test for Chapter 3 问卷
Test For Chapter 3, 7B (问卷)
一、选择填空。(1′×40 = 40′)
( ) 1. Mother usually talks to her child ______.
A. gentle
B. gently
( ) 2. You can put the letter into his ______ box.
A. mail
B. male
( ) 3. There is ____ milk in the fridge. Shall we go to the supermarket to buy some?
A. little
B. few
( ) 4. The workers are mending the broken ______ of the houses.
A. rooves
B. roofs
( ) 5. They should put a ______ of fresh flowers on each table.
A. bunch
B. pair
( ) 6. – Linda _____ three hours on her homework yesterday.
-- You mean it ______ her three hours to do her homework yesterday?
A. cost; takes
B. spent; took
C. paid; took
D. spent; paid ( ) 7. She writes _______ letters.
A. amuse
B. amusement
C. amused
D. amusing
( ) 8. Do you think it?s good for children to act in _________?
A. advertisements
B. advertising
C. advertise
D. advertiser ( ) 9. Nobody knows why dinosaurs all _____ out suddenly.
A. dead
B. death
C. die
D. died
( ) 10. It is reported that 12,259 people have died _____ the earthquake and tsunami so far in Japan.
A. of
B. from
C. away
D. out
( )11. -- ______ your grandparents over there?
-- Yes, they are.
A. Is this
B. Are those
C. Are there
D. Is it
( ) 12. – Do you know the film Titanic?
-- Yes. I know it is _______ a real story.
A. come from
B. based on
C. based to
D. bases on ( ) 13. Look! _______ people _______ swimming in the river.
A. The number of; are
B. The number of; is
C. A number of; are
D. A number of; is
( ) 14. Lisa studies at school, ________, she works in a restaurant.
A. but
B. however
C. at the same time
D. although ( ) 15. – Lucy sings _______.
-- Right. And Maria sings ______ better.
A. good; much
B. good; more
C. well; more
D. well; even ( ) 16. – Did you ______ the information you want?
-- Yes, it says that Dr. Sun Yat--sen ________ the Chinese Republic in 1911
A. find; founded
B. find; finded
C. found; found
D. find; found ( ) 17. – Listen! Can you hear a dog _____ outside?
-- No. I hear _______.
A. to bark; something
B. bark; something
C. barking; nothing
D. barking; anything
( )18. – Who is ______ running star in your school?
-- I think John is.
A. famous
B. the most famous
C. more famous
D. the famousest ( ) 19. The old man wanted __________.
A. seven boxes of matches
B. seven boxes of matchs
C. seven boxes of match
D. seven box of matches
( ) 20. – Hello! Who is _____?
-- _____ is Tom speaking. Can I speak to Mary, please?
A. this; That
B. that; This
C. it; That
D. this; It ( ) 21. John is much shorter than his sister, but he jumps ________she does.
A. as good as
B. as best as
C. as high as
D. as highest as ( ) 22. -- Good morning, madam. Can I help you?
-- Sure, I?d like ______ for cooking vegetables.
A. two cups of tea
B. three pieces of bread
C. five kilos of oil
D. five kilos of apple
( )23. Mr. Black gave us ____ on how to learn English well.
A. an advice
B. many advices
C. some advice
D. some advices ( )24.--Could you lend me your dictionary? I left ____ at home.
-- Certainly.
A. it
B. yours
C. one
D. mine
( ) 25. An old friend of my sister's always helps my brother and with English.
A. I; our
B. me; ourselves
C. I; my
D. me; our ( ) 26. Many children like going to Disneyland _____ fun.
A. with
B. of
C. at
D. for
( ) 27. – Disneyland is well – known _____ people all over the world.
-- Yes. And it?s famous _____ an excellent amusement park.
A. to; as
B. for; for
C. to; for
D. as; to ( ) 28. Write to us if you want to _____ a free trip to Disneyland.
A. contain
B. win
C. including
D. include ( ) 29. Beijing, the capital of China, is one of ____ cities in the world.
A. the biggest
B. bigger
C. much bigger
D. biggest ( ) 30. We love to go to the country in spring because the flowers smell so .
A. well
B. nice
C. wonderfully
D. nicely ( ) 31. The boy doesn't speak his sister, but his written work is very good.
A. as well as
B. so good as
C. more better than
D. more worse than
( ) 32. After ______ school, he got a good job in a big company.
A. left
B. leaves
C. leave
D. leaving ( ) 33. – Who ______ Mickey Mouse?
-- Walt Disney did. He was a ______ person.
A. created; create
B. created; creative
C. created; creation
D. creative; creation
( ) 34. My uncle is a ________. He likes __________for people.
A. cook; cooking
B. cooker; cooking
C. cook; cook
D. cooker; cook
( ) 35. – The Green family ______ for New York next Sunday.
