《英语词汇学》知识点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)
Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.
The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：
English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.
The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：
English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology：
According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.
A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules of
word-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.
Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Word（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence
Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”
Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary
Vocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabulary
Classification of English Words：
By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabulary
By notion:content words&functional words
By origin:native words&borrowed words
The basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.
The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):
1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability（相对稳定性）
3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）
没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语）(7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)
Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)
Native Words and Borrowed Words
Native words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in use
Borrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)
4 Types of loan words:
1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))
2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)
3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see (from China)
4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowed
Chapter 2 the development of the English Vocabulary
The Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)
The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）
The Eastern set:
（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc. （2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.
(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.
(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.
The Western set:
(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.
(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.
(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.
(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：
Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.
The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:
1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.
2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections
3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.
Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):
1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)
2)semantic change旧词新义:does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.
3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new words
Reviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.
Chapter 3 Word Formation I
Morpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words Allomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaning
Type of Morpheme(词素的分类)
（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).
（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)
Affixes can be put into two groups:
1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.
2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀）that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.
Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）
Morpheme(词素)
Bound root prefix
bound derivational
affix suffix
inflectional
Root and stem（词根和词干）
The differences between root and stem:
A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.
A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.
Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)
1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.
（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.
1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey)
2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)
3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-，mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)
4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：
arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight
5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear
6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)
7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)
8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)
9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)
(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.
1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixes
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6316768206.html,pounding复合法（also called composition）
Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems
Compounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符
(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)
Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）
（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot
（2）adjective compounds ：e.g. acid + head = acid-head
（3）verb compounds ：e.g. house + keep = housekeep
3.Conversion转类法
Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）
4.Blending拼缀法
Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN
5.Clipping截短法
Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式：
1).Front clippings删节前面(phone from telephone)
2).Back clippings删节后面(dorm from dormitory)
3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)
4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)
6.Acronymy首字母缩写法
Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.
（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)
（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)
7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）
Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It?s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)
8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):
Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）
Chapter 5 Word Meaning
The meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)
Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.
Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.
Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. …The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relat ionships with other expressions in the language.?Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.
1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.
2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.
3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)
4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-feather
Types of meaning(词义的类别)
1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)
2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）
(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)
Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)
1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.
2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.
[4types:
（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)
（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.
（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker?s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative
（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]
Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）
Polysemy（多义关系）
Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:
1.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.
2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.
Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）:
1.radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the
centre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. (e.g: face, neck)
2.concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word move
gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)
3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning.
In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.
4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading to
polysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.
Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.
Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)
1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.
2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)
3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.
Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)
1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)
2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )
3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)
The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.
2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.
3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.
Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.
Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .
Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :
(1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words which
are identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ]
(2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly the
same in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.(e.g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent)
Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :
1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)
2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）
3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用
法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.
4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one?s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.
Discrimination of Synonyms
(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity of
meaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire)
(2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotive
colouring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )
(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference in
usage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do sth.- let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter) Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.
Types of Antonyms:
1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of
intensity like “very” to qualify them . (e.g: single/married)
2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(e.g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.
3)relative terms（关系反义词）：this type consists of relational opposites.（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）
Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):
1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)
2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym
3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）
4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)
The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）
1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.
2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(e.g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友，weal and woe哀乐)
3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)
Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animal
Superordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.
Semantic Field(语义场)
Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.
e.g.(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of …fruits?)
The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.
e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)
Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变
Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.
Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)
1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)
2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It is
a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. In
other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]
3.Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]
4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]
5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.
Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)
1.Extra-linguistic factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):
1) Historical reason(历史原因)：Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. E.g: pen, car, computer.
2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.
3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.
2.Linguistic factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.
1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier
2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast
3)analogy类推:
Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境
Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic and
extra-linguistic contexts.
Two types of context（语境的种类）
1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )
2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：
1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)
2) Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become)
The role of context(语境的作用)
1.Elimination of ambiguity(消除歧义)
1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.
