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语用学期末复习

语用学期末复习
语用学期末复习

1、语用学术语的提出:1938年,美国哲学家莫里斯首先提出。

符号学包括句法学(研究符号和语义之间的形式关系)、语义学(研究符号与其对象的关系)、语用学(研究符号与解释者的关系)。

2、语用学的发展:

1)语言哲学家巴尔—希勒尔于1954年提出语用学的具体研究对象是指引词语。

2)英国哲学家奥斯汀于1955年在哈佛大学做了题为《论言有所为》,提出“言语行为理论”。

3)美国语言哲学家格莱斯提出“会话含义理论”以及“合作原则”。

4)1977年,《语用学杂志》在荷兰的阿姆斯特丹正式出版发行,这是语用学作为语言学一门独立的新学科得到承认的标志。

5)1983年出版了语用学的两本优秀教材:列文森《语用学》、利奇《语用学原则》。

6)1986年,国际语用学学会在荷兰成立,并决定把《语用学杂志》作为学术刊物。

3、语用学的定义:语用学研究在不同语境中话语意义的恰当表达和准确理解,寻找并确立

使话语意义得以恰当表达和准确理解的基本原则和准则。

4、语用学和语言学其他分支学科的关系:p9

5、语用学的研究方法:纯语用学、描写语用学、应用语用学。

6、“语境”是波兰人类语言学家马林诺夫斯基提出的。

7、陈望道在1932年出版的《修辞学发凡》中说:“修辞学以适应题旨情境为第一义,不应

该是仅仅语辞的修饰,更不应是离开情意的修饰”。

“六何说”:何故、何事、何人、何地、何时、何如。

8、语境是人们运用自然语言进行语言交际的语言环境。

索振羽的划分p21

9、语境意义是在特定语境条件下,说话人希望传递的交际信息。

10、指示词语的组织形式:(自我—说话人为中心)

1)中心人物是说话人;

2)中心时间是说话人说话的时间;

3)中心地点是说话人说话时所处的地点;

4)语篇中心是一句话中说话人当时正说到的部位;

5)社交中心是说话人相当于说话对象的社会地位。

11、指示词语的不同用法:

1)指示用法:

A、身势用法:指示词语只有借助对言语事件的实在的听觉、视觉、触觉才能理解。

B、象征用法:只需要知道言语事件的基本空间参数就可以理解。

2)非指示用法:

A、照应用法:一个词语的所指跟前面出现的别的词语的所指是同一对象。

B、非照应用法:

12、指示词语的分类:

1)人称指示:指交谈双方用话语传达信息时的相互称呼。

特殊用法:仅指交际的对方或听话人一方。(“我们”表亲切,拉近双方的距离。)

第一人称复数借指第一人称单数。(表谦虚)

2)地点指示:

区分来、去:以说话人说话所处地点

3)时间指示

区分指示时间:依靠语境,而且有循环性。(例:下周二)

非指示时间:不依靠语境,无循环性。(例:1954年)

4)语篇指示:是用词语指语篇的某一部分,而所用的词语就包含在这一语篇的话语中。

5)社交指示:指语言结构中能够反映出语言使用者身份和相对社会地位的那些词语和语法范畴。

社交指示语的语词形式:

敬语:尊称:大人、阁下、令尊、

谦语:鄙人、在下、内人、犬子

称谓语:职务:校长、主任、总编

学位:博士

13、格莱斯把“意义”分成自然意义和非自然意义:p52

1)自然意义是表示某一话语的自然所指或对某事的自然显示;

2)非自然意义:

3)字面含义:也就是明示意义,是话语语言形式自身传达的意义,表达意义。

4)含义:也就是隐含意义,超越语言表层的意义,即暗含的言外之意。

5)规约含义:也就是常规含义,是话语由词语的常规意义决定的隐含意义。

6)会话含义:

7)一般性会话含义:不需要特殊语境就能推导出来的含义。

8)特殊性会话含义:有意违反合作原则中的某项准则,听话人需要依赖特殊语境才能

推导出来的含义。

14、合作原则:即在参与交谈时,要使你说的话符合你所参与的交谈的公认目的或方向。

15、会话含义的特点:

可取消性、不可分离性、可推导性、非规约性、不确定性

16、得体原则:是为了补救和完善“合作原则”