- I know. I?m going to ____ them ____ at the airport then.
A. is leaving; see; off
B. are leaving; see; off
C. will leave; saw; off
D. leaves; saw; off
( ) 36. – Do you know Kate?s phone number?
- Yes, but I have to ______ in the number book.
A. look up it
B. look for it
C. look it up
D. look it for ( ) 37. I with my sister _______TV.
A. are watch
B. are watching
C. am watching
D. watches
( ) 38. His house is on _________busy street .There is ________ old hotel next to it.
A. a; a
B. an; an
C. an; a
D. a; an
( )39. Let me _________ you the way __________ the supermarket.
A. to tell; to
B. to tell; at
C. tell; to
D. tell; at
( ) 40. The population of China ____ larger than _____ of America.
A. are; those
B. are; these
C. is; that
D. is; this
二、完型填空。(1′×10 = 10′)
Do you like Mickey Mouse? Do you __41__ the story about the Father of Mickey Mouse, Walt Disney? Walt Disney was a (an) __42___ filmmaker. He was famous __43___ his animal cartoon films and Disneyland. He was born ___44__ December 5th, 1901, in Chicago, the USA. Walt enjoyed __45__ and even sold pictures to his neighbors at the age of seven. As a teenager, Walt spent most of his time on drawing and photography.
After the World War, Walt began working __46___ an advertising cartoonist. He __47___ producing cartoons in his studio (工作室), but he didn?t succeed ___48___ he had the idea of a cartoon mouse that could talk and sing. Mickey Mouse was born on November 18th, 1928. He became a star soon. On July 17th, 1955, Walt Disney got another __49___ greater success when he opened his first theme park in California. He called it Disneyland.
Walt Disney was 65 years old when he __50___. Flags were at half staff (半旗) in Disneyland and everyone mourned (哀悼) this great man.
41. A. knowing B. know C. knows D. knew
42. A. Australian B. America C. American D. Englishman
43. A. for B. as C. of D. from
44. A. in B. at C. for D. on
45. A. writing B. singing C. drawing D. studying
46. A. as B. on C. at D. out
47. A. started B. continued C. stopped D. changed into
48. A. after B. since C. while D. until
49. A. more B. lots of C. even D. most
50. A. dies B. died C. dead D. death
三、阅读理解。(1′×10 = 10′)
Passage A.
We saw elephants five out of sixteen days while we were in Thailand. The theme of Thailand was elephants, elephants, elephants!
We saw elephants for the first time at FantaSea. It is a theme park about Thailand. We took a ride on a big elephant. Then we saw a great show with lots of elephants in it.
The second time was at a nice hotel called Marina Phuket. A small, three-year- old elephant came in during the morning. He was so cute! My brother Tyler and I got to feed him little bananas. We also took rides on him. The trainer (驯兽师) made the elephant bend his leg so I could sit on his neck. The elephant?s name was Nimone.
Finally, my family went to the Thailand Elephant Conservation Center (保护中心). There the trainers were teaching visitors about elephants. We saw a show about how they used elephants for pulling logs (托运原木). There we got a picture of an elephant mommy and baby, too. The really cool thing about the picture is that it was painted by an elephant. We watched her do it! The artist was a really cute four – year – old elephant. We thought she was the cutest elephant there.
51. Where did the writer see the elephants for the first time in Thailand?
A. In a theme park.
B. At a hotel.
C. In a picture.
D. At the center.
52. Who does the underlined word …they? refer to (指代)?
A. The family.
B. The trainers.
C. The brothers.
D. The visitors.
53. What did the family do at the Thailand Elephant Conservation Center?
A. They rode an elephant.
B. They gave an elephant food.
C. They taught people about elephants.
D. They watched an elephant paint.
54. Why is the picture special?
A. It?s a picture of the cutest elephant.
B. It?s very expensive and beautiful.
C. It is painted by an elephant.
D. It is painted by a famous artist.
55. Which is the BEST title for the passage?
A. A theme park in Thailand
B. Meeting elephants in Thailand
C. My life in Thailand
D. The cutest animals
Passage B.
In England, people often talk about the weather because you can experience(感受到) four seasons in one day. In the morning the weather is warm just like in spring. An hour later black clouds come, and then it rains hard. The weather gets a little cold. In the late afternoon the sky will clear(晴朗的), the sun will began to shine. It will be summer at this time of a day. In England, you can also have summer in winter, or have winter in summer. So in winter you can swim sometimes, and in summer sometimes you should take warm clothes.
When you go to England, you will see that some English people usually take an umbrella or a raincoat with them in the sunny morning, but you should not laugh at them. If you don?t take an umbrella or a raincoat, you will regret(后悔) later in the day.
