wife cattle and sheep every morning.

5. We want to the new project, not to destroy it.

odd a.

different from what is ordinary or expected; unusual 奇特的，古怪的，异常的

e. g. It?s odd of her to dash away without so much as saying goodbye.

It?s very odd that she didn?t reply to our letter.

很奇怪，她没有回我们的信。

CF: strange, odd, peculiar & curious

这些形容词均含有“奇怪的，奇异的，新奇的、好奇的”之意。

strange是普通常用词，含义广泛，指陌生新奇的、奇怪的人或物。例如：

*The doctor thought her strange behavior was caused by stress.

odd通常指不同寻常或者出乎意料之外的人或事物，往往令人困惑或感到奇怪。例如：*He is rather an odd man.

peculiar常指因为觉得陌生或者不熟悉而感到有点奇怪。例如：

*This food has got a peculiar taste.

curious通常指非常奇特从而能引起人们的好奇心。例如：

*It is a curious fact that he never works but has plenty of money.

figure out

come to understand or discover by thinking 理解，想出

e. g.It took Wyler a couple of days to figure out what had happened.

We still haven?t figure d out how to do it.

我们仍想不出怎么去做这件事。

disgusting a.

extremely unpleasant and making one feel sick 令人作呕的；令人厌恶的，讨厌的

e. g.Smoking is really a disgusting habit.

I can?t bear the disgusting food in that restaurant.

我受不了那家餐馆那令人作呕的食物。

observation n.

[C; U] an action of noticing or watching 观察，注意，监视

e.g. Most information was collected by direct observation of the animals?behaviour.

He left by the back door to escape observation.

他从后门溜走了，以免被人注意到。

Collocations:

keep/place sb. under observation 监视某人；观察某人

be under observation 受到监视；被观察

accomplish vt.

succeed in doing; finish successfully 完成（任务等）；做成功

e. g.What exactly do you hope to accomplish this year?

She?s accomplished a great deal in the last few weeks.

在过去几周里，她完成了相当多的工作。

CF: accomplish, achieve, fulfill & complete

这些动词均含有“完成”之意。

accomplish指经过艰苦的努力之后成功地完成了规定的工作、计划、任务等，侧重达到预期目的的整个过程。例如：

*They accomplished the difficult task assigned to them.

achieve指通过持续的努力而完成或实现某事，特别强调由于非常努力以及克服困难后达到目的。例如：

*It is more difficult for a woman to achieve success in modern society.

fulfill指达到预定的目标，如计划的完成、职责的履行、诺言的实现、任务的完成等，侧重于完成心愿或者尽义务的意思。例如：

*Brown was a brilliant musician but he had never fulfilled his early promise.

complete指完成一件指派或预定的任务，或完善、完整未完成的部分，一般指经过比较长的时间以后完成了任务。例如：

*The construction work of the new steel plant has already been completed.

make a difference

have an important effect or influence 有很大影响或关系，很重要

e. g. The rain did make a difference to the game.

When you?re learning to drive, having a good teacher makes a difference.

学习驾驶时，如有一位好教员指导，效果大不相同。

raise vt.

collect together 筹集；召集

e. g.They hope to raise $1 million to buy land.

We made an appeal to raise money for victims of the disaster.

我们呼吁为灾民筹款。

in terms of …; in … terms

from the point of view of 从……观点来看，从……角度来讲

e. g.The job is great in terms of salary, but it has its disadvantages.

The book has been well reviewed, but in terms of actual sales it hasn?t been very successful.

这本书获得了好评，但是从实际销售情况来看，它并不太成功。

address vt.

try to solve 着手解决

e. g.We did not expect that the project should fully address issues of this kind.

He ignored the side issues and addressed himself to the main problem.

他抛开枝节问题，着手解决主要问题。

criticize vt.

[(for)] judge with disapproval; point out the faults of [常与for连用]批评；指责

e. g.Ron does nothing but criticize and complain all the time.

The report strongly criticizes the police for failing to deal with this problem.

报告强烈批评警方没有处理好这一问题。

result in

have as a result; cause 导致，造成

e. g. This move will eventually result in the loss of a lot of jobs.

The accident resulted in the death of two passengers.

这起事故导致两名乘客丧生。

benefit vt.

(esp. of an action or event) be useful, profitable, or helpful to （尤指一行动或事件）有益于，有利于，有助于

e. g.Exercise benefits our health.

It?s an expensive investment but it will benefit the company in the long run.

