中国习语与英国习语的不同翻译
Cultural Differences and Translation in
English and Chinese Idiom
1. Introduction
What is an English idiom? An idiom is a group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words. (Wang 2000) Idioms exist in any language. The English language is noted for its wealth of idioms. They are the essence of English language and the crystallization of English culture. They reflect typically the whole experiences of working people’s lives and the social history.
Having experienced the evolution of eras, English idiom has formed in phrases and short sentences after ample social practices. Concerning its broad sense appellation, it includes idiom, phrase, proverb, slang, sequel, locution, allusion etc. Especially English and Chinese are defined to this sort of existing sentence, which is also called idiom (set phrase) that indicates from fixed versatile popular short sentence. These form-fixed short sentences have been gradually developed and can’t be torn apart freely or rebuilt. They generally possess fixed form and meaning, denotes a general conception, and appears in a sentence as a component with vivid image. Thus it is proper to modify matters for its character conciseness and being easily understood and remembered. Therefore it is popular among the masses.
The meanings of some of the idioms are definite, and others are implicit which can raise luxuriant association. Comprehension of them should be based on the context in order to understand it accurately, for the idioms possess some extensive meanings. As frequent exchange of Chinese and west cultures, English idioms have found their way to all fields of our lives just as our national essence, at the same time. In the meantime, English idioms and Chinese idioms possess similar side and different side owing to the distinction between bilateral national cultures and social surrounding. In order to do the translation well we must carefully distinguish the differences. In this essay, we will analyze the sources and cultural background of the English idioms, and way of translating them into Chinese.
2. Sources of English Idioms
The abundance and variety of idioms in the English language may be to great extent accounted for by the historical development of the language. And as part of language, idiom’s emerging and growing is just the result of the enrichment of English language. So the sources of English idioms are deeply involved in the process of people’s communication in which
language is the essential media. Idioms are often short and brief, but to write down the thoughts and feeling they contain needs lots of books.
As idiom’s definition states, it is created by the people who speak English during a long period of time. Knowledge of the sources of these idioms may help us to comprehend what they really mean, so it is worth our effort to give an account of the factors which lead to their formation.
2.1 Idioms from Daily Life
Generally speaking, the sources of English idioms are basically lives of working people, such as agricultural life, economy life, nautical and military life and so on. For example, ―A nine to five job‖: regular work as an employee, especially in an office, shop, and factory, etc. It corresponds to ―常日班‖ in Chinese. In English speaking countries, work normally begins at nine in the morning and ends at five in the afternoon. Hence comes up the idiom.
2.2 Idioms from Literature
There are a lot of idioms coming from literary works, such as The Bible, works writen by William Shakespeare, The Fables of Aesop, and other myths and legends. For example ―a thorn in one’s flesh‖ means (fig) ―constant source of annoyance‖. ―To flutter the dovecotes‖means ―to alarm quiet people‖. ―The lion’s share‖ means ―the larger or largest parting‖. (The Lion’s Share from Arnold Bennett)
3. The Cultural Differences Reflected in Idiom Translation
―The most elusive thing to comprehend and translate the foreign literature is its associated meanings,‖as Mr. Zhu Guangqian said in his On Translation, ―translation possesses special emotional environment, which is very broad and delicate and tremendously important, but can not be found in the dictionary. We will be confused if we are not familiar with the local conditions and customs abroad as well as its historical cultural backgrounds. However this is absolutely difficult to handle with in translation.‖(1996, 110)The British anthropologist Edward Tailor, in his original culture, mentioned culture as a conception first time, and added that ―culture, including knowledge, beliefs, arts, morality, law and customs, is a sort of complex ability and habits acquired in social practice‖. (Worrall 1975)Obviously, culture, which covers fields, is a compound system. As a component of culture, idiom reflects colorful ethic cultural phenomenal. As stated above, we can say cultural difference reflected in English idioms can be divided into varieties and mainly embodied in the following areas.
3.1 Cultural Differences in Living Surroundings
It has close relations between the formation of idioms and people’s activities and lives. As an insular county, Britain had once been the master of the sea. Comparatively, our Han People lived long on the Asian continent people and could not live any more once they stepped out of the land. There are many words about ―boat‖ and ―water‖ in English idioms. It’s a pity that no completely corresponding idioms can be selected in Chinese language. For example, ―to rest on one’s oars‖ (暂时歇一歇), ―to keep one’s head above water‖ (奋力图存), ―all at sea‖(不知所措) etc. Simultaneously, in Chinese cultural circumstance, west wind refers to the wind in siring, and summer is always connected with brutal and sultry words, “赤日炎似火烧，骄阳似火”. All these words are adapted to describe summer weather. In Britain, which is located in the northern temperate zone in western hemisphere, and enjoys ocean weather, west wind is the symbol of spring’s coming, a famous British poet Shelley expressed his praise of spring in his Ode to the West Wind. It is jolly and amiable in England when summer is coming, so English people like to use ―lovely, warm, nice‖to describe summer weather. Moreover, Shakespeare compared the lovely summer in one of his sonnets. ―Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? Thou art lovelier and more temperate‖.
