研究生硕士文献阅读与翻译整理

2.1.Definition of professional papers

? A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic.

2.2.Classification of professional papers

1)Report Paper

The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of another on a particular subject. The writer neither judges nor evaluates the findings, but merely catalogs them in a sensible sequence

2) Research paper

A research paper can be intelligent, well informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions.

3) Course Paper

course papers are written after a specific course is learned or are designed at the end of a term. This type of paper is, therefore, also called “term paper”.

4) Thesis Paper

the thesis paper takes a definite stand on an issue. A thesis is a proposition or point of view that a writer or speaker is willing to argue against or defend. A paper that argued for ratification of a certain event would therefore be a thesis paper. Writing a thesis paper requires a writer to exercise judgment, evaluate evidence, and construct

a logical argument, whereas writing a report paper does not

2.3. Linguistic Features of Professional Papers

1) Formal Style

A professional paper deals with the study of some objective facts or problems, and the conclusion that is drawn should be based on relevant data, not on personal likes and dislikes.

It is particularly important in any kind of scientific inquiry; it does not matter who is conducting the experiment or investigation. Being impersonal and free from emotional factors is one of the important features in professional writing.

The need to be formal comes from the fact that science reflects the objective facts, and it is free from bias and prejudice. The need for objectivity becomes a matter of special concern whenever a research or investigation touches upon human actions or attitudes.

2) Specialized Terms（自行举例）

The terms in professional papers are typically specialized.

Take the word “normal” as an example. Generally, it means “正常”; but in mathematics, it represents “法线”; and in the field of chemistry, “当量” Again the word “power.” In electronics, it is rendered as “电力” or “电源”; in mechanics, “动力”; whereas in mathematics, “幂”

Even in the same field, the meanings of the same word may vary slightly due to its different collocations.

?filter 滤波器, 滤色器tramp filter 干扰滤除器

?amplitude filter 振辐滤色器filter paper 滤纸

?primary filter 基色滤色器

What is more, a great number of professional words and terms can only be understood by the specialists in the fields.

decoder (译码器), photophor (磷光核), multi-quantum transition (多量子跃迁), Read Only Memory (只读储存器) and conversational implicatures (会话含义),

Unit 4

Abstracts

4.1. Definition of Abstracts

An abstract is a brief and self-contained summary and an accurate representation of the contents of a document such as a research paper, a journal article, thesis, review, conference proceeding, and other academic documents.

4.2. Classification of Abstracts

It can be a description of what kind of information it is, which includes the purpose, scope, and methods of the research or it can be the informative content of the document,which includes results and conclusions of the research.

如何分类：Depending on which information they contain,abstracts can be classified into major types:indicative abstract informative abstracts,indicative-informative abstract and author abstracts. As they have different aims ,they have different components and styles,

4.2.1. Indicative (or descriptive abstracts)

An indicative abstract or descriptive abstract is one that describes the type and nature of the work abstracted, indicating the principal subjects covered and providing a brief description of the way the facts are treated and the methods or techniques that are being reported.

4.2.2. Informative abstracts

4.2.3. Indicative / informative abstracts (综合性)

Indicative/ informative abstract is more common than either the pure indicative or the pure information style.

4.2.4. Author abstract

4.2.

5. Slanted abstract

4.2.6. Telegraphic abstract

4.2.7. Mini-abstract

4.2.8 Mission-oriented abstract

4.2.9 Finding-oriented abstract

4.2.10 Highlight abstract

4.3.Linguistic Features of Abstracts

4.3.1 Using Topic, Supporting, and Concluding Sentences

?An abstract often starts with a “topic” or “lead” sentence. This first sentence attempts to summarize any essential information that is not conveyed by the title. The objective is to enable the reader to eliminate possibly relevant documents, which, in fact, prove to be of little interest without delving into the body of the abstract.

4.3.2 Using Brief but Informative Sentences

The abstractor must resist the temptation to use long sentences in striving to avoid repetition.

4.3.3 Arranging in One Paragraph

All abstracts, barring possibly those of exceptional length, should consist of one paragraph only. This should be a coherent paragraph, and not a series of disjointed sentences.