2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity
如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a little
2.Indication of referents(限定所指)
如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal context
3.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)
1)definition
2)explanation
3)example
4)synonymy
5)antonymy
6)hyponymy（上下义关系）
7)relevant details
8)word structure
Chapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语
Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms （俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.
Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）
1.Semantic unity （语意的整体性）：words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literal
meaning of each of the idiom.
2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.
1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced
2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed
3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.
4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeable
The fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯
Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）
1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语(white elephant累赘物)
2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）
3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）
4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）
5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）
Use of idioms（习语的使用）
1.Stylistic features（文体色彩）：
1）colloquialisms（俗语）
2）slang （俚语）
3）literary expressions（书面表达）
The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.
2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩)
1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：
（1）alliteration头韵法
（2）rhyme尾韵法
2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）
（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举[scream and shout] （2）repetition 重复[out and out]
（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置[here and there]
3.figures of speech（修辞格）
（1）simile明喻
（2）metaphor暗喻
（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one?s pen
（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one?s bread
（5）Personification拟人法
（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die)
（7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of trouble
Variations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：
1.addition增加
2.deletion删除
3.replacement替换
4.position-shifting位置转移
5.dismembering分解
Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典
Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.
Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):
1.Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的
(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.
(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, A
Chinese-English D)
2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）
（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的
（2）Encyclopedic dictionary:
1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.
2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia (
3.Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典) （1）Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization,
derived forms, synonyms and homonyms(同音异意)
（2）Desk D: medium-sized [50,000-150,000]
（3）Pocket D: 只有拼写、发音和最重要的意义，很少或者几乎不举例。about 50,000 entries or fewer
4.Specialized dictionaries（专用词典）
concentrate on a particular area of language or knowledge, treating such diverse topics as etymology, synonyms, idioms, pronunciation, usage in language, and computer, engineering, literature and a variety of other subjects.
Use of the dictionaries(词典的使用)
1 read the contents page to find out quickly what information is included in the dictionary
2 read the guide to the use of the dictionary
Content of the dictionary（词典的内容）
1.spelling
2.pronunciation
3.definition
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6316768206.html,age
5.grammar
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6316768206.html,age notes and language notes使用注释和语言注释
7.etymological information词源信息
8.supplementary matter补充事项
9.
Three good general dictionaries （3本常用字典）
1.Longman dictionary of contemporary English (LDCE) new edition(1987)《朗文当代英语词典》新版：特征①clear grammar codes ②usage notes ③language notes
2.Collins COBUILD English language dictionary (CCELD) (1987) 《科林斯合作英语词典》：特征：①definition-in full sentences ②extra column-deal with grammar information ③usage examples-to show its meanings and usages
3.A Chinese-English dictionary (revised edition) (CED)(1995)《汉英字典修订版》：首版1978年。
（1）has an addition of 800 single character entries and of 18000
multi-character entries including catchphrases, sayings and proverbs.
（2）revised some old entries
（3）keeps the previous alphabetical order of entries, which makes the dictionary easy to use
（4）boasts of the quality of the English equivalents it provides for its Chinese items.
