2015上海各区高三二模 C篇汇编
1宝山，静安，青浦
(C)
A rapidly advancing contemporary science that is highly dependent on new tools is Earth system science. Earth system science involves observation and measurements on the Earth at all scales from the largest to the smallest. The huge amounts of data that are gathered come from many different locations and require special techniques for handling data. Important new tools that facilitate Earth system science include satellite remote sensing, small deep-sea submarines, and geographic information systems.
More than any other way of gathering evidence, satellite observations continually remind us that each part of the Earth interacts with and is dependent on all other parts.
Earth system science was born from the realization of that interdependence. Satellite remote sensing makes possible observations at large scales, and in many cases, measurements of factors that could not otherwise be measured. For example, the ozone hole over Antarctica —the decrease in the concentration of ozone high in the atmosphere —is measured by remote sensing, as are changes in deserts, forests, and farmlands around the world. Such measurements can be used in many areas of specialization besides Earth system science. Archaeology, for example, has benefited from satellite observations that reveal the traces of ancient trade routes across the Arabian Desert.
New tools for exploring previously inaccessible areas of the Earth have also added greatly to our knowledge of the Earth system. Small deep-sea submarines allow scientists to travel to the depths of the ocean. There they have discovered new species and ecosystems thriving near deep-sea vents that emit heat and mineral-rich water.
Just as important as new methods of measurement and exploration are new ways to store and analyze data about the Earth system. Computer-based software programs known as geographic information systems, or GIS, allow a large number of data points to be stored along with their locations. These can be used to produce maps and to compare different sets of information gathered at different times. For example, satellite remote sensing images of a forest can be converted to represent stages in the forest’s growth. Two such images, made at different times can be overlaid and compared, and the changes that have taken place can be represented in a new image.
74. The word ―facilitate‖ in Para graph 1 is closest in meaning to ________.
A. enable
B. require
C. organize
D. examine
75. The author of the passage mentions that satellite observations are especially effective in
________.
A. conducting scientific studies of life on the ocean floor
B. predicting future climate changes
C. providing data to determine Earth’s age
D. demonstrating interactions among all of Earth’s parts
76. According to the passage, satellite observations of the Arabian Desert allow archaeologists to
know ________.
A. indications of ancient routes
B. evidence of former lakes
C. traces of early farms
D. remains of ancient forests
77. What is the main idea of the passage?
A. Special techniques are needed to classify the huge amounts of data about Earth.
B. New tools provide information about Earth that was once impossible to obtain.
C. Advances in Earth system science have resolved many environmental problems.
D. Satellite remote sensing can show changes between two images taken years apart.
74-77 ADAB
2崇明
（C）
Ask a group of elderly people what it was about their lives that made them happiest overall, and they’ll probably mention some warm relationships with family and friends. If you’re satisfied with your social life, according to psychologists, you tend to be satisfied with life in general.
From the point of my 50s, I’d say that sounds about right. Some of my happiest moments are the ones I spend with my husband, a few close relatives, and a handful of very good friends who know me well and like me anyway. But the more I read about how social media are interfering with (干扰) good old-fashioned friendship, creating virtual bonds that can’t quite take the place of real on es, the more I wonder just how today’s 20-somethings will look back on their own lives when they’re my age.
After all, much crucial relationship building work is done in the 20s. According to research by the late Bernice Neugarten of the University of Chicago, who helped launch the academic study of human development, people choose most of their adult relationships, both friends and lovers, between the ages of 22 and 28. The friends we make in our 20s are not only best friends forever; they’re also our firs t truly chosen friends. And choosing how to commit to these friendships is an essential psychological task of the 20s.
But with so much of friendship in this age group now being developed online, an essential question is what the effect of that interaction is. A study, conducted in 2010 by Craig Watkins and Erin Lee of the University of Texas at Austin, investigated the Facebook habits of 776 young people between the ages of 18 and 35. ―Whether it is a wall post, a comment, or a photo,‖ they wrote, ―young people’s engagement with Facebook is driven, primarily, by a desire to stay connected to and involved in the lives of friends who live close by, far away, or have just entered into their lives.‖
This kind of constant contact can be efficient, but it can also be upsetting. For one thing, it adds a new layer of concern to a young person’s already-heightened awareness of social ranking, giving appearance-conscious young people yet another thing to worry about. ―I see other 20-somethings feeling pressured to constantly keep up a public image, especially a public image online,‖ wrote Ariana Allensworth on the group blog. ―Folks are always keeping the world informed one way or another about what they’re up to, where they’re at, what projects they’re working on.It can be a bit much at times.‖ Not the most fertile ground for real-world friendship.
74. According to the passage, the 20s is an age for people to _____.
A. have a good public image
B. keep themselves informed
C. look back on their own lives
D. develop critical relationships
75. Which of the following is a disadvantage of making friends online?
A. It makes people pay less attention to social ranking.
B. It robs people of the happy moments spent with friends.
C. It keeps people away from their family and close relatives.
D. It prevents people from keeping in contact with their friends.
76. What was the aim of the study conducted by Craig Watkins and Erin Lee?
A. To know about the 776 young people’s Facebook habits.
B. To find out how social media affect real-world social life.
C. To help young people stay connected to the lives of friends.
D. To investigate what kind of people prefer online interactions.
77. The author may agree that _____.
A. old-fashioned friendship can help create virtual bonds
B. there’s no need for young people to make online friends
C. real-world friendship is a better choice for young people
D. online friendship is an inevitable trend in the modern world
74. D 75. B 76. B 77. C
3奉贤
C
“The Heart of the Matter,” the newly-released report by the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (AAAS), deserves praise for attaching the importance of the humanities and social sciences to the prosperity and security of liberal democracy in America. Regrettably, however, the report’s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good.
In 2010, leading congressional Democrats and Republicans sent letters to the AAAS asking that it identify actions that could be taken by federal states and local governments, universities, foundations, educators, individual benefactors(捐助者) and others to maintain national excellence in humanities and social scientific scholarship and education. In response, the AAAS formed the Committee on the Humanities and Social Sciences. Among the Committee’s 51 members are top-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as distinguished figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism.
The goals identified in the report are generally admirable. Because the government supports full literacy (识字) of citizens, the report stresses the study of history and government, particularly American history and American government; and encourages the use of new digital technologies. To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the introduction of a series of curricula that improve students’ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning into practice on the great challenges of the day. The report also advocates greater study of foreign languages, international affairs and the expansion of study abroad programs.
Unfortunately, despite 2 years in the making, "The Heart of the Matter" never gets to the heart of the matter: the illiberal nature of liberal education at our leading colleges and universities. The committee ignores that for several decades America's colleges and universities have produced graduates who don’t know the content and character of liberal education and are thus deprived of its benefits. Sadly, the spirit of inquiry once at home on campus has been
replaced by the use of the humanities and social sciences as vehicles for publicizing “progressive”.
Today, professors routinely treat the progressive interpretation of history and progressive public policy as the proper subject of study while portraying conservative or classical liberal ideas—such as free markets and self-reliance—as falling outside the boundaries of routine, and sometimes legal intellectual investigation.
The AAAS displays great enthusiasm for liberal education. Yet its report may well hold back reform by obscuring(遮蔽) the depth and breadth of the challenge that Congress asked it to clarify.
74. Influential figures in the Congress required that the AAAS report on how to ___________.
A. maintain people’s interest in liberal education
B. define the government’s role in education
C. keep a leading position in liberal education
D. safeguard individuals’ rights to education
75. Which one of the following statements about what the AAAS plan suggests is true ?
A. An exclusive study of American history.
B. A greater emphasis on theoretical subjects.
C. The application of emerging technologies.
D. Funding for the study of foreign languages.
76. It can be inferred from the passage that ___________.
A. professors are routinely supportive of free markets
B. intellectual investigation are put great value on in college
C. progressive public policy is out of boundaries of proper study
D. professors have prejudice against classical liberal ideas
77. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. The AAAS’s Contribution to Liberal Education
B. Illiberal Education and “The Heart of the Matter”
C. Ways to Grasp “The Heart of the Matter”“
D. Progressive Policy vs. Liberal Education
74-77 CCDB
4虹口
(C)
There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There are also desert insects which survive as inactive larvae (幼虫). In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of droughts in the form of inactive eggs. These are the shrimps (小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in the south-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50℃ are often recorded.
The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. When sufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch. Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed on tiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week,
the shrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres.
Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equally rapidly evaporates (挥发). Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however, when they are about 3 centimetres long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of the females. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. On the thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggs in the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of the water evaporates.