三个次准则:礼貌准则、幽默准则、克制准则

17、索振羽的礼貌准则:

赞誉次准则、谦虚次准则、一致次准则、同情次准则、宽宏次准则、恰当的称呼次准则、18、幽默准则:(创造和理解)

1)运用汉语修辞学的一些修辞格创造幽默话语和理解幽默话语;

2)运用歇后语、成语创造幽默话语;

3)借助妙答、歪解、自嘲创造幽默话语;

4)在语言交际中,只要适切语境,立意奇巧,表述谐趣,都能创造出幽默话语来。19、幽默的基本功能:

1)增添欢乐;2)拉近关系;3)消释误会;4)缓解矛盾;

5)消除隔阂;6)展现才智;7)摆脱困境;8)回敬挑衅。

20、近代第一位探讨预设这一类问题的哲学家的德国人弗雷格。

21、预设按内容分可以分为存在性预设和事态性预设;按推断依据分为语义预设和语用预设。

22、语义预设指以实际的语言结构意义为依据,靠逻辑概念、词语义推断出来的话语的先决

条件。(没有语境)

23、语用预设是说话时间、地点、场合、说话人的文化修养、知识水平、说话情态等言外语

境推断出来的话语的先决条件。

24、语用预设的两个特征:合适性、公知性。

25、预设的利用:

1)利用预设理解言外之意;

2)利用预设进行有力的诘驳;

3)利用预设进行技巧的交谈。

26、奥斯汀的施为句理论:分为叙述句(陈述句)、施为句。

27、言语行为三分说:叙事行为、施事行为、成事行为。

28、塞尔的言语行为理论:发话行为、命题行为、施事行为、成事行为。

29、言语交际应遵守的构成规则:

制约规则、构成规则(命题内容规则、预定规则、真诚规则、本质规则)

30、塞尔施事行为的分类:

断言行为、指令行为、承诺行为、表态行为、宣告行为

31、提出间接言语行为理论:

1)直接言语行为理论:直接表示说话人用意的施为动词的话语所传递的言语行为。

(奥斯汀的显性思维句)

2)间接言语行为理论:没有直接表示说话人用意的施为动词的话语所传递的言语行为。

32、直接语力(次要施事行为)间接语力(首要施事行为)

语用学课程论文:Positive Politeness Strategies in Oral Communication

Positive Politeness Strategies in the Communication Theory Introduction In this paper, I would like to focus on the usage of the positive politeness strategies in oral communication. Then what is positive politeness strategies? To clear up the theory, we should take the terms, such as face, politeness theory into consideration. Politeness theory, which is developed by Levinson and Brown, is based on the concept that people have a social self-image and meanwhile, people consciously project and try to protect it. This sense of self-image is referred to as “face.” And the theory holds that people use various politeness strategies to protect the face of others. Under politeness theory, there is a positive and a negative face. Positive face is the need to be concerned, reflecting the desire to have one’s self-image accepted by others. While negative face is the need to be independent, reflecting the desire not to be imposed on by others. According to a person is dealing with another’s positive or negative face, the politeness strategies will differ, that is positive politeness strategies and negative politeness strategies. As to positive politeness strategies, it leads the requester to appeal to a common goal, and even friendship, by orienting to preserving the positive face of other people, briefly, it emphasizes the closeness between speaker and hearer in the communication. Using Positive Politeness Strategies in Oral Communication In order to make sense of what is said in communication, take my word for it, the positive politeness strategies should be given priority for its potential benefits. On one hand, the usage of positive politeness strategies is a good way to avoid being refused. To a great extent, the positive politeness strategies orients to preserving the positive face of the listener in the communication. Since the self-image of listener is concerned, he is likely willing to cooperate with the speaker, thus making the communication continuous. For example:

语言学期末考试

1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as _____linguistics. D A. applied B. diachronic C. comparative D. synchronic 2. The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a __C__ formula "S→NP VP". A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical 3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop? A A. [p] B.[m] C.[b] D.[t] 4. The words ―make‖ and ―bus‖ are called _____D____because they can occur unattached. A. derivational morphemes B .inflectional morphemes C. bound morphemes D. free morphemes 5. The pair of words ―lend‖ and ―borrow‖ are____B______. A. gradable antonymy B. relational (converse) antonymy C. synonyms D. co-hyponyms 6. The semantic components of the word ―man‖ can be expressed as ____C___. A.+animate,+human,+male,-adult; B.+animate,+human,-male,-adult; C.+animate,+human,+male,+adult D.—animate,+human,-male,-adult 7. What kind of function does the sentence ―How do you do?‖ have? B A. Directive B. Phatic C. Informative D. Evocative 8. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as_______A____. A. lexical words B. grammatical words C. function words D. form words 9. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?______A_. A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use 10. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called __C? A. morphology B. sociolinguistics C. pragmatics D. psycholinguistics 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language.