56．How many seasons are there in one day in England?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
57. In the morning the weather is warm just like _____.
A. in spring
B. in summer
C. in autumn
D. in winter
58. It is ofte n too hot in England, isn?t it?
A. Yes, it is
B. No, it isn?t.
C. Yes, it isn?t.
D. No, it is.
59. What do English people usually take with them?
A. a hat
B. a raincoat
C. an umbrella
D. B and C
60. What?s the weather like in England?
A. warm
B. changeable
C. cold
D. hot
四、翻译词组。(1′×10 = 10′)
61. 以……为基础___________________ 62. 全年___________________
63. 卡通人物___________________ 64. 人类___________________
65. 超过，多于___________________ 66. 从……了解……__________
67. 毕业___________________ 68. 购物单__________________
69. 三瓶牛奶___________________ 70. 去散步__________________
五、用所给词的适当形式填空。(1′×10 = 10′)
71. Your ruler has the same __________ (long) as mine.
72. Mother put the apples into four ________ (contain) separately.
73. I?m sorry to keep you _______ (wait) for so long.
74. How many _______ (sheep) does he keep on his farm?
75. Help _________ (you) to some fish, children.
76. At first, he got a job ---- _________ (deliver) newspapers for the company.
77. Reading and watching movies are among my ___________ (amuse).
78. I think it?s better for you to drive as _________ (care) as David.
79. Last Christmas, my parents ________ (buy) me an MP4 as a present.
80. The nuclear leakage (核泄漏) will cause a lot of _________ (pollute) to Japan.
六、根据要求转变句型。(0.5′×20 = 10′)
81. The female panda gives birth to one or tow baby pandas once a year.
(就划线部分提问)
________ _______ does the female panda give birth to one or two baby pandas?
82. This is a box. (改为复数句)
________ are ________.
83. I can see that a cat is climbing up a tree.（改为简单句）
I can _________ a cat _________ up a tree.
84. You can?t play on the road.（改为祈使句）
_________ ___________ on the road.
85. I?d like a bowl of rice, please. (就划线部分提问)
How _______ _______ of rice would you like?
86. There are over twenty girls in our class. (改为同义句)
There are ______ ______ twenty girls in our class.
87. Finally, we got to the top of the mountain. (改为同义句)
______ _____, we got to the top of the top of the mountain.
88.Please come to school as early as possible. (改为同义句)
Please come to school as early as ______ ______.
89. “Don?t cry,” he said gently. (改为同义句)
“Don?t cry,” he said _______ a _______ way.
90. John studies less hard than his sister. (改为同义句)
John ________ study so _______ as his sister.
七、根据所学课文填空，使文章通顺、完整。(1′×10 = 10′)
According to May?s encyclopedia, dinosaurs __91___ on Earth over sixty million years before people. They lived __92___. Some dinosaurs were as small as chickens. __93___ were as big as ten elephants. Some dinosaurs __94___ had wings and could fly. Nobody knows why dinosaurs all died out ___95____.
And Walt Disney was __96___ in the USA. After leaving school, he __97___ newspapers and delivered mails , at the same time, he learned art at night. In the end, he worked for films. He was famous for his ___98___ characters, such as Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Goofy and Snow White. Mickey Mouse was based on a ___99___ mouse. Mickey became a __100___ after Disney put it in his cartoons.