If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again the shrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some years there is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another year, or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficient rain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes through two cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multiplies considerably, which further ensures its survival.
74. Which of the following is the most distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps?
A. They live a brief and tough life.
B. They feed on plant and animal organisms.
C. Their eggs can survive years of drought.
D. They lay their eggs in the mud.
75. The word ―dormant‖ (in Para 4) most probably means ________.
A. inactive
B. strong
C. alert
D. soft
76. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. appearance and size are important factors for life to survive in the desert.
B. a species must be able to multiply quickly in order to survive in the desert.
C. for some species one life cycle in a year is enough to survive the desert drought.
D. some species develop a unique life pattern to survive in severe conditions.
77. The passage mainly deals with ________.
A. the life span of the Mojave shrimps
B. the survival of desert shrimps
C. the creatures living in the Mojave desert
D. the importance of water to life in the desert (C) 74. C 75. A 76. D 77. B
5黄浦
(C)
The late 1980s found the landscape of popular music in America dominated by a distinctive style of rock and roll known as glam rock or hair metal—so called because of the over-styled hair, makeup, and clothes worn by the style’s shining rockers. Bands like Poison, Whitesnake, and Motley Crue popularized glam rock with their power songs and flashy style, but the product had worn thin by the early 1990s. Just as superficial as the 80s, glam rockers were shallow, short on substance, and musically inferior.
In 1991, a Seattle-based band called Nirvana shocked the corporate music industry with the
release of its first single, ―Smells Like Teen Spirit,‖ which quickly became a huge hit all over the world. Nirvana had simply mainstreamed a sound and culture that got its start years before with bands like Mudhoney, Soundgarden, and Green River. Grunge(垃圾) rockers derived their fashion sense from the youth culture of the Pacific Northwest: a mixing of punk（鬅客）rock style and outdoors clothing like heavy boots, worn out jeans, and so on. At the height of the movement’s opportunity, when other Seattle bands like Pearl Jam and Alice in Chains were becoming popular, the trappings of grunge were working their way to the height of American fashion. Like the music, the teenagers were fast to accept the grunge fashion because it represented rebellion against shallow pop culture.
The popularity of grunge music was momentary; by the mid- to late-1990s, its influence upon American culture had all but disappeared, and most of its recognizable bands were nowhere to be seen to the charts. The heavy sound and themes of grunge were replaced on the radio waves by boy bands like the Backstreet Boys, and the bubblegum pop of Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera.
There are many reasons why the Seattle sound faded out of the mainstream as quickly as it rocketed to distinction, but the most glaring reason lies at the rebellion, anti-establishment heart of the grunge movement itself. It is very hard to resist the trend when you are the one setting it, and many of the grunge bands were never comfortable with the fame that was brought to them. Eventually, the simple fact that many grunge bands were so against mainstream rock stardom (明星地位) took the movement back to where it started: underground. The fickle American mainstream public, as quick as they were to hop on to the grunge bandwagon, were just as quick to hop off and move on to something else.
74. Which of the following is TRUE according to the first paragraph?
A. The landscape of popular music was dominated by rock and roll from 1980.
B. The rock and roll formed a distinctive style just because of the over-styled hair.
C. Glam rock became popular with the help of Poison, Whitesnake and Britney Spears.
D. Glam rockers were shallow, short on substance, and their music was humble.
75. It was not long before teenagers welcomed grunge fashion because _________.
A. it would represent the youth culture
B. grunge rockers told them to accept it
C. they were tired of Glam Rock fashion
D. it resisted the shallowness of pop culture
76. What is the difference between glam rock and grunge rock?
A. Glam rock was flashier, while grunge rock was rebellious.
B. Glam rock appealed to teenagers, while grunge rock appealed to adults.
C. Glam rock faded quickly, while grunge rock is still popular.
D. Glam rock was more commercially successful than grunge rock.
77. What is the writer trying to document in this passage?
A. The popularity of glam rock.
B. Nirvana’s role in popularizing grunge rock.
C. The rise and fall of grunge rock.
D. The reasons why young people loved grunge rock.
74-77 DDAC
6闵行
(C)
―Does my smile look big in this?‖ Future fitting-room mirrors in clothing stores could subtly adjust your reflection to make you look ─and hence feel ─happier, encouraging you to like what you see.
That’s the idea behind the Emotion Evoking System developed by Shigeo Yoshida and colleagues at the University of Tokyo in Japan. The system can manipulate, or in other word, control your emotions and personal preferences by presenting you with an image of your own smiling or frowning face.
The principle that physiological changes can drive emotional ones ─that laughter comes before happiness, rather than the other way around ─is a well-established idea.
The researchers wanted to see if this idea could be used to build a computer system that manipulates how you feel. The system works by presenting the user with a web-camera image of his or her face ─as if they were looking in a mirror. The image is then subtly altered with software, turning the corners of the mouth up or down and changing the area around the eyes, so that the person appears to smile or frown (皱眉).
Without telling them the aim of the study, the team recruited (招募) 21 volunteers and asked them to sit in front of the screen while performing an unrelated task. When the task was complete the participants rated how they felt. When the faces on screen appeared to smile, people reported that they felt happier. On the other hand, when the image was given a sad expression, they reported feeling less happy.
Yoshida and his colleagues tested whether manipulating the volunteers’emotional state would influence their preferences. Each person was given a scarf to wear and again presented with the altered webcam image. The volunteers that saw themselves smiling while wearing the scarf were more likely to report that they liked it, and those that saw themselves not smiling were less likely.
The system could be used to manipulate consumers’impressions of products, say the researchers. For example, mirrors in clothing-store fitting rooms could be replaced with screens showing altered reflections. They also suggest people may be more likely to find clothes attractive if they see themselves looking happy while trying them on.
―It’s certainly an interesting area,‖ says Chris Creed at the University of Birmingham, UK. But he notes that using such technology in a shop would be harder than in the lab, because people will use a wide range of expressions. ―Attempting to make slight differences to these and ensuring that the reflected image looks believable would be much more cha llenging,‖ he says.
Of course, there are also important moral questions surrounding such subtly manipulative technology. ―You could argue that if it makes people happy what harm is it doing?‖ says Creed. ―But I can imagine that many people may feel manip ulated, uncomfortable and cheated if they found out.‖
74. What’s the main purpose of the Emotion Evoking System?
A. To see whether one’s feeling can be unconsciously affected.
B. To see whether one’s facial expressions can be altered.
C. To see whether laughter comes before happiness.
D. To replace the mirrors in future clothing-store fitting rooms.
75. What can we learn about the web-camera image in the study?
A. It recorded the volunteers’ performance in the task.
B. It gave the volunteers a false image.
C. It attempted to make the volunteers feel happier.
D. It beautified the volunteers’ appearance in the mirror.
76. What does Creed mention as a limitation of the technology?
A. It only changes the areas around the mouth and the eyes.
B. It only works in clothing stores.
C. It only makes subtle changes to people’s expressions.
D. It only deals with a limited number of facial expressions.
77. What does Creed’s comment on the moral issues with this technology imply?
A. Nothing is more important than happiness.
B. Technology is unable to manipulate people.
C. People should make their decisions independently.
D. People should neglect the harm of the technology.
74. A 75. B 76. D 77. C
7浦东
(C)
On March 9th, Apple, probably the most successful technology company in history, held an event to launch its smartwatch, which will go on sale next month. In addition to keeping track of time, the watch measures the wearer’s heart rate and activity levels, processes v oice commands, gives alerts of incoming e-mails and calls and facilitates payments in checkout lines. In other words, it does a lot of what smartphones already accomplish, but is worn on the wrist and must be close to an iPhone in order to function. Why is there so much buzz about this watch?
As smartphones have enjoyed a sudden and tremendous boost in global appeal, people have started to wonder what the next major technology trend would be. Many analysts have pinned their hopes on wearable devices, which contain small sensors to track and display information. This category includes everything from smartwatches like Apple’s, to fitness bands that measure sleep patterns and exercise, to “smart” shoes that measure distance, to smart glasses that can take voice commands and display information. Wearables promise to measure personal data and save people time: a glance at one’s wrist to see alerts takes fewer seconds than pulling out a phone. Companies in various industries, from mining to airlines, are also cautiously testing whether wearables can help improve efficiency or customer service.
