自考英语词汇学

C h a p t e r1B a s i c C o n c e p t s

1.w o r d----d e f i n i t i o n定义P7

?M i n i m a l f r e e f o r m

?S o u n d

?M e a n i n g

?S y n t a c t i c f u n c t i o n

1)s o u n d&m e a n i n g----r e l a t i o n s h i p关系

?A r b i t r a r y,c o n v e n t i o n a l

?S a m e c o n c e p t;s a m e s o u n d

2)s o u n d a n d f o r m:P8

R e a s o n s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e:P8-P9

?N o e n o u g h l e t t e r s:a l p h a b e t f r o m l a t i n

?P r o n u n c i a t i o n c h a n g e d m o r e r a p i d l y

?E a r l y s c r i b e s:c h a n g e s p e l l i n g f o r e a s i e r r e c o g n i t i o n

?B o r r o w i n g:d i f f e r e n t r u l e s o f p r o n u n c i a t i o n a n d s p e l l i n g

2.V o c a b u l a r y

1)定义d e f i n i t i o n P10

?D i f f e r e n t s e n s e s:t o t a l n u m b e r o f w o r d s

?W o r d s i n a p a r t i c u l a r h i s t o r i c a l p e r i o d

2)分类c l a s s i f i c a t i o n

D i f f e r e n t c r i t e r i a:P10--11

?B y u s e f r e q u e n c y:b a s i c w o r d s t o c k,n o n b a s i c v o c a b u l a r y

?B y n o t i o n:c o n t e n t,f u n c t i o n a l

?B y o r i g i n:n a t i v e,b o r r o w e d

3)C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f b a s i c w o r d s t o c k

?A l l n a t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r全民性：c o m m o n

?S t a b i l i t y稳定性:r e m a i n u n c h a n g e d

?P r o d u c t i v i t y多产性:r o o t w o r d s

?P o l y s e m y多义性:m o r e t h a n o n e m e a n i n g

?C o l l o c a b i l i t y搭配性:s e t e x p r e s s i o n s,i d i o m s,p r o v e r b s

4)C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e b o r r o w e d w o r d s/l o a n w o r d s P19

?D e n i z e n s同化词：a s s i m i l a t e d

?A l i e n s非同化词：o r i g i n a l p r o n u n c i a t i o n a n d s p e l l i n g

?T r a n s l a t i o n-l o a n s译借词:f o r e i g n l a n g u a g e p a t t e r n w i t h e x i s t i n g m a t e r i a l

?S e m a n t i c-l o a n s借义词:b o r r o w m e a n i n g

3.领会T h e p o i s i t i o n a n d i m p o r t a n c e o f b a s i c w o r d s t o c k a n d n a t i v e w o r d s

B a s i c w o r d s t o c k:p11

?F o u n d a t i o n,c o m m o n c o r e,t h o u g h s m a l l p e r c e n t a g e

N a t i v e w o r d s:p17

?W o r d s o f A n g l o-S a x o n o r i g i n,m a i n s t r e a m o f b a s i c w o r d s t o c k,c o r e

?N e u t r a l i n s t y l e,f r e q u e n t i n u s e

C h a p t e r2

D e v e l o p m e n t

?1.印欧语系的谱系关系

?分支：

?E a s t e r n s e t:B a l t o-S l a v i c,I n d o-I r a n i a n,A r m e n i a n a n d A l b a n i a n,

?W e s t e r n s e t:C e l t i c,I t a l i c,H e l l e n i c,G e r m a n i c

各分支的主要现代语言

?东部

?B a l t o-S a l v i c:P r u s s i a n,L i t h u a n i a n,P o l i s h,C z e c h,B u l g a r i a n,S l o v e n i a n,R u s s i a n

?I n d o-I r a n i a n:P e r s i a n,B e n g a l i,H i n d i,R o m a n y

?A r m e n i a n,A l b a n i a n

西部

?H e l l e n i c:G r e e k

?C e l t i c:S c o t t i s h,I r i s h,W e l s h,B r e t o n

?I t a l i c:P o r t u g u e s e,S p a n i s h,F r e n c h,I t a l i a n,R o u m a n i a n----L a t i n