企业战略管理 终极笔记 复习
战略管理（梁军老师）：平时就要好好看课本，日积月累，最后再看一遍课本， 只要答题能体现出你听讲了，能体现出你确实看书了，分数意想不到的高。而且老师说他阅论述题的时候，特别希望能看到大家自己的看法。要提醒大家的是，课本老厚老厚了，我们的考试又很多，如果平时不看的话，最后会十分焦急哦！还是那句话，功夫要用在平时。我们的考题是： 一名词解释（6*5分）： 战略领导、水平整合、能力、产业、战略承诺、商业模式 二简答（3*10分） 1 竞争优势的四要素 2 产业生命周期及启示 3 upc模型的2种定价策略(定价选择) 三论述（2*20分） 1 给了索尼和东芝竞争的一段案例，让你说说高技术产业获得规格的战略 2 从产业链的角度谈谈你对战略管理的认识 09级人力考题： 一名词解释：战略领导，战略外包，使命陈述，产业，水平整合等。 二简答： 产业生命周期； 使命陈述如何编写？ 波特五力模型？ 企业的定价选择？ 三论述： 高新技术产业的战略；战略管理的本质 10级工商管理考题： 一名词解释：竞争优势、独特竞争力、垂直整合、战略承诺、能力。 二简答和论述：全球战略管理的区别与本质、产品生命周期模型及启示、UPC 定价策略、立拓集团战略管理的本质、电子商务与传统商业业态发展的看法。
【一.名词解释】 1.战略管理:企业确定其使命，根据组织外部环境和内部条件设定企业的战略目 标，为保证目标的正确落实和实现进行谋划，并依靠企业内部能力把这种谋划和决策付诸实施，以及在实施过程中进行控制的一个动态管理过程。 2.战略领导:用最有效的方法管理企业的战略实现过程以创建竞争优势。 3.战略制定：战略的确定和选择战略 4.战略实施：将战略付诸实施以提高企业的效率和效益 5.战略承诺：是指大规模的、不可逆转的投资决定。 6.战略外包：是将企业价值链中的某几项或一些企业职能交给一家技能和知识 只专注于某一活动的独立的专业企业的决策 7.战略联盟：是两家或更多家企业间建立的共同开发产品，共同受益的长期协 议 8.水平整合：收购产业竞争对手或与产业竞争对手合并的过程，目的是实现大 规模和大范围所带来的竞争优势 9.垂直整合：扩张经营，向后进入为该企业的产品生产零部件的产业，或者向 前进入使用或分销该企业产品的产业 10.能力：企业协调各种资源并将其投入生产性用途的技能 11.产业：是提供相互间密切替代的产品或服务 12.商业模式：是管理者将企业所实行的一组战略编制成具有内在一致性的整体 以获得竞争优势和实行卓越绩效的理念 13.使命陈述：关于公司存在意义的陈述 14.竞争优势：一家企业的赢利能力高于同行业（或吸引同一顾客群体）的所有 其他企业的平均水平 15.独特竞争力：相对于竞争对手所独有的引导企业产品差异化或实现持续低成 本结构的能力 16.职能层战略：是旨在改进企业运营效能的战略 17.创新：创造新产品或新流程的活动 18.移动壁垒：产业内阻碍企业在不同战略群组间移动的因素 19.战略群组：是实行相似商业模式的企业群体 20.产业集群：是指在特定领域内，同时具有竞争力与合作关系，且在地理上集 中，由交互关联关系的企业.专业化供应商.服务供应商.相关产业的厂商，以及相关机构（如大学，制定标准化机构，产业工会等）的经济集群现象 21.资源：企业所拥有的，能够为顾客创造价值的资本的，财务的，实物的，社
财务管理chapter3习题
Chapter 03 Financial Statements Analysis and Long-Term Planning Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. One key reason a long-term financial plan is developed is because: A. the plan determines your financial policy. B. the plan determines your investment policy. C. there are direct connections between achievable corporate growth and the financial policy. D. there is unlimited growth possible in a well-developed financial plan. E. None of the above. Difficulty level: Easy Topic: LONG-TERM PLANNING Type: DEFINITIONS c 2. Projected future financial statements are called: A. plug statements. B. pro forma statements. C. reconciled statements. D. aggregated statements. E. none of the above.
27037 本科自考英语语言学概论精心整理 Chapter 4 Phonology
Chapter 4 Phonology(音位学) 4.1 phonetics and phonology:语音学与音位学的区分 Both phonetics and phonology are concerned with speech.语音学和音位学都士对语音的研究。 定义区别 -Phonetics is a study of the production, perception and physical properties of speech sounds. 语音学是研究语音的生产、感知和物理性质的。 -Phonology studies how speech sounds are combined，organized，and convey meanings in particular languages.研究语音如何在在特定的语言中结合、组织和表达含义。 ---Phonology is language-specific.it is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages.音位学是特定于语言的。它的研究对象是自然语言中的声音是如何组织和使用的。 ---Phonetics is a study of speech sounds while phonology is a study of the sound syst em of a language.语音学是一个研究语音的然后音位学是研究一种语言的声音系统的学科。 4.2 Phonemes，phones and allophones 音位、音子、音位变体 Different languages have different phonological systems.不同的语言有不同的语音系统。 定义： ①Phones are the smallest identifiable phonetic unit or segment found in a stream of speech. 音子就是在连续的发音中可辨认的最小语音单位或片段。 ②Allophones are the phones which represent a phoneme in a language and cannot change word meaning by substituting any of the set for another.音位变体是指代表语言中音位的音子，即使以一个取代另一个也不改变词义。 ③Phonemes are the minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.音位是语言系统中最小的独特的单位。 Allophones are the realization of a particular phoneme while phones are the realizatio n of phonemes in general.音位变体是一个特定音素的认知而音子则是一般的音素。 