However, while the number of wearable gadgets has grown, consumers still tend to be geeks (对电脑痴迷的人) and fitness fans. Last year around 21million wearable devices were sold, most of them wrist-worn devices, according to IDC, a research firm. Wearable devices have failed to become mainstream for three main reasons. First, many of them are unable to function without a nearby smartphone, which limits their appeal. Consumers already have to keep track of several devices without adding another. Second, they are not yet considered cool. Google Glass, a pair of “smart” glasses made by the search-engine firm, were so clunky that even fashion models could not make them look good. Third, there is not yet a “killer app” that proves their usefulness in people’s daily lives. Technologists imagine a future when wearable devices will serve to confirm personal identity, facilitate payments, unlock house and car doors and track people’s ac tivity and wellness. That future, however, is years away.
Apple has a record of pushing existing technologies into the mainstream, including the Macintosh computer, iPod, iPhone and iPad. This helps explain why people are so interested in Apple’s watch. If the firm’s new product is attractive enough, it could validate (使…有效)a whole
category of technology. Apple has enough loyal fans to sell millions of watches this year. But wearable devices’ usefulness for the masses remains uncertain. In the meantime, firms and software developers will need to invest more time and resources in designing new applications that will put the “wear” in wearables.
74. The underlined word “buzz” in the first paragraph probably means “_______”.
A. excitement
B. doubt
C. complaint
D. satisfaction
75. Apple’s smartwatch has all the following functions except that ________.
A. it makes payments more convenient
B. it informs people of the arrival of emails
C. it enables the wearer to talk to the caller
D. it reacts to commands when talked to
76. What can be inferred from the last two paragraphs?
A. Apple can become the mainstream in technology because most of its products own attractive
appearances.
B. Wearable technology is popular among the majority because it serves various purposes in
diverse areas.
C. Firms and software developers need to make wearable devices more wearable to meet the
needs of the majority.
D. Many people still want to buy Google Glass even if it doesn’t look good on fashion models.
77. What is the purpose of writing this passage?
A. To tell people about the functions and limits of Apple’s smartwatch.
B. To argue that the smartwatch can serve as a good example to improve wearable devices.
C. To encourage various companies to improve their businesses by using wearables.
D. To help consumers differentiate the smartwatch from other wearable gadgets.
74.A 75.C 76.C 77.B
8普陀
(C)
Today’s workplace is unique in history. Never before have we seen people working together who represent such different backgrounds and experiences. This difference of age, race, gender, and work style makes it very difficult to organize and run a company.
As a result, companies are looking for individuals who can manage a wide range of employees effectively. Increasingly, managers are discovering that age differences among workers are a major cause of concern.
This has been an important realization. The management difficulties and challenges have led some experts to study intergenerational differences for an understanding of problems in the workplace. What they have discovered is interesting and may provide ways of improving working conditions in companies that employ individuals from different generations.
The first thing to realize, they say, is that differences of opinion about the importance of work and how to get work done are not a coincidence. That is, it is not an accident that young employees will be different from older employees. In fact, if employers do not pay attention to these differences, it is possible that anger will build up between people and lead to difficulties in the company.
Resentment(仇恨) between members of different generations, if not attended to, can lead to
extreme anger and unhappiness and even lasting enmity if people are not careful. That individuals from different generations should come to view each other as if they were from different sides of warring countries should not be surprising.
It is natural for individuals from the same generation to form alliances(联盟), to come together for protection. Different generations represent different experiences in life, and these lead naturally to different opinions about oneself and one’s approaches to work.
If you were raised in a time of plenty, when products were readily available and relatively inexpensive, you would believe that prosperity is natural and expectable.If, on the other hand, you were raised in a time of scarcity, you would always be careful not to waste things for fear you would not have enough. You would make angry people who seem to believe that problems will always solve themselves.Such optimism in the face of difficulties would be a source of unhappiness between you and them. It is difficult, in such circumstances, to achieve a happy, agreeable atmosphere in the workplace.
73. What most possibly makes it difficult to organize or run a company?
A. Employees are in different generations.
B. Employees are ofdifferent backgrounds.
C. Employees work in different styles.
D. Employees are in different races.
74. Employers should pay attention to ______ if they want to avoid anger between employees.
A. the different understanding of problems in the workplace
B. the different views on value of work and working methods
C. the different generations of employees in the workplace
D. the different ways of expressing anger in the company
75. The word ―enmity‖ is closet in meaning to ______.
A. hatred
B. sorrows
C. ignorance
D. forgiveness
76. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Employees in some companies regard each other as mere enemies.
B. Employees’ attitudes towards life are related to the time when they grow up.
C. Employees who are raised in a time of scarcity tend to be angry with others.
D. Achieving a harmoniousatmosphere in the workplace is the main task for employers.
77. What does the writer mainly talk about in the passage?
A. Employees should be cooperative and friendly with each other.
B. It is difficult for employersto have workers work in a friendly way.
C. The weakness of human nature causes the anger between employees.
D. The generational differences cause the disharmony among employees.
73. A 74. B 75. A 76. B 77. D
9徐汇，金山，松江
C
The orangutan (红毛猩猩), the most inactive of the great apes,
has unusually stable DNA, too. Researchers have just completed the
sequencing(序列) of the entire genome(基因组) of our
orange-haired relative, and they have found to their surprise that its
DNA has changed much less dramatically over time than has that of
humans or chimpanzees. “The orangutan is very unique,” says Devin
Locke, a structural geneticist heading the orangutan sequencing
project.
The orangutan genome had one other big surprise. Locke and
colleagues sequenced six Sumatran and five Bornean orangutans, which are classified as different species. The apes have been physically separated for at least 21,000 years—the last time land bridges between the two islands existed—and earlier studies estimated that they became distinct species more than 1 million years ago. But the new analysis, reported online today in Nature, rewrites history: it appears they parted ways just 400,000 years ago. “Most previous studies used small sets of markers and a limited amount of DNA sequence,”says Locke. “The statistical power is so much greater when you have the whole genome available.”
The orangutan now joins chimpanzees and humans as the third great ape to have its genome sequenced. “The orangutan genome is a wonderful resource,”says evolutionary geneticist Svante P??bo of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. “It will help clarify how each part of human and African ape genomes are related to each other and evolved.”
Such insights are already coming in. Orangutans originated some 12 million to 16 million years ago, giving their genomes much more time to evolve than those of humans and chimpanzees, which split into their own lineages（血统）5 million to 6 million years ago. But a comparison of the three genomes shows that humans and chimpanzees lose or gain new genes at twice the rate of orangutans.
The reason may have to do with stretches of DNA called retrotransposons. These key drivers of evolution jump around the genome, creating new genes, damaging existing ones, or altering gene regulation. The new data reveal that common retrotransposons known as Alu elements have moved around the orangutan genome much less than they have in the human and chimpanzee genomes. “I don’t want to say that ‘Alu retrotransposition events’are shut off in orangutans, but they’ve been covered up,” says Locke.
The researchers also discovered that, over time, the structure of orangutan chromosomes （染色体）has changed little, which may be linked to the Alu element finding. Other researchers have suggested that the strong and healthy structural variation in humans and chimps may have stimulated increased intelligence. But Locke notes that orangutans are also highly intelligent. “If orangutans have had very little structural variation, maybe this decouples structural variation from intelligence,” he says.
A separate but related study published today in Genome Research reports yet another unexpected finding from a comparison of the three great ape genomes. A team led by Mikkel H. Schierup and Thomas Mailund of Aarhus University in Denmark (both co-authors of the Nature report) discovered that some regions of the human genome more closely resemble the orangutan than the chimpanzee. This reflects the fact that at the time humans split off from a
common ancestor with chimps, both species had the same ancestral orangutan DNA. But humans and chimpanzees have evolved separately for millions of years. In the process, chimps for mysterious reasons lost some orangutan DNA that humans kept possession of.
More surprises are sure to come as researchers compare the genomes of even more apes. Projects to sequence the other two great apes, gorillas and bonobos, are under way.
51.Orangutans from two islands, Sumatran and Bornean, became different species since ______.
A. at least 21,000 years ago
B. over 1 million years ago
C. some 12 million to 16 million years ago
D. 400,000 years ago
52.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to this passage?
A. Compared with the DNA of orangutan, chimpanzee’s is less changed over time.
B. Only three apes’ genomes have been sequenced up to now.
C. Humans’ ancestors stepped on their way of evolution 12 to 16 millions years ago.
D. Chimpanzees gain new genes faster than orangutans do in evolution.
53.The reason of orangutan’s little change in DNA is that _____.