?G e r m a n i c:N o r w e g i a n,I c e l a n d i c,D a n i s h,S w e d i s h;G e r m a n,D u t c h,F l e m i s h,E n g l i s h

2.H i s t o r i c a l r e v i e w

?三个历史阶段及词汇特点

O l d E n g l i s h(450--1150):p26

?50000-60000,h i g h i n f l e c t e d,c o m p l e x e n d i n g s,v o w e l c h a n g e s

M i d d l e E n g l i s h(1150--1500):p28

?F r e n c h w o r d s,f e w e r e n d i n g s

M o d e r n E n g l i s h(1500---):p29

?B o r r o w,n e w w o r d s,n o e n d i n g s

3.G r o w t h o f p r e s e n t-d a y E n g l i s h

当代英语词汇发展状况:

?F a s t e r,n e w w o r d s

发展原因：t h r e e m a i n s o u r c e s

?S c i e n c e a n d t e c h n o l o g y;s o c i a l,e c o n o m i c a n d p o l i t i c a l c h a n g e s;i n f l u e n c e o f o t h e r c u l t u r e a n d l a n g u a g e s 发展方式：m o d e

?C r e a t i o n,s e m a n t i c c h a n g e,b o r r o w i n g

4.领会:三种词汇发展方式的地位和作用

?C r e a t i o n:f o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s,m o s t i m p o r t a n t

?S e m a n t i c c h a n g e:o l d f o r m w i t h n e w m e a n i n g,n e w u s a g e s

?B o r r o w i n g:v i t a l r o l e

C h a p t e r3W o r d F o r m a t i o n

1.M o r p h e m e词素

?D e f i n i t i o n:

?M i n i m a l/s m a l l e s t m e a n i n g f u l u n i t i n a w o r d

2.A l l o m o r p h s词素变体

?M o r p h e m e---a b s t r a c t形位

?M o r p h s----d i s c r e t e形素

?A l l o m o r p h s:t h e a l t e r n a t i v e m o r p h s o f t h e s a m e m o r p h e m e

2.T y p e s o f M o r p h e m e s

F r e e m o r p h e m e s：

?i n d e p e n d e n t/f r e e g r a m m a t i c a l u n i t s,c o m p l e t e m e a n i n g s

B o u n d m o r p h e m e s:

?n o t s e p a r a t e w o r d s,b o u n d t o

B o u n d m o r p h e m e

1)B o u n d r o o t:f u n d a m e n t a l m e a n i n g

2)A f f i x e s:a t t a c h,m o d i f y

?I n f l e c t i o n a l a f f i x e s:

a t t a c h e d t o t h e e n d o f w o r d s

G r a m m a t i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s

?D e r i v a t i o n a l a f f i x e s:

T o c r e a t e n e w w o r d s

D e r i v a t i o n a l a f f i x e s

?P r e f i x e s:

b e f o r e t h e w o r d,

m o d i f y/c h a n g e t h e m e a n i n g

?S u f f i x e s：

a f t e r t h e w o r d

c h a n g e t h e w o r

d c l a s s

R o o t a n d S t e m

?R o o t：

c a n n o t b e f u r t h e r a n a l y s e d

?S t e m:

t h e f o r m t o w h i c h a n y a f f i x e s c a n b e a d d e d

C h a p t e r4W o r d-f o r m a t i o n ?4.1A f f i x a t i o n词缀法

?D e f i n i t i o n

?T h e f o r m a t i o n o f w o r d b y a d d i n g a f f i x e s t o s t e m s

?P r e f i x a t i o n:…..a d d i n g p r e f i x e s t o…

?S u f f i x a t i o n:…..a d d i n g s u f f i x e s t o…

?F e a t u r e:

?P r e f i x:b e f o r e t h e w o r d,m o d i f y t h e m e a n i n g

?S u f f i x:a f t e r t h e w o r d,c h a n g e w o r d c l a s s

4.2C o m p o u n d i n g复合法

?F o r m a t i o n o f w o r d s b y j o i n i n g t w o o r m o r e s t e m s

C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s(d i f f e r e n c e f r o m f r e e p h r a s e):