3.2 Cultural Differences in Customs
There are many differences in English-Chinese idioms. Nothing if more typical than people’s opinions toward ―dog‖, which is a humble animal in China, and it is frequently associated with derogatory meanings such as dog-associated words, ―狐朋狗党，狗急跳墙，狼心狗肺，狗腿子‖etc. seemingly dog’s status has been accepted and increased in recent years due to more and more people adopt dogs as pets in China, the dogs are deemed as the most loyal friends in western English-speaking countries. Most of dog-associated words are not derogatory except some of them affected by other culture. We can usually compare a person’s behaviors with dog in English idioms, for example, ―you are a lucky dog‖ (你是一个幸运儿), ―every dog has its day‖ (凡人皆有得意日), lead a dog’s life (过穷困潦倒的日子) etc. When expressing a person’s terrible illness, people like to use ―sick‖ as a ―dog‖, when expressing a quite exhausted person, people use ―dog-tired‖. On the contrary Chinese people are found of cat, thus they like to use ―馋猫‖ to indicate a person’s greediness for food with affectionate sense. But in the western culture ―cat‖is used to describe ―a tricky and malevolent woman (包藏祸心的女人).
3.3 Cultural Differences in Religion and Beliefs
There is a host of religion-and –belief associated words in English and Chinese idioms.
People believe that there exists God who masters all things in the world. Buddhism has adopted by Chinese over one thousand years, which has many associated idioms, e.g. 闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚. People believe in Christian very much in western countries, especially in the U.S. and the U.K. so there are many associated idioms such as ―god helps those who help themselves‖ (上帝帮助自助的人), a famous curse idiom ―go to hell‖ (见鬼去吧).
3.4 Differences in Historical Allusions
There are a number of idioms originating from historical in English and Chinese history. They are usually simple in structure and profound in meanings. Insomuch we translate their meanings from the Chinese history. For example, 东施笑颦，名落孙山，and 叶公好龙etc. Most of the English allusions come from the Bible and ancient Greek and Roman Myths, e.g. ―Achilles heel‖ (唯一致命的弱点), ―meet one’s waterloo‖ (一败涂地) ―Penelope’s web‖ (永远完不成的工作), ―Pandora’s box‖ (潘多拉之盒—灾难，麻烦，祸害的总根源) etc. Though there are no completely the same expression in English and Chinese, for example, to hold one’s head high (昂首挺胸，充满自信), still we have similar or related counterparts.
4. Ways of translating English Idioms into Chinese
To understand the background and sources of English idioms and the difference between English and Chinese idioms basically are the prerequisite to translate idioms into the good, correct, corresponding version, which we are familiar with. There are a lot of methods to translate English idioms, but the main are literal translation, free translation and equivalent translation. Let’s analyze them with examples respectively.
4.1 Literal Translation
When conducting this method to translate, we should not violate the Chinese language rules. Under this condition, we not only should keep the original comparison, image, characteristics and the obvious tint of nation, locality and history reflected in the idioms, but also contribute to absorb in some new words, sentence structure and expressions etc. e.g.
1) Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years, he was completely defeated.
In this sentence, the translator translated armed to the teeth as 武装到牙齿. It is more vividly and lively, simultaneously, and the tone is stronger. If the translator translated it as 全副武装, the tone will be reduced.
2) Say one word more and I’ll bury a white blade in you and pull it red.
再说别的，我让你白刀子进去红刀子出来。
Though there are some English idioms can be translated into Chinese corresponding version literally, the volume is not big. In Sentence 2), the phrase ―bury a white blade in you and pull it red‖ (把白刀子捅进你身体，拔出来的是红色的) if basically same as the Chinese idiom 白刀子进，红刀子出. It remains the peculiarity like simile, image and so on in the idioms.
The following phrases can be translated into Chinese literally; we can find the equivalent idioms in Chinese language. Dig one’s own tomb—自掘坟墓; A thorn in the flesh —肉中刺，眼中钉
When we do su ch kind of translation we should understand the words’ meaning, sometimes we should also be aware that we could convert the function of vocabulary when we translate English into Chinese. New wine in old bottle —旧瓶装新酒; Packed like sardines —挤得像沙丁鱼; Blood is thicker than water —血浓于水
4.2 Equivalent Translation
There are some English idioms similar as Chinese idioms in form, content, figure of speech. So we can use equivalent translation. Some of the idioms in Chinese and English are the same.
