In defence of obscure words
A Point of View: In defence of obscure words
一种观点认为: 保护晦涩的词汇
We chase "fast culture" at our peril - unusual words and difficult art are good for us, says Will Self.
Self说道：“我们冒险追逐着所谓快捷的文化（怪癖的词语）和我们喜欢的复杂艺术。
We are living in a risk-averse culture - there's no doubt about that.
我们现在生活在一个毫无危险的文化里—关于这一点是毫无疑问的。
But the risk that people seem most reluctant taking is not a physical but a mental one: just as the concrete in children's playgrounds has been covered with rubber, so the hard truth about the effort needed for intellectual attainment is being softened by a sort of semantic padding.
但是人们似乎更加不愿意谈论这种危险。这种危险不是指肉体上的而是指精神上的。由于孩子的操场是用橡胶做的，所以关于知识分子获得的这份努力难以相信的事实也让语言修饰变得可信了。
Our arts and humanities education at secondary level seems particularly afflicted by falling standards - so much so that universities are now being called upon to help write new A-level syllabuses in order to cram our little chicks with knowledge that, in recent years, has come to seem unpalatable, if not indigestible - knowledge such as English vocabulary beyond that which is in common usage.
我们的艺术和人文教育处于二流的水平似乎让下降的水平所击垮—如此的严重。许多的大学被号召起来有助于写出一流的教学大刚是为了用知识来充实自己。近年来，知识似乎很难让人消化，如果知识是容易让人消化的，那么例如，英文单词的知识超过了普通的用法。
Both general readers and specialist critics often complain about my own use of English - not only in my books, but also in my newspaper articles and even in radio talks such as these. "I have to look them up in a dictionary", they complain - as if this were some kind of torture.
不论普通读者还是专家评论对于我自己使用的英语经常有着牢骚—不但出现在我的著作中，还是报纸杂志中，甚至在广播中的谈话都有。例如这句话，“他们抱怨道”：“我不得不用词典来查它们的意思”—就好像这些词的意思变了。
In over twenty years of publishing fiction and journalism, I've become pretty much inured to these slings and arrows, regarding them as par for the anti-intellectual course. I used to remonstrate with those who raised the S-word (S being for sesquipedalian, an obscure word that means 'a lover of obscure words).
我已经出版科幻小说和杂志二十多年了，早已十分习惯于这些闲言碎语了，把它们看成是反对知识分子课程的标准。我过去常常劝告那些提出S词的人（S 代表冗长的单字，一种含糊的词，意思是一位忠爱晦涩单词的人。）
I'd point out that my texts were as full of resolutely Anglo-Saxon slang as they were the flowery and the Latinate. I'd observe that English, being a mishmash of several different languages, had a large and exciting vocabulary, and that it seemed a shame not to use it - especially given that it went on growing all the time, spawning argot and specialist terminology as freely as an oyster does its milt.
我指出来：我的著作中充满着绝对的安格鲁-撒克逊俚语因为俚语是丰富多彩的并且是拉丁语的。我注意到，英语是几种不同语言的混合语言，它有大量和令人激励的词汇。似乎不用它就会使人惭愧-特别是想到，它一直在继续发展，俚语的产量和专业术语的速度和牡蛎受精的速度一样快。
But as time has gone by, I've stopped bothering - after all, one of the great things about writing, as opposed to other media, is that it makes no claims on people unless they engage with it: words, no matter how torturous, don't leap out of books and articles and assault you. You have to go looking for them.
但是随着时光的流逝，我已经不烦恼了。毕竟，正像写作反对其它的媒体一样，关于写作其中最重要的事之一是：除非人们融入到写作中去否责的话写作会让人们沉默的。不论词语多么地难懂，它们都会埋藏在书籍和文章之中并让你烦恼。你必须去寻找它们。
No, now I confine myself to making the rueful point that although the subject matter of my stories and novels - which includes such phenomena as sexual deviance, drug addiction and mental illness - has become quite unexceptionable, supposedly the difficult language they are couched in seems to have become more and more offensive to readers.