语义学笔记整理

第一章作为语言学一个分支的语义学 语义学的建立以法国学者米歇尔·布勒阿尔1897年7月出版《语义学探索》为标记。 该书1900年翻译为英文“语义学:意义科学的研究(Semantics:Studies in the Science of Meaning)”。 这本专著材料丰富,生动有趣,重点在词义的历史发展方面,兼顾词汇意义和语法意义。 全书共三编:1,讲词义变化的定律,介绍变异、扩散、类推等概念;2,讲如何确定词义,介绍释义、比喻、多义、命名等;3,讲词类、词序、组合规则等,涉及语法意义。 除了语言学的语义学,还有逻辑学的语义学,哲学的语义学,还有心理学家对语义的研究。 a,逻辑学的语义学是对逻辑形式系统中符号解释的研究,又称“纯语义学”,对象并非自然语言的语义。 b,哲学的语义学围绕语义的本质展开涉及世界观的讨论。“语义学”或“语义哲学”又是本世纪前半叶盛行于西方的至今仍有影响的一个哲学流派的名称。 c,心理学家研究语义,主要是想了解人们在信息的发出和接收中的心理过程。 d,语言学的语义学把语义作为语言(乃至言语)的一个组成部分、一个方面进行研究,研究它的性质,内部结构及其变异和发展,语义间的关系等等。 布勒阿尔的书给语义的发展以重要地位,声称研究语义的变化构成了语义学。同时它把语义限制在“词语”的意义上,主要是词义上。这两个特点一直贯穿在他以后半个多世纪的若干代表性著作里。 继布勒阿尔之后,一部有世界影响的语义学专著是两位英国学者奥格登和理查兹合写,1923年出版的《意义的意义》(The Meaning of Meaning)。这两位学者还曾共同创制了后来遭到各种非议的“基本英语”(Basic English).

中国语言学必读必备书目400种

中国语言学必读必备书目400种 北京大学语言学院推荐 (英)The Categories(范畴):亚里士多德 (英)THE DEVIL’S DICTIONARY(魔鬼词典)-- AMBROSE BIERCE(阿姆布诺斯·比尔斯) (英)The Foolish Dictionary(愚蠢的词典)-- Gideon Wurdz(吉顿·伍兹) (英)表述和意义:言语行为研究[美]塞尔[Searle,J.R.] (英)词汇、语义学和语言教育[英]哈切(Hatch,E (英)从语言学的角度看语言习得 (英)当代句法理论通览 (英)当代语义理论指南--[美]拉宾(Lappin,S.)著 (英)德里达--诺利斯 (英)汉语方言的连续变化变调模式--陈渊泉 (英)话语分析入门:理论与方法[美]吉(Gee,J.P.)著 (英)会说话的哺乳动物:心理语言学入门 (英)剑桥语言百科词典 (英)交际语言教学论 (英)句法:结构、意义与功能 (英)跨文化交际:语篇分析法[美]斯科隆(Scbllon,R.)等著 (英)历史语言学 (英)普通语言学教程--索绪尔 (英)乔姆司基的普通语言学教程 (英)人类语言学入门 (英)认知语言学入门 (英)社会语言学教程 (英)言语的萌发:语言的起源和进化 (英)言语行为:语言哲学论[美]塞尔(Searle,J.R.)著 (英)应用语言学研究方法与论文写作 (英)英诗学习指南:语言学的分析方法[英]利奇(Leech,G.N.)著 (英)语法化学说 (英)语料库语言学 (英)语料库语言学入门[新]肯尼迪(Kennedy,G.)著 (英)语言和人 (英)语言类型学与普通语法特征--Croft (英)语言论:言语研究导论--Sapir (英)语言迁移:语言学习的语际影响[美]奥德林(Odlin,T.)著 (英)语言心理学[美]卡罗尔(Carroll,D.W.)著 (英)语言学和第二语言习得 (英)语言学教程--Radford (英)语言学课题:语言研究实用指南 (英)语言学理论:对基要原著的语篇研究 (英)语言学入门[英]普尔(Poole,S.C.)著 (英)语言学习和语言使用中的错误:错误分析探讨