A. this species is not as active in intelligence as humans or chimpanzees.
B. the newly identified Alu elements is believed to have played a special role
C. Alu retrotranspositions in orangutan are shut off during the course of evolution
D. orangutan’s low intelligence fails to stimulate the change of its DNA
54.Some region of human genome is more similar to that of orangutan than chimp’s because
_____.
A. human and orangutan share the same ancestor, but chimp doesn’t
B. humans and chimpanzees have evolved separately for millions of years
C. chimps failed to hang on to orangutan DNA for some unknown reason, but human didn’t
D. chimps didn’t act as actively as humans, resulting in their losing some critical orangutan
DNA
74-77 DBBC
10杨浦
(C)
Students wishing to safeguard their careers against changes in the job market should choose science rather than arts degrees, according to a survey of undergraduates. Engineering and chemistry were considered to be the most ―future proof‖, as they are courses most likely to lead to an enduring and adaptable career.
Students polled by a college were broadly optimistic（乐观的）that their chosen courses would prepare them for a world in which the job market could change dramatically during their working lives.
But opinion was sharply divided over which degrees were best for future-proof careers.
Eighty-two per cent of respondents believed engineering would help develop future-proof skills, with 74 per cent believing the same of chemistry and 73 per cent of computer science. But just 33 per cent of undergraduates believed history would lead to a future-proof career, and 40 per cent English.
However more than two thirds of students - 67 per cent - thought the world of work would be significantly different or completely unrecognisable in 20 years.
The findings, published today, come after Education Secretary Nicky Morgan sparked controversy（争论）with claims that teenagers should steer clear of the arts and humanities and choose science or maths subjects if they want to access the widest range of jobs.
She said that in previous decades students would only take maths or science if they wanted to pursue a specific career such as medicine or pharmacy, but nowadays that ―couldn’t be further from the truth‖.
―If you wanted to do something different, or even if you didn’t know what you wanted to do…then the arts and humanities were what you chose. Because they were useful – we were told – for all kinds of jobs. Of course now we know that coul dn’t be further from the truth, and that the subjects that keep young people’s options open and unlock doors to all sorts of careers are the STEM (science, technology, engineering and maths) subjects.‖ She also described maths as the subject that employers value most and said that pupils who study A-level maths will earn 10 per cent more over their lifetime.
―These figures show us that too many young people are making choices at the age of 15 which will hold them back for the rest of their lives,‖ she said.
74. According to most students, what will the world of work be like in 20 years?
A. The same as it is now.
B. Greatly different from what it is now.
C. Dramatically challenging.
D. More open with a wider range of jobs.
75. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined phrase ―steer
clear of‖?
A. keep away from
B. be familiar with
C. have a good command of
D. catch up with
76. We can infer from the passage that ______.
A. Students who choose science have a wide choice of careers excluding
medicine and pharmacy.
B. Few students are satisfied with their chosen courses, for they don’t help
develop future-proof skills.
C. Arts and humanities used to be considered as future-proof degrees unlocking
doors to many careers.
D. 73% of the respondents are studying computer science, believing it leads to
enduring career.
77. Which of the following is FALSE about the students who choose maths?
A. They will enjoy more job opportunities after graduation.
B. They are likely to earn more money if they study A-level maths.
C. They will likely be favored by employers over students of other majors.
D. They are learning a subject that will hold them back in the future.
74-77 B A C D
11闸北
(C)
Trade has a pretty bad name in some quarters. Trade robs poor people of a proper living, and keeps them trapped in poverty. There is a widely held popular view that trade is unfair.
Though many claim that a freer trade would change the current indecent reputation of world market, the cure-all free trade is the dream of most textbook economists. In fact, "Free trade" has been used successfully by powerful countries to land their mass-produced goods on fresh overseas dumping grounds and squeeze out local household businesses and craftsmanship.
At home the story is different. Large firms have little appetite for free trade and competition in their own backyard. They prefer to enjoy the advantages and protections for which they have carefully earned. Free thus fierce competition has little appeal for those who understand that they will make more profit if they can corner the market, whether at home or abroad.
By contrast, making trade fairer is about addressing both outcomes and processes of trade. Fairness is not just moral request. It affects behaviour. Actually the concept of fairness increases steadily as societies achieve greater market uprightness: Businessmen from upright societies are willing to punish those who do not play fair, even if this is costly to themselves.
Fairer trade rather than freer trade could partly mend mal-administering of resources in certain areas. Though thought of as evil economic policies in the west world, carefully planned special preferences and protectionism could be used intelligently to help to block the economic robbery of the rich class in African countries, and to improve the lives of the bottom billion.
Fairness is also important in the control of trade. The current International trade negotiations have resulted in rules favouring the powerful. The rules are made in negotiations in which the countries in control call the shots, and do not always do so in good faith. Industrialized countries were often found to have obtained definite and far-reaching commitments from developing countries, in exchange for vague promises, such as to liberalise agriculture, which they have not kept. On the other hand, the essence of the fair trade lies in the promise that every party benefit from the business, rich or poor, powerful or weak.
Making trade fairer is important to avoid a further public hate against trade. It is also important so as better to balance trade goals with other important national goals such as environmental and social protection. Finally, the so-called free trade system needs to be made fairer so that it does not block competition, and crush innovation and business spirit. It needs to offer a more level playing field to commercial newcomers and competitors in rich and poor countries alike.
74. Free trade is a concept at rich countries’ service to ______.
A. open up new markets abroad
B. define trade in the economic textbooks
C. dump pollutants in poor countries
D. learn the skills from local household businesses.
75. The key mechanism of fair trade is ______.
A. punishing the rich countries when they cheat the poor countries
B. making sure that rich countries provide more chances for poor countries
C. promoting special preferences and protectionism in poor areas
D. guaranteeing the common interests of all the dealers
76. The underlined word “mal-administering” in the passage is closest in meaning to ______.
A. macro-management
B. overall collection
C. uneven distribution
D. negative mining
77. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A. Large firms earn huge profits from free trade on domestic markets.
B. Honest dealers would sacrifice their own interest to discipline the dishonest.
C. Special preferences and protectionism are occasionally adopted in western countries.
D. A fairer trade helps to ease competition between the rich and the poor.
74-77 ADCB
12长宁，嘉定
(C)
How do predators (猎食动物)affect populations of the prey (猎物) animals? The answer is not as simple as might be thought. The moose (麋鹿)reached Isle Royale in Lake Superior by crossing over winter ice and bred freely there in isolation without predators. When wolves later reached the island, naturalists widely assumed that the wolves would play a key role in controlling the moose population. Careful studies have demonstrated, however, that this is not the case. The wolves eat mostly old or diseased animals that would not survive long anyway. In general, the moose population is controlled by food availability, disease and other factors rather than by wolves.
When experimental populations are set up under simple laboratory conditions, the predator often wipes out its prey and then becomes extinct itself. However, if safe areas like those prey animals have in the wild are provided, the prey population drops to low level but not extinction. Low prey population levels then provide inadequate food for the predators, causing the predator population to decrease. When this occurs, the prey population can rebound. In this situation the predator and prey population may continue in this cyclical pattern for some time.
Population cycles are characteristic of small mammals, and they sometimes appear to be brought about by predators. Ecologists studying hare populations have found that the North American snowshoe hare follows a roughly ten-year cycle. Two factors appear to be generating the cycle: food plants and predators.
The preferred foods of snowshoe hares are tender willow branches. As the hare population increases, the quantity of these branches decreases, forcing the hares to feed on low-quality high-fiber food. Lower birth rates and low growth rates follow, so there is a corresponding decline in hare quantity. Once the hare population has declined, it takes two to three years for the quantity of branches to recover.
A key predator of the snowshoe hare is the Canada lynx. The Canada lynx shows a ten-year cycle of abundance (大量) that parallels the abundance cycle of hares. As hare numbers fall, so do lynx numbers, as their food supply decreased.
Predators are an essential factor in maintaining communities that are rich and diverse in species. Without predators, the species that is the best competitor for food, shelter, and other environmental resources tends to dominate and exclude the species with which it competes. This phenomenon is known as “competitor exclusion”. However, if the community contains a predator of the strongest competitor species, then the population of that competitor is controlled. Thus even the less competitive species are able to survive. From the stand point of diversity (多样性), it is usually a mistake to eliminate a major predator from a community.
73. The author uses the example of the moose and wolves on Isle Royale to _________________.
A. provide evidence that predators influence prey populations
B. question the belief in the effect of predators on prey populations
C. demonstrate predator population grows faster than that of the prey
D. prove that the studies of isolated populations tend to be useful
74. The word “rebound” in the passage is closest in meaning to_____________________.
A. react
B. resist
C. remain
D. recover
75. Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A. Laboratory results ca n’t explain the changes in predator and prey populations of the wild.