?P h o n e t i c~:f i r s t e l e m e n t s t r e s s

?S e m a n t i c~:u n i t y,a s o n e w o r d

?G r a m m a t i c a l~:s i n g l e g r a m m a t i c a l r o l e

F o r m a t i o n o f c o m p o u n d s(运用)?N o u n c o m p o u n d s:n./v.+n./v.

a./a d v.+n./v./a d v.(v-i n g当n./a d j.看)

?A d j e c t i v e c o m p o u n d s:n./a.+a.(i n g/e d)

?n u m./a d v.+n./v-i n g/v-e d

?V e r b c o m p o u n d s:c o n v e r s i o n,b a c k f o r m a t i o n

4.3C o n v e r s i o n转类法

：

?F o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y c o n v e r t i n g w o r d c l a s s/p a r t o f s p e e c h

?(f u n c t i o n a l s h i f t/z e r o-d e r i v a t i o n)

P h r a s a l v e r b s t o n o u n s:

?K e e p o r i g i n a l o r d e r

?I n v e r t t h e v e r b a n d p a r t i c l e:p+v

a d j.t o n o u n.

?F u l l c o n v e r s i o n：c o m p l e t e l y c o n v e r t e d;

a l l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f n o u n

c o m m o n a

d j.;p a r t i c i p l

e s

?P a r t i a l c o n v e r s i o n:p a r t i a l l y c o n v e r t e d

n o t a l l q u a l i t i e s,w i t h d e f i n i t e a r t i c l e s;

a g r o u p o f t h e k i n d,s i n g l e p e r s o n

领会：专类后的语义特色?S e m a n t i c f e a t u r e/c h a r a c t e r i s t i c:

?S e m a n t i c a l l y r e l a t e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l w o r d c l a s s i n d i f f e r e n t w a y s

4.4b l e n d i n g拼缀法

?F o r m a t i o n o f w o r d s b y c o m b i n i n g p a r t o f t w o w o r d s

P a t t e r n s/t y p e s:

?H e a d+t a i l/h e a d/w o r d

?W o r d+t a i l

?运用：辨认理解

4.5C l i p p i n g截短法

D e f i n i t i o n:

?F o r m a t i o n o f a n e w w o r d b y c u t t i n g a p a r t o f f/s h o r t e n i n g a l o n g e r w o r d P a t t e r n s/T y p e s:

?F r o n t,b a c k,f r o n t a n d b a c k,p h r a s e

4.6A c r o n y m首字母拼音法

:

?F o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y j o i n i n g t o i n i t i a l l e t t e r s o f n a m e s

?T y p e s:缩略词，拼音词

I n i t i a l i s m s:a r e p r o n o u n c e d l e t t e r b y l e t t e r

f u l l w o r d s/c o n s t i t u e n t s

?A c r o n y m s:a r e p r o n u n c e d a s a n o r m a l w o r d

?运用：辨认

4.7B a c k-f o r m a t i o n

D e f i n i t i o n:

?F o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y r e m o v i n g t h e s u p p o s e d s u f f i x e s

P a t t e r n:

?D r o p t h e e n d i n g s:n./a.-----v.

?A b s t r a c t/h u m a n/c o m p o u n d n o u n s,a d j e t i v e s

S t y l e:i n f o r m a l

4.8w o r d s f r o m p r o p e r n o u n s

T y p e s:

?N a m e s o f p e o p l e,p l a c e s,b o o k s,t r a d e n a m e s

领会：

?S t y l e:v i v i d,i m p r e s s i v e,t h o u g h t-p r o v o k i n g

小结：本章结构串讲：构词法

?定义模式：i t’s t h e f o r m a t i o n o f n e w w o r d s b y d o i n g…(d o i n g是主要动词，可替换为a d d,c u t,j o i n/c o m b i n e,

c h a n g e)