4.3.4 Being Concise

Conciseness is paramount. Redundant phrases such as: “the authors studied”, “in this work”, “the paper concludes by”, etc. should be avoided if possible.

4.8. Translation Skills :Technical Terms

4.8.1. Affixation

?Affixation, which includes prefixation and suffixation, is an important means of coining English technical terms, with prefixes and suffixes as inseparable elements of the words being coined.

4.8.2. Compounding

The combination of two or more words to form a new word is called compounding. English technical terms formed by compounding generally take three forms: with a hyphen or without it, or two or more separate words.

4.8.3. Blending

?This is a variant of compounding, consisting in omitting the latter part of the first word and clipping off the first part of the second word. Sometimes, however, either the first part or the second part of the overlapped word may happen to be a full word.

4.8.4. Acronyms

By acronym, we mean the formation of a word made up of the first letters of the name of something. Since it is very convenient to use this brief form, acronym emerges very frequently in English technical terms.

4.8.

5. Proper Nouns

Many of the technical terms in English are borrowed from proper nouns such as names of people, places, firms, trade marks, organizations, and so on. In such cases, consulting relevant dictionaries will be of great help.

Unit 5

Proposals

5.1.Definition of Proposal

A proposal is a suggestion or request that some particular action be taken. (A proposal is a written offer to solve a technical problem in a particular way, under a specified plan of management, or for a specified compensation.)

三个要素：Tips: written offer to a solve technical problems, specified plan to management , and specified compensation are the main elements of proposal.

5.2.Classification of Proposals

? 5.2.1. Informal Suggestions

? 5.2.2. Semiformal Proposals

? 5.2.3 Formal Proposals

5.3.Format of Proposal

Unit 7

Reviews

7.1. Definition of Review:

A review, as opposed to a survey, should be a critical summary, commentary and literally documented assessment of a work on a specific subject or in a particular field.

7.2. Classification of Reviews

1) Literature Review

?Literature review is written on a particular subject (or a specialty) through analysis, study, synthesis, comment on the basis of extensively referencing professional materials both at home and abroad. It is a kind of comprehensive, summary and commentary article.

2) Book Review

?Book review is a kind of research writing, an article published in a newspaper or periodical that announces the publication of a new book. It tells what the book is about and evaluates it. The value of a book review depends on the knowledge and ability of the reviewer and on the reviewer's fairness in judging the book. For this reason, the reviewer should have a broad knowledge of the subject of the book under review, the ability to analyze a piece of writing, and the skills to communicate with the reader.

7.3. Linguistic Features of Review

1) General Contents of Book Reviews

? A good book review is always within the scope of three elements: (1) it tells what the book is about, (that is to bring it to the attention of people who may not know of it or may not have considered it properly;) (2) it asserts a judgment of the book's worth,( that is to offer an assessment of its worth and usefulness; and) (3) it defends that judgment. Besides, some reviews undertake to familiarize the reader with the background of the book, (the history of the subject, or the context of issues the book is related to.)

2) General Contents of Literature Reviews

? A good literature review usually (1) includes the background, the prior work, present disputes, current development and prospect, etc. of the subject the review is about; (2) reveals the author's rigorous and objective comments; (3) provides the reader with a great number of references.

只背画横线的部分即可，其他可作为理解

考研英语阅读理解全文翻译

Text1 Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not ch In but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运 转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控 制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉?华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时 说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。 But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kil off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平 行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。但 是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在 那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says D Markova, author of “The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But we are taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as decide is to kill off president calls himself ‘the Decider.’” She adds, however, that “to all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.” 大学英语

文献阅读与翻译(精华版)