B. The growth of hare population may lead to a corresponding increase in its birth rates.
C. The experimental environments can promote the growth of predator and prey populations.
D. The existence of a major predator in a community is a threat to the diversity of species.
76. What can we conclude from the passage about the cycle of the Canada lynx?
A. When hare numbers decrease, lynx numbers increase.
B. It has a great effect on the number of snowshoe hares.
C. It closely follows the cycle of the snowshoe hare.
D. It is not directly related to the availability of lynx food.
77. What is the best title of this passage?
A. What role predators play in keeping competitor species.
B. Whether predators have an impact on prey populations.
C. A study of the populations of the predator and prey animals.
D. Contributing factors of the changes in animal populations
73—77 BDACB
2015年上海市黄浦区初三二模数学试卷及答案(word版)2015.4
黄浦区2015年九年级学业考试模拟卷 数学试卷 一. 选择题 1. 下列分数中，可以化为有限小数的是（ ） A. 115； B. 118； C. 315； D. 318 ； 2. 下列二次根式中最简根式是（ ） A. ； B. ； C. D. 3. 下表是某地今年春节放假七天最低气温（C ?）的统计结果 A. 4，4； B. 4，5； C. 6，5； D. 6，6； 4. 将抛物线2 y x =向下平移1个单位，再向左平移2个单位后，所得新抛物线的表达式是（ ） A. 2 (1)2y x =-+； B. 2 (2)1y x =-+； C. 2 (1)2y x =+-； D. 2 (2)1y x =+-； 5. 如果两圆的半径长分别为6与2，圆心距为4，那么这两个圆的位置关系是（ ） A. 内含； B. 内切； C. 外切； D. 相交； 6. 下列命题中真命题是（ ） A. 对角线互相垂直的四边形是矩形； B. 对角线相等的四边形是矩形； C. 四条边都相等的四边形是矩形； D. 四个内角都相等的四边形是矩形； 二. 填空题 7. 计算：22 ()a = ； 8. 因式分解：2 288x x -+= ； 9. 计算： 1 11 x x x +=+- ； 10. 1x =-的根是 ； 11. 如果抛物线2 (2)3y a x x a =-+-的开口向上，那么a 的取值范围是 ；
12. 某校八年级共四个班，各班寒假外出旅游的学生人数如图所示，那么三班外出旅游学生 人数占全年级外出旅游学生人数的百分比为 ； 13. 将一枚质地均匀的硬币抛掷2次，硬币证明均朝上的概率是 ； 14. 如果梯形的下底长为7，中位线长为5，那么其上底长为 ； 15. 已知AB 是O e 的弦，如果O e 的半径长为5，AB 长为4，那么圆心O 到弦AB 的距 离是 ； 16. 如图，在平行四边形ABCD 中，点M 是边CD 中点，点N 是边BC 上的点，且 1 2 CN BN =，设AB a =uu u r r ，BC b =uu u r r ，那么MN uuu r 可用a r 、b r 表示为 ； 17. 如图，△ABC 是等边三角形，若点A 绕点C 顺时针旋转30°至点A '，联结A B '，则 ABA '∠度数是 ； 18. 如图，点P 是以r 为半径的圆O 外一点，点P '在线段OP 上，若满足2 OP OP r '?=， 则称点P '是点P 关于圆O 的反演点，如图，在Rt △ABO 中，90B ∠=?，2AB =， 4BO =，圆O 的半径为2，如果点A '、B '分别是点A 、B 关于圆O 的反演点，那么 A B ''的长是 ； 三. 解答题 19. 计算：10 1 2 481)|1-+-+-；
2015年上海虹口区初三数学二模试卷及答案word版
2014学年虹口区调研测试 九年级数学2015.04 （满分150分，考试时间100分钟） 考生注意： ．本试卷含三个大题，共25题； ．答题时，考生务必按答题要求在答题纸规定的位置上作答，在草稿纸、本试卷上答题一律无效； ．除第一、二大题外，其余各题如无特别说明，都必须在答题纸的相应位置上写出证明或计算的主要 步骤． 一、选择题：（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） 1．计算23()a 的结果是（ ） A ．5a ； B ．6a ； C ．8a ； D ．9a ． 2 1的一个有理化因式是（ ） A B C 1；D 1． 3．不等式组21010x x +≥??-
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是 ………………………………………………………………（ ） (A)1x >- (B)2x > (C)1x <- (D)2x < 4．已知点11(,)A x y 和点22(,)B x y 是直线23y x =+上的两个点，如果12x x <，那么1y 与2y 的大小关系正确的是 ……………………………………………………………………………（ ） (A)12y y > (B)12y y < (C)12y y = (D)无法判断 5．窗花是我国的传统艺术，下列四个窗花图案中，不．是．轴对称图形的是…………………（ ） (A) (B) (C) (D) 6．已知在四边形ABCD 中，AC 与BD 相交于点O ，那么下列条件中能判定这个四边形是正方形的是 ………………………………………………………………………………………（ ） (A)AC BD =, AB CD ∥, AB CD = (B)AD BC ∥, A C ∠=∠ (C)AO BO CO DO ===, AC BD ⊥ (D)AO CO =, BO DO =, AB BC =
2015年上海中考长宁区初三数学二模试卷及答案.doc
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2015年金山区中考数学二模试卷及答案
2014学年第二学期期中质量检测 初三数学试卷 2015.4 （时间100分钟，满分150分） 一、选择题（本题共6小题，每题4分，满分24分） 【下列各题的四个选项中，有且只有一个选项是正确的，选择正确项的代号并填涂在答题纸的相应位置上．】 1．下列各数中与2是同类二次根式的是（ ） （A ）2； （B ）32； （C ）4； （D ）12． 2．下列代数式中是二次二项式的是（ ） （A ）1-xy ； （B ） 1 12+x ； （C ）2 2xy x +； （D ）14+x ． 3．若直线1+=x y 向下平移2个单位，那么所得新直线的解析式是（ ） （A ）3+=x y ； （B ）3-=x y ； （C ）1-=x y （D ）1+-=x y ． 4．一次数学单元测试中，初三（1）班第一小组的10个学生的成绩分别是：58分、72分、 76分、82分、82分、89分、91分、91分、91分、98分，那么这次测试第一小组10个 学生成绩的众数和平均数分别是（ ） （A ）82分、83分； （B ）83分、89分； （C ）91分、72分； （D ）91分、83分． 5．如图,AB ∥CD , 13=∠D , 28=∠B ,那么E ∠等于（ ） （A ） 13； （B ） 14； （C ） 15； （D ） 16． 6．在ABC Rt ?中，? =∠90C ,BC AC =，若以点C 为圆心，以cm 2长为半径的圆与斜 边AB 相切，那么BC 的长等于（ ） （A ）cm 2； （B ）cm 22； （C ）cm 32； （D ）cm 4． B C E D A 第5题图
2015静安青浦区初三二模数学试卷及答案
