Oxford Online Placement Test 6

1

Woman: I'll be back in the office early on Monday.

Man: a good weekend, then.

2

Woman:do you do?

Man:I'm a chef in an Italian restaurant.

3

Woman: Do you know what I really like about the weekends? Man:What?

Woman:have to get up early.

4

Man:did you get to Paris?

Woman: By coach. It was a lot cheaper.

5

Woman:to the bus stop?

Man:Only about five minutes' walk.

6

Woman:any ice in the fridge?

Man:Yes. Help yourself.

7

Man:How's Carlo getting on with his geometry?

Woman:from a few private lessons.

8

Man:That mobile phone looks cool. Is it new?

Woman:by the phone company.

9

Man:that job offer in the end.

Woman: Why?

Man:The salary just wasn't good enough.

10

Woman: Do you think you and Bethany will get married soon?

Man:unlikely. We've only known each other for a few months

11 What does the mother mean?

A I don't want you to do that.

B I'm not saying anything about this.

C Not until we have talked about this.

Son:Mum – I've decided I'm going to hitch-hike round Europe!

Mother: Not if I have anything to say about it.

12 What does the woman mean?

A I've told my personal assistant exactly why I'm unhappy with him.

B I'm not sure if my personal assistant understands why I'm unhappy with him.

C I'm unhappy that his performance at work does not

meet the terms of his contract.

Man:What's wrong with your personal assistant?

Woman: I'm not happy with his performance at work and I've just let him know in no uncertain terms.

Man:Well, you don't exactly mince your words, do you?

13 What does the man mean by his SECOND comment?

A You don't always say exactly what you mean.

B You always communicate precisely and effectively.

C You don't always tell people exactly what you

think.

Man:What's wrong with your personal assistant?

Woman: I'm not happy with his performance at work and I've just let him know in no uncertain terms.

Man:Well, you don't exactly mince your words, do you?

14 What does the man mean?

A I think you should go.

B It's odd that you should feel like that.

C You should think about this more seriously.

Woman: I just don't know what's the matter with me. My boss has invited me to a Paris fashion show and I'm struggling to get excited about it.

Man:You'd normally go without a second thought

15 What does the man mean?

A It's losing a lot of money.

B It's bringing in a lot of money.

C It's hardly making any money.

Man:Timothy's business seems to be thriving. Woman: Actually, I think he's only just about breaking even.

16 What does the man mean?

A It shocked me.

B It didn't last very long.

C It was really disappointing.

Woman: Well, was skydiving everything it was cracked up to be? Man:Pretty much – all over in a flash though.

17 What does the man mean?

A Most new technology can be unexpectedly difficult to use.

B It can be hard keeping up-to-date with technology.

C New technology requires too much

effort.

Man:New technology is sometimes more trouble than it's worth. Woman: You never did like keeping up with the times.

18 What does the woman mean?

A You didn't use to like new technology.

B You've always been against any kind of change.

C I always thought you were really keen on new technology.

Man:New technology is sometimes more trouble than it's worth.

Woman: You never did like keeping up with the times.

19 What does the woman mean?

A I think it's a great idea.

B I think you're unlikely to succeed.

C I don't think you should do that immediately.

Man:I'm going to throw my hat in the ring for the Managing Director job. What do you think?

Woman: Well, to be honest, I think it's a bit of a long shot.

20 What does the woman mean?

A You're being rather pessimistic.

B I suppose you're trying to be

funny.

C You shouldn't joke about such serious matters.

Man:By the time the government wake up to the real threat of global warming, we'll all have webbed feet.

Woman: What a cheerful man you are!

21 What does the man mean by his SECOND comment?

A I'm frustrated by your attitude.

B I'm afraid I can't agree with you.

C I'm finding it hard to believe you.

Man:I see the train drivers are preparing for strike action again next week. Woman: I don't suppose anything will come of it, though.

Man:I wish I could share your optimism.

22 The woman is ...

A voicing her regret.

B expressing her surprise.

