个人整理Unit 1 The Power of Language 语言的力量+翻译
Unit 1 The Power of Language
A Famous Quote
Language is the dress of thought.
------Samuel Johnson
Samuel Johnson (1709-1784), British man of letters, one of the most
outstanding figures of the 18th century in England. He made lasting contributions to English literature as a poet, essayist, moralist, literary critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. Johnson has been describe d as “arguably the most distinguished man of letters in English history.”
Text A Critical Reading 批判性阅读
Pre-reading Questions
1. Do you usually challenge the idea an author represents? What do you think is active reading?
2. What suggestions do you expect the author will give on reading critically?
1.你经常挑战作者代表的想法吗？你认为积极的阅读是什么？
2.你认为作者会对阅读的建议有什么建议？
Critica l(有判断力的) reading applies to（适用于） non-fiction writing in which the author puts
forth a position or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating（v. 估计） what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.
批判性阅读适用于非小说类读物，在这类读物中作者会提出一种观点或试图表明一种态度。批判性阅读是积极的阅读。它涉及的不仅仅是理解作者所说的。批判性阅读涉及到对作者所说提出质疑，做出评价，形成你自己的观点。想要成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下方面。
Consider the context(背景) of what is written. You may be reading something that was written
by an author from a different cultural context than yours. Or, you may be reading something written som etime ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into accoun t any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented(v.描述) by the author.
考虑文章的写作背景。你读的文章的作者可能处于不同的文化背景。或者，这篇文章的写作背景是处于不同的时代。不论哪种情况，你要注意并考虑你的价值观和态度和作者所述的价值观和态度有何不同。take sth. into account考虑到
Question assertions(断言) made by the author. Don’t accept what is written at face value. Before
accepting what is written, by certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made . Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide support. Also, look to see if the author has integrate d the work of authorities（n.专家）.
去质疑作者的论断。不能去接受作者表面的结论。在接受作者表达的观点之前，确定作者提供了足
以支撑论点的论据。寻找作者提供的事实、例子和统计数据。另外，留意作者是否结合了权威们的成果。
Compare what is written with other written work on the subject. Look to see that what is written is consistent(相符的) with that others have written about the subject. If there are inconsistencies（不相符的）, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.
与其他关于同一主题的读物进行比较。分析关于这个主题作者与其他作者之间观点是否相符。如果不一致，仔细评价在这些不一致的地方作者所提供的论据。
Analyze assumptions made by the author. Assumptions are whatever the author must believe is true in order to make assertions. In many cases, the author’s assumptions are not directly stated（声明）. This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions. Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.
分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者提出论断时自认为是正确的观点。很多时候，作者不会直接声明他的假设。这意味着你必须仔细阅读以便识别这些假设。一旦你确定了一个假设，你必须判定这个假设是否合理。
Evaluate the sources the author uses. In doing this, by certain that the sources are credible（可靠的）. For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements
in physics. Also be certain that the sources are relevant. Einstein is not a relevant source when the subjec t is poetry（诗歌）. Finally, if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current. For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropri ate if the writer is discussing the current state of knowledge in physics.
评估作者引用论据的来源。评价的时候，确保这些来源是可信的。例如，如果作者写物理学的里程碑成就,那么引用爱因斯坦就是一个可靠的来源。此外还要确保来源的相关性。主题是诗歌时爱因斯坦就不是一个合适的相关来源。最后，如果作者所写的是关于当前状况下的主题，要确保引用的来源是当前的。例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，引用爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期做的研究就不合适。
Identify any possible author bias. A written discussion of American politics will likely look considera bly different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican. What is written may very well reflect(v.反映,表明) a biased position. You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written. That is, take what is written with “a grain of salt.”（一小撮盐，即怀疑态度） By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your
views as appropriate.
识别作者任何可能的偏见。有关美国政治的书面论述会因为作者是民主党人或是共和党人而不同。文章内容很可能反映出有偏见的立场。当阅读时需要考虑作者的可能的偏见。也就是持怀疑态度看待作者所言。成为一名批判性阅读者你得到的信息会更全面，会变得更明智，也会改变你的观点。
Text B The Language of Confidence
Pre-reading Questions
1. Are there any words that make you feel confident or diffident?
2. Do you believe that language can influence people’s thought? Give some
example.