静安、青浦区2014学年第二学期教学质量调研 九年级数学 2015.4 （满分150分，100分钟完成） 考生注意： 1．本试卷含三个大题，共25题．答题时，考生务必按答题要求在答题纸规定的位置上作答，在草稿纸、本调研卷上答题一律无效． 2．除第一、二大题外,其余各题如无特别说明，都必须在答题纸的相应位置上写出证明或计算的主要步骤． 一、选择题：（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） [每小题只有一个正确选项，在答题纸相应题号的选项上用2B 铅笔正确填涂] 1．下列二次根式中，最简二次根式是 （A ）8 （B ）169 （C ）42+x （D ） x 1 2．某公司三月份的产值为a 万元，比二月份增长了m %，那么二月份的产值（单位：万元）为 （A ）%)1(m a + （B ）%)1(m a - （C ） %1m a + （D ）% 1m a - 3．如果关于x 的方程02 =+-m x x 有实数根，那么m 的取值范围是 （A ）41> m （B ）41≥m （C ）41 1 2015年松江区初中毕业生学业模拟考试 数学试卷 （满分150分，考试时间100分钟） 2015.4 考生注意： 1．本试卷含三个大题，共25题； 2．答题时，考生务必按答题要求在答题纸规定的位置上作答，在草稿纸、本试卷上答题一律无效； 3．除第一、二大题外，其余各题如无特别说明，都必须在答题纸的相应位置上写出证明或计算的主要步骤． 一、选择题：（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） 【下列各题的四个选项中，有且只有一个选项是正确的，选择正确项的代号并填涂在答题纸的相应位置上】 1．下列根式中，与24是同类根式的是（ ） （A ）2； （B ）3； （C ）5； （D ）6． 2．如果关于x 的一元二次方程042 =+-k x x 有两个不相等的实数根，那么k 的取值范围是（ ） （A ）4 闵行区2014学年第二学期九年级质量调研考试 数 学 试 卷 （考试时间100分钟，满分150分） 考生注意： 1．本试卷含三个大题，共25题． 2．答题时，考生务必按答题要求在答题纸规定的位置上作答，在草稿纸、本试卷上答 题一律无效． 3．除第一、二大题外，其余各题如无特别说明，都必须在答题纸的相应位置上写出证 明或计算的主要步骤． 一、选择题：（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） 【下列各题的四个选项中，有且只有一个选项是正确的，请选择正确选项的代号并填涂在答题纸的相应位置上】 1．下列各数中，是无理数的是 （A （B ）2π；（C ）24 7；（D 2 ．a （A ）2(a ；（B ）2(a -；（C ）a -（D ）a + 3．下列方程中，有实数根的方程是 （A ）430x +=； （B 1-； （C ）22 1 11 x x x =--； （D x -． 4．如图，反映的是某中学九（3）班学生外出方式（乘车、步行、骑车）的频数（人数）分布直方图（部分）和扇形分布图，那么下列说法正确的是 （A ）九（3）班外出的学生共有42人； （B ）九（3）班外出步行的学生有8人； （C ）在扇形图中，步行的学生人数所占的圆心角为82o； （D ）如果该校九年级外出的学生共有500人，那么估计全年级外出骑车的学生约有 140人． 5 （A ）矩形；（B ）等腰梯形． 6．下列命题中假命题是（A （B （C （D 二、填空题：（本大题共12题，每题4分，满分48分） 7．计算：1 2 4= ▲ ． 8．计算：31a a -?= ▲ ． 9．在实数范围内分解因式：324x x -= ▲ ． 学校_____________________ 班级__________ 准考证号_________ 姓名______________ …………………………密○………………………………………封○………………………………………○线………………………… 乘车50% 步行 x % 骑车 y % （第4题图） 2015年普陀区数学中考二模试卷(含答案) 2015年普陀区初三数学二模卷 （时间：100分钟，满分：150分） 一、选择题：（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） 1、 下列分数中，能化为有限小数的是（ ） A 、 1 15 B 、 215 C 、 315 D 、 515 2、 下列说法中，不正确的是（ ） A 、10 B 、2-是4的一个平方根 C 、 49的平方根是23 D 、0.01的算术平方根是0.1 3、 数据0、1、1、3、3、4的平均数和方差分别是（ ） A 、2和1.6 B 、2和2 C 、2.4和1.6 D 、2.4和2 4、 在下列图形中，中心对称图形是（ ） A 、等腰梯形 B 、平行四边形 C 、正五边形 D 、等腰三角形 5、 如果点 1122(,),(,)A x y B x y 都在反比例函数1 y x =- 的图像上，并且120x x <<，那么下列各式中正确的是（ ） A 、 120y y << B 、120y y < < C 、 120y y >> D 、120y y > > 6、 在下列4?4的正方形网格图中，每个小正方形的边长都是1，三角形的顶点都在格点上，那 么与图1中△ABC 相似的三角形所在的网格图是（ ） A 、 B 、 C 、 D 、 二、填空题：（本大题共12题，每题4分，满分48分） 7、 分解因式：2 ab ab -= ； 8、 5=的根是 ； 9、 = ； 图1 10、一元二次方程2 90x +=根的判别式的值是 ； 11、 函数 y =的定义域是 ； 12、某彩票共发行100,000份，其中设特等奖1名，一等奖2名，二等奖5名，三等奖10名，那么抽中特 等奖的概率是 ； 13、O e 的直径为10，弦AB 的弦心距OM 是3，那么弦AB 的长是 ； 14、如图2，已知△ABC 中，中线AM 、BN 相交于点G ，如果AG a =u u u r r ，BN b =u u u r r ，那么BC =u u u r （用a r 和b r 表示）； 15、如图3，在△ABC 中，点D 、E 分别在AB 、AC 上，ADE C ∠=∠，如果AE=2，△ADE 的面积 是4，四边形BCED 的面积是5，那么AB 的长是 ； 16、某区有6000名学生参加了“创建国家卫生城市”知识竞赛，为了了解本次竞赛成绩分布情况，竞赛 组委会从中随机抽取部分学生的成绩（得分都是整数．．）作为样本，绘制成频率分布直方图（图4），请根据提供的信息估计该区本次竞赛成绩在89.5分—99.5分的学生大约有 名； 图2 G N M C B A 图3 E D C B A 图4 17、如图5-1，对于平面上不大于90°的∠MON ，我们给出如下定义：如果点P 在∠MON 的内部，作PE ⊥OM ，PF ⊥ON ，垂足分别为点E 、F ，那么称PE+PF 的值为点P 相对于∠MON 的“点角距离”，记为(,)d P MON ∠。如图5-2，在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，点P 在第一象限内，且点P 的横坐标比纵坐标大1，对于xOy ∠，满足(,)5d P xOy ∠=，点P 的坐标是 ； 18、如图6，在矩形纸片ABCD 中，AB 杨浦区2015年初中毕业统一学业模拟考试 数学试卷 (时间100分钟,满分150分 2015.4 一、选择题:(本大题共6题,每题4分,满分24分 【下列各题的四个选项中,有且只有一个选项是正确的,选择正确项的代号并填涂在答题纸的相应位置上】 1.下列二次根式中,属于最简二次根式的是( ▲ (A (B 22b a -; (C (D 3 x . 2.下列运算正确的是( ▲ 2=±; (B(11x x --=--; (C2 39-=; (D22--=-. 3.关于x 的一元二次方程2 10x ax --=根的情况是( ▲ (A有两个相等的实数根; (B没有实数根; (C有两个不相等的实数根; (D根的情况无法确定. 4.下列四个函数图像中,当x >0时,y 随x 的增大而增大的是( ▲ (A; (B; (D. 5.一名同学想用正方形和圆设计一个图案,要求整个图案关于正方形的某条对角线对称,那么下列图案中不符合...要求的是( ▲ (D . 6.下列命题中,正确的是( ▲ (A Rt △ABC 中,CD 是AB 上中线,则CD = 2 1 AB ; (B 点P 是∠AOB 的平分线上一点,点M 、N 分别在OA 、OB 上,则PM =PN ; (C Rt △ABC 中,若∠B =30°,则AC = 2 1 AB ; (D 一边上的中线等于这边的一半的三角形是直角三角形. 二、填空题:(本大题12题,每题4分,满分48分【请将结果直接填入答题纸的相应位置上】 7.计算:=÷-xy y x 2 3 2 ▲ . 8.分解因式:x 2-9= ▲ . 9.方程12=+x 的解是▲ . 10.若点M (x -1,3-x 在第二象限,则x 的取值范围是▲ . 11.已知反比例函数1 k y x -= 的图像在第二、四象限内,那么k 的取值范围是▲ . 12.如果一次函数y kx b =+的图像与直线2y x =平行,且过点(3,5-,那么该一次函数 解析式为▲ . 13.下图是同一副扑克中的4张扑克牌的正面,将它们正面朝下洗匀后放在桌上,从中抽出一张,则抽到奇数的概率是▲ . 14.在□ABCD 中,AC 与B D 相交于点O , 旋转 (2015 二模 奉贤) 18．