这是一项花费很大的投资，但从长远看来，它对公司有好处。

channel vt.

[(into)] direct towards a particular purpose [常与into连用]把……导向（某一特定目的）；引导；集中；朝向

e. g. We should channel our energy into useful activities.

The famine relief money was channelled through volunteer groups.

饥荒救济金是通过志愿者团体的渠道收集来的。

channel sth. into sth.

direct money, feelings, ideas, etc. towards a particular thing or purpose 把……导向（某一特定目的）

e. g.Women were more likely to be channeled into the lower-paying jobs.

I decided to channel my energy into something useful.

我决定把自己的精力用到有益的事上。

concerned with

having an active personal interest; about 关心的，感兴趣的；与……有关系

e. g.Her job is mainly concerned with sales.

This story is concerned with a Russian family in the 19th century.

这个故事讲的是一个十九世纪俄国家庭的事情。

Grammar In Context

Study the following sentences that appear in this unit. Reflect on the use of “as” and do the following two tasks.

1)When the world is seen as a hopeful, positive place, people are given the power to attempt

and to achieve. (Para. 8, Text A)

2)In fact, without optimism, issues as big and ongoing as poverty have no hope of solution.

(Para. 10, Text A)

As的用法

1．作介词，表示“作为；当作”。如：

As a party member, I must be strict with myself.

He works in the school as a teacher of math.

2．作连词，引导方式状语从句，意为“像；按照”。如：

You must do everything as I asked you to.

3．作连词，引导时间状语从句。意为“当……的时候”。如：

She sings as she walks.

He came just as I reached the door.

4．作连词，引导原因状语从句。如：

You must hurry up as there is little time left.

5．引导让步状语从句，常用于倒装结构。如：

Hard as he worked, he didn?t pass this examination.

Child as he is, he knows a lot.

6．用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句。如：

As we all know, the earth is round.

She has been late again, as was expected.

7．用于一些固定搭配。如：

①as…as…与……相同的程度；与……等同

The dress is twice as expensive as that.

② as if ／as though 似乎；好像

He behaved as if nothing had happened.

He talked as though he were a leader.

③ as well as 同（一样也）；和；还

His landlady provided dinner as well as breakfast.

I cannot do the homework as well as look after the kids.

④such…as像……这样的；such as 例如

I bought a lot of fruits, such as apples, oranges, bananas and so on.

Such simple actions as eating and drinking become difficult.

⑤ as for 至于某人（某事物）

As for you, you ought to be ashamed of yourself.

As for the hotel, it was very uncomfortable.

⑥ as to 关于某事物；提到某事物

As to correcting our homework, the teacher always makes us do it ourselves.

⑦ so as to…以便, 为了

She saved the money so as to support the family.

⑧ as a matter of fact 其实；实际上

As a matter of fact, I?m very fond of housework.

⑨ as a result 结果（发生某种情况）

As a result, he had been given an excellent job.

⑩ as long as 只要

As long as you work hard, you will succeed sooner or later.

Grammatical Explanation：非谓语动词

在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词分为三种形式:不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)。

1）不定式

时态\语态主动被动

一般式to do to be done

完成式to have done to have been done

2）动名词

时态\语态主动被动

一般式doing being done

完成式having done having been done

3）分词

时态\语态主动被动

一般式doing being done

完成式having done having been done

否定形式：not +不定式，not + 动名词，not + 现在分词

不定式是动词的一种非限定形式。不定式没有人称和数的变化，在句中不能单独做谓语。动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，所以它在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。

基本形式：

“to + 动词原形”（有时可以不带to）“to”仅仅是个符号，本身无实义。

动词不定式的句法作用：

一．作主语。如：

To ask him for help is necessary.

但在多数情况下，特别是在口语中，常常用 it 作形式主语，不定式后置。

It is not easy to master a foreign language

二. 作表语。如：

Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.

To see is to believe. （注意：主语是不定式时，表语必须用不定式，不用v-ing）

All you have to do is (to) finish the job quickly. （注意：当主语部分含有动词do 时，作表语的不定式可以省略 to ）

三．作宾语。如：

I expect to see you tomorrow.

She wanted to borrow my dictionary.

能直接跟不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见的有want, like , wish, hope, hate, prefer, manage, try, ask, offer, start, conclude,

demand, prepare, pretend, promise, learn, choose, refuse, expect, desire, agree, care 等等。

四．作定语。

不定式作定语时，通常放在被修饰的名词或代词之后。不定式常和它所修饰的词有动宾关系。如：

I have a lot of work to do. Here are some books for you to read.