1) I think, and I certainly hope, those stories are terribly exaggerated. Our intelligence says. Still there is a smoke.
我觉得，我当然也希望这些报道是夸大了。我们的情报人员是这样，不过无风不起浪。
Certainly, when we translate something, our minds should be live and open, so the function of words or expression can be changeable. Sometimes we must omit some part of the original sentences or passages when we translate them, but sometimes we should add something to make the version more smoothly.
In this sentence the phrase ―there is a smoke‖ is shortened from the phrase ―where there is smoke there is fire‖ (有烟必着火，无火不起烟). If we are confined to the ellipsis form of the original and translate it as 只要有烟or 有烟的地方, readers would be bound to be confused. A better method, comparatively, is to employ the equivalent Chinese idiom 无风不起浪with the emission of ellipsis from of the original, which would be more correct and appropriate.
2) Well, it’s too late to hide now, must try to avoid suspicion by throwing them off the scent.
如今即使赶着躲，想躲也躲不及了，少不得要使个金蝉脱壳的法子。
English idiom ―to throw somebody off scent‖is different from the image of Chinese idiom 金蝉脱壳, but the main idea of speech is close. Both of them have the same meaning: try to escape, so this set of idioms can be translated equivalently.
From the contents and examples mentioned above, however, we can conclude that when equivalent translation is used, we should, in most cases, avoid over exaggerating the case, because we could not find corresponding version to one another absolutely. Sometimes, we should be familiar with use of translation techniques.
The following phrase should be translated in this approach. Add fuel to the fire —火上加油; Walls have ears —隔墙有耳; Spend money like water —挥金如土; Fish in troubled water —浑水摸鱼.
4.3 Free Translation
When the main idea of original context contradicts with the representation of the version, the literal method should not be adopted. In this case, we can choose free translation according to the context, but it should not limit from the original passage. So that’s to say, we can change, restructure to deliver the original content.
Sure, in English, there are many related things to account for one matter, but which one can be chose is up to situation. Thus sometimes we can choose some representations a little far from the used sentence’s meaning.
1) John can be relied on he eats no fish and plays the game.
约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚，又正直。
In this sentence to ―to eat no fish and to play the game‖ can not be literally regarded as 不吃鱼和玩游戏. This explanation would make somebody confused. To eat fish is an English allusion, its main idea is that: during Elizabeth period, Jesus Christian, ejected to abide by the customs ―to eat fish‖ on Friday ordered by Roman Catholic in order to show his devotion to England government. Insomuch to eat no fish means ―faith, to play the game‖ and to ―play fair mean‖规规矩矩地比赛. Consequently it can be transferred to 公平对待，举止光明正大，为人正直。
2) After I finished my work, he said that he wanted to give me a hand. Nevertheless I thought that his idea was just to carry coals to Newcastle.
From this example it is easy to find that the original meaning of the sentence is not equal completely to our Chinese expression. But in English’s eyes, we could use this to convey the meaning, which lead to an amazing mental feedback or reaction.
To carry coal to Newcastle of the original sentence literally means 把煤运到纽卡索. That is an allusion. Newcastle is a place which produces coal profusely. So to carry coal to Newcastle is of no use, and moreover it means doing something repeatedly with no need. So ―to carry coal to Newcastle‖ can be translated as 多此一举.
When translating English idioms, if we can not preserve the original meaning and the figurative meanings, we should present the implicit meanings. This kind of translation is very common in English idioms. For example, if we simple regard Achilles’ heel as 阿喀琉斯的
脚跟. It is hard to be understood most accurately and acceptably.
With regard to another case of idiom connected with the dog that will fetch a bone will carry a bone, one can not translate dog, bone literally as 狗，骨头. That’s to give up its literal meaning and figurative meaning. So we can translate it as its implicit meaning 对你说别人坏话的人也会说你的坏话. There is still another case ―rain cats and dogs‖. If we translate it into 下猫和狗, it can not be comprehended though it remains the original imagination. And also it doesn’t confirm to Chinese language expression rules. we can translate it as its implicit meaning倾盆大雨.
The following phrase would be translated as such: To keep one’s own company —孤芳自赏，隐居独处，独往独来，离群索居; Hold the baby —干苦差; smell at rat —怀疑其中有诈.
4.4 Non-equivalence in English and Chinese idioms
Now, we are somehow familiar with the numerous differences stated in the above pages between Sino-west cultures seemingly, many idioms are similar, but meanings vary a lot, especially in color and number translation. What’s more, sometimes the differences between them are very great. Let us do some analysis of the correction with the following English and Chinese idioms cases.
1) In the translation of English and Chinese idioms, we should pay special attention to the non-equivalence of English and Chinese idioms. The similarly meaning of English idioms may mislead us —the contrary meaning.