?分类：

1)词的自身长度变化(变形)：加减法

加：a f f i x a t i o n，减：c l i p p i n g,b a c k-f o r m a t i o n

2)词间组合：整体组合：c o m p o u n d;部分组合：b l e n d i n g;字母组合：a c r o n y m y

3)词的自身变化:变性:c o n v e r s i o n;变态/变位:w o r d s f r o m p r o p e r n a m e s(普通化/特殊变为普通)

C h a p t e r5W o r d M e a n i n g

5.1M e a n i n g s o f m e a n i n g

R e f e r e n c e所指

?R e l a t i o n s h i p,i n d i c a t e s w h i c h t h i n g s i n t h e w o r l d

?A r b i t r a r y,c o n v e n t i o n a l

C o c e p t:

?B e y o n d l a n g u a g e,h u m a n c o g n i t i o n,o b j e c t i v e w o r l d i n h u m a n m i n d

?S a m e c o n c e p t----d i f f e r e n t w o r d s

S e n s e:

?R e l a t i o n s h i p i n s i d e l a n g u a g e

?I t s p l a c e i n a s y s t e m o f s e m a n t i c r e l a t i o n s h i p s w i t h o t h e r e x p r e s s i o n s ?E x p r e s s i o n s i n d i f f e r e n t d i a l e c t s

5.2M o t i v a t i o n理据?O n o m a t o p o e t i c m o t i v a t i o n:

s o u n d s s u g g e s t m e a n i n g s,

i m i t a t i n g n a t u r a l s o u n d s o r n o i s e s

?M o r p h o l o g i c a l m o t i v a t i o n:

T h e m e a n i n g s a r e t h e s u m t o t a l o f t h e m o r p h e m e s

S e m a n t i c m o t i v a t i o n ?M e n t a l a s s o c i a t i o n s f r o m t h e c o n c e p t u a l m e a n i n g

?L i t e r a l s e n s e----f i g u r a t i v e s e n s e

E t y m o l o g i c a l m o t i v a t i o n

?T h e m e a n i n g s o f t e n r e l a t e t o t h e o r i g i n.

领会：理据与约定俗成F o r m–m e a n i n g:

?C o n v e n t i o n a l,a r b i t r a r y,n o l o g i c a l c o n n e c t i o n

?N o n-m o t i v a t e d

?C a n b e e x p l a i n e d t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t:4t y p e s

5.3 Types of meaning ?G r a m m t i c a l~

G r a m m t i c a l c o n c e p t o r r e l a t i o n s h i p

A c t u a l c o n t e x t

?L e x i c a l~:d e f i n i t i o n

?R e l a t i o n s h i p:

e x a m p l e:s a m e o r d i

f f e r e n t w o r d s

f u n c t i o n a l w o r d s,c o n t e n t w o r d s

Conceptual~

?C o r e m e a n i n g i n d i c t i o n a r y,c o r e

A s s o c i a t i v e~:

?S e c o n d a r y m e a n i n g

A s s o c i a t i v e m e a n i n g

?C o n n o t a t i v e m e a n i n g:

o v e r t o n e s,a s s o c i a t i o n s

u n s t a b l e,v a r y i n g c o n s i d e r a b l y

?S t y l i s t i c m e a n i n g:

d i f f

e r e n t c o n t e x t s

f o r m a l,i n f o r m a l,l i t e r a r y,a r c h a i c,n e u r a l

Affective meaning

?I n d i c a t e t h e s p e a k e r’s a t t i t u d e

?E m o t i v e c o n t e n t:i n t e r j e c t i o n s

?A p p r e c i a t i v e~:p o s i t i v e o v e r o n e

P e j o r a t i v e~:n e g a t i v e c o n n o t a t i o n

C o l l o c a t i v e m e a n i n g:

?T h e a s s o c i a t i o n s a w o r d g e t s i n c o l l o c a t i o n

Chapter 6 Sense Relations

前言：

Polysemy多义, homonymy(同形同音)异义, synonymy同义, antonymy反义, hyponymy上下义(词形分析：nym: name-----nymy)

定义模式：it can be defined as the sense relation in which words have…meaning.

6.1 Polysemy

1）Definition:

the words with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meanings.

