高中英语 语法专题4 介词和介词短语教案(含解析)新人教版必修1

四、介词和介词短语

1介词的分类

2

介词短语的功能

介词不能独立在句中做成份，介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分，表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。

⒈做定语

如：They didn't find the solution to the problem.

⒉做状语

如：We have breakfast at seven.(表时间）

They were late for the meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因）

⒊做表语

如：What do you mean by doing such a thing?(表方法）

Nothing in the world could live without air or water.(表条件）

⒋作宾语补足语

如：I found the old building in a bad condition.

3

常考介词辨析

介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率相当高，其用法跟冠词一样复杂。

⒈表示相同或相似概念的介词（短语）的区别

⒉常见同一形容词与不同介词搭配时意义上的差别

⒊容易混淆的含有介词固定搭配的词组

4. 常用介词辨异

① about,on,of 关于

⑴ on 多用于慎重的、正式的语言交际场合。常见于”学术上”的”论文”或”演说”等题目，可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读，有”论及”之意。

⑵ about表示的内容多为普遍、不那么正式，有”述及”之意。

⑶ of作”关于”讲，表示提及、涉及某人（事）时，只表示事情存在或发生，并不涉及详情；有时与about意义相近，但有时意义很不同，常与动词know、hear、learn(听说）、speak、talk、think、tell等连用。

② except,except for,except that,but,besides,beside

⑴ except“除……之外”，指不包括…，后面常接名词、代词（人称代词常用宾格），还可接介词短语、副词和动词不定式，此时相当于but，但不定式常不带to。

⑵ except for"除了，只有”，意思和except一样，主要指说明基本情况后，而在细节上加以修正，后面常接名词性短语。

⑶ except that"除了，只是”，意思和except、except for一样。但在用法上，其后常接名词性从句，也可接when、where等词引导的其他从句。

⑷ but所含”除……外”的意思不如except明确。but 多用在代词（主要是不定代词、否定代词和疑问代词）之后。

⑸ besides 表示”除……外还有”，所排除的事物常包括在所述范围之内。另外，besides 可用作副词，相当于also，有”而且，加之，何况”之意。

（6）beside也是介词，表示”在附近”，只不过形似besides，容易相互混淆。如果在区别前后有同类的词语时，就用except，否则就用except for。

③ including,included

⑴ including是一个介词，意为”包括”，它一般放在包括对象的前面。

⑵ included是一个过去分词，意为”包括”。它一般用于被动语态中，也可放在包括对象的后面。

④ in，later,during 都与时段名词搭配

⑴ in作介词，同时段名词搭配，即”in+时段名词”，一般用于将来时。

⑵ later 表示”……以后”，常同时段名词搭配，即”时段名词+later”，常与过去时连用。

⑶ during作介词时，同时段名词搭配，即”during+时段名词”，常与现在时或将来时等连用。

⑤ in，with，by用

⑴ with通常指”用”具体的或有形的工具、器官等，有时也表示”用”某种手段、音调等。

⑵ by作介词表示”用”时，一般指”用”方式、手段等。后面常接动名词或名词，后面接名词时，该名词前面一般不加修饰语。

⑶ in指”用”语言、字体、墨水、体裁、风格、方式、现金、顺序等。

②介词的省略

⑴当表示时间的词前有 this,that,next,last,every，each,some,any,all等时，介词常

省略。

如：Come any day you like.你想哪天来就哪天来。

⑵表示时间的名词前有不定冠词，且不定冠词作”每…”解时，前面不用介词。

如：An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天吃一个苹果，医生不找我。

⑶习惯搭配中介词的省略

一些常和动词、名词或形容词搭配的介词常省略，常见的此类搭配有：spend

money/time(in)doing sth,waste money/time(in) doing sth,have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth,be busy doing sth,stop/prevent sb(from)doing sth等。

③介词不可遗漏的情况

⑴含有不及物动词的不定式在形容词easy，hard，difficult，comfortable等后作状语，且构成不定式的动词与句子的主语存在动宾关系或主语是不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不能遗漏。

如：The chair is comfortable to sit on/in.这把椅子坐着舒服。

The man is difficult to work with.这个人很难共事。

⑵当非谓语动词表示被动意义时，相关介词也不可省略。

如：The problem is well worth paying attention to.这个问题很值得关注。

⑶在被动语态中，动词短语中的介词不能遗漏。

如：Your pronunciation should be paid attention to.你应该注意你的发音。

⑷在定语从句中，当从句的谓语和先行词构成动宾关系且从句谓语为不及物动词时，必须加上介词。

如：The library which we often go to is not far away from our school.我们经常去的那个图书馆离我们的学校不远。

⑸在too...to...，enough..to...，so..as to...等结构中，含有不及物动词的不定式作结果状语，构成不定式的动词为不及物动词，且该动词与主语构成动宾关系或主语为不定式动作发生的地点时，介词不能遗漏。

如：The ice is too thin to skate on.冰太薄了，不能在上面滑。

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about argue with sb. about/over sth.与某人争 论某事be anxious for/about焦虑；渴望；担心be concerned about关心，挂念 be crazy about热衷于；迷念 be disappointed at/abou对…感到失望be in the dark about对……一无所知be mad about迷恋 be particular about对……讲究 be worried about为……而担心 bring about导致，引起 care about关注；关心；在意；担忧come about发生 dream about/of梦见，梦到 get around/about走动；克服；传播go about开始；从事 hang about/around闲荡，闲待着quarrel with sb. about sth.与某人因某 事而争吵set about doing着手做 talk about谈论，议论 think about考虑 worry about担心，烦恼 across come across/upon碰到；遇见 cut across抄近路穿过；对直通过 get (sth.) across （将……）清楚，（使） 被了解 run across偶然遇到/看到 after after all调整；适应 go after追求；追赶 look after照顾 name…after/for以……命名 one after another一个接一个地，相继run after追求；追赶 take after 与（父母等）相像against against one's will违心地 fight against打仗；作战go against违背 lean on/against依靠，依赖 run up against 遭遇（困难）strugge against同……作斗争 turn against背叛 warn sb. against警告 along along with和……一起/一道 come along一起来；过来；快点 get along/on with与……相处 go along with赞同 around centre around围绕；以……为中心come round/around顺便来访；苏醒， 复原 get around/about走动；克服；传播go round/around流传；到处活动hang about/around闲荡，闲待着show sb. around领（某人）参观 as act as痛苦 as a matter of fact其实，事实上 as a result (of)作为……结果，由于 as a rule通常，一般说来 as follows如下 as for/to/regards sth.至于，关于 as long as只要 as far as远达；在……范围之内 as far as…is/are concerned就……而言as such从字面上讲；严格说来 as it is照现状，事实上 as it were可以说；在一定程度上 as usual像往常 as well也，和 as well as除……之外（也） be famous as/for作为/因为……而出名be known to/as/for被/作为/因为…… 所知classify…as/into…将……归类为/分 成……consider…as…认为；看着

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