Unit 1 general description of literature reading and translation 1.Definition of Literature Literature is a general term for professional writings in the form of books, papers, and other documentations. As an important means for preserving knowledge, literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race. 2.Classification of Literature 1) Textbooks（课本） a kind of professional writing（一种专业的写作） 2) Monographs（专著） various viewpoints and discussions 3) Papers（论文） the theoretical analysis and experimental description title, author, affiliation, abstract, keywords, introduction, theoretical analysis and/or experimental description, results and discussion or conclusion, acknowledgments, references 4) Encyclopedias(百科全书) every branch of knowledge 5) Periodicals （期刊） a series of publications 6)Special Documentation（特殊文档） all the printed materials 3.Linguistic Features of Scientific Literature stylistically (文体上) scientific literature is a kind of form writing; syntactically（结构上）scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures and in most cases is rather unitary; Morphologically（语法上）scientific literaure is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons ,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word Principles or Criteria of Translation Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China, Yan Fu’s three- character guide”-----xin, da, ya, namely, faithfulness (信), expressiveness (达), and elegance (雅). These three principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after. However, in the application of this principle, people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation. Despite a variety of opinions, two criteria are almost unanimously accepted by all, namely, the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy (忠实/准确) and that of smoothness (流畅). We may also take these two criteria as the principle scientific literature translation. By faithful/accuracy, we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents, to the original meaning and views, but also to the original form and style. By smoothness, we mean not only easy and readable rendering, but also idiomatic expression in the target language, free form stiff formula and mechanical copying form dictionaries. Unit 2 professional papers 2.1.Definition of professional papers A professional paper is a typewritten paper in which professionals present their views and research findings on a chosen topic. It is variously known as the “research paper”, “course paper”, “thesis paper” or “library paper”. The task of the author of a paper is essentially the same: to read on a particular topic, gather information about it, and report the findings in it. 2.2.Classification of professional papers

2009年考研阅读翻译

2009年Text1 Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the19th century. In the ever-changing21st century,even the word“habit”carries a negative connotation. 习惯是件有趣的事情。我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。 So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks. 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。 Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit,we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact,the more new things we try——the more we step outside our comfort zone——the more inherently creative we become,both in the workplace and in our personal lives. 我们不要把自己看成是一成不变的习惯动物，相反，我们可以通过有意识的培养新的习惯来引导自身的改变。事实上，我们对新事物尝试得越多——就会越远地走出自己的舒适地带——我们在工作场所及个人生活中就会变得越有创造性， But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain,they’re there to stay.Instead,the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads. 但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。 “The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova,author of The Open Mind.“But we are taught instead to‘decide,’just as our president calls himself‘the Decider.’”She adds,however,that“to decide is to kill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”

图书馆学专业硕士研究生阅读书目

图书馆学专业硕士研究生阅读书目(2007-11-28 00:24:52) 标签：知识/探索图书馆学硕士推荐书目分类：图海情天翩然心 同学晨阳出海前段时间传给我一份张怀涛老师给图书馆学专业硕士研究生的推荐书目，如下： 图书馆学专业硕士研究生阅读书目 （仅供参考；带﹡号者有电子版） 一、补读（本科为非图书馆学专业者阅读） 1. ﹡吴慰慈，董焱.图书馆学概论（修订本）. 北京图书馆出版社，2002 2. ﹡严怡民.情报学概论（修订版）.武汉大学出版社，1994 3. ﹡张琪玉.情报语言学基础（增订2版）.武汉大学出版社，1997 4. ﹡杨玉麟.信息描述. 高等教育出版社，2004 5. ﹡沈固朝.信息检索（多媒体）教程. 高等教育出版社，2002 二、必读部分 1. ﹡王子舟.图书馆学基础教程.武汉大学出版社，2003 2. ﹡于良芝.图书馆学导论.科学出版社，2003 3. ﹡徐引篪.现代图书馆学理论.北京图书馆出版社，1999 4. ﹡周文骏.文献交流引论.书目文献出版社，1986 5. ﹡刘昭东.信息工作理论与实践.科学技术文献出版社，1995

6. ﹡马费成.信息管理学基础.武汉大学出版社，2002 7. ﹡袁咏秋.外国图书馆学名著选读.北京大学出版社，1988 8. ﹡（印）阮冈纳赞著；夏云等译.图书馆学五定律.书目文献出版社，1988 9. ﹡米哈依诺夫. 科学交流与情报学. 科技文献出版社，1980 10. ﹡谢灼华.中国图书和图书馆史.武汉大学出版社，1987 11. ﹡吴建中.21世纪图书馆新论（第二版）.上海科技文献出版社，2003 12. ﹡杨子竞.外国图书馆史简编.南开大学出版社，1990 13. ﹡范并思.20世纪西方与中国的图书馆学.北京图书馆出版社，2004 14. ﹡吴慰慈.当代图书馆学情报学前沿探寻.北京图书馆出版社，2002 15. ﹡王崇德.图书情报学方法论.科学技术文献出版社，1988 16. ﹡付立宏.图书馆管理教程.武汉大学出版社，2005 17. ﹡程焕文.信息资源共享.高等教育出版社，2004 18. 胡昌平，柯平.信息服务与用户研究.科技文献出版社，2005 19. ﹡申静. 咨询理论与实务.中国电力出版社出，2000