C passing on her good wishes.

Man:Apparently that Head of Department job might

finally be coming my way.

Woman: Well, that's a turn-up for the books!

Write ONE or TWO words into each space. There is an example (0) at the beginning. Contractions, e.g. isn't count as one word.

out by psychologists has found both sexes are equally capable of

about their daily lives over a 10-day period.

men utter 15,669 words.

part in the study were male, one of whom produced over 45,000

contrast, managed a mere 40,000

as 500 words a day. In the

, there is nothing like data to undo a stereotype!

30

Two people are talking about a website. What does the man think of the website?

A It's easy to

find your

way around

it.

B The

advertising

doesn't bother

him.

C You need to

adapt it to

suit your

own

interests.

D It's reasonable that users should

pay to see certain pages.

31

A man and a woman are talking. What are they discussing?

A rush hour traffic

B travelling to school

C ways of saving time

D working terms and conditions

32 Two hikers are walking up a hill. They agree to ...

A have a rest.

B stop for lunch.

C take another route.

D return to their hotel.

33

Two people are talking about some female pop singers. What does the woman say about the singers?

A Some of these singers

won't be popular for very

long.

B She prefers to

listen to other

kinds of music.

C She thinks their music is

quite conventional.

D They all look quite similar to each other.

34

Two people are talking about memory. What comment does the man make

about memory?

A Lie-detectors are an effective way of making

people recall past events.

B Our recollection of past events

can be influenced by outside

factors.

C Our memories of dramatic events are more vivid than other memories.

D The long-term memory helps us to

recreate events in our childhood.

35

Two people are talking about an acting experience. How did the girl feel about the experience?

A Terrified of forgetting her lines.

B Worried about feeling

unwell while on stage.

C Excited at the thought of her first stage

role.

D Nervous about performing with experienced actors.

36

Two people are talking about a new flat (apartment). How does the woman feel about her new home?

A pleased with the location of the flat

B fed up with the noise from the street

C disappointed with the size of the kitchen

D happy that she can spend more time at home

37

Two people are talking at the gym. What does the man think about his gym membership?

A The fees are more than he can afford.

B Being a gym member fits his life well.

C The money could be better spent on

social activities.

D He plans to cancel his gym

membership next month.

38

A woman is talking to a group of students. What is her current job?

A a surgeon

B an inventor

C a scientist

D a designer

39 What advice does she give the students?

A find a job with a good salary

B work with a pleasant team of people

C do something that is continually demanding

D make sure any job has good prospects for promotion

40

A girl is talking to her father about her homework. For history homework, the girl has

to ...

A do a short project.

B look at some websites.

C read part of a text book.

D read a magazine article.

41

Two people are talking about a problem with a computer. How are the man and woman going to solve the computer problem?

A repair it themselves

B contact a technician

C buy a new computer

D ask a neighbour to look at it

42

You will hear part of a travel programme. Where is the presenter speaking from?

A a boat on a lake

B a bridge over a river

C a village by the sea

D a hill overlooking a bay

43

A woman is interviewing a man about a newspaper called Metro. The man thinks the Metro newspaper is more successful than other free newspapers because ...

A it was the first free newspaper to

be published.

B it has taken more risks than other

newspapers.

C its appearance is different from

that of other newspapers.

D its business methods

differ from those of

other newspapers.