―Have a bone in one’s throat‖ not equal to ―骨刺在喉‖
This set of English-Chinese idioms can not be deemed to be equal, even though their meaning is quite the same seemingly, but the figurative meaning is a far cry. The former is an excuse of unwilling to speak what the truth is. 有骨头卡在喉咙里开不了口. So we translate it as ―难以启齿‖. The latter is meaning that better it as ―有话不得不说‖. We can easily find that their meanings are quite different.
2) Apart from adding negative or positive meaning, this kind of phrase or sentence may embody the superficial meaning, adding more vividness to the facial meaning.
―a walking skeleton‖ not equal to ―行尸走肉‖
Literally, this set of idioms is quite similar. Walking is equal to ―行‖, skeleton is similar to ―尸‖. Actually their figurative meanings are utterly different. Skeleton in ―walking skeleton‖shows a person become as emaciated as a fowl (thin and shaggy person). It stresses on a person’s healthy state. The latter ―行尸走肉‖ refers to a person’s spiritual ballast. There is a far cry between the two phrases.
3) At the same time, the purpose of non-equivalence may add emotional qualities. ―touch and go‖ not equal to ―一触即发‖
The image of the pair is quite similar, but their implicit meanings are not the same. English idiom ―touch and go‖ denoted a narrow escape, and has the meaning of danger and mainly represent the past matters or uncertainties. But ―一触即发‖represents a trend of thing’s development, which means exposure.
e.g. Our team won the game all right, but it was touching and going for a while.
我们队是赢了，但却是悬得很。
4). It sometimes has the function of figures of speech.
―pull one’s leg (put the leg)‖ not equal to ―拉后腿‖
The formats of these phrases are quite similar, ―pull the leg‖ means ―try for a joke, to make him believe something that is untrue‖(和某人开玩笑,愚弄别人,使人相信虚假的事情). In Chinese idiom, ―拉后腿‖ means obstructing somebody’s way or holding down other’s actions.
e.g. for a time I actually believed that his wife had royal blood, and then I realized he was puling my leg.
我一度真的相信他太太有皇族血统,后来才明白原来他是愚弄我.
5) At last but not least, using non-equivalence makes the related expression of euphemism, or has the function of pun. In this case, it can make reader more easily being touched.
―lie down on the job‖ not equal to 躺倒不干
This pair of idioms is similar in format but different in meaning. ―lie down on the job‖means not working by hear and soul. The relative English idiom of ―躺倒不干‖ is ―throwing up one’s job‖ which means rejecting to work. So the meanings of these idioms are not the same.
e.g. this particular task requires close team work and if any one of us lies down on the job, we shall never be able to finish it in time.
这一项任务要求互相相互配合得很好,任何一个人不好好干,我们就无法按时守成.
Accordingly, we can conclude, from the example and analysis that non-equivalence in English-Chinese idiom always preoccupied us, mainly stressing the purpose of the presentations. When encountering with such cases, actually it’s even inevitable to commit mistake for new learners, even he or she has certain knowledge in that field. Therefore, we should firstly note that there exists no equivalence between them, but the volume of this sort is small. Consequently, we should collect them as many as possible.
5. Conclusion
English idioms, proverbs and allusions are an important part of the English language and English culture. To learners of English as a foreign language they are often hard to understand
and harder to use correctly because they are culture rich language items. To learn them means to learn not only words and grammar but also the underling culture. This is by no means easy. However, their proper use is often a mark of one’s command of English. It is worth while to make efforts to learn them well.
The translation of idioms is easy and often requires painstaking effort. We often know foreign friends say that Chinese idioms and idioms and idiomatic expressions are ―the most difficult part‖ for them to master. Honestly, we have to admit too. That it is idioms and the idiomatic part of English that are the most difficult part of English that are the most difficult part for us Chinese to master. Yet, without some knowledge of English idioms, none of us can adequate understand, speak or write, let alone translate them adequately.
In the translation of English idioms, therefore, our first and foremost concern should be to get an accurate comprehension of the original, to get familiar with and understand the differences of Sino-west cultures. Second concern is that to strive for and adequate representation in Chinese. Only in this way can we translate idioms more accurate, vivid and picturesque.