4.3Minimal pairs 最小对立体 The phonologist is concerned with what difference are significant or technically speaki ng, distinctive. Minimal pair---a pair of words which differ from each other by one sound. Three conditions（情况）: 1）the two froms are different in meaning意义不同 2）the two forms are different in one sound segment声音片段不同 3）the different sounds occur in the same position of the two words.不同声音发生在两个单词的相同位置 Minimal set: a group of words can satisfy（满足）the three conditions . Minimal pairs help determine phonemes. 最小对立体用来定义音位。 4.4 identifying phonemes 识别音素 4.4.1 contrastive distribution，complementary distribution and free variation 对比分布，互补分布和自由变异 The distribution of a sound refers to the collective environments in which the sound concerned may appear.一个声音的分布是指其有关的声音可能出现的集体环境。 1）contrastive distribution对比分布 If two or more sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of on
战略管理期末考试笔记
1.商业模式：是管理者整合企业要素，形成的完整的，有独特竞争力的运行系统，是企业的各种利益相关者的纽带。 2.战略管理者层次和职能： 公司层。公司层管理者包括CEO、其他高级管理者、董事会和公司层职员。CEO是总体管理者的核心，在其他高级主管的协助下，公司层管理者的任务是负责组织的整体战略。这一角色包括定义组织的使命和目标，决定开展哪些业务，在不同的业务间分配资源，制定和实施跨业务的战略，领导整个组织。负责资源的分配和掌握行业进退，还要充当企业战略设计者与企业所有者之间的联系人。保证公司和业务层的战略符合股东利益最大化是CEO的职能。业务层。业务单位是一个自足的事业部，为某一特定的市场提供产品和服务。业务层的主管总经理，是事业部的负责人，将公司层的知识和意图转换成具体的业务战略。 职能层。职能层管理者负责组织公司或事业部的具体业务的职能或运营。 职能经理的职责范围通常局限于某一具体的组织活动。制定涉及本领域内的职能战略，协助达成业务层和公司层总体管理者的战略目标。 3.产业的生命周期：从产业出现到完全退出社会经济活动经历的时间。 不同周期产业的特点： 萌芽企业：成长较慢，产业的进入壁垒来自掌握技术上的诀窍而不是规模经济所要求的成本或品牌忠诚。竞争主要在于如何更有效地教育顾客，打开分销渠道、完善产品设计。 成长企业。随着产品需求的上升，顾客对产品逐渐熟悉，经验曲线和规模经济的效应令价格下降，分销渠道也变得成熟起来。这一阶段，来自潜在竞争者的威胁最大。高成长同时也以为这新进入者可以很容易被产业吸收而不至于加剧产业内的竞争。产业内的竞争强度不大。有战略意识的公司利用成长阶段相对平和的环境为即将而来的震荡阶段做好准备。 产业震荡。需求接近成熟，绝大多数需求来自产品更新，首次购买者的人数很少。产业内竞争加剧。需求增长速度下降，导致产能过剩。充分利用过剩的产能，企业通常选择降价，结果可能是爆发价格战。 成熟产业。市场充分成熟，需求完全来自产品更新，需求增长缓慢或没有增长。进入壁垒开始提高，潜在竞争者进入的威胁变小，随着需求增长的下降，争夺市场份额竞争开始，导致价格下降。为了生存，企业专注于成本最小化和建立品牌忠诚。成熟产业中较高的进入壁垒为企业提高价格和利润创造了机会。 衰退产业。需求增长变成负数。需求下降导致产能过剩。利用产能，企业开始降价，陷入价格战。 4.-波特五力模型 1)潜在竞争对手进入的风险 2)产业内现有企业的竞争强度 3)购买者讨价还价的能力 4)供应商讨价还价的能力 5)产业替代性产品的相似度 波特五力模型中的潜在竞争对手进入风险： 1.规模经济 2.品牌忠诚 3.顾客转移成本 4.资本要求 5.绝对成本优势 6.政府管制 潜在竞争对手的进入风险是进入壁垒高度---令进入产业的竞争者付出代价函数。 代价越高，壁垒越高，这一竞争力量越弱。 规模经济，是同降低公司成本结构的大规模生产相关的优势。 规模经济优势的来源： 1)大规模生产标准化产品带来的成本削减； 2)大宗购买原材料和部件的折扣；
国际财务管理(英文版) 第11版 马杜拉 答案 Chapter 3
Chapter 3 International Financial Markets Lecture Outline Motives for Using International Financial Markets Motives for Investing in Foreign Markets Motives for Providing Credit in Foreign Markets Motives for Borrowing in Foreign Markets Foreign Exchange Market History of Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange Transactions Exchange Quotations Foreign Interpreting Currency Futures and Options Markets International Money Market Origins and Development Standardizing Global Bank Regulations International Credit Market Syndicated Loans International Bond Market Eurobond Market Development of Other Bond Markets Comparing Interest Rates Among Currencies International Stock Markets Issuance of Foreign Stock in the U.S. Issuance of Stock in Foreign Markets Comparison of International Financial Markets How Financial Markets Affect an MNC’s Value
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《英语语言学概论》复习纲要 1.复习的基本原则：第一，理解和吃透各章的重点内容。第二，以 各章的题目为统领，理解各章节下的具体内容。第三，动手书写和记忆重要内容，部分语言学理论会应用到实际中。 2.各章节复习要点如下 Chapter 1 Invitations to Linguistics Definitions of the following terms: language, linguistics, arbitrariness, duality, creativity, displacement, descriptive VS prescriptive, synchronic VS diachronic, langue VS parole, competence VS performance Study of the origin of language What are the functions of language Which subjects are included in macrolinguistics Chapter 2 Speech Sounds Definitions of the following terms: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, auditory phonetics, phonetics, phonology, consonants, vowels, allophones, broad transcription VS narrow transcription Analyze the complementary distribution, free variation with examples The classification of English consonants and English vowels and the features involved in the classification Understand some processes of phonology: nasalization, dentalization, velarization