语言学基础期末复习提纲(整理版)

题型:填空题10,20%;选择题10,20%;判断4,20%(3句话解释原因);简答3,18%(四句话作答);论述1,22%(1/4页纸作答)。 导论 1、中国、印度和希腊-罗马在传统语言文学的研究上都取得了辉煌的成就,是语言学的三大发源地。 2、中国传统语言研究主要抓住汉字,分析它的形体,探求它的古代读音和意义,形成了统称“小学”的文字、音韵和训诂之学,也就是中国传统的语文学。 3、历史比较语言学标志着语言学不再是其他学科的附庸,已经发展成为一门独立的学科。 4、20世纪初,瑞士语言学家索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中提出观点,语言学从此成为一门现代学科。 5、理论语言学,也称普通语言学,是关于语言的一般规律的理论研究。 第一章语言的功能 1、语言是一种社会现象,和人类社会有着紧密联系。 2、语言的社会功能中最基本的是信息传递功能。 3、如果一个病人大脑左半球发生损伤,他尽管说不出医院的名称、病房、床号,却能找得到。相反,如果大脑右半球受损,尽管能找到医院的名称、病房、床号,却找不到,能说出家的位置却找不到,这说明语言功能存在大脑左边。 4、儿童学习语言的过程是考察语言与思维关系的一条很好途径。 5、儿童语言的习得一定具有先天生理基础,也离不开外界的社会条件。 6、儿童语言能力的开发还有时间的限制,最迟到十二三岁,如果在此之前没有机会学习语言,那么之后其语言习得和心智发展的潜能就失去了。十二三岁是语言习得的关键时期,之一临界期的分工时间也是一致的。 第二章语言是符号系统 1、符号包含形式和意义两个方面。(能指形式,形指意义,符号构成的两个方面,语言学上通常用形式和意义来表述。形式也叫能指,是符号的外壳,是可以被人的感觉器官感知的,因而形式具有物质性。意义也叫所指,是符号形式所代表的内容,也就是现实现象事物。) 2、符号的形式和意义之间是没有本质上、自然属性上的必要联系,在这一点上符号和隐含某种信息的自然的征候不同。 3、语言符号的任意性和线条性,是20世纪初瑞士的语言学家家得·索绪尔作为语言符号的基本性质提出来的。 4、语言符号的语音形式和意义之间没有自然属性上的必然联系,只有社会约定的关系 5、符号和符号组合起来,结构中各个成分的关系称为组合关系,符号在结构中就具有某种相同的作用,它们自然地聚集成群,彼此的关系叫做聚合关系。 第三章语音和音系 1、语音具有自然属性、社会属性的双重属性,从自然属性出发,针对所有人类语言的语音研究,属于语音学的研究;从社会属性出发,针对语音在某一个具体语言的系统中其什么作用的研究,属于音系学的研究。 2、音系学的出发点在于语音在语言系统中的组织方式,属于语言学的核心部分。 3、以语音的自然属性和人类语言共性为研究对象的语音学,把语音最小的线性单位叫做音素。以语音的社会属性和语音在具体语言中的作用为研究对象的音系学,把语音最小的线性单位叫做音位。

语言学参考书籍总汇汇总

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Introduction The Cross-cultural Pragmatics is a relatively young linguistic branch compared with the Traditional Linguistics and Structural Modern Linguistics. It attaches great importance to the research of cross-cultural characteristics. And the cross-cultural pragmatic failure is a common phenomenon in cross-cultural communication process. This paper focus on the analyzing of different kinds of pragmatic failures in our cross-cultural communication, at the same time, giving reflections and feedbacks on our English learning and Language teaching. Being in the rapid developed century of our human society, we should heighten the awareness of appropriating use of pragmatic language in our cross-cultural communication.

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