上外中级口译第三版听力教程原文及讲解--Unit 4

中级口译听力教程第三版2A An intermediate course of English listening. Third edition. Unit four. Part one. How children learn social behaviors. 2. Exercises. 1. This is a talk about how children learn social behaviors. Listen to the first part of the talk and then supply the missing words you hear from the talk. W: Hi, welcome. Today we are going to talk about how children learn social behaviors, especially how they learn lessons from the family, the most basic unit of our social structure. There are a lot of discussions these days about how families are changing, and whether non-traditional families have a good or bad effect on children. But it’s important to remember that the type of the family a child comes from is not nearly as important as the kind of love and support that exist in the home. I’d like to focus on three of the ways the children acquire their behavior, through rewards, punishments, and finally modeling. First then, let’s discuss rewards. A reward can be defined as a positive reinforcement for good behavior. An example of a reward is when the parent says if you eat your vegetable you can have ice-cream for dissert, or a parent might say finish your homework first then you can watch TV. Most parents use rewards unconsciously, because they want their children to behave well. For example, a parent might give a gift to a child because the child behaved well, or parents might give child money for doing what the parents asked. 2. Now listen to the second part of the talk. Provide the missing information in the spaces given below. The opposite of the reward is a punishment. Punishments are the second important way in which a child is socialized. All of us have probably been punished in our lives. For example maybe our parents stopped us from going out with friends, because we did something we were not supposed to do, or maybe they wouldn’t let us watch TV, because we got a bad grade on the test. Both rewards and punishments are controversial. Many people think they are not effective or necessary, especially when used often. Let’s take this situation. A young boy has been asked to take out the garbage. Listen to situation A. The parents say if you take out the garbage for me I will give you a cookie. Some people argue that this reward is unnecessary, because it’s like a bribe. They argue that the child should be taught that it’s his duty to help with house hold chords, and that he should not get a special reward for doing something that’s his responsibility. Situation B would go something like this. David please take out the trash now. And David says OK dad. Not surprisingly punishment is extremely controversial, especially when the punishment is physical. Some of us grew up expecting to be spanked if we misbehaved. For example, our parents may have hit us on the hand if we talked back to them. But I don’t agree that spanking can teach children anything. And sadly some children are subject to really serious physical abuse. According to a study I just read one in 22 children is a victim of physical abuse. Children who come from homes where violence were used to solve problems are much more likely to abuse their own children when they become adults and have their own families. Part 2. Statements. 3. Exercises. Listen and then choose the answer which is closed in meaning to each statement you hear. 1. Since you said you totally agreed with Tom’s views, you ought to have stood up for him in the argument at the meeting yesterday afternoon.