研究生科技英语阅读课文翻译(1-10)

Unit 1 Genetically modified foods -- Feed the World? If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bring up the topic of genetically modified foods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech crop production raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethical questions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocal green lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一场激烈的争论，那就提出转基因食品的话题吧。对许多人来说，高科技的转基因作物生产的概念会带来诸如环境、健康、安全和伦理等方面的各种问题。特别是在有悠久的农业生产传统和主张环保的游说集团的国家里，转基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。 In fact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. A third of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the US last year were the product of biotechnology, according to the Department of Agriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will be planted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事实上，转基因食品已经成为我们生活重要的一部分。根据农业部的统计，美国去年所种植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技术的产物。今年，美国将种植6500多万英亩的转基因作物。基因妖怪已经从瓶子里跑出来了。 Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to be resolved. Like any new product entering the food chain, genetically modified foods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debate about biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods to choose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countries desperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simpler and much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks? 但是，显然还有一些非常现实的问题需要解决。就像任何一种要进入食物链的新食品一样，转基因食品必须经过严格的检验。在富裕的国家里，由于有大量丰富的食品可供选择，而且供应远远超过需求，所以关于生物技术的争论相对缓和一些。在迫切想要养活其迅速增长而又吃不饱的人口的发展中国家，问题比较简单，也更加紧迫：生物技术的好处是否大于风险呢? The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing. Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UN estimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occur in developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivable land per person is declining. Arable land has

文献阅读与翻译 第一章译文参考

U1 General Description II. Translation 1. Put the following sentences into Chinese, using either literal or free translation. 1) It was the best of times, it was the worst of times; it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness; it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity; it was the season of the Light, it was the season of Darkness; it was the spring of Hope, it was the winter of Despair; we had everything before us, we had nothing before us; we were all going to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way. 这是最美好的时期，这是最坏的时期，这是智慧的年代，这是愚蠢的年代，这 是从满信仰的时代，这是顾虑重重的时代，这是光明的季节，这是黑暗的季节，这是富有希望的春天，这是充满绝望的寒冬；我们拥有一切，我们一无所有； 我们正笔直走向天堂，我们正笔直走向地狱。 2) A greeting card can warm a heart, hold a hand, lend an ear, pat a back, light up a face, tickle a funny bone, dry an eye, surprise a child, woo a sweetheart, toast a bride, welcome a stranger, wave a good-bye, shout a bravo, blow a kiss, mend a quarrel, ease a pain, boost a morale, stop a worry and start a tradition. 一张小小贺卡可以温暖一颗心，握紧一双手，倾听肺腑言，轻拍友人背；它另 人喜洋洋，撩得心痒痒，抹去泪汪汪；它给孩子以惊喜，给恋人以温纯，给新 娘以祝福，给路人以欢迎；它可用以挥手道别，高声喝彩，遥寄飞吻，也可用 以弥补嫌隙，减轻痛苦，提高士气，解除忧虑，开创一种新风尚。 2. Put the following passage into Chinese. As an important means for preserving knowledge, various literatures have become precious resources or treasures for the mankind, which have greatly contributed to the social progress of the human race. Professional literatures have been regarded as “intangible assets” of the whole world because they are, on the one hand, the summary, generalization, and development of the achievements obtained on the basis of previous experiences or studies; and on the other hand, they have been accumulated and handed down from generation to generation. In this sense, therefore, all kinds of literature are records of precious research findings and academic achievements, and the crystallization of human civilization. 作为一种重要的知识储备手段，各类文献已成为宝贵的资源宝藏，大大促进了 人类社会的进步。 专业文献一向被认为是全世界的“无形财产”。因为一方面它们是对前人的经验 或研究成果的总结，概括和发现；另一方面，又是人类长期积累、世代相传的

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