企业战略管理-复习笔记.docx
企业发展中企业家的困惑 ①企业永不停息扩张，不知什么时候停下来； ②面对许多机会，不知道哪一个属于自己。 ?盲点：战略管理的逻辑 ①下属总不能理解口己的意图，不能站在口己的角度来思考他们的工作； ②面对市场变化，自己的下属显得非常低能。 ?盲点：战略是高层管理的专利 ①血对…套套的战略管理理论总是觉得无法解决自己的战略问题； ②在中国不规范的市场上是怎样进行战略管理。 ?盲点：战略管理是大企业的问题 ?企业需要战略 ①企业面临环境变化； ②企业生命周期的挑战； ③3C使得企业越來越难获胜。 ?战略管理遇到的挑战 ①竞争成功只是暂时的，除非公司能小心翼翼保护住自己的竞争地位； ②21世纪的竞争局面：技术进步与扩散加快；交通与信息使区域边界打破。 1战略与战略管理概论 1.1战略概述 一、概念 （1）&& ?从战略内容來定义战略 ?战略是为了提升企业未來市场价值，开发核心能力和获得竞争优势而采取的一系列整合和协调行为的动态统筹。 （2）早期多样化宦义 ?明茨伯格的5p战略综合定义 ①战略是一种计划（Pbn） 1?是有意识的、正式的、有预计的行动程序； 2.计划在先，行动在后，战略是企业经营活动Z前制定的； 3.管理者要进行有意识的领导。 ②战略是一种计谋（策略）（Ploy） 1.战略是为威胁或击败竞争对手而采取的手段，重在实现预测的目的： 2.威胁通常是由企业发生的一些市场信号所造成的。 ③战略是一种模式（Pattern） 1.战略是一段时期内一系列行动流的模式； 2.战略体现为从战略制订到战略完成的一系列行为； 3.战略作为-?种计划与战略，作为一种模式，两种定义是独立的； 4.战略重在行动，战略也可以是自发形成的。 预想的战略一深思熟虑的战略一实现的战略 未实现的战略浮现的战略（自发形成的）
语言学概论之一语言功能
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Chapter 3 财务管理(英语)作业
Chapter 3 Time Value of Money: An Introduction 3. Suppose your employer offers you a choice between a $5000 bonus and 100 shares of the company’s stock. Whichever one you choose will be awarded today. The stock is currently trading at $63 per share. a. Suppose that if you receive the stock bonus, you are free to trade it. Which form of the bonus should you choose? What is its value? Answer：（1）I will prefer to choose 100 shares of the company’s stock which is currently trading at $63 per share. （2）Its value is : 100*63 = $ 6300. b. Suppose that if you receive the stock bonus, you are required to hold it for at least one year. What can you say about the value of the stock bonus now? What will your decision depend on? Answer：（1）I think that the value of the stock bonus now is 5000 and the cash flow now is 0. （2）my decision depend on the time value of money and the interest rates. 8. Brett has almond orchards, but he is sick of almonds and prefers to eat walnuts instead. The owner of the walnut orchard next d oor has offered to swap this year’s crop with him. Assume he produces 1000 tons of almonds and his neighbor produces 800 tons of walnuts. If the market price of almonds is $100 per ton and the market price of walnuts is $110 per ton: a. Should he make the exchange? Answer：total price of almonds is: 1000*100 = $ 100000 ； total price of walnuts is: 800* 110 = $ 88000 Because $ 100000 more than $ 88000, I think he should not make the exchange. b. Does it matter whether he prefers almonds or walnuts? Why or why not? Answer：no 无关I think it does matter whether he prefers almonds or walnuts, because he is sick of almonds and prefers to eat walnuts instead, which means almonds is nothing or not valuable for him, even though at present the real price of almonds is more walnuts. 11. A friend asks to borrow $55 from you and in return will pay you $58 in one year. If your bank is offering a 6% interest rate on deposits and loans: a. How much would you have in one year if you deposited the $55 instead? Answer: if I deposited $55, in one year, I will have get: 55*(1+6%) = $ 58.3. b. How much money could you borrow today if you pay the bank $58 in one year? Answer: I will borrow: 58 / (1+6%) = $ 54,72 c. Should you loan the money to your friend or deposit it in the bank? Answer: Because $58.3 is more than $ 58, I prefer to deposit my money in bank.