(完整版)八年级英语下人教版)教材听力原文及译文

U N I T 1 Section A 1b Listen and look at the picture. Then number the names ［1-5］. Conversation 1 Nurse ：You don ’t look well. What ’s the matter, Sarah? Sarah ：I was playing with my friends at the park yesterday. Then it got windy, but I didn ’t put on my jacket. Now I have a cold. Conversation 2 Nurse ：What ’s the matter, David? Are you OK? David ：I ate too much junk food at my friend ’s birthday party. So last night, I got a stomachache. I almost couldn ’t get myself out of bed this morning. Conversation 3 Nurse ：What ’s the matter, Ben? Can you move? Ben ：Not really. I was playing soccer the other day and I hurt myself. It seemed OK at first, but now I have a really sore back. Conversation 4 Nurse ：You look really tired. What ’s the matter, Nancy? Nancy ：I didn ’t sleep very well last night. I have a toothache. It ’s terrible! I can ’t really eat anything either. It hurts a lot. Conversation 5 Nurse ：What ’s the matter, Judy? Judy ：I ’m sorry, but it ’s very difficult for me to talk. Nurse ：Oh, dear. What ’s the matter? Judy ：I talked too much yesterday and didn ’t drink enough water. I have a very sore throat now. 2a Listen and number the pictures ［1-5］ in the order you hear them. Conversation 1 Girl 1：You don ’t look well. Your face looks a bit red. Girl 2：Yeah, and my head feels very hot. What should I do? Girl 1：Maybe you have a fever. You should take your temperature. Girl 2：Yes, you ’re right. 听录音并看图。然后把这些名字按 ［1~5］的顺序编号。 对话1 护士：你看起来气色不好。怎么了，萨拉？ 萨拉：昨天我和朋友在公园里玩。然后刮起了风，但是我没有穿上夹克衫。现在我感冒了。 对话2 护士：戴维，怎么了？你没事吧？ 戴维：我在我朋友的生日聚会上吃了太多的垃圾食品。因此，昨天晚上我胃痛。今天早上我几乎起不来床了。 对话3 护士：怎么了，本？你能动吗？ 本：不完全能动。前几天我踢足球时伤了我自己。最初看起来还可以，但是现在我的背非常痛。 对话4 护士：你看起来很累。怎么了，南希？ 南希：昨天晚上我没有睡好。我牙痛。 非常痛！我真的也不能吃任何东西。它疼得厉害。 对话5 护士：怎么了，朱迪？ 朱迪：对不起，对我来说，说话非常困难。 护士：哦，亲爱的。怎么了？ 朱迪：我昨天说话太多而且没有喝足够的水。现在我喉咙非常痛。 听录音。按你听到的顺序将图画标上正确的序号［1~5］。 对话1 女孩1：你看起来气色不好。你的脸 看起来有点儿红。 女孩2：是的，而且我的头感觉非常 热。我该怎么办？ 女孩1：也许你发烧了。你应该量一下体温。 女孩2：是的，你说得对。 对话2 女孩1：怎么了？ 女孩2：我没有照顾好自己。昨天我 没有穿足够暖和的衣服。现在我咳嗽并且喉咙疼。 女孩1：你应该喝些加蜂蜜的热茶。 女孩2：那听起来是个好主意。 对话3 女孩：你看起来很糟糕!怎么了？ 男孩：我认为昨天晚上吃晚饭时吃得太多了。是饭店的自助餐。但是现在我胃痛。 女孩：那太糟糕了。下次你不应该吃这 么多。你应该马上躺下休息。 男孩：我想我应该。 对话4 女孩：你的脸怎么了？ 男孩：不是我的脸。是我的牙齿。我牙痛。 女孩：你应该看牙医并且做个X 光检 查。 男孩：但是会疼吗？ 女孩：不会，而且如果你现在不去看牙医 的话，以后甚至会疼得更厉害！ 对话5 女孩1：哦，不！发生了什么事？ 女孩2：刚才我在做饭时意外地割伤 了自己。

2019中考英语听力 口语考试训练9(含听力材料、解析)

2019中考英语听力+口语考试训练9（含听力材料、解析） （浙江专用） 本部分共有五小节.第一、第二节是听力题，第一节听五个短单句，第二节听一段短文，完成五个小题.第三节是篇章朗读，考察学生旳口语（朗读能力）.第四至第五节是口语题，根据朗读提示，学生口头回答问题.注意：请认真看要求、听录音，并在规定时间内按要求或指令完成任务. 第一节：听对话，选图片.（每小题1分，满分5分） 现在请听5段小对话.每段对话后有一个小题，请从A、B、C三个选项中选出符合对话内容旳图片.每段对话仅读一遍. 1. What’s the weather like? 2. When is the pen? 3. When is Mary’s birthday? 4. What’s Jim’s favorite food? 5. What sport does Jack like?

第二节：听录音，完成信息记录表.（每小题2分，满分10分） 现在听一段录音材料，请根据内容从每题旳A、B、C三个选项中选择正确旳选项，完成信息记录表.录音播放两遍. 6. A. Zoo B. Park C. Museum 7. A. 7:30 a.m. B. 8:00 a.m. C. 8:30 a.m. 8. A. By train. B. By bike C. By bus 9. A. Eggs B. Bread C. Hamburgers 10. A. 88663782 B. 87866832 C. 88678632 第三节：篇章朗读.（满分2分） 请用规范旳英语语音语调朗读下面一段英语文本： You asked me to visit your new house. I’m sorry I can’t go this week. Today is my cousin’s birthday. I’m going to his birthday party in the evening. And tomorrow, I will have to go to the hospital to see my grandmother. She is ill in hospital. On Wednesday, I will practice tennis. I’m on the school tennis team. Then I will study for the test on Thursday. On Friday, my class will have a trip. Can I visit your house next week? 第四节：根据情景或要点提示回答问题.（每小题1分，满分5分） 在这一节里，请根据所给情景用英语回答五个问题.每个问题问两遍.在每个提问后，你都有15秒钟旳时间回答问题. 请看下面旳情景提示： 你喜欢英语，觉得很有趣.7年前开始学英语，每天坚持读英语. 第12题： 考生：__________________________________________________________________ 第13题： 考生：__________________________________________________________________ 第14题： 考生：__________________________________________________________________ 第15题： 考生：__________________________________________________________________ 第16题： 考生：__________________________________________________________________ 第五节：说话.（满分3分）