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中国谚语翻译总汇(已)
中国谚语翻译总汇 1．见机行事。Act according to circumstances. 2．兵不厌诈。All is fair in war. 3．留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。As long as the green hills last, there'll always be wood to burn. - 4．种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。As you sow, so shall you reap. 5．不问就听不到假话。Ask no questions and be told no lies. 6．情人眼里出西施。Beauty lies in lover's eye 7．血浓于水。Blood is thicker than water. 8．海内存知己，天涯若比邻。A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near 9．简洁是智慧的灵魂。Brevity is the soul of wit. 10．公事公办。Business is business. 11．车到山前必有路。The cart will find its way round the hill ，when it gets there. 12．巧妇难为无米之炊。he cleverest housewife cannot cook a meal without rice. 13．笨鸟先飞。Clumsy birds have to start flying early. 14．精诚所至，金石为开。Complete sincerity can affect even metal and stone. 15．置之死地而后生。Confront a person with the danger of death and he will fight to live. 16．滴水穿石。Constant dripping wears away the stone. 17．习惯成自然。Custom is a second nature. 18．以其人之道，还治其人之身。Deal with a man as he deals with you. 19．血债要用血来还。Debts of blood must be paid in blood. 20．隔行如隔山。Different trades are separated as by mountains. 21．一回生，二回熟。Different the first time, easy the second. 22．早动手，早收获。Early sow, early mow. 23．者千虑，必有一失。Even the wise are not free from error. 24．吃一堑，长一智。Every failure one meets with adds to one's experience. 25．国家兴亡，匹夫有责。Every man has a share of responsibility for the fate of his country. 26．每一个人都有美中不足的地方。Every man has the defects of his own virtues. 27．人各有所好。Every man to his taste 28．行行出状元。Every profession produces its own leading authority. 29．仁者见仁，智者见智。Everyone thinks in his way. 30．切莫错过良机。Everything has its time and that time must be watched. 31．凡事总有一个开头。Everything must have a beginning. 32．身教胜于言教。Example is better than precept. 33．经验是智慧之母Experience is the mother of wisdom. 34．经验是愚者之师。Experience is the teacher of fools. 35．乐极生悲。Extreme joy begets sorrow. 36．以眼还眼，以牙还牙。An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. 37．心有余而力不足（贪多嚼不烂）。The eye is bigger than the belly. 38．吃一堑，长一智。A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 39．人怕出名猪怕壮。Fame portends trouble for men just as fattening does for pigs. 40．少说为佳。Few words are best. 41．寡不敌众。A few are no match for the many. 42．水火无情。Fire and water have no mercy.
英语国家社会与文化__翻译_第三单元
Text 英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。 The Monarchy 政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。 君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。
虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。 这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。 The Parliament 这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。传统上，中世纪国王本应继续以自己的财富，他们自己的王室开支。如果需要额外的资源-例如，如果一个国王要发动一场战争，他经常做-他将试图说服大议会，是一种收集领先，富有贵族几次开会一年，让他提供了一些额外的钱。到了13世纪，国王发现，他们不能入不敷出的要钱此相当小，所以他们大议会扩大到包括县，市，镇的代表，让他们协助他的项目。正是在
中国俗语的英文翻译)
无源之水,无本之木water without a source, and a tree wiithout roots 无中生有make/create something out of nothing 无风不起浪There are no waves without wind. There\\\'s no smoke without fire. 徇私枉法bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends 新官上任三把火a new broom sweeps clean 虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 蓄势而发accumulate strength for a take-off 心想事成May all your wish come true 心照不宣have a tacit understanding; give tacit consent; tacit understanding 先入为主First impressions are firmly entrenched. 先下手为强catch the ball before the bound 像热锅上的蚂蚁like an ant on a hot pan 现身说法warn people by taking oneself as an example 息事宁人pour oil on troubled waters 喜忧参半mingled hope and fear 循序渐进step by step 一路平安，一路顺风speed somebody on their way; speed the parting guest 严以律己,宽以待人be strict with oneself and lenient towards others 鱼米之乡a land of milk and honey 有情人终成眷属"Jack shall have Jill, all shall be well." 有钱能使鬼推磨Money makes the mare go. Money talks. 有识之士people of vision 有勇无谋use brawn rather than brain 有缘千里来相会Separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination. 与时俱进advance with times 以人为本people oriented; people foremost 因材施教teach students according to their aptitude 欲穷千里目，更上一层楼"to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; Ascend further, were you to look farther; Would eye embrace a thousand miles? Go up, one flight."