She was the first person to think of the idea.

注意：如果不定式是不及物的，它后面就应有必要的介词。如：

He is looking for a room to live in. He use a pen to write with.

She is a very nice person to work with. There is nothing to worry about.

五．作宾语补足语

不定式可以和名词或代词构成复合结构，作动词的宾语，不定式作宾语补足语。

1．用带 to 的不定式作宾语补足语，表示致使、希望、要求、请求、允许、命令等意义，常见的动词有 ask, tell, invite, force, advise, get , beg, allow, want, wish, order, expect, prefer, persuade, teach , warn, request, forbid, cause, permit, oblige(迫使)，encourage, lead, 等等。如：Mother told me to come back before 10 o?clock.

I?ll get someone to repair the recorder for you.

What caused him to change his mind?

I wish you to come as soon as possible.

( 注意 hope虽有“希望”的意思，但其后不能用不定式作宾补, 不能说： hope sb. to do sth ) 2．不定式不用带 to 的动词有：感官动词（see, hear, feel, watch, notice, observe）、使役动词（have, let, make ）、及动词词组 listen to , look at 后的宾语补足语。如：

I often hear them sing this song.

I saw her put her hands into the pockets.

注意：当这类动词转为被动语态时，其后的不定式则要加上“to”如：

They were made to wait for two hours.

六．不定式作状语

1．表示目的。如：

He went home to see his parents. To get the best result, use clean water.

不定式作目的状语，还可用 in order to , so as to 引起（in order to 可放在句首，而 so as to 不能放在句首）

In order to arrive before dark, we started early.

He decided to work harder in order to (so as to ) catch up with the others.

2. 表示结果。如：

He returned to his bedroom to find everybody gone.

What have I said to make you so excited?

常见的表结果的句式有：

1）so…. as to… , such …as to …

He was so angry as to be unable to speak.

We are not such fools as to believe him.

2) … enough (for sb.) to …,too…to…

This book is easy enough for me to read.

He is too young to join the army.

3) only to…（常表示未曾料到的结果）

They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.

I went to see him only to find him out.

3．表示原因（与表示目的时形式相似，要根据句意判断）如：

We jumped with joy to hear the news.

She was surprised to see how angry Mary was.

I?m sorry to have to say good-bye to you. He is anxious to see her.

4．不定式作条件状语、方式状语

To hear him talk, you would think he owned the whole world.

听他谈话，你会以为他拥有整个世界。

She opened her lips as if to speak. 她张开嘴唇，仿佛要说话似的。

动词不定式的时态用法：

1．不定式的一般式

与谓语动词表示的动作同时或是在谓语动词之后发生。如：

We are glad to see you again. （同时发生）

They invited us to go there this summer. （之后发生）

2．不定式的完成式

它所表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。

I?m sorry to have given you so much trouble.

He seemed to have bought a new dictionary.

3．不定式的进行式

它用来表示当谓语动词的动作发生时，不定式的动作正在进行。

They are said to be building in that area now.

He pretended to be listening to the teacher attentively.

4．不定式的完成进行式

它表示在谓语动词动作之前已经开始，并一直进行着，到说话时为止，这个动作可能还在继续.

He is said to have been writing the book for ten years.

不定式省略 to 的情况：

1．在某些动词（如：see, watch, hear, notice, observe, feel, listen to , look at, make, let, have ）后作宾语补足语的不定式。

Let me hear you play the piano. / He made them work for a long time.

2．由why 引起的某些问句中

Why turn off the gas? Why not open the window?

3．在 had better, would rather, would rather…than, would sooner, would sooner …than,can?t b ut(只好，不得不), do nothing but等结构后面。如：

He cannot but agree. (他不得不同意)

You?d better tell him the truth.

He would rather (sooner) die than surrender. （他宁死不屈）

My mother could do nothing but wait for the doctor to arrive.

在介词 except, but 之后，如果其前有动词 do 的某种形式，不定式一般不带 to ，反之，则须带 to 。如：

There?s nothing to do except( but) wait till it stops raining.

There?s no choice but to wait till it stops raining.

4. 当两个或多个带 to 的不定式由并列连词 and 或 or连接在一起时，第二个及其后的不定式符号to 常可省略。如：

The teacher asked the students to read over the text carefully and (to) write down the important po ints or (to ) put forward questions if there is any.

