反舰导弹ANTISHIP MISSILE

ANTISHIP MISSILE ?MAIN NAVAL WEAPON

反舰导弹—舰载主战武器

The first antiship missile (ASM) Regulus-1was developed in the United States and intended to equip submarines. However, its drawbacks were perceived as common for the new type of weapon and further developments were cancelled.

美国研发了第一款反舰导弹(ASM)天狮星-1并且打算将其装备到潜艇上。然而，作为新式武器，它的缺点被视为普通的并且被取消了进一步的研发。

In contrast, the Soviet specialists have seen in ASM an effective naval weapon offering a great potential. As a result, air-, ship-, underwater- and ground-launched ASMs were developed and the principles of their combat employment were drawn up. Experience gained with in the use of ASMs during the Arab-Israeli Wars in 1967 and 1973, subsequent Indo-Pakistani and Falkland Islands' conflicts in 1971 and 1982 respectively has confirmed the expediency of this.

相反的是，苏联专家们认为反舰导弹是具有很大潜力的有效的舰载武器。结果，空射型、舰射型、潜射型和陆基发射型反舰导弹被研发了出来并且初步确立了它们的作战使用理论。在1967年和1973年的阿以战争、以及1971年的印巴战争和1982年的福克兰群岛（马岛）冲突期间取得的反舰导弹使用经验已经分别印证了反舰导弹作战使用理论。

The major characteristics of an ASM are a range, flight speed and altitude and warhead weight. Each of them has its advantages and drawbacks, so attaining their maximum values in a single ASM simultaneously is impossible. This suggests the use of an all-round approach to achieve optimal combination of all factors with regard to their contributions to the total effectiveness, reliability, cost and ease of handling.

反舰导弹的主要特性是射程、飞行速度、高度和弹头重量。它们中的每一个都有优势和劣势，所以在一枚反舰导弹上同时获得这些特性的最大值是不可能的。这表明这些特性影响

着整体作战性能、可靠性、造价和可操作性，应采用包含所有元素的最理想的特性组合方案。

In terms of their characteristics, the existing ASMs are divided into long- range (over 100 km), medium-range (40-100 km) and short-range (less than 40 km) missiles; subsonic and super-sonic; ship-, air- and shore-based.

按照它们的特性，现有的反舰导弹被分为远程（射程超过100公里）、中程（射程40-100公里）、近程（射程小于40公里）导弹；亚音速和超音速导弹；空舰和岸舰导弹。

Adoption of the P-15 ASM (NATO: SS-N-2 Styx) in 1960 has led to the emergence of a new class of ships - missile boats operational with many Navies. It was precisely these four P-15 missiles launched from Egyptian Project 183-P boats that on 21 October 1967 sunk the Israeli destroyer Elath. In 1965 a modernized P-15U ASM is taken into service, and in 1972 - a longer-range and more ECM-immune P-15M Termit missile. The latter was used to develop the mobile shore-based missile system Rubezh.

1960年，随着 P-15反舰导弹(北约编号：SS-N-2 冥河)的入役，许多国家海军列装了一种新型舰艇—导弹艇。1967年10月21日，埃及海军183-P型导弹艇使用4枚P-15反舰导弹准确击沉了以色列驱逐舰埃拉特号。1965年一种现代化的P-15U反舰导弹服入现役，然后1972年一种抗电子干扰能力更强的远程P-15M“白蚁”反舰导弹服入了现役。后者被发展成了机动式岸基导弹系统，即“前线”。

Work on over-the-horizon missile systems with the P-6 ASM (for submarines) and P-35 (for surface ships) were carried out since 1956. To provide them with target designation data, air and space reconnaissance and target designation aids were created, resulting in the development of reconnaissance/strike systems.

1956年后，苏联对超视距导弹系统开展研发，P-6反舰导弹（装备潜艇）和P-35反舰导弹（装备水面舰艇）被研发了出来。为了给它们提供目标指示数据，苏联创建了航空航天侦察和目标指示机构，促进了侦察/打击体系的发展。

To destroy highly protected surface groups under enemy ECM and counterfire conditions, a new-generation missile weapon with a long-range ASM, the Bazalt, was fielded in 1974 for equipping submarines and cruisers. The Bazalt was the first supersonic missile (flying at up to Mach 2) that could bypass the attacked ship's air defense area and carried an onboard jammer. The last version of this generation missiles, the P-1000 (Vulkan), had even a longer range and went into service in 1987.

1974年，为了在敌方电子干扰和反击条件下摧毁严密防护的水面舰队，苏联为潜艇和巡洋舰部队装备了新一代远程反舰导弹“玄武岩”。“玄武岩”导弹是第一种能突破舰载防空区且自身携带干扰机的超音速导弹（最大飞行速度达2马赫）。这一代导弹的最新型是P-1000（火山），具有更远的射程并且于1987年服役。

译者注：本文仅供学习交流，本人英语水平一般，英语高考成绩没有语文好，没事喜欢看美剧，翻译军事题材游戏的字幕。