学习《英语词汇学》的心得体会
学习《英语词汇学》的心得体会 外语系：张颖
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初一英语基础知识点整理
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小学英语知识点总结
小学英语知识点汇总 一、小学英语形容词性物主代词 1、形容词性物主代词8个： My your his her its our your their 我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他(她、它)们的 2、形容词性物主代词的特点： 1)译成汉语都有"的" eg:my 我的their 他们的2)后面加名词：eg:my backpack his name 3)前后不用冠词a an the This is a my eraser(错误) That is your a pen(错误) It's his the pen(错误)
3、I(物主代词)my you(物主代词)your he (物主代词)her we (物主代词) our 注：在变物主代词时，把原题所给的词加上的，再译成单词就可以了。 二、小学英语名词性物主代词 1、名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词一样有8个： Mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他(她、它)们的 2、名词性物主代词的特点： 1)译成汉语都有"的" 2)后面不加名词3)名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词
Eg:1、the pen is mine 钢笔是我的(mine=my pen) 以上就是小学英语名词性物主代词全文，希望能给大家带来帮助！ 三、小学英语单数的句子变成复数的句子把单数的句子成复数的句子很简单：变法是把能变成复数的词变成复数，但a或an 要把去掉。特殊疑问词、形容词、国家及地点通常不变。 Eg:把下列句子变成复数 1, I have a car ----we have cars 2, He is an American boy. ----They are American boys 3, It is a car ----They are cars
小学英语基本知识点汇总
. 个性化教学辅导教案 学员姓名：任课教师：所授科目：英语 学员年级：上课时间：年月日时分至时分共课时
3.在一般现在时中，句中有be动词或情态动词时，否定句在be动词和情态动词后加not，一般疑问句将be动词或情态动词放在句首。 4.在一般现在时中，句中没有be动词或情态动词时，主语为第三人称单数的否定句在动词前加does+not (doesn’t)，一般疑问句在句首加does，句子中原有动词用原形;主语为非第三人称单数，否定句用do+not (don’t)，一般疑问句在句首加do，句子中动词用原形。 动词+s的变化规则 1.一般情况下，直接加-s，如：cook-cooks, milk-milks 2 .以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾，加-es，如：guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes 3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：study-studies 一般现在时基本用法介绍 【No. 1】一般现在时的功能 1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。 2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。如：I get up at six every day.我天天六点起床。 3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。 一般现在时的构成 1. be动词：主语be(am,is,are) 其它。如： I am a boy.我是一个男孩。 2.行为动词：主语行为动词( 其它)。如： We study English.我们学习英语。 当主语为第三人称单数(he, she,it)时，要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如：Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。 【No. 2】一般现在时的变化 1. be动词的变化。 否定句：主语be not 其它。 如：He is not a worker.他不是工人。 一般疑问句：Be 主语其它。
小学英语知识点汇总(精华版)
小学英语知识点汇总 目录 第一章词汇分类集中复。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。2第二章常用短语汇总。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。5 第一节动词短语。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。5第二节介词短语。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。6 第三节特殊疑问词。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。7 第四节缩写词。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。7 第五节时间词和短语。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。7 第六节常见介词。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。8 第七节时间介词at、on、in的用法。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。8 第三章日常用语。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。8 第一节小学生口语100句。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。8 第二节英语日常用语。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。9 第三节日常用语分类。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。12 第四章主要问句汇总。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。14第五章常用词性。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。17第一节名词。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。17 第二节冠词。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。22 第三节介词。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。27 第六章常见介词（连接词）的用法。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。32 系动词B e的用法。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。32 第二节Do的作用。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。33 第三节介词for的用法。