企业战略管理课程读书笔记
战略历程 亨利*明茨伯格约瑟夫*朗培尔 第一部分作者介绍 亨利·明茨伯格 Henry Mintzberg 1939年出生于加拿大蒙特里尔，著名管理学家，长期担任加拿大麦吉尔（McGill）大学管理学教授、法国欧洲管理学院的组织学教授。 ●学术经历&荣誉头衔 1961年在加拿大麦吉尔大学获机械工程学士 1962年获乔治．威廉士大学文学学士 1965年获得美国麻省理工学院管理学硕士 1968年获得该院斯隆管理学院博士学位 《战略管理》、《管理研究》、《行政管理》、《企业战略》等杂志的编委 加拿大皇家学会会员 美国战略管理协会的创始人和前任主席 ●学术思想&代表著作 研究领域涉及一般管理学、组织学；目前致力于考察管理的本质及模式、组织的形成过程。其管理思想主要体现在组织管理和战略管理方面；著有90多篇论文和7部专著。 明茨伯格比较有影响力的著作包括: 《经理工作的性质》、《组织的结构》、《组织内外的权力斗争》、《战略过程》、《明茨伯格谈管理: 我们的奇妙组织世界》、《战略规划兴亡录》和《穿越战略理论的丛林》等。 1973年出版的《经理工作的性质》是明茨伯格的主要代表作之一。 明茨伯格通过对5名首席执行官的研究及对他人研究成果的分析，向长期以来关于管理者工作的四种传说提出了挑战。他指出，传统的有关管理内涵的界定是不符合实际的。明茨伯格认为，管理工作涉及人际关系、进行谈判、激励下属、解决矛盾、建立信息网络和传递信息、在几乎没有信息或公有少量信息的前提下决策以及分配资源等。 明茨伯格强调管理者工作对组织的巨大作用，指出管理者在工作中担任的10种角色：挂名领导、联络者、领导者、监听者、传播者、发言人、企业家、故障排除者、资源分配者和谈判者。明茨伯格第一次从实证角度分析管理者的活动，并在此基础上将管理者的类型分为：联系人、政治经理、企业家、内当家、实时经理、协调经理、专家经理、新经理。 ●国际实践管理教育创新 明茨伯格一直是美国MBA教育模式的激烈抨击者。他的名言是，MBA是以错误的理由用错误的方法教育错误的人。当今的MBA教育更大程度上是“B”（Business）而不是“A”（Administration）：它们大多是关于商业管理的各个专业功能，而不是管理实践本身。它们招进那些没有多少管理实践的年轻人，给他们填食各种理性分析能力。把他们培养成各个专业功能的独立专家，而不是善于合作的管理者。 明茨伯格的过人之处在于，利用他的影响力，花了7年时间，全心打造了一个融科学、艺术与手艺为一体的管理教育模式：国际实践管理硕士项目（International Master in Practicing Management，简称IMPM）。 IMPM下一步准备在中国建立一个国际管理发展中心，负责IMPM及基于IMPM的其他高级管理培训项目在中国的下一步发展,IMPM的第八届（2003年4月底开学）计划将首次向中国大陆地区招收参与者。
财务管理chapter3习题
财务管理c h a p t e r3习题-标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
Chapter 03 Financial Statements Analysis and Long-Term Planning Answer Key Multiple Choice Questions 1. One key reason a long-term financial plan is developed is because: A. the plan determines your financial policy. B. the plan determines your investment policy. C. there are direct connections between achievable corporate growth and the financial policy. D. there is unlimited growth possible in a well-developed financial plan. E. None of the above. Difficulty level: Easy Topic: LONG-TERM PLANNING Type: DEFINITIONS c 2. Projected future financial statements are called: A. plug statements. B. pro forma statements. C. reconciled statements. D. aggregated statements.