如图，已知钝角三角形ABC ，∠A=35°，OC 为边AB 上的中线，将 △AOC 绕着点O 顺时针旋转，点C 落在BC 边上的点'C 处，点A 落在点' A 处，联结'BA ，如果点A 、C 、'A 在同一直线上，那么∠''C BA 的度数为 ； (2015 二模 静安青浦)17. 将矩形ABCD （如图）绕点A 旋转后, 点D 落在对角线AC 上的点 D ’，点C 落到C ’，如果AB =3，BC=4，那么CC ’的长为 ． (2015 二模 杨浦)18．如图，钝角△ABC 中，tan ∠BAC = 3 4 ，BC =4，将三角形绕着点 A 旋转，点C 落在直线AB 上的点C ，处，点B 落在点B ， 处，若C 、 B 、B ， 恰好在一直线上，则AB 的长为 . 翻折 (2015 二模 宝山嘉定) 18．在矩形ABCD 中，15=AD ，点E 在边DC 上，联结AE ，△ ADE 沿直线AE 翻折后点D 落到点F ，过点F 作AD FG ⊥，垂足为点G ，如图5，如果GD AD 3=， 那么=DE ． (2015 二模 崇明)18．如图，在ABC ?中，CA CB =，90C ∠=?，点D 是BC 的中点，将ABC ?沿着直线EF 折叠，使点A 与点D 重合， 折痕交AB 于点E ，交AC 于点F ，那么sin BED ∠的值 为 ． A D B C G E F 图5 B A C F E D （第18题图） C B O A （第18题图） （第17题图） B D (2015 二模 金山)18．在矩形ABCD 中，6=AB ，8=AD ，把矩形ABCD 沿直线MN 翻 折，点B 落在边AD 上的E 点处，若AM AE 2=，那么EN 的长等于 (2015 二模 闵行)18．如图，已知在Rt △ABC 中，∠C = 90o，AC = BC = 1，点D 在边BC 上，将△ABC 沿直线AD 翻折，使点C 落在点C ′处，联结AC ′，直线AC ′与边CB 的延长线相交于点F ．如果∠DAB =∠BAF ，那么BF = ． (2015 二模 浦东)18．如图，已知在Rt △ABC 中，D 是斜边AB 的中点，AC =4，BC=2，将 △ACD 沿直线CD 折叠，点A 落在点E 处，联结AE ，那么线段AE 的长度等于 ． (2015 二模 普陀)18．如图6，在矩形纸片ABCD 中，AB 浦东新区初三教学质量检测数学试卷 （2015.4.21） 一、选择题：（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） 1．下列等式成立的是（ ） （A ）2222-=-； （B ）236222=÷； （C ）5232)2(=； （D ）120=． 2．下列各整式中，次数为5次的单项式是（ ） （A ）xy 4； （B ）xy 5； （C ）x+y 4 ； （D ）x+y 5 ． 3．如果最简二次根式2+x 与x 3是同类二次根式，那么x 的值是（ ） （A ）-1； （B ）0； （C ）1； （D ）2． 4．如果正多边形的一个内角等于135度，那么这个正多边形的边数是（ ） （A ）5； （B ）6； （C ）7； （D ）8． 5．下列说法中，正确的个数有（ ） ①一组数据的平均数一定是该组数据中的某个数据； ②一组数据的中位数一定是该组数据中的某个数据； ③一组数据的众数一定是该组数据中的某个数据． （A ）0个； （B ）1个； （C ）2个； （D ）3个． 6．已知四边形ABCD 是平行四边形，对角线AC 与BD 相交于点O ，那么下列结论中正确 的是（ ） （A ）当AB =BC 时，四边形ABCD 是矩形； （B ）当AC ⊥BD 时，四边形ABCD 是矩形； （C ）当OA =OB 时，四边形ABCD 是矩形； （D ）当∠ABD =∠CBD 时，四边形ABCD 是矩形． 二、填空题：（本大题共12题，每题4分，满分48分） 7．计算：23-= ． 8．分解因式：x x 43-= ． 9．方程43+=x x 的解是 ． 10．已知分式方程31 2122=+++x x x x ，如果设x x y 1 2+=，那么原方程可化为关于y 的整式方程是 ． 11．如果反比例函数的图像经过点（3,-4），那么这个反比例函数的比例系数是 ． 12．如果随意把各面分别写有数字“1”、“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”、“6”的骰子抛到桌面上，那 么正面朝上的数字是合数的概率是 ． 13．为了解某山区金丝猴的数量，科研人员在该山区不同的地方捕获了15只金丝猴，并在 它们的身上做上标记后放回该山区．过段时间后，在该山区不同的地方又捕获了32只 金丝猴，其中4只身上有上次做的标记，由此可以估计该山区金丝猴的数量约有 只． 14．已知点G 是△ABC 的重心，m AB =，n BC =，那么向量AG 用向量m 、n 表示为 ． 15．如图，已知AD ∥EF ∥BC ，AE=3BE ，AD =2，EF =5，那么BC = ． 16．如图，已知小岛B 在基地A 的南偏东30°方向上，与基地A 相距10海里，货轮C 在 基地A 的南偏西60°方向、小岛B 的北偏西75°方向上，那么货轮C 与小岛B 的距离 是 海里． A B C D E F （第15题图） C A D B （第18题图） 黄浦区2015年九年级学业考试模拟卷 一. 选择题 1. 下列分数中，可以化为有限小数的是（） A. 1 15； B. 1 18 ； C. 3 15 ； D. 3 18 ； 2. 下列二次根式中最简根式是（） A. B. C. D. 3. 下表是某地今年春节放假七天最低气温（C?）的统计结果 A. 4，4； B. 4，5； C. 6，5； D. 6，6； 4. 将抛物线2 y x =向下平移1个单位，再向左平移2个单位后，所得新抛物线的表达式是（） A. 2 (1)2 y x =-+； B. 2 (2)1 y x =-+； C. 2 (1)2 y x =+-； D. 2 (2)1 y x =+-； 5. 如果两圆的半径长分别为6与2，圆心距为4，那么这两个圆的位置关系是（） A. 内含； B. 内切； C. 外切； D. 相交； 6. 下列命题中真命题是（） A. 对角线互相垂直的四边形是矩形； B. 对角线相等的四边形是矩形； C. 四条边都相等的四边形是矩形； D. 四个内角都相等的四边形是矩形； 二. 填空题 7. 计算：22()a = ； 8. 因式分解：2288x x -+= ； 9. 计算： 111 x x x +=+- ； 10. 方程1x =-的根是 ； 11. 如果抛物线2(2)3y a x x a =-+-的开口向上，那么a 的取值范围是 ； 12. 某校八年级共四个班，各班寒假外出旅游的学生人数如图所示，那么三班外 出旅游学生人数占全年级外出旅游学生人数的百分比为 ； 13. 将一枚质地均匀的硬币抛掷2次，硬币证明均朝上的概率是 ； 14. 如果梯形的下底长为7，中位线长为5，那么其上底长为 ； 15. 已知AB 是O e 的弦，如果O e 的半径长为5，AB 长为4，那么圆心O 到弦AB 的距离是 ； 16. 如图，在平行四边形ABCD 中，点M 是边CD 中点，点N 是边BC 上的点， 且 1 2CN BN =，设AB a =uu u r r ，BC b =uu u r r ，那么MN uuu r 可用a r 、b r 表示为 ； 17. 如图，△ABC 是等边三角形，若点A 绕点C 顺时针旋转30°至点A '，联结 A B '，则ABA '∠度数是 ； 18. 如图，点P 是以r 为半径的圆O 外一点，点P '在线段OP 上，若满足 北京市西城区2015年初三二模试卷 数 学 2015.6 一、选择题(本题共30分，每小题3分) 下面各题均有四个选项，其中只有一个是符合题意的． 1．2015年羊年除夕夜的10点半，在央视春晚送红包的活动中，微信“摇一摇”峰值的摇动次数达到8.1亿次/分钟，送出微信红包120 000 000个．将120 000 000用科学记数法表示应为（ ） A. 90.1210? B. 71.210? C. 81.210? D. 71210? 2．如图，BD ∥AC ，AD 与BC 交于点E ，如果∠BCA =50°，∠D =30°， 那么∠DEC 等于（ ） A. 75° B. 80° C. 100° D. 120° 3．64的立方根是（ ） A. 8± B. 4± C. 8 D. 4 4．函数2y x =-中，自变量x 的取值范围是（ ） A.2x ≠ B. x ≥2 C. x ＞2 D. x ≥2- 5．如图，△ABC 中，D ，E 两点分别在AB ，AC 边上，且DE ∥BC ， 如果 2 3 AD AB =，AC =6，那么AE 的长为（ ） A. 3 B. 4 C. 9 D. 12 6．某居民小区开展节约用电活动，该小区100户家庭4月份的节电情况如下表所示． 节电量（千瓦时） 20 30 40 50 户数（户） 20 30 30 20 那么4月份这100户家庭的节电量（单位：千瓦时）的平均数是（ ） A. 35 B. 26 C. 25 D. 20 7. 