如果两者有对比关系，则在每个不定式前加to, 不能省略。

They didn?t tell me whether to go on or to stop.

1.The girl is singing a song.

2.The girl singing now is my sister.

3.Singing is one of her hobbies（爱好）。

第一个句子的singing是常见的现在进行式（Present Continuous），是说眼下正在做什么；

第二个句子的singing是现在分词（Present Participle）它把sing这个动词转为形容词。

第三个句子的singing是动名词.

一、名词性的动名词（Nominal Gerund）

名词性的动名词可以加上定冠词或不定冠词，其他可加在动名词前的还有如：my，this，some，any，all，no 等等。举例如下：

1. The mellow（愉快地）singing of the birds announces the coming of spring.（singing 前加定冠词the及形容词mellow；coming 前加the）

2.We knew the robber was near when we heard a faint rustling（沙沙声）in the bushes.（rustling 前加不定冠词a及形容词faint）

从上面的例子可看出如何将一个动词转成名词；但它和真正的名词还是有区别的，那就是没有单数或复数之分。不过，有一些动名词是可以变成真正名词的喔，如：saying，writing，opening，painting，cutting，heading，feeling，being，saving，surrounding，crossing，misunderstanding 等等。它们都可以有复数，方法就是在它们的后面加个s，如：paintings.

二、动词性的动名词（Verbal Gerund）

看看下面的句子：

Carelessly writing essays annoys the teacher.

上面的句子里的writing是动名词，但前面有副词carelessly（粗心地），后面又有受词（Object）essays.因此writing就有动词的特征。

注意：Verbal Gerund 这类动名词的前面可不能加上任何冠词（the，a，an ……）

一、在句子中用作主语（Subject）

Listening to music gives me pleasure.

主语置于句尾的句型

1.1 用It + be + …… +v-ing 句型

1). It is fun speaking English.

2). It is of great importance fighting against pollution（污染）。

1.2用It is 后接no use. no good，fun 等的句型

1). It is no use learning theory without practice.

2). It is no fun being lost in rain.

1.3用It is 后接useless，nice，good，interesting，worthwhile 等的句型

1). It is worthwhile taking this into consideration.

1.3.4 用There + be + no + v-ing 的句型

1). There is no joking about such matters.

2). There is no getting along with him. （简直无法与他相处）

二、动名词作宾语

2.1作动词/动词短语的宾语（置于动词或动词短语的后面）

1). You should avoid quarrelling with your sister.（宾语quarrelling）

这类动词还有：dislike, admit, repent, acknowledge, enjoy, escape, deny, postpone, resent, mind, miss, risk, finish, avoid, delay, consider, fancy, excuse, include, imagine, resist, 还有短语类：keep on, don't mind, cannot help, give up, put off, leave off, burst out ……

2.2作介词（Preposition）的宾语（Object）

1). I'm sorry for giving you so much trouble. （介词for，宾语giving）

2). The book is worth reading. （介词worth，宾语reading）

注意：在下列的句子结构中，介词in 被省略掉：

1). She is busy （in）correcting her exercises.

2). He spent two hours （in）reading book.

3). There is no use （in）talking with him now.

4). Is it any good （in）taking cold water baths？

2.3作"名词+介词"的宾语

1). I have the pleasure of speaking to the famous author. （pleasure of + 宾语speaking）

2). He takes a great interest in studying languages. （interest in + 宾语studying）

这一类"名词+介词"的还有：

danger of, fear of, objection to, delight to, habit of, opportunity for /of, excuse for, experience in, love in reason for…

3）作表语，对主语说明、解释。例如：

Her job is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children. 她的工作是洗刷、清扫和照顾孩子。比较：She is washing, cleaning and taking care of the children.

4）作定语，一般表示所修饰名词事物的用途。例如：

a writing desk=a desk for writing 写字台

a swimming pool=a pool swimming 游泳池

有些动名词作定语，与所修饰的名词关系比较复杂。例如：

boiling point=a temperature point at which something begins to boil 沸点

a walking tractor=a tractor which a driver can operate while he or she is walking behind it 手扶拖拉机

三、句子中动名词的逻辑主语（Implied Subject）

在句子中，除了原有的主语之外，属于动名词的"主语"，也就称为"逻辑主语"，一般位于动名词的前面。

3.1在动名词前加"物主代词（如：my，hi s……）"或"名词所有格（如：Mary's，Dog's……）"

1. His coming here helped us a lot.

2. Tom's escaping from the prison made trouble for the jailer.

3. Do you mind my smoking in the room？

注意：作为逻辑主语的名词/代词为无生命时，则用通格（of the）：

1.I cannot say there is no fear of the news spreading among intimate friends.