不，我把自己逼到了死角的地步。虽然我的故事和小说中的主题（主题包含了这种现象，如性的异常行为、瘾君子和精神病）已经变得十分完美了，但是也许故事和小说中措辞严厉的复杂的语言似乎变得更加冒犯读者了。
"Difficult" is the key word here. In the past, before the withering away of censorship, it was the depiction of sexuality and the bodily in general - together with anything smacking of anti-authoritarianism - that was perceived as difficult.
这里的“复杂”是关键词。过去，在审查消失之前，一般来说，人们认为关于性和身体的描写是困难的。它们和反对独裁主义敏感的事件搅在一起。
Virginia Woolf objected to Joyce's Ulysses on the grounds of its being prurient, not because it contained such tropes as "ineluctable modality of the visible", while because Joyce himself refused to alter a single line in his short story Ivy Day in the
Committee Room - one poking fun at the then Prince of Wales - his publisher delayed publication for more than a decade.
伍尔夫反对乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》基于尤利西斯是好色之徒的理由，并不是因为尤利西斯有这样的比喻，例如，“能见的不可避免的形态”，而是因为乔伊斯在他的名为委员会会议室里（一个当时戏谑威尔士王子的地方）常春藤日子的短篇小说中拒绝改变单行字。他的出版商为这件事推迟了十年多的出版日期。
To a contemporary audience, who can access graphic pornographic imagery and treasonable extremism with a few facile keystrokes, such taboos may appear absurd; yet in a large part, the cultural history of the 20th Century - in the West at least - was taken up with one battle after another, as the territory formerly deemed "difficult" was conquered and renamed "commonplace".
对于当代的读者来说，他们使用熟练的键盘可以看到色情图画和叛逆的极端主义，那样的禁止可能显得可笑荒诞。然而在很大程度上，一个又一个的战争吞嗤了二十世纪的文化历史（至少在西方国家是这样的），因为以前人们认为难以征服的领土都让普通的东西征服和从新命名。
The problem is that at the same time these victories were being won another province was being abandoned without a fight, and this is the realm where films, paintings, novels and even newspaper articles, radio and television programmes are intellectually challenging.
可问题在于：同样这些胜利者将要占领另一块领域，另一块领域没有硝烟就让他们抛弃了。这个领域里有电影、油画、小说、甚至还有新闻杂志、广播和电视节目，它们将要理智向晦涩单词挑战。
I don't for a moment mean to suggest that no-one produces anymore cultural artefacts that are "difficult" in this sense - of course they do - it's just that these works are no longer regarded as the desiderata that any well-cultivated person aspires to an appreciation of. Rather, "difficult" works are parcelled off, and the great plurality and ubiquity of our media means that their specialist audience can be readily catered to - whether they are foot fetishists, or Fourierists or anything else.
这会儿我并没有暗示无人制作文化赝品的意思。文化赝品在某种意义上是复杂的，当然他们是能做出的。人们不再认为这些作品是必须之物，任何付出劳动的人都渴望这种必需之物得到升值。然而，稀有作品让人们分成了若干部分，我们媒体的巨大的多元性和普遍性意味着，媒体要满足它们的特别观众，不论是恋足癖还是空想主义或是其它什么东西。
The suspicion that mass media lead to a banal middlebrow culture is as old as the printing press - arguably even older, given that Plato thought that writing was itself an intolerable derogation of the poetry of the spoken word. But from the vantage of each
successive wave crest of popularisation, the anxieties of preceding generations seem touchingly premature.
许多的媒体造成了一种平庸的文化的这种疑惑和印刷机一样的古老-也许会更老些。假设Plato认为写作本身就是一种口语诗句让人无法容忍的衰落。但是从每次成功的影响范围来看，先辈们的疑虑似乎杞人忧天了。
Take the American cultural critic Dwight MacDonald, who coined the expression "midcult" to refer to those works which "pretend to respect the standards of high culture, while in fact (they) water them down and vulgarize them". MacDonald was writing at a time when Nabokov's Lolita was the fastest-selling novel in American history.