2）Two approches:

diachronic ~历时: growth and development

primary meaning----derived meaning

synchronic ~共时: coexistence

central meaning----sencondary meaning

(secondary ----sometimes dominant. P97)

3）Two Processes

Radiation辐射: center, every direction like rays;

independent; back to central meaning. e.g: neck (多个意思同时并存) Concatenation连锁: move away from first sense by shifts;

no connection with original meaning; Later meaning is related to preceding one.

eg. : treacle, candidate （剩下一个意思）

6.2 homonymy

1)Definition: words have different meanings but identical sounds or spelling

2)Types:

Perfect homonyms: identical sounds and spelling

Homographs: identical spelling

Homophones: identical sound---most common

3) origins: changes in sound and spelling; Borrowing; Shortening

4) difference between homonyms and polysemants

etmology 词源: different/ same source；

semantic relatedness语义相关性: no connection; connected to central meaning；

dictionary: separate entries; one headword；

5) Rhetoric features：create puns for disired effec--- humour, sarcasm, ridicule

Eg. See—sea; pray---prey p103

6.3 Synonymy

1)Definition. words have similar/ same essential meaning (same part of speech)

2)Types:

Absolute synonyms---complete ~:

identical in all aspects; specialized vocablulary

Relative synonyms---near ~

same denotation but different shades or degree

3) Sources

Borrowing; Dialects & regional English; Figurative & euphemistic use

Coincidence with idiomatic expressions

4) Discrimination

Denotation: range & intensity

Connotation: stylistic & emotive colouring; (archaic and poetic terms)

Application: collocation, sentence pattern

6.4 Antonymy

1.Definition: words have opposite meanings

2.Types:

1) contradictory terms矛盾: oppositeness of meaning

mutually exclusive: no possibility 非此即彼; non-gradable

2) Contrary terms 对立：a scale between two extremes

gradable: comparison

3) Relative terms 关系: relational opposites, interdependent

reverse terms

Difference with contradictory terms: absolute/ relational opposition

3. characteristics：

On the basis of semantic opposition;

A polysemant can have more than one antonym

Differ in semantic inclusion: unmarked

Gradable antonyms each has its own opposite.: (negative, opposite)

4. use

To define the meaning; To express economically

To for antithesis; To serve stylistic purpose

6.5 Hyponymy

Defintion: relationship of semantic inclusion

specific word---general word

superordinate terms; subordinate terms (Hyponyms)

Use : coherence : vivid, exact, concrete

小结：

A word----- polysemy

Approches: diachornic----synchronic

processes: concatenation ---- radiation

Many words------- meaning, (sound, spelling)

Homonymy 异义: definition,types, origins, use

Synonymy 同义: definition, types, difference

Antonymy: definition, types, feature, use

Hyponymy: definition, use

6.6 Semantic Field

Definiton: word store is composed around a number of meaning areas

Function: words in each field define one another.

Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning

V ocabulary: most unstable in form and content

content: more unstable: e.g.: rival, jump, vulgar, censure, fond, pregnant

7.1 T ypes:

定义模式：it is a process by which the meaning of a word is V-ed

1) extension: generalization------widening of the meaning

specialized---generalized; broader

Polysemic words, technical terms, proper use

2) narrowing: specialization-----narrowed or specialized

proper noun, shortend phrases, material noun

3) elevation : rise from humble beginning to important position

low/ humble----agreeable/pleasant

4) degradation: pejoration

fall into ill reputation/ derogatory sense from good orgin/non-affective words

neural ----pejorative

5) transfer: changed to mean something else

associated transfer; abstract ----concrete; subjective----objective; sensations transfer

7.2 Causes of Changes

1) Extra-linguistic factors:

Historical reason: tradition and continuity; increased scientific knowledge and discovery Class reason: attitude of classes

Psychological reason: psychological motive; religious influence

2) Linguistic factors: shortend phrase; borrowings; competition of native words; analogy

Chapter 8 Meaning & Context

Meaning lives in context; context defines meaning

8.1. T ypes:

1) Extra-linguistic context: non-linguistic situation, cultural background

2) Linguistic context: lexical ~: neighbouring words, collocation

grammatical ~: sentence structure

8.2 Role of context

1) Elimination of ambiguity: polysemy, homonymy-- inadequate context

2) Indication of referents: words to refer to people, time, place

3) Provision of clues for inferring meaning:

词与句:definition, explanation, exmple, details;

词与词: synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy;

词素: word structure

C h a p t e r9E n g l i s h I d i o m s

:

?E x p r e s s i o n s n o t u n d e r s t a n d a b l e f r o m l i t e r a l m e a n i n g s o f i n d i v i d u a l e l e m e n t s

?C o l l o q u i a l i s m,c a t c h p h r a s e,s l a n g,p r o v e r b

9.1C h a r a c t e r i s i t c s

1)S e m a n t i c u n i t y:

?n o i n d i v i d u a l i d e n t i t y:m e a n i n g,p a r t o f s p e e c h

?f u n c t i o n a s o n e w o r d

?i l l o g i c a l r e l a t i o n s h i p o f t h e m e a n i n g b e t w e e n e a c h w o r d a n d i d i o m

2)S t r u c t u r a l s t a b i l i t y:u n c h a n g e a b l e

?c o n s t i t u e n t s,w o r d o r d e r,g r a m m a r.

3)I d i o m a t i c i t y i s g r a d a b l e

a s c a l e:c o n s t i t u e n t m e a n i n g---i d i o m m e a n i n g

?T r u e i d i o m s:c a n n o t d e d u c e

?S e m i-i d i o m s:r e l a t e d i n a w a y

?R e g u l a r c o m b i n a t i o n s:r e g u l a r c o l l o c a t i o n s

f i x i t y-----i d i o m a t i c i t y

9.2C l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f i d i o m s

?C r i t e r i o n:g r a m m a t i c a l f u n c t i o n

1)n o m i n a l~:n./a.+(p r e p./c o n j.)+n.

2)a d j e c t i v e~:a./p r e p./a d v.+c o n j./p r e p.+n.

3)v e r b a l~:

p h r a s a l v e r b s:v.+p r e p./p a r t i c l e

v e r b p h r a s e s:

v.+n./a./a d v./c o n j.+n./a./v./p r e p p h r a s e

4):a d v e r b i a l~:n./p r e p.+n.+(c o n j.)+a./n.

5):s e n t e n c e~:p r o v e r b,s a y i n g

小结:各类习语必含相应词性为关键词\引导词

9.3U s e o f i d i o m s

1)s t y l i s t i c f e a t u r e:

?i n f o r m a l--c o l l o q u i a l i s m,s l a n g

?f o r m a l--l i t e r a r y e x p r e s s i o n

2)r h e t o r i c a l f e a t u r e:

?p h o n e t i c:a l l i t e r a t i o n,r h y m e

?l e x i c a l:r e i t e r a t i o n同义重复,r e p e t i t i o n完全重复,j u x t a p o s i t i o n反义邻接

?f i g u r e s o f s p e e c h:s i m i l e明喻,m e t a p h o r暗喻,m e t o n y m y换喻,s y n e c d o c h e借代,p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n拟人,

e u p h e m i s m委婉语

3)v a r i a t i o n s

?S t r u c t u r a l s t a b i l i t y i s n o t a b s o l u t e

g r a m m a r;c o n s t i t u e n t s

?C h a n g e s:

词:r e p l a c e m e n t,a d d i t i o n/d e l e t i o n

结构:p o s i t i o n-s h i f t i n g移位,s h o r t e n i n g缩略,d i s m e m b e r i n g肢解

C h a p t e r10E n g l i s h

D i c t i o n a r y

1)T y p e s:

?m o n o l i n g u a l/b i l i n g u a l~:

?l i n g u i s t i c语文&e n c y c l o p e d i c~百科:

d e f i n e w o r d s,e x p l a i n u s a g e s;

e n c y c l o p e d i c i n

f o r m a t i o n–h e a d w o r d;

?u n a b r i d g e d~大型(>20万),d e s k~案头(5-15万),p o c k e t~袖珍(<5万)