The language we use programs our brain. Mastering our language give us a great degree of mastery over our lives and our destinies. It is important to use the language in the best way possible in order to dram atically improve our quality of life.
Even the smallest of words can have the deepest effect on our subconscious mind, which is like a child, a nd it doesn’t really understand the difference between what really happens and what you imagine. It is e ager to please and willing to carry out any commands that you give it--- whether you do this knowingly o
r not is entirely up to you.
“Try”
It is a small word yet it has an amazing impact upon us. If someone says, “I’ll try to do that” you know t hat they are not going to be putting their whole heart into it, and may not even do it at all. How often do you use the word try when talking about the things that matter to you? Do say “I’ll try to be more confid ent” or “I’l l try to do that” or “I’ll try to call”?
Think about something that you would like to achieve, and say it to yourself in two different ways. Firstly say, “I’ll try to …” and notice how you feel. Next say, “I will do …” and see how you feel.
The latter makes you feel better than the first one, doesn’t it? It gives you a sense of determination, a fe eling that it will be done. Listen to the people around you and when they say they will try to notice if it g ets done or not. Eliminate the word try from your dictionary and see how your life improves.
“Can’t”
This is another small word with a big impact. It disempowers us, makes us feel weak and helpless, and da mages our self-esteem. It limits our infinite abilities and stifles creativity. Rub it out from your internal di ctionary and replace it with something that makes you feel great.
Instead of saying you can’t, why not say something like “I choose …” or “I choose not to …” Using words l ike this allows you to take back your power and to be in control of your life.
Words may appear small and insignificant, yet they have a deep and lasting effect on us. Mastering your l anguage gives you the power to live whatever life you desire.
What words do you use a lot that disempower you? Make a list of words you commonly use and then wr ite next to them some alternatives you can use. Make these alternatives words that make you feel fabulo us, not only about yourself, but about life and what you are doing!
我们使用的语言程序我们的大脑。掌握我们的语言给我们很大程度的掌握我们的生活和我们的命运。重要的是要尽可能用最好的方式使用语言，以极大地提高我们的生活质量。
即使是最小的言语，也能对我们的潜意识产生最深的影响，这是一个孩子，它并不能真正理解什么是真正发生的和你想象的不同。它是渴望的，并愿意执行任何命令，你给它---无论你做这件事，无论是故意或不完全取决于你。
“尝试”
这是一个很小的词，但它对我们有着惊人的影响。如果有人说，“我会努力做到这一点”，你知道，他们不会把他们的全部心，甚至可能不会这样做的。你在谈论那些对你有重要关系的事情时，你会用什么词来试一下？我会说“我会努力变得更有自信”或者“我会努力去做”或者“我会努力去打电话”？
想想你想实现的事情，并用不同的方式对自己说。首先说，“我会努力……”并注意你的感受。接下来说，“我会做……”，看看你的感受。
后者让你感觉比第一个好，不是吗？它给你一种决心，一种感觉，它将被做。倾听你周围的人，当
他们说他们将尝试通知，如果它得到做或不。消除这个词从你的字典，看看你的生活如何提高。“不能”
这是另一个小字眼，有很大的影响。它无力的我们，使我们感到虚弱和无助，并损害我们的自尊。它限制了我们的能力和扼杀创造力无限。把它从你的字典里擦出来，把它替换掉，让你感觉很好。不要说你能不能，为什么不说一些像“我选择……”或“我选择不……”使用这样的话让你收回你的力量和控制你的生活。
文字可能显得又小又微不足道，但它们对我们有着深远的影响。掌握你的语言会让你活出你想要的生活。
你用哪个词很多，打倒你？列出你常用的词，然后再写下一些你可以使用的替代品。做出这些选择的话，让你感觉美妙，不仅是关于你自己，而是关于生活和你在做什么！