就美国文化评论家麦当劳举例来说，他杜撰了“中产阶级”词句，它指的是假装尊敬高等文化的标准，但是事实上，这些作品把高等文化降低了等级并使他们庸俗化。纳博科夫的《洛丽塔》在美国历史上正畅销的时候，麦当劳每次正在写作。
"Aha!", you may say: "But that was purely because of its titillating subject matter'; to which I would reply: Quite possibly, but along with the paedophilia Nabokov managed to thrust into his readers' tender lexicons many other difficult words such as 'grue',
'heliotropic', 'solipsism', and 'venus febriculosa' - often at a rate of more than one a page!
你也许会说：“噢，天哪。但是由于令人激动的洛丽塔主题事件，那样的故事就纯粹了。我会回复道，十分地可能，但是除了恋童癖以外，纳博科想办法把他的读者温柔的词汇带入许多难懂的词汇中，例如：“战栗”、“向日性的”,“唯我论”和“金星febriculosa”（使用概率超过一页多纸）
The coincidence of these two kinds of difficulty, was, I believe, nothing of the kind: in attempting to push forward into the realm of deadening conformity, the artists and writers of the 20th Century employed all the weapons that there were to hand - and by making their works intellectually challenging, they deflected the accusation that their sexual or violent content was only there to arouse. Recall, the defence against a charge of obscenity remains, to this day, that a work exhibit genuine artistic merit.
我认为，这两种难词句的巧合不是一码事：二十世纪的艺术家和作家想要继续消除一致性的领域，他们使用了所有的手段，手头上有的，通过让他们的作品理智地接收挑战。他们不承认这种谴责，即他们的性和暴力的内容只有那里才有。回忆起来，反对对淫秽指控的保护直到今天还保留着一部作品反映了真正的艺术价值。
But now that all formerly difficult subject matter is, if not exactly permitted, readily accessible, cultural artificers have no need to aim high. The displacement of aesthetically and intellectually difficult art as the zenith has resulted in all sorts of sad and interrelated phenomena.
但是由于所有以前的主旨很容易让作家得到，如果主旨不是严格地被使用。文化的创作者没必要达到高水平的目的。审美观上和智力上的复杂艺术的替换作为艺术最高点已经导致了各种各样悲伤和互相联系现象的结果。
In the literary world, books intended for child readers are repackaged and sold to kidult ones, while even notionally highbrow arbiters - such as Booker judges - are obsessed by that nauseous confection "a jolly good read". That Shakespeare remains our national writer is, frankly, bizarre, given that with his recondite vocabulary, myriad historical references, and convoluted metaphorical language, were he to be seeking publication in the current milieu, his sonnets and plays would undoubtedly also be branded as 'too difficult'.
在文学领域里，打算给少儿读者的作品再次被重新包装卖给老少皆宜的读者，虽然甚至名义上的知识分子的仲裁者（例如，布克莱裁定者）让令人厌恶的糖果一个快乐阅读所着迷。坦白地说，莎士比亚依然留给我们的国家作家是古怪的风格。考虑到莎士比亚的深奥的词汇,无数的历史引用和复杂隐喻性的语言。如果他在当时的环境下寻找出版物，那么毫无疑问，出版商会给他十四行诗和戏剧也冠以更复杂的名字。
As for visual arts, the current Damien Hirst retrospective at Tate Modern is a perfect opportunity to see what becomes of an artificer whose impulse towards difficult subject matter was unsupported by any capacity for hard cogitation or challenging artistry. The early works - the stuffed animals and fly-bedizened carcasses - retain a certain - albeit recherché - shock value, while the subsequent ones degenerate steadily to the condition of knocked-off merchandise, making the barrier between the gift shop and the exhibition space evaporate in a puff of consumerism.