若一个正六边形的半径为2，则它的边心距等于（ ） A. 2 B. 1 C. 3 D. 23 8．如图，△ABC 的边AC 与⊙O 相交于C ，D 两点，且经过圆心O ， 边AB 与⊙O 相切，切点为B ．如果∠A =34°，那么∠C 等于（ ） A ．28° B ．33° C ．34° D ．56° 9．如图，将正方形OABC 放在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，O 是原点， 若点A 的坐标为(1,3)，则点C 的坐标为（ ） A ．(3,1) B ．(1,3)- C ．(3,1)- D ．(3,1)-- 10．在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，点M 的坐标为(,1)m ．如果以原点为圆心，半径为1的⊙O 上存在点N ，使得45OMN ∠=?，那么m 的取值范围是（ ） A ．1-≤m ≤1 B. 1-＜m ＜1 C. 0≤m ≤1 D. 0＜m ＜1 二、填空题(本题共18分，每小题3分) 11．若2(2)10m n ++-= 则m n -= ． 12．若一个凸n 边形的内角和为1080?，则边数n = ． 13．两千多年前，我国的学者墨子和他的学生做了小孔成像的实 验．他的做法是，在一间黑暗的屋子里，一面墙上开一个小孔，小孔对面的墙上就会出现外面景物的倒像．小华在学习了小孔成像的原理后，利用如下装置来验证小孔成像的现象．已知一根点燃的蜡烛距小孔20cm ，光屏在距小孔30cm 处，小华测量了蜡烛的火焰高度为2cm ，则光屏上火焰 所成像的高度为______cm ． 14．请写出一个图象的对称轴是直线1x =，且经过(0,1)点的二次函数的表达式： _____________． 15．如图，在平面直角坐标系xOy 中，直线3y x =与双曲线n y x = （n ≠0）在第一象限的公共点是(1,)P m ．小明说：“从图象上可 以看出，满足3n x x > 的x 的取值范围是1x >．”你同意他的 观点吗？答： ．理由是 ． 2015年4月徐汇区二模数学试卷 一、选择题（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） 1、下列各数中，无理数是（ ） A 、 22 7 ； B C 、π； D 2、下列运算中，正确的是（ ） A 、21x x -=； B 、2x x x +=； C 、336()x x =； D 、8 2 4 x x x ÷=； 3、某反比例函数的图像经过点（2-，3），则此函数图像也经过点（ ） A 、（2,3）； B 、（3-，3-）； C 、（2，3-）； D 、（4-，6）； 4、如图，已知ABC ?中，90ACB ∠=，CH 、CM 分别是斜边AB 上的高和中线，则下列结论不正确的是（ ） A 、2 2 2 AB AC BC =+； B 、2 CH AH HB =； C 、12CM AB = ； D 、1 2 CB AB =； 5 则这A 、180，160； B 、160，180； C 、160，160； D 、180，180； 6、下列命题中，假命题是（ ） A 、没有公共点的两圆叫两圆相离； B 、相交两圆的交点关于这两个圆的连心线所在直线对称； C 、联结相切两圆圆心的直线必经过切点；D 、内含的两个圆的圆心距大于零； 二、填空题（本大题共12题，每题4分，满分48分） 7、计算：2 2-= ； 8、用科学计数法表示660000的结果是 ； 9、函数21 x y x = -中自变量x 的取值范围是 ； 10、分解因式：2 416a -= ； 11、不等式组251123x x -+ 浦东新区初三教学质量检测数学试卷 （2015.4.21） 一、选择题：（本大题共6题，每题4分，满分24分） 1．下列等式成立的是（ ） （A ）2222-=-； （B ）236222=÷； （C ）5232)2(=； （D ）120=． 2．下列各整式中，次数为5次的单项式是（ ） （A ）xy 4； （B ）xy 5； （C ）x+y 4 ； （D ）x+y 5 ． 3．如果最简二次根式2+x 与x 3是同类二次根式，那么x 的值是（ ） （A ）-1； （B ）0； （C ）1； （D ）2． 4．如果正多边形的一个内角等于135度，那么这个正多边形的边数是（ ） （A ）5； （B ）6； （C ）7； （D ）8． 5．下列说法中，正确的个数有（ ） ①一组数据的平均数一定是该组数据中的某个数据； ②一组数据的中位数一定是该组数据中的某个数据； ③一组数据的众数一定是该组数据中的某个数据． （A ）0个； （B ）1个； （C ）2个； （D ）3个． 6．已知四边形ABCD 是平行四边形，对角线AC 与BD 相交于点O ，那么下列结论中正确 的是（ ） （A ）当AB =BC 时，四边形ABCD 是矩形； （B ）当AC ⊥BD 时，四边形ABCD 是矩形； （C ）当OA =OB 时，四边形ABCD 是矩形； （D ）当∠ABD =∠CBD 时，四边形ABCD 是矩形． 二、填空题：（本大题共12题，每题4分，满分48分） 7．计算：23-= ． 8．分解因式：x x 43-= ． 9．方程43+=x x 的解是 ． 10．已知分式方程31 2122=+++x x x x ，如果设x x y 1 2+=，那么原方程可化为关于y 的整式方程是 ． 11．如果反比例函数的图像经过点（3,-4），那么这个反比例函数的比例系数是 ． 12．如果随意把各面分别写有数字“1”、“2”、“3”、“4”、“5”、“6”的骰子抛到桌面上，那 么正面朝上的数字是合数的概率是 ． 13．为了解某山区金丝猴的数量，科研人员在该山区不同的地方捕获了15只金丝猴，并在 它们的身上做上标记后放回该山区．过段时间后，在该山区不同的地方又捕获了32只 金丝猴，其中4只身上有上次做的标记，由此可以估计该山区金丝猴的数量约有 只． 14．已知点G 是△ABC 的重心，m AB =，n BC =，那么向量AG 用向量m 、n 表示为 ． 15．如图，已知AD ∥EF ∥BC ，AE=3BE ，AD =2，EF =5，那么BC = ． 16．如图，已知小岛B 在基地A 的南偏东30°方向上，与基地A 相距10海里，货轮C 在 基地A 的南偏西60°方向、小岛B 的北偏西75°方向上，那么货轮C 与小岛B 的距离 是 海里． A B C D E F （第15题图） C A D B （第18题图） 1.黄浦 18. 如图，点P 是以r 为半径的圆O 外一点， 点P '在线段OP 上，若满足2 OP OP r '?=，则 称点P '是点P 关于圆O 的反演点，如图，在 Rt △ABO 中，90B ∠=?，2AB =，4BO =，圆O 的半径为2，如果点A '、B '分别是点A 、B 关于圆O 的反演点，那么A B ''的长是 ； 2.奉贤 18．如图，已知钝角三角形ABC ，∠A=35°，OC 为边AB 上的中线，将△AOC 绕着点O 顺时针旋转，点C 落在BC 边上的点'C 处，点A 落在点'A 处，联结'BA ， 如果点A 、C 、' A 在同一直线上， 那么∠''C BA 的度数为 ； 3.普陀 4.杨浦 18. 如图，△ABC 中，90ABC ∠>?，3tan 4 BAC ∠= ， 4BC =，将三角形绕着点A 旋转，点C 落在直线 AB 上的点C '处，点B 落在点B '处，若C 、B 、 B '恰好在一直线上，则AB 的长为 ； 5.松江 18．如图，在△ABC 中，AB=AC=5cm ，BC=6cm ， BD 平分∠A BC ，BD 交AC 于点D.如果将 △ABD 沿BD 翻折，点A 落在点A′处， 那么△D A′C 的面积为_______________cm 2. C B O A （第18题图） A B C D M F E D C B A 6.崇明 18．如图，在ABC ?中，CA CB =，90C ∠=?，点D 是BC 的中点，将ABC ?沿着直线EF 折叠，使点A 与点D 重合， 折痕交AB 于点E ，交AC 于点F ，那么sin BED ∠的值 为 ． 7.浦东 8徐汇 9.闵行 18. 如图，已知在Rt △ABC 中，∠C=90o，AC=BC=1，点D 在边BC 上，将△ABC 沿直线AD 翻折，使点C 落在点C 1处，联结AC 1，直线AC 1与边CB 的延长线相交于点F.如果∠DAB=∠BAF,那么BF= ▲ 10.静安、青浦 18．如图，⊙O 1的半径为1，⊙O 2的半径为2，O 1O 2＝5，⊙O 分别与⊙O 1外切、 与⊙O 2内切，那么⊙O 半径r 的取值范围是 ． 11.虹口 18. 在中，，（如图）， 若将绕点顺时针方向旋转到的位置， 联结，则的长为 ． 12.长宁 18.如图，△ABC ≌△DEF （点A 、B 分别与点D 、 E 对应），AB=AC=5，BC=6，△ABC 固定不动， △DEF 运动，并满足点E 在BC 边从B 向C 移动 （点E 不与B 、C 重合），DE 始终经过点A ，EF 与AC 边交于点M ，当△AEM 是等腰三角形时， BE= . 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