14-15学年配套中学教材全解九年级英语(上)(人教版)教材听力原文及汉语翻译

UNIT 1 Section A

Paul: Maybe I’ll go. The only other problem is that I don’t get much writing practice. Ms. Manson: Maybe you should find a pen pal. Paul: That sounds like a fun way to practice writing. Thanks, Ms. Manson. UNIT 2 Section A 1b Listen and T for true or F for false. Mary: What a great day! Bill: Yes, it was really fun! Mary: What did you like best? Bill: I loved the races! They were really interesting to watch. How fantastic the dragon boat teams were! Mary: Yes! And look at the colors of the boats. How pretty they were! Bill: I agree! But I guess it was a little too crowded. Mary: I don’t know…I kind of like to have more people around. It makes things more exciting. Bill: That’s true. Oh, and I really liked eating zongzi. Mary: Oh, me too! The sweet ones are my favorite. Bill: I wonder if they’ll have the races again next year. Mary: Of course! They have them every year. Bill: Then I believe that I’ll be back again next year to watch the races! Mary: Me, too! 2a Listen to the conversation between Wu Ming and Harry and the correct words in the sentences. Harry: What did you do on your vacation, Wu Ming? Wu Ming: I visited my aunt and uncle in Hong Kong. Harry: Wow! So what did you do? Wu Ming: Well, we ate out a lot. I believe that we ate at least five meals a day! How delicious the food is! I’ve put on five pounds! Harry: Haha! Yes, the food in Hong Kong is delicious. What else did you do? Wu Ming: Shopping, of course. Hong Kong is a great place for shopping! I spent so much money. 保罗：也许我会去。仅有的另外一个问题是我没有得到大量的写作练习。曼森女士：也许你应该找个笔友。 保罗：那听起来像是练习写作的一个有趣的方法。谢谢你，曼森女士。 听录音，正确的圈T，错误的圈F。 玛丽：多么棒的一天啊！ 比尔：是的，确实很有意思！ 玛丽：你最喜欢什么？ 比尔：我喜欢那些比赛！它们看起来确实很有趣。那些龙舟队真是 好极了！ 玛丽：是的！看那些船的颜色。它们多么美啊！ 比尔：我同意！但我认为有点儿太拥挤了。玛丽：我不知道……我有点儿喜欢和更多的人在一起。它使事情更精彩。比尔：那是真的。噢，我非常喜欢吃粽子。玛丽：噢，我也是！那些甜的是我最喜爱的。 比尔：我想知道他们明年是否还要举行比赛。 玛丽：当然了！他们每年都举行。 比尔：那么我相信我明年还要回来观看比赛！ 玛丽：我也是！ 听吴明和哈里之间的对话并圈出句中的正确词语。 哈里：在假期中你做什么了，吴明？吴明：我看望了我在香港的姑姑和 姑父。 哈里：哇！那么你做什么了？ 吴明：噢，我们在外面吃了很多。我认为我们一天至少吃五顿饭！那食 物好吃极了！我胖了五磅！ 哈里：哈哈！是的，香港的食物很好吃。 你还做了什么了？ 吴明：当然是购物了。香港是一个购物的好地方！我花了很多钱。