至于视觉艺术，当今的赫斯特回顾起秦特现代美术馆是一个绝佳的机会看到什么东西即将成为一个创作者，创作者对于复杂主题的冲动是不会得到任何有着深深思考或是挑战的艺术性能力的人支持的。早期的作品（填充的动物玩具和过分装扮的尸体）依然保持着一定的让人震撼的价值（虽然是精心设计过的），虽然以后的作品一直在降低作品的质量。造成了礼品店和展览馆之间的矛盾使得一段时间的消费停滞了。
But the most disturbing result of this retreat from the difficult is to be found in arts and humanities education, where the traditional set texts are now chopped up into boneless nuggets of McKnowledge, and students are encouraged to do their research - such as it is - on the web.但是这种来自复杂艺术消费的倒退最令人担忧的
后果只出现于艺术和人文教育之中，传统的编制课本现在让人们分成了Mcknowledge 的碎片。鼓励学生（尽管不怎么好）上网做研究，。
In place of the difficulty involved in seeking out the literary canon, younger people are coming to rely on search engines to do their thinking for them. The end result of this will be a standardisation of understanding itself, as people become unable to think outside of the box-shaped screen.
牵扯到找出文学经典的困惑之处，年轻人将要依赖于网上来决定它们的思想。这种做法的最终后果将是理解本身有了标准化，因为年轻人变得不能思考电脑以外的事情了。
The nadir came for me when my daughter - who had been assigned Great Expectations as a GCSE text - was told the novel's ending by her English teacher, on the grounds that, having read the little gobbets served up for interpretation, according to her pedagogue there was no necessity for her to try and choke down the whole indigestible meal.
对我来说最严重的时候是在我女儿（她已被远大期望指定为一个GCSE文本）被告知小说的结尾是由她的英语老师写的。原因是（她已经看了翻译的一小部分）据他的教育者的经历来说，她尝试着写完整部难懂的小说是无此必要的。
My figures of food are entirely fitting, because we are in danger of becoming morbidly obese through the consumption of such fast culture. The contrast with sport is instructive: in both realms of human endeavour, the consumers are largely passive, but at least sports fans - unlike cultural ones - don't protest against elite athletes, or bar them from competing on the grounds that they are too fast, too strong, or too limber.
我的数字化的知识是充足的，因为经过如此快捷的文化，我们处于病态的肥胖之中。拿体育来做比较是让人有启发意义的，在人类努力拼搏的两个领域里，消费者是非常消极的，但是至少对于体育粉丝来说（和文化爱好者不一样）不会反对优秀的运动员或是阻止他们比赛。因为运动员速度快、身体太结实、动作太灵活。
On the contrary, we are repeatedly told by the likes of Sebastian Coe that athletes capable of the most difficult feats offer vital inspiration to couch-potato kids.
相反，塞巴斯蒂安?科等人不厌其烦地告诉我们，能够做最难项目的运动员可以激励懒散的孩子。
Let the same be the case for mental athletics, because without the bar to jump over set high, we'll all end up simply playing in the sandpit.
同样也可以发生在精神的运动中，因为没有无法超越的界限，所以我们不仅要停止在沙坑里玩耍，还要行动起来。
英语中的比较级与最高级 详解
比较级与最高级 1.as...as 与(not) as(so)...as as...as...句型中，as的词性 第一个as是副词，用在形容词和副词的原级前，常译为“同样地”。第二个as是连词，连接与前面句子结构相同的一个句子(相同部分常省略)，可译为“同..... He is as tall as his brother is (tall) . (后面的as 为连词) 只有在否定句中，第一个as才可换为so 改错: He is so tall as his brother.（X） 2.在比较状语从句中，主句和从句的句式结构一般是相同的 与as...as 句式中第二个as一样，than 也是连词。as和than这两个连词后面的从句的结构与前面的句子大部分情况下结构是相同的，相同部分可以省略。 He picked more apples than she did. 完整的表达为: He picked more apples than she picked apples. 后而的picked apples和前面相同，用did 替代。 He walked as slowly as she did.完整表达为: He walked as slowly as she walked slowly. she后面walked slowly与前面相同，用did替代。
3.谓语的替代 在as和than 引导的比较状语从句中，由于句式同前面 主句相同，为避免重复，常把主句中出现而从句中又出现的动词用do的适当形式来代替。 John speaks German as fluently as Mary does. 4.前后的比较对象应一致 不管后面连词是than 还是as,前后的比较对象应一致。The weather of Beijing is colder than Guangzhou. x than前面比较对象是“天气”，than 后面比较对象是“广州”，不能相比较。应改为: The weather of Bejing is colder than that of Guangzhou. 再如: His handwriting is as good as me. 应改为: His handwriting is as good as mine. 5.可以修饰比较级的词 常用来修饰比较级的词或短语有: Much,even,far,a little,a lot,a bit,by far,rather,any,still,a great deal等。 by far的用法: 用于强调，意为“...得多”“最最...”“显然”等，可修饰形容词或副词的比较级和最高级，通常置于其后，但是若比较级或最高级前有冠词，则可置于其前或其后。
人教版(新目标)初中英语形容词与副词的比较级与最高级