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。34 第四节With的用法。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。34 第五节Some与any的用法。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。35 第六节How many与how much的区别与用法。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。36 第七节H ave和ha s的用法。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。36第八节Do和does的用法。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。36 第七章重要句型。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。37 第一节一般疑问句。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。37 第二节特殊疑问句。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。38
《英语词汇学教程》论文(中文版)
英语词汇学论文(中文版) 单词记忆法细谈 一，读音规则记忆法 它就是按照元音字母、元音字母组合、辅音字母及辅音字母组合在开音节和闭音节的读音规律记忆。例如：ea，ee，er，ir，ur，or分别能发［i：］［：］［：］等。还有些固定的字母组合，例如：ing发［i］，ly发［li］，ty发［ti］和各种前缀、后缀，例如：a-，re-，un-，dis-，im-；-ed，-ing，-ly，-er，-or，-ful，-y等都有其比较固定的发音。掌握了这些规则，记单 词时就不必一个字母一个字母地记忆了。 二.字母变化记忆法 英语单词中以某个单词为基础，加、减、换、调一个字母就成了另一个新单词。具体方法 如下： 1.前面加字母。例如：is/his，ear/near/hear，read/bread 2.后面加字母。例如：hear/heart，you/your，plane/planet 3.中间加字母。例如：though/through，tree/three，for/four 4.减字母。例如：she/he，close/lose，star/tstar 5.换字母。例如：book/look/cook，cake/lake/wake/make/take 6.调字母（即改变字母顺序）。例如：blow/bowl，sing/sign， from/form 三.联想记忆法
在日常生活中可以根据所处的环境，所见到、所摸到的事物，联想相关的英语单词。例如： 打球时联想到：ball，(play)basketball，(play)football，(play)volleyball，playground等等；吃饭时联想到：dining-room，(have)breakfast，(have)lunch，(have)supper等等；睡觉 时联想到：bed，bedroom，gotobed，sleep，gotosleep，fallasleep等等。如果长期坚持下支，效果就会很好。 四.归类记忆法 众所周知，单词本身、单词与单词之间都存在着或多或少的联系，英语词汇中 有许多单词有着其近义词、反义词、一词多义、一词多音、同音词或形音形似词等内 在或外在的联系。因此，记忆单词的主要方法是把单词之间存在的这种联系挖掘归纳 出来，通过对比、对照的方式把学过的单词从各个方面进行归类 1.按词的构造归类 按词跟、前缀、后缀、合成词归类，找出词与词最本质 的联系。这种联系不仅使新词记得快、记得牢、记得久，而 且也同时复习了大量的旧词。合成词，如： schoolbag,school-boy,classroom,football,blackboard,etc. 前缀后缀词，如：unhappy,unhealthy,unfriendly,unlucky,worker,writer,visitor,us
人教版初一英语知识点归纳总结
人教版初一上册英语知识点归纳总结 一、48个国际音标及26个英文字母的正确书写 要熟练掌握元音和辅音，5个元音字母(a, e, i, o, u),字母的正确占格及单词间距。 二、be动词的用法 be动词有三种变形，分别是：am, is, are。记忆口诀： "我"用am, "你"用are, is用于"他、她、它";单数全都用is，复数全部都用are。 三、人称及人称代词的不同形式(主格和宾格) 1、三种人称：第一人称(I, we)，第二人称(you, you)，第三人称(he, she, it, Maria)。 2、人称代词的主格，即人称代词位于句子主语位置时的形态：I, We, You, You, He, She, It, Maria。 3、人称代词的宾格，即人称代词位于句子宾语位置时的形态：me, us, you, you, him, her, it。 4、形容词性物主代词：my, our, your, your, his, her, its, their。 5、名词性物主代词：mine, ours, yours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs。 6、反身代词：myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves。 四、基数词(表示数量多少的词，大致相当于代数里的自然数)
zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three,twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty,seventy, eighty, ninety, one hundred,one hundred and one。 五、一般疑问句及特殊疑问句 1、一般疑问句：能用Yes或No来回答的问句。一般疑问句句尾读升调。 2、特殊疑问句：不能用Yes或No来回答的问句。特殊疑问句句尾读降调。 六、可数名词变复数 可数名词变复数时，有规则变化和不规则变化两种。 1、规则变化： (1)一般情况直接在词尾加"-s "，如：cake-cakes, bag-bags, day-days, face-faces, orange-oranges等; (2)以s, x, sh, ch结尾的词，要在词尾加"-es "，如：bus-buses, watch-watches, box-boxes等; (3)以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加"-es "，如：baby-babies, country-countries, family-families等; (4)部分以f (e)结尾的词，变f (e)为"ves "，如：knife-knives, half-halves 等; (5)以o结尾的词，加"-s "或"-es "，如：zoo-zoos, photo-photos, tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes等。记忆口诀：除了"英雄"hero外，凡是能吃的，加"-es "，不能吃的加"-s "。
小学英语语法知识点汇总(必看)