上外中级口译第三版听力教程原文及讲解--Unit 8

Unit eight. Part one. New dwellings in Great Britain. 3. Exercises. 1. Listen to the following passage about housing in Britain, and then choose the best answer to each question you hear. In all 189,000 new dwellings were completed in Great Britain in 2006, a rise of 3.6 percent on 2005. Growth in owner occupation has been particularly marked increasing from 50 percent in 1991 to 67 percent at the end of 2006. Both the public and the private sectors build housing, but about four fifths in new dwellings are built by the private sector for sale to owner occupiers. Local authorities are encouraged to see their housing role as in the neighboring one. Working with housing associations and the private sector to increase the supply of low cost housing for sale or rent. Without necessarily providing it themselves. Housing associations are now the main providers of new social housing. Housing provided at rents affordable to people on low incomes, usually substantially below market rents. This allows local authorities to focus on improving the management of their own stock. Rents on new private sector lettings in Great Britain were deregulated in 1988 with the aim of stimulating the private rented sector, which had been declining from most of the last century. These policies had been taking forward with the housing act in 1996. Questions: 1) How many new dwellings were completed in Great Britain in 2006? 2) What percentage was owner occupation at the end of 2006? 3) What are local authorities encouraged to do? 4) Why were rents on new private sector lettings deregulated in 1988? 2. Listen again and then supply the missing information in the following passage. Part two. Statements. 2. Exercises. Listen and then choose the answer that is closest in meaning to the statement you hear. 1) If you want to add that information to your paper you really should check it out in the reference book. 2) We were met at the airport by Miss Janet the other day. It was very kind of her to do that especially at such short notice. 3) The forecast is for severe winter but I am hardly prepared. I am waiting for the next sale to get a down jacket. 4) She used to take two tablets a day, but recently the doctor doubled the dosage to see the effect of his prescription. 5) Alice has got her paper do, and 2 final exams next week, so she is spending a lot of time at the library. She has no time for parties at the moment. 6) John is going to California to take up a research position at the university very soon. And I need to find a new roommate. 7) Last Sunday we went to watch a football game. It started at 2 o’clock. And we arrived just in time for the second half. 8) In spite of occasional differences in the opinion about politics Ron and Pawl get along very well and often spend time together. 9) Having sent in his application 2 months earlier Tom should know by Monday whether his admission has been approved. 10) Seafood prices have come down quite a bit, the shrimp was 2 dollars a pound this week, so I bought 3 pounds.

八年级英语下 人教版 教材听力原文及译文

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七年级英语上人教版教材听力原文

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Starter Unit 1

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Unit 16. Part one. Air quality in Britain. 2. Exercises. 1. Listen to the passage about air quality in Britain. And then briefly answer the foll owing questions. Air quality in Britain has improved considerably in the last 30 years. Total emissions of smoke in the air have fall en by over 85 percent since 1960. London and other major cities no l onger have the dense smoke l ed in smog of the 1950s. And in central London winter sunshine has increased by about 70 percent since the late 1950s. However new concerns have arisen, especially over the emissions from the growing number of motor vehicl es, and their possibl e impact on health. Measures have consequently been ad opted to reduce substantially emissions from new vehicl es. The environment act of 1995 provid es a new frame work for air quality management, including the publication by the government