人教版（新目标）初中英语形容词与副词的比较级与最高级 （一）规则变化： 1．绝大多数的单音节和少数双音节词，加词尾-er ，-est tall—taller—tallest 2．以不发音的e结尾的单音节词和少数以-le结尾的双音节词只加-r，-st nice—nicer—nicest , able—abler—ablest 3．以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词或少数双音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est big—bigger—biggest 4．以辅音字母加y结尾的双音节词，改y为i再加-er，-est easy—easier—easiest 5．少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词末尾加-er，-est clever—cleverer—cleverest, narrow—narrower—narrowest 6．其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级 easily—more easily—most easily （二）不规则变化 常见的有： good / well—better—best ; bad (ly)/ ill—worse—worst ; old—older/elder—oldest/eldest many / much—more—most ; little—less—least ; far—farther/further—farthest/furthest
用法： 1．原级比较：as + adj./adv. +as（否定为not so/as + adj./adv. +as）当as… as中间有名字时，采用as + adj. + a + n.或as + many / much + n. This is as good an example as the other is . I can carry as much paper as you can. 表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时放在as的前面 This room is twice as big as that one. 倍数+as+adj.+as = 倍数+the +n.+of Your room is twice as larger as mine. = Your room is twice the size of mine. 2．比较级+ than 比较级前可加程度状语much, still, even, far, a lot, a little, three years. five times,20%等 He is three years older than I (am). 表示“（两个中）较……的那个”时，比较级前常加the（后面有名字时前面才能加冠词） He is the taller of the two brothers. / He is taller than his two brothers. Which is larger, Canada or Australia? / Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia? 可用比较级形式表示最高级概念，关键是要用或或否定词等把一事物（或人）与其他同类事物（或人）相分离 He is taller than any other boy / anybody else.
英语中的比较级和最高级
大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和最高级, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 形容词的原级: 形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。例如: poor tall great glad bad 形容词的比较级和最高级: 形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。分为规则变化和不规则变化。 规则变化如下: 1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 great (原级) (比较级) (最高级) 2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。wide (原级) (比较级) (最高级) 3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 clever(原级) (比较级) (最高级) 4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) (比较级) (最高级) 5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加 -er和-est。 big (原级) (比较级) (最高级) 6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。 beautiful (原级) (比较级) (比较级) difficult (原级) (最高级) (最高级) 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: 原级------比较级------最高级 good------better------best many------more------most much------more------most bad------worse------worst far------farther, further------farthest, furthest 形容词前如加 less 和 least 则表示"较不"和"最不 形容词比较级的用法: 形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下: 主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。也就是, 含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下对比的成分。
英语比较级和最高级的用法归纳
英语比较级和最高级的用法归纳 在学习英语过程中，会遇到很多的语法问题，比如比较级和最高级的用法，对于 这些语法你能够掌握吗？下面是小编整理的英语比较级和最高级的用法，欢迎阅读！ 英语比较级和最高级的用法 一、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 1.一般单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级 在后面加-est; (1)单音节词 如：small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest (2)双音节词 如：clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest 2.以不发音e结尾的单音节词，比较在原级后加-r，最高级在原级后加-st; 如：large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest 3.在重读闭音节(即：辅音+元音+辅音)中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est; 如：big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest 4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est; 如：easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest 5.其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most; 如：bea utiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily 注意：(1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。 例句： The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. (2) 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。 It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem.