小学英语语法知识点汇总 一、名词 表示某一事物，有具体的和抽象的之分。分为可数名词和不可数名词。 强调：不可数名词都默认为单数，所以总是用is或者was； 最好不要根据some、any、a lot of等词去作判断，以免受误导。 1、可数名词如何变“复数形式”： a．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds ；读音：清辅音后读[s]，浊辅音和元音后读[z]。 b．以s. x. sh. ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches ；读音：[iz]。 c．以“辅音字母+y”结尾，变y为i, 再加-es，如：family-families, strawberry-strawberries ；读音：[z]。 d．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v, 再加-es，如：knife-knives ，thief-thieves；读音：[z]。e．以“o”结尾的词，分两种情况 1）有生命的+es 读音：[z] 如：mango-mangoes tomato-tomatoes hero-heroes 2) 无生命的+s 读音：[z] 如：photo-photos radio-radios f. 不规则名词复数：man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, snowman-snowmen, mouse-mice, child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese 2、不可数名词没有复数。 如果要计算不可数名词所表达的数量，就得在数词和不可数名词之间加上“量词+of”。
外研版小学英语知识点归纳
一、词类 1、名词 （1）不可数名词都默认为单数，用“is” （2）可数名词复数变化规则： 2、动词 3、形容词：主要修饰名词或代词，“......的”。 4、副词：主要修饰动词或形容词，“.....地”，变副词一般+ly，如loudly、happily、well（good） 5、代词 （1）人称代词和物主代词：动词前用主格，动词后用宾格。 （2）指示代词：指近处this（这个）-these（这些）;指远处that（那个）-those（那些） 6、冠词：a、an、the an：用于元音音素（一般a、e、i、o、u）前。 the：表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 7、数词 基数词：表示数量，如 one，two，three，four，five，six，seven，eight，nine，ten． eleven，twelve， thirteen， fourteen， fifteen， sixteen， seventeen，eighteen， nineteen．twenty ,thirty ,forty ,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety. a hundred,a thousand,a million,a billion,one hundred and one. 序数词：表示顺序，如first (1st) ,second (2nd) ,third (3rd) ,fourth (4th) ,fifth (5th) ,sixth (6th),seventh (7th) ,eighth (8th),ninth (9th),tenth (10th).... 二、重点考点 1．+动词原形 can、 let’s、do（do、 does、 don’t 、doesn’t、did\didn’t）、please、should、will、to后。 want to +动词原型， would like to + 动原， forget to + 动原， it’s time to + 动原。 2．+动词ing like/go + 动名词（V-ing）如：like eating ； go climbing ； go swimming ； go shopping ；
英语专业-英语词汇学-笔记
1.What is polysemy? Having multiple meanings that are related. 2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words? Explain them 1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order in which they developed. 2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning (central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings (marginal meanings) in order of popularity. 3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain them 1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one another and are derived directly from the primary meaning. 2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive from primary meaning through successive shifts of meaning from one secondary meaning to another. 4.What is homonymy? Homonyms are works different in meaning but either identical both in sound or spelling or identical only in sound or spelling. 5.Give an example of a perfect homonym, a homophone and a homograph 1)perfect homonym 同音同形date日期/date红枣 2)homophone 同音异形Knew/new, meet/meat 3)homograph 异音同形record(v.)/record(n.) 6.Give an example of the rhetorical use of homonymy Hi Jack （你好杰克）– hijack（打劫） 7.What is the difference between polysemy and homonymy? Give an example to illustrate the difference 1)Polysemy is about connection of meanings. Book can mean a book as in “I read a book”, and “I book a hotel room”. The second meaning is related to the first one because in the past hotel staff will write the customers’ information on a book when reserving a room. 2)homonymy is about form. Lie can mean not being honest or being in a horizontal position. These two meanings have the same form but no connection. 8.Classify the following pairs of antonyms into complementaries (binaries), contraries (gradable) or converses (relational). Explain why 1)Good/bad, contraries 2)odd/even, complementaries 3)above/below, converses 4)clean/dirty, contraries 5)remember/forget, complementaries? 6)old/young, contraries 7)before/after, converses 9.What is hyponymy? Give an example The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of a more general word.