英语国家社会与文化入门_上册_翻译
A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom 该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是一个什么在许多方面 是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。然而，一些市民对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天过自己的生活。 一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的 重要性。英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的 维持（自愿）组织的联系称为英联邦国家。但更重要的英国国际关系今天是欧洲联盟，其中英国1973年以来的成员，这是在考虑更有用现代英国强调它的作用作为一个欧洲国家，而 不是其英联邦成员资格。它仍然是一个相对富裕的国家，是7国集团成员的大型发达经济体。另外一个旧帝国的作用明显成效在于弥补的英国人口本身。从这些英联邦国家，这在20世纪50年代和60年代鼓励一些移民，已制作了其中1人在20个非欧洲种族。他们自己或其父母或祖父母，出生在印度或巴基斯坦，加勒比国家，这些只是最常见的。 这将引入什么是对英国的章节关键主题：因为是大多数情况下，或所有，国家是不可能 总结了一些简单的对话英国人民。英国认为谁，很多人认为的英国绅士。但是，这仅仅是一个旧有的从未适用于英国绝大多数人来说，没有什么真正的有效性今天。英国是一个国家，一个单一的护照，和一个政府及对其所有的主权，但作为国家的大力顾名思义，它是由不同的元素组成。它包括4一个国家内的部分国家：大不列颠岛是由英格兰，苏格兰和威尔士，北爱尔兰，一份关于爱尔兰邻近的岛屿省份，完成设置。因此，在讨论英国和英国的一些考虑，必须使这些分歧，例如：一个来自苏格兰的女人不会高兴，如果我们打电话给她的英国绅士？她是苏格兰和女性，并认为她的身份从不同的男人和不同的英语。 但是，这4个组成部分之间的区别的国家只有一个，也许是最简单的，不同的是分裂联 合王国。有人已经指出，英国现在是一个多种族社会，这些移民是最近才集团带来了自己的文化，这与他们并肩坐在一起，与生活更加传统的英国方式方方面，例如，许多穆斯林，而大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒。并明确在我的苏格兰妇女的例子涉及的是事实，男人和女人没有生活在英国同样的经历。此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构的社会。很可能夸大了这个阶级的重要性，因为结构的过程中，大多数国家有一些一流的一种制度，但它确实可以说，对英国社会的阶级结构是比较明显的。一名工厂工人，他的父亲是工厂的工人很可能会从股票经纪，父亲是一名股票经纪人，不同的文化：他们将倾向于读不同的报纸，看不同的电视节目，用不同的说话口音，在做不同的事情他们的自由时间，对自己的孩子有不同的期望。 另一个不同之处，这标志着英国社会就是区域。即使在四个国家，每个地区的不同：高 地之间的差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久的历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文化不同，但它们之间的边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统的精神风貌。然而，有一些是在经济方面的区别的基础，南部平均较富裕的北方。 部分之间的北部和南部的另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中， 但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间的区别和不同的经济差别的原因找到了省份。伦敦是在该国南部，并在英国占主导地位的各种方式。这是迄今为止该国最大的城市，约占全国人口的七分之一，它是政府的所在地，它是文化中心，这里是所有的主要报纸，电视台，与遥遥领先的最广泛选择画廊，剧院和博物馆。此外它是商业中心，在英国大公司总部的绝大多数，是国家的金融中心，三个主要的国际金融中心之一。因此，它结合了北京，上海，广州，还是纽约，华盛顿和洛杉矶的职能，在一个城市。并鉴于其长期在英国的历史作用，也许西安呢！伦敦是英国的经济和文化生活的巨大影响力，并在一定程度上在其阴影的国家
(完整版)中国谚语之英文版
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英语国家社会与文化 课程标准
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中国俗语有趣翻译
中国俗语超有趣的英文翻译 前些天学用新的电脑软件把我累得够呛，我便向办公室同事们抱怨说老狗学不了新招了，一位同事笑说我是用中文讲英语。 教老狗学新招(teach an old dog new tricks)这样的说法我觉得其实根本不 用解释，有想象力的人都能明白，用来解闷再自然不过。 况且，以狗喻人在中文里的俗语也不少，譬如狗改不了吃屎，寓意真需要人解释才明白吗？ 这个俗语至今倒还没有听过人以贴切的英语表述，我一下也捉摸不出恰如其分的办法来说它，欢迎你做尝试。 不过中国人发明的另一个借狗讽人的词倒已有前人引入英语。 走狗 用“走狗”来描绘有权势者的帮凶在中国至少可以追溯到清朝孔尚任的《桃花扇》：“正排着低品走狗奴才队，都做了高洁清风大英雄。” 蒲松龄在《聊斋志异》里也有一句“操杖隶皆绅家走狗”。 这个词有人考证在1937年首次介绍到英文里来，但转换过程中不知为何加快了狗的步伐，从走改作跑，叫running dog。 犹如男扮女装 想一想，这种语言的反串同男扮女装或女扮男装有点相似。功夫好，环境对，能让人感觉耳目一新，至少可以轻松笑笑，弄好了甚至能帮助人刷新眼界，刺激思考。 和男女反串一样，许多人心里对它或多或少还是不能完全接受，至少在英国如此，觉得这种行为不守道德规范，男不男，女不女，不太像话。 但对赞同者来说，这样做的一个刺激恐怕也就恰恰在于它是越轨行为。 纸老虎 纸老虎这个中国说法传到英语里来，现在即便不说人人皆知，流行也颇广泛。在我手边的《简明牛津字典》的老虎一栏的十几行注释里，它在第三行就已经出现了。 纸老虎用来比喻外表强大但实际上空虚无力，至少可以追溯到《水浒传》第25回：“急上场时，便没些用，见个纸虎，也吓一交。”
中国谚语英文版