3.2在下列情况中，不能使用所有格：

a. 代词为all，both，each，few，several，some，this 等作为逻辑主语时：

I remember all of them saying it .

b. 数词、名词化形容词（如the three，the old……）作逻辑主语时：

In spite of the three telling the same story，I could not believe it.

c. 结构中的逻辑主语是名子或短语，或受从句或短语修饰时：

Is there any chance of the people in the back of the room talking a little louder？

四、动名词的语态

4.1被动式（being + v-ed）

当动名词的逻辑主语所表示的是动作的对象时，动名词要用被动语态。

1. He dislikes being interrupted in his speech.

2. They couldn't stand being treated like that.

4.2完成式（having + v-ed）

动名词的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用完成式。

1. We regret having been unable to inform you of the meeting.

2. The students' having done the work so well made us very happy.

4.3完成式的被动语态（having been + v-ed）

1.I heard of his having been chosen to be the coach of the team.

2.Some of our customers complained of having been treated rudely.

4.4在动词need，want，require，deserve 之后的动名词（作为宾语），要用主动语态来表示被动的意思。

1. The flowers in the garden want watering（需要浇水）。

2. That's one of those questions that really don't need answering（不需回答）。

分词既有动词的特征，由有形容词和副词的特征。分词有现在分词和过去分词两种。现在分词有一般式和完成式，过去分词没有这种区别。及物动词的现在分词还有主动形式和被动形式的区别。分词常用的形式如表所示（以及物动词do 和不及物动词go为例）：

do go

主动被动

现在分词doing being done going

过去分词/ done gone

完成式having done having been done

分词作定语

不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行，过去分词强调完成；及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动，过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时，

也是如此。分词作定语，单个的分词作定语一般前置；分词词组，个别分词如given, left等，修饰不定代词等的分词，作定语需后置。例如：

We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日

He is a retired worker.他是位退休的工人

There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里

This is the question given.这是所给的问题

There is nothing interesting.没有有趣的东西

分词作定语相当于定语从句，如

Most of the people invited to the party were famous scientists.

= Most of the people who were invited to the party were famous scientists.

2 分词作状语

分词作状语，可以表示时间，原因，理由，条件，让步，连续等，相当于一个状语从句。例如：

1) Not receiving any letter from him, I gave him a call.

=As I didn't receive any letter from him, I gave him a call.

2) Given more attention，the trees could have grown better.

=If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.

2.1用作状语的分词和逻辑主语是"主动关系".表示动作和谓语的动作同时发生。

1). David was lying in bed crying.

2). We walked along the banks singing merrily……

2.2现在分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前，要用现在分词完成式

1).Having written the letter，I went out to post it.

2).Having already seen the film twice，she didn…t want to go to the cinema.

2.3用作状语的分词和逻辑主语有"被动关系"，要用过去分词

1).We went home exhausted.

2).Encouraged by my teacher，I decided to work hard.

2.4用作状语的分词和逻辑主语有"被动关系"，也可用被动式的现在分词

1).Having been invited to speak，I'll start making preparations tomorrow.

3 连词+分词（短语）

有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚，可在分词前加连词。连词有：when，while，if though，after, before, as.但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如：

While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the building.

4 分词作表语

表示主语的状态等。例如：

She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭，看上去有些疲倦。

He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。

5 分词作补语

通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。see，watch，hear，set，keep，find，have，get，meet……例如：

1) I found my car missing.我发现我的车不见了。

2) I?ll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。

独立主格结构的构成：

名词（代词）+现在分词、过去分词；

名词（代词）+形容词；

名词（代词）+副词；

名词（代词）+不定式；

名词（代词）+介词短语构成。

独立主格结构的特点：

1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。

2）名词或代词与后面的分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主谓关系。

3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。

例如：

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。

This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

The test finished, we began our holiday. = When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。

The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. = After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow. 总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。

Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。

This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。

The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。

He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。

He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆

with的复合结构作独立主格

表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如：

He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raised.

典型例题

The murderer was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。

A. being tied

B. having tied

C. to be tied

D. tied

答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D.

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