人教版七年级下英语各单元知识点归纳
人教版七年级下册英语各单元知识点归纳Unit 1 Can you play the guitar? ◆短语归纳 1. play chess 下国际象棋 2. play the guitar 弹吉他 3. speak English 说英语 4. join the swimming club 参加游泳俱乐部 5. talk to 主动跟…说话 6. talk with与…说话 7. play the piano 弹钢琴 8. play the drums 敲鼓9. make friends with与朋友 10. do kung fu 练(中国) 功夫 11. tell stories=tell a story 讲故事 12. play games 做游戏 13. on the weekend/on weekends 在周末 14 want to do 想要去做 15 music（音乐）-musician（音乐家） ◆用法集萃 1. play +棋类/球类下……棋，打……球[不戴帽子] 2. play the +乐器弹/拉……乐器[戴帽子] 3. be good at doing sth.= do well in doing sth. 擅长做某事 4. need sb. to do sth. 需要某人做某事 5. be good with sb. 和某人相处地好be good for 有利于 6. can + 动词原形能/会做某事[can是照妖镜] 7. a little + 不可数名词一点儿…… 8. join the …club 加入…俱乐部； 9. like to do sth. =love to do sth.=like doing=enjoy doing 喜欢/喜爱做某事come to my school ◆典句必背 1. Can you draw? Yes, I can. / No, I can’t. 2. What club do you want to join? I want to join the chess club.
自考英语词汇学名词解释(54个全)
词汇学名词解释 1. Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion. 2. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the minimal significant element in the composition of words. 3. Free morphemes or Content morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes that may constitute words by themselves : cat, walk. 4. Bound Morphemes or Grammatical morphemes --- They are morphemes that must appear with at least one other morpheme, either bound or free : Catts, walk+ing. 5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example: it conveys the meaning of "say or speak" as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand". 6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or funtion. 7. Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional ,thus known as inflectional morphemes. There is the regular plural suffix -s(-es) which is added to nouns such as machines, desks. 8. Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. 9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war. 10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y. Derivational morphemes/ derivational affixes --- A process of forming new words by the addition of a word element. Such as prefix, suffix, combing form to an already existing word. Prefixation ---- is the formation of new words by adding prefix or combing form to the base. (It modify the lexical meaning of the base) Suffixation--- is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or combing form to the base and usually changing the word-class of the base. Such as boy. Boyish (noun- adjective) 11. Root --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. 12. Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove. 13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).
人教版七年级英语知识点汇总
七年级各单元知识点汇总Unit1 My name’s Gina. 重点短语 1.your/his/her/my name 你的/他的/她的/我的名词 2.first name 名字 3.middle school 中学 4.telephone number 电话号码 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/6316768206.html,st name 姓 6.in China 在中国 重点句型 1.—What’s your name? 你叫什么名字？ —Alan 艾伦 2.—I’m Jenny. Nice to meet you. 我是珍妮。见到你很高兴。—Nice to meet you, too.见到你我也很高兴。 3.—Good morning! I’m Cindy. 早上好！我是辛迪。 —Hello, Cindy! I’m Dale.你好，辛迪！我是戴尔。 4.—My name’s Linda. Are you Helen? 我是琳达。你是海伦吗？ 5.—What’s her name? 她叫什么名字？ —She’s Jane. 她是简。 6.—Is he Jack? 他是杰克吗？ —No, he isn’t. His name’s Mike.不，他不是。他的名字是迈克。 7.What’s your phone number?你的电话号码是多少？ It’s 587-6275. 它是587-6275。 8.My friend is in China.我的朋友在中国。 重点语法 1. 2.Be动词的一般现在时形式：am, is, are I用am You 用are Is 用于他他它 Unit2 This is my sister. 重点短语 1.family name 全家福 2.have a good day （表示祝愿）过得愉快！ 3. a picture of 一张……的照片 4.in the first phone 在第一张照片里 5.family tree 家庭关系图
小学英语语法知识点汇总!