惊弓之鸟/ 谈虎色变 A burnt child dreads fire. 见微知着/ 一叶知秋 A feather shows the way the wind blows. 意外之财/ 一笔横财 a financial windfall 急风知劲草 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 千里鹅毛 A gift is cheap, but love is dear 钱能通神 A golden hammer breaks an iron door. 中国谚语B 九牛一毛be a drop in a bucket ~ 年高德邵be an statesman 花团锦簇be blanketed with flowers 琳朗满目be eye-catching ~ 淋漓尽致be in great detail; vividly and incisively 方兴未艾be in the ascendant (福星高照,有旭日东升之势) 纤毫之细be minute 行云流水be natural and spontaneous; like floating clouds and flowing water 喜优参半be/go through ups and downs 红颜薄命Beauty is a fading flower. 秀色可餐Beauty is a feast in itself. 色即是空Beauty is but skin-deep. 东施效颦Being butcher, don't imitate the piper. 杂而不精Better be master of one than Jack-of-all-trades. 宁为鸡口,不为牛后Better to reign in hell than serve in Heaven. 物以类聚Birds of a feather flock together. 血浓于水Blood is thicker than water. 恩将仇报Bring up a raven and it will peck out your eyes. 中国谚语C 盖棺论定 Call no man happy before he is dead. 老吾老以及人之老,幼吾幼以及人之幼 Charity begins at home. 以牙还牙,以眼还眼 Claw me and I'll claw thee. 平生不做亏心事,半夜敲门心不惊 Clear conscience never fears midnight knocking. 挂羊头卖狗肉 Cry out wine and sell vinegar.
英语国家社会与文化入门(下册)(简称国概)美国重要单元之一UNIT3——AMERICAN_BEGINNINGS
Text 什么是美国的？这已经成为一个经典的问题不仅是美国访问的外国人，更是美国人常常问自己。当美国人感到困惑，或者当他们在危机时，他们问他们是谁，并试图找出什么是美国人的手段。事实上，这个著名的问题时，首先问一个法国人称为J.海克特圣约翰日克雷弗克谁定居在宾夕法尼亚州的18世纪。在1782年，这个法国农民在伦敦出版了一本书，从美国的农民，他所提出的问题，并回答了自己提出的信：“那么，什么是美国，这个新好男人？他要么是欧洲，或子孙欧洲，因此，随着血液中奇妙的混合在一起，你会发现在没有其他国家。我可以向你指出，一个家庭，其祖父是英国人，他的妻子是一位荷兰人，他的儿子娶了一位法国妇女，其目前有4个儿子现在4个不同国家的妻子。他是美国人，谁在他身后留下他的所有古老的偏见和方式，收到他的生活已经接受，他的新政府遵循的新模式新，而新职，他认为。···在这里个人的所有国家都成为一个男人，他们的劳动力和子孙后代新一轮融化总有一天会导致世界。 美国是一个新好男人，原则的行为后，新的巨大变化，他因此必须招待新的想法，和形式·新意见·这是一个美国人。据克雷弗克，在那些日子里，美国有没有考虑到欧洲人的或其后代混血儿，如美洲印第安人和黑人其他民族。今天，美国情况较为复杂。在美国家庭中，有可能是儿子，儿媳或女儿女婿与欧洲后裔或非裔美国人和亚裔移民尽管这些白人混血与其他黑人或亚洲人的家庭占少数。为了理解这一点，美国，让我们回到美国的过去。 A New Land 美国大陆的人居住，作为两个结果长期持续的移民运动，第一个来自亚洲，欧洲和非洲的第二位。第一乐章开始大概25 000年前，当西伯利亚部落，在新的狩猎区或从追求寻求避难的敌人，在越过白令海峡到达阿拉斯加。到1492年，超过10-20万人，误称为居住克里斯托弗哥伦布在美洲，印第安人。他们发展了自己的原住民文化，从原始的部落那些从简单到复杂不等的阿兹特克人，印加人，玛雅人和灿烂的文明。但他们的技术发展已经落后于欧洲和亚洲。 第二迁移到美洲开始与欧洲在16世纪的现代时期的开始扩张。1492年，哥伦布说服西班牙国王和王后为了资助他的航程。他认为，欧洲的帆船从西，他可以达到远东。他没有成功，而是他降落在巴哈马群岛的一个在加勒比海和“发现”新大陆。根据哥伦布发现，西班牙国王可以要求在美洲地区，后来西班牙征服了新的土地，并建立了一个庞大帝国，抓住了印度人的巨大财富。在1497年，另一家意大利水手，谁是约翰卡博特在英国国王的服务在今天抵达加拿大，和英国国王声称，在整个北美地区属于英国。执行这项索赔，英国人开始建立由17世纪初在北美的永久定居点。 Europe in the 16th and 17th
100个中国成语俗语的英文翻译培训资料
100个中国成语俗语的英文翻译
1.爱屋及乌.Love me, love my dog. 2.百闻不如一One look is worth a thousand words./Seeing is believing. 3.比上不足，比下有余to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst 4.笨鸟先飞A slow sparrow should make an early start. 5.不遗余力spare no effort; go all out; do one's best 6不打不成交No discord, no concord. 7拆东墙补西墙rob Peter to pay Paul 8辞旧迎新bid farewell to the old and usher in the new 9大事化小,小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all 10.大开眼界broaden one's horizon; be an eye-opener 11国泰民安the country flourishes and people live in peace 12过犹不及going beyond the limit is as bad as falling short; excess is just as bad as deficiency; too much is as bad as too little 13好了伤疤忘了疼once on shore, one prays no more 14好事不出门，坏事传千里Bad news travels fast. 15和气生财harmony brings wealth;/friendliness is conducive to business success 16活到老学到老never too old to learn 17既往不咎let bygones be bygones 18金无足赤，人无完人There are spots even on the sun. 19金玉满堂Treasures fill the home. 20脚踏实地be down-to-earth 21脚踩两只船sit on the fence; be a fence-sitter; have a foot in either camp