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UNIT 1 Section A 1b Listen. How do these students study for a test? Write letters from 1a above. Boy: Hey, everybody. There’s a big test on Tuesday. I really need some help. Can you tell me how you study for a big test? Voices: Sure! Yes. Sure we will. Boy: You did really well on the last English test, didn’t you, Meiping? Meiping: Yeah, I did OK. Boy: Well, how did you study for it? Meiping: By making word cards. Boy: Maybe I’ll try that. So, how do you study for a test, Peter? Peter: By asking the teacher for help. She’s always happy to answer my questions. Boy: That’s interesting. How do you study, Tony? Tony: I like to study by listening to tapes. But sometimes my mother thinks I’m listening to music. And then she gets mad. Boy: Oh, maybe I won’t do that then. 2a Listen and check (√) the questions you hear. Man: Welcome to the English club. Today we’re going to talk about the best ways to learn English. Does anyone learn English by watching videos? Girl 1: No. It’s too hard to understand spoken English. Boy 1: What about keeping a diary in English? Do you learn English that way? Girl 1: Yes, I do. It helps to write English every day. Boy 2: Have you ever studied with a group? Girl 2: Yes, I have! I’ve learned a lot that way. Boy 2: Do you have conversations with friends in English? Girl 2: Oh, yes. It really improves my speaking skills. Girl 1: What about reading aloud to practice pronu- 听录音。这些学生是怎样为考试而学习的?写出上面1a中的字母。 男孩：嗨，同学们。星期二有一次大型考试。我非常需要一些帮助。你们 能告诉我你们是如何为大型考试 而学习的吗？ （同学们的）声音：当然!是的，我们肯定会。 男孩：梅平，你在上次的英语考试中做得很好，是不是？ 梅平：是啊，我做得还可以。 男孩：那么你是如何备考的？ 梅平：通过制作单词卡。 男孩：也许我会尝试一下。那么你如何备考，彼得？ 彼得：通过向老师求助。她总是很高兴地回答我的问题。 男孩：那很有趣。你如何备考，托尼？托尼：我喜欢通过听录音带学习。但有时我妈妈认为我在听音乐。然后她 会生气。 男孩：哦，那我可能不会那样做。 听录音，标出(√)你所听到的问题。男士：欢迎来到英语俱乐部。今天我们要谈谈学习英语的最好的方法。有 人通过看录像学习英语吗？ 女孩1：没有。听懂英语口语太难了。男孩1：写英文日记怎么样？你用那种方法学英语吗？ 女孩1：是的。它有助于我每天写英语。男孩2：你曾参加过小组学习吗？ 女孩2：是的，参加过!我用那种方法学到了很多（知识）。 男孩2：你和朋友一起用英语谈话吗？女孩2：哦，是的。它确实提高了我的口语技能。 女孩1：大声读来练习发音怎么样？

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2014年3月中级口译听力原文及听力解析 听力原文 Spot Dictation: My topic for today’s lecture is communication, culture and work. When most people use the word ―culture‖, they think of people from different national backgrounds. National cultures certainly do exist, and they play an important role in shaping the way people communicate. But there are other dimensions of culture too. Within a nation, regional differences can exert a powerful influence on communication. New Yorkers and Alaskans may find one another’ s styles of be having so different that they might as well be from different countries. Race and ethnicity can also shape behavior, so can age. The customs, values and the attitudes of a 20-year-old girl may vary radically from those of her parents who were raised in the 1960s or her grandparents who lived through the Great Depression and World War II. Still, other differences can create distinctive cultures, gender, sexual orientation, physical disabilities, religion and social economic background or just a few. All of these factors lead to a definition of culture as a set of values, beliefs, norms, customs, rules, and codes that lead people to define themselves as a distinct group, giving them a sense of commonality. It’s important to realize that culture is learned, not innate. A Korea-born infant adapted soon after birth by American parents and raised in the United States will think and act differently than his or her cousins who grew up in Seoul An African-American who grew up in the city will view the world differently than he or she would if raised in the suburbs or in the countries like France when African heritage has different significance than it does in the United States. The norms and values we learned as a part of our culture conditioning shaped the way we view the world and the way we interact with one another. In short, culture has such an overwhelming influence on communication. The famous anthropologist Edward W. once remarked ―culture is communication and communication is culture‖. Statements: 1: This report is urgent I have to finish typing it by Monday morning, so there goes my sleep this weekend. 2: What this office needs is better sound-proofing. I can’t concentrate here with all that traffic passing by on the street below. 3: Learning a language is a laborious (15:17) process, and adjusting to this subtle cultural differences require much more time and patience than anyone can imagine. 4: If you can talk your boss into investing in that project, it will be a turning point for your company and we both shall benefit in the long run. 5: I am afraid we’ve undercharged them; the invoice doesn’t include the legal fee and our agency’s commission. I think we need to inform. them about this immediately.