小学英语语法知识点汇总！ 01 人称代词 主格：I we you she he it they 宾格：me us you her him it them 形容词性物主代词：my our your her his its their 名词性物主代词：mine ours yours hers his its theirs 02 形容词和副词的比较 (1) 一般在形容词或副词后+er older ,taller, longer, stronger (2) 多音节词前+more more interesting, etc. (3) 双写最后一个字母，再+er bigger fatter, etc. (4) 把y变i，再+er heavier, earlier (5) 不规则变化： well-better, much/many-more, etc. 03 可数词的复数形式 Most nouns + s abook –books
Nouns ending in aconsonant +y - y+ ies a story—stories Nouns ending in s,sh, ch or x + es a glass—glasses a watch-watches Nouns ending in o+s or +es a piano—pianos a mango—mangoes Nouns ending in for fe - f or fe +ves a knife –knives a shelf-shelves 04 不可数名词（单复数不变） bread, rice, water ,juice等。 05 缩略形式 I’m= I a，you’re = you are，she’s= she is，he’s = he is it’s= it is，who’s =who is，can’t =can not，isn’t=is not等。 06 a/an a book, a peach an egg，an hour 07 Preposition on, in ,in front of, between, next to, near, beside, at,behind. 表示时间：at six o’clock, at Christmas, at breakfast
小学英语知识点总结
小学英语知识点总结 一、小学英语形容词性物主代词 1、形容词性物主代词8个： My your his her its our your their 我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他(她、它)们的 2、形容词性物主代词的特点： 1)译成汉语都有"的" eg:my 我的their 他们的2)后面加名词：eg:my backpack his name 3)前后不用冠词a an the This is a my eraser(错误) That is your a pen(错误) It's his the pen(错误) 3、I(物主代词)my you(物主代词)your he (物主代词)her we (物主代词) our 注：在变物主代词时，把原题所给的词加上的，再译成单词就可以了。 二、小学英语名词性物主代词 1、名词性物主代词和形容词性物主代词一样有8个： Mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs 我的你的他的她的它的我们的你们的他(她、它)们的 2、名词性物主代词的特点： 1)译成汉语都有"的" 2)后面不加名词3)名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 Eg:1、the pen is mine 钢笔是我的(mine=my pen) 以上就是小学英语名词性物主代词全文，希望能给大家带来帮助！ 三、小学英语单数的句子变成复数的句子 把单数的句子成复数的句子很简单：变法是把能变成复数的词变成复数，但a或an要把去掉。特殊疑问词、形容词、国家及地点通常不变。 Eg:把下列句子变成复数 1, I have a car ----we have cars 2, He is an American boy. ----They are American boys 3, It is a car ----They are cars 4, This is an eraser ----These are erasers 5, That is a backpsck -----Those are backpacks 6,I'm an English teather ------We are English teathers 7,It's a new shirt---- They are new shirts 8,He's a boy ----They are boys 9,She's a singer ------They are singers 10,What's this in English?---- What are these in English? 四、小学英语名词的数语法 名词有单数和复数两种形式 1、名词的单数：表示一个人或一个事物 2、名词的复数：表示一个人以上的人或事物 名词复数的变化规律如下： 1、多数情况下在名词后面加S，s 在清辅音后读【S】 2、以s,x,sh,ch为结尾的词在词尾加es, es读作【iz】 3、以f ,fe为结尾的词去掉f或fe加ves，ves读作【vz】 4、以辅音加y 结尾的词，变y 为ies 5、以元音加y结尾的词，直接加s 6、不规则变化 Man-men woman-women policeman-policemen Policewoman-policewomen 这种情况下a变成e 1、单复数同形 Chinese-chinese Japanese-japanese sheep -sheep deer -deer 2、This 这个these这些(复数) that那个those那些(复数) I我we我们(复数) he他she她it它they他、它、她们(复数) am ，is是are(复数) 五、小学英语人称代词主格及宾格 人称代词分为主格和宾格，主格和宾格区别：主格和宾格汉语意思相同，但位置不同。 Eg: I(主格)"我"-- me (宾格)"我" 主格在陈述句中通常放句首，宾格通常放在动词后或介词后，也就是说宾格，不放在句首。 Eg :I have a new car.( I 主格) Excuse me (me 宾格) I ask him to go (him 宾格) They sit in front of me (me 宾格) 主格(8个)：I 我you你he他she她it它we 我们you 你们they他(她、它)们 宾格(8个)：me我you你him 他her她it它us我们you你们them他(她、它)们