中国谚语翻译
中国谚语翻译 1．见机行事。1．Act according to circumstances. 2．兵不厌诈。2．All is fair in war. 3．留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。3．As long as the green hills last, there'll always be wood to burn. 4．种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。4．As you sow, so shall you reap. 5．不问就听不到假话。5．Ask no questions and be told no lies. 6．情人眼里出西施。6．Beauty lies in lover's eye 7．血浓于水。7．Blood is thicker than water. 8．海内存知己，天涯若比邻。8．A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near 9．简洁是智慧的灵魂。9．Brevity is the soul of wit. 10．公事公办。10．Business is business. 11．车到山前必有路。11．The cart will find its way round the hill ，when it gets there. 12．巧妇难为无米之炊。12．he cleverest housewife cannot cook a meal without rice. 13．笨鸟先飞。13．Clumsy birds have to start flying early. 14．精诚所至，金石为开。14．Complete sincerity can affect even metal and stone. 15．置之死地而后生。15．Confront a person with the danger of death and he will fight to live. 16．滴水穿石。16．Constant dripping wears away the stone. 17．习惯成自然。17．Custom is a second nature. 18．以其人之道，还治其人之身。18．Deal with a man as he deals with you. 19．血债要用血来还。19．Debts of blood must be paid in blood. 20．隔行如隔山。20．Different trades are separated as by mountains. 21．一回生，二回熟。21．Different the first time, easy the second. 22．早动手，早收获。22．Early sow, early mow. 23．者千虑，必有一失。23．Even the wise are not free from error. 24．吃一堑，长一智。24．Every failure one meets with adds to one's experience. 25．国家兴亡，匹夫有责。 26．每一个人都有美中不足的地方。 27．人各有所好。 28．行行出状元。 29．仁者见仁，智者见智。 25．Every man has a share of responsibility for the fate of his country. 26．Every man has the defects of his own virtues. 27．Every man to his taste. 28．Every profession produces its own leading authority. 29．Everyone thinks in his way. 30．切莫错过良机。 31．凡事总有一个开头。 32．身教胜于言教。
朱永涛《英语国家社会与文化入门》笔记和考研真题详解-上册(英国)-第1~5章【圣才出品】
上册（英国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚） 英国 第1章英国简介(1) 1.1 复习笔记 I. Name and constituents 1. Full name 2. Constituents II. Effects of its imperial past 1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations 2. Its role as a European nation 3. Economic influence 4. A multiracial nation III. Differences in society 1. Race difference 2. Class difference 3. Region difference IV. Introduction to England 1. Physical features
2. History of invasions V. Introduction to Scotland 1. Physical features 2. History 3. Retaining strong Scottish identity VI. Introduction to Wales 1. Physical features 2. A history features campaigns for independence from UK I. Name and constituents（全称和组成） 1. Full name（全称） The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 2. Constituents（组成部分） (1)The island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales (2)Northern Ireland (1)大不列颠岛：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士 (2)北爱尔兰 II. Effects of its imperial past（殖民时期的影响） 1. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Nations（促成英联邦的成立） The Commonwealth of Nations is a loose and voluntary organization with