英语语言学概论--整理汇编
Chapter 1 Language语言 1. Design feature (识别特征) refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 2. Productivity (能产性) refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language. 3. arbitrariness (任意性) Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning. 4. symbol (符号) Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention. 5. discreteness(离散性) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. 6. displacement (不受时空限制的特性) Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users. 7. duality of structure (结构二重性) The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure. 8. culture transmission (文化传播) Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance. 9. interchangeability (互换性) Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 1. ★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. This definition has captured the main features of language. First, language is a system. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense. The third feature of language is symbolic nature. 2. ★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1) Productivity. 2) Discreteness. 3) Displacement 4) Arbitrariness. 5) Cultural transmission 6) Duality of structure. 7) Interchangeability. 3. Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules. By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates. And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other. 4. ★ (Function of language.) According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I. H alliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1) Instrumental function. 工具功能 2) Regulatory function. 调节功能 3) Representational function. 表现功能 4) Interactional function. 互动功能 5) Personal function. 自指性功能 6) Heuristic function. 启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7) Imaginative function. 想象功能 II. A dult language has three functional components as following: 1) Interpersonal components. 人际 2) Ideational components.概念 3) Textual components.语篇
《企业战略管理》整理笔记——第七章企业业务层战略
第七章企业业务层战略 重点 1业务单位战略 2公司战略态势（属于公司层战略内容） 3一般竞争战略（业务层战略，广泛使用的） 第一节业务单位战略 1、业务层战略，又称事业部，经营单位战略（business-level strategy）——属于竞争战略 概念——一整套相互协调的使命和行动，旨在为客户提供价值，并通过对某一特定产品市场的核心竞争力利用获得某种竞争优势。 职能—— a确定业务战略的发展态势（攻守进退） b制定业务部门的竞争战略 c建立业务部门的竞争优势（结合个体情况——核心竞争力） d建立和管理高绩效的业务和产品组合 e建立于职能部门的协同（业务导向；职能辅助；相互协调） 2、业务单位战略选择原则 顾客以及其需求 企业外部环境和自身资源能力 行业生产力和科技 只有凭借毅力，坚持到底，才有可能成为最后的赢家。这些磨练与考验使成长中的青少年受益匪浅。在种种历练之后，他们可以学会如何独立处理问题；如何调节情绪与心境，直面挫折，抵御压力；如何保持积极进取的心态去应对每一
只有凭借毅力，坚持到底，才有可能成为最后的赢家。这些磨练与考验使成长中的青少年受益匪浅。在种种历练之后，他们可以学会如何独立处理问题；如何调节情绪与心境，直面挫折，抵御压力；如何保持积极进取的心态去应对每一 企业规模与运营能力 企业产品类型 产品生命周期 第二节 公司战略态势（属于公司层战略内容） 略 第三节 一般业务竞争战略 低成本/成本领先战略 差异化战略 集中化/聚焦战略 1一般竞争战略/基本竞争战略划分要素—— 1) 企业市场目标的宽窄 2) 企业追求的竞争优势是低成本还是差异化 （成本领先与差异化的混/聚合） 【图示】竞争范围——目标宽泛还是狭窄（海尔，美的） 竞争优势——低成本，差异化（美国西南航空，motel6） 五种 基本竞争战略 竞争优势 低成本 差异化
chapter 3 summary
Chapter 3 Using costs in decision making 1 How Management accounting supports internal decision making ●Pricing-market-determined price, cost plus pricing. ●Product Planning-target costing. ●Budget ●Performance ●Contracting-In cost reimbursement contracts organizations are reimbursed their cost plus anincrement for the goods or service they provide under the contract. 2 Variable and fixed costs Variable cost-A variable cost is one that increases proportionally with changes in the activity levelof some variable. Variable cost =Variable cost per unit of the cost driver *Cost driver units. Fixed cost-A fixed cost is a cost that does not vary in the short run with a specified activity. Total cost =Variable cost +Fixed cost 3 Cost- Volume –Profit Analysis Agood understanding of cost and revenue behavior is critical in providing decisionmakers with an understanding of the relationship betwe en a project’s revenues, costs,and profits. Profit =Revenue -Total costs =Revenue -Variable costs -Fixed costs 4 Developing and Using the CVP equation The difference between total revenue and total variable cost is called the contribution margin. The contribution margin per unit is the contribution that eachunit makes to covering fixed costs and providing a profit. Profit =Unit sales *(Price per unit $ Variable cost per unit)-$ Fixed costor Profit =Contribution margin per unit *Units produced and sold-Fixed costs units needed to be sold =(target profit + fixed cost) /contribution margin per unit 5 Other useful cost definitions Mixed cost- A mixed cost is a cost that has a fixed component and a variable component. Step variable costs- A step variable cost increases in steps as quantity increases. Incremental cost -An incremental cost is the cost of the next unit of production and is similar to the economist’s notion of marginal cos t. Sunk cost- A sunk cost is a cost that results from a previous commitment and cannot berecovered. Relevant cost-A relevant cost is a cost that will change as a result of some decision.