?s p e c i a l i z e d~专用:p a r t i c u l a r a r e a o f k n o w l e d g e

10.2U s e o f d i c t i o n a r y

1)c h o i c e

?语种m o n o-,b i-:l i n g u i s t i c l e v e l

b e g i n n e r,i n t e r m e d i a t e&a d v a n

c e

d l

e a n e r

?范围g e n e r a l/s p e c i a l i z e d:

e n c y c l o p e d i c,d e t a i l e d---t e a c h e r/r e s e a r c h e r

?标准B r i./A m r.:g r a m m a r;e n c y c l o p e d i c

?时间e a l y/l a t e:m o d e r n l i t e r a t u r e,p a s t m a t e r i a l

2)C o n t e n t o f d i c t i o n a r y

?s p e l l i n g,p r o n u n c i a t i o n,d e f i n i t i o n,u s a g e,g r a m m a r,

?n o t e s,e t y m o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n,s u p p l e m e n t a r y m a t t e r

10.3T h r e e g o o d d i c t i o n a r i e s

?L o n g m a n朗文:

c l e a r g r a m m a r c o

d

e s,u s a g e n o t e s,l a n g u a g e n o t e s

r e v i s e d a n d u p d a t e d

?C o l l i n s柯林斯：

d e f i n i t i o n,e x t r a c o l u m n,u s a g e e x a m p l e s

?C-E汉英：

l a r g e n u m b e r o f e n t r i e s,r e v i s e d,a l p h a b e t i c a l o r d e r,E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t s

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Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary 第二章 英语词汇的发展史 1. The Indo-European Language Family 印欧语系的谱系关系 识记：印欧语系的各个分支和各个分支的主要语言 Armenian (亚美尼亚语) –existing till now Albanian （阿尔巴尼亚语） –existing till now Prussian 普鲁士语 Lithuanian 立陶宛语 Polish 波兰语 Balto-Slavic(波罗的海语系) Czech 捷克语 Bulgarian 保加利亚语 Eastern set: Slovenian 西洛文尼亚语 Russian 俄罗斯语 Persian 波斯语 Bengali 孟加拉语 印度伊朗语系 Romany 吉普赛语

Scottish 苏格兰语 Celtic 凯尔特语 Irish 爱尔兰语 Welsh 威尔士语 Breton 法国布里多尼语 Portuguese 葡萄牙语 Spanish 西班牙语 Italic 意大利语系 French 法语 Italian 意大利语 Rumanian 罗马尼亚语 Western Set : Hellenic 希腊语 Greek 希腊语 Norwegian 挪威语 Icelandic 冰岛语 Danish 丹麦语 Germanic 日耳曼语 Swedish 瑞典语 German 德语 Dutch 荷兰语 Flemish 弗兰德语 English 英语

2. A historical overview of English vocabulary英语发展的历史回顾 考点：英语词汇发展的三个阶段：古英语词汇，中古英语词汇，现代英语词汇及其特点 Inhabitants of the Island: Celts(Celtic) – Roman Legions(Latin，55) – German Tribes(Anglo-Saxon，410)-Norwegian and Danish Vikings (Scandinavian，900) – Norman（French, 1066） ①Old English 古英语（450-1150）(Anglo-Saxon) Character: 1. Latin speaking Roman missionaries under St. Augustine came to spread Christianity at the end of the 6th century. The introduction of Christianity had a great impact on English vocabulary. (New Words: abbot男修道院长, candle, altar圣坛, amen, apostle使徒) 2. Didn’t borrow as heavily as later, they changed meaning of native words, the common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. （e.g. handbook） 3. Many Scandinavian words came into the English language. Many of the words are alike or interchangeably. 4. Old English has a vocabulary of 50000-60000 words, which was highly inflected. Nouns, Pronouns, Adj., verbs, Adv, had complex endings or vowel changes, differ greatly from what we use today. 内部高度曲折，有复杂的词尾原音变化。 ②Middle English （1150-1500）中古英语 Character: 1.English were defeated, reduced to the status of an inferior people like, French became the polite speech. English, Latin and French existing simultaneously for over a century. 2.Between 1250-1500, 9000 words of French origin poured into English.75% of them are still in use today. 2500 Dutch words found their way to English as