英语比较级和最高级的用法
More than的用法 A. “More than+名词”表示“不仅仅是” 1)Modern science is more than a large amount of information. 2)Jason is more than a lecturer; he is a writer, too. 3) We need more than material wealth to build our country.建设我们国家，不仅仅需要物质财富. B. “More than+数词”含“以上”或“不止”之意，如： 4)I have known David for more than 20 years. 5)Let's carry out the test with more than the sample copy. 6) More than one person has made this suggestion. 不止一人提过这个建议. C. “More than+形容词”等于“很”或“非常”的意思，如： 7)In doing scientific experiments, one must be more than careful with the instruments. 8)I assure you I am more than glad to help you. D. more than + (that)从句，其基本意义是“超过（=over）”，但可译成“简直不”“远非”.难以，完全不能（其后通常连用情态动词can） 9) That is more than I can understand . 那非我所能懂的. 10) That is more than I can tell. 那事我实在不明白。 11) The heat there was more than he could stand. 那儿的炎热程度是他所不能忍受的 此外，“more than”也在一些惯用语中出现，如： more...than 的用法 1. 比……多，比……更 He has more books than me. 他的书比我多。 He is more careful than the others. 他比其他人更仔细。 2. 与其……不如 He is more lucky than clever. 与其说他聪明，不如说他幸运。 He is more （a）scholar than （a）teacher. 与其说他是位教师，不如说他是位学者。 注：该句型主要用于同一个人或物在两个不同性质或特征等方面的比较，其中的比较级必须用加more 的形式，不能用加词尾-er 的形式。 No more than/not more than 1. no more than 的意思是“仅仅”“只有”“最多不超过”，强调少。如： --This test takes no more than thirty minutes. 这个测验只要30分钟。 --The pub was no more than half full. 该酒吧的上座率最多不超过五成。-For thirty years，he had done no more than he （had）needed to. 30年来，他只干了他需要干的工作。 2. not more than 为more than （多于）的否定式，其意为“不多于”“不超过”。如：Not more than 10 guests came to her birthday party. 来参加她的生日宴会的客人不超过十人。 比较： She has no more than three hats. 她只有3顶帽子。（太少了） She has not more than three hats. 她至多有3顶帽子。（也许不到3顶帽子） I have no more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱最多不过5元。（言其少） I have not more than five yuan in my pocket. 我口袋里的钱不多于5元。（也许不到5元） more than, less than 的用法 1. （指数量）不到，不足 It’s less than half an hour’s drive from here. 开车到那里不到半个钟头。 In less than an hour he finished the work. 没要上一个小时，他就完成了工作。 2. 比……（小）少 She eats less than she should. 她吃得比她应该吃的少。 Half the group felt they spent less than average. 半数人觉得他们的花费低于平均水平。 more…than,/no more than/not more than (1)Mr．Li is ________ a professor; he is also a famous scientist． (2)As I had ________ five dollars with me, I couldn’t afford the new jacket then． (3)He had to work at the age of ________ twelve． (4)There were ________ ten chairs in the room．However, the number of the children is twelve． (5)If you tel l your father what you’ve done, he’ll be ________ angry． (6)－What did you think of this novel? －I was disappointed to find it ________ interesting ________ that one． 倍数表达法 1. “倍数+形容词（或副词）的比较级+than+从句”表示“A比B大（长、高、宽等）多少倍” This rope is twice longer than that one.这根绳是那根绳的三倍（比那根绳长两倍）。The car runs twice faster than that truck.这辆小车的速度比那辆卡车快两倍（是那辆卡车的三倍）。 2. “倍数+as+形容词或副词的原级+as+从句”表示“A正好是B的多少倍”。
初中英语比较级和最高级讲解与练习
初中英语比较级和最高级讲解与练习 形容词比较级和最高级 一．绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和最高级, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 1. 形容词的原级: 形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。例如: poor tall great glad bad 2. 形容词的比较级和最高级: 形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基 础上变化的。分为规则变化和不规则变化。 二．形容词比较级和最高级规则变化如下: 1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成。 great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级) 2) 以-e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r 和-st 构成。 wide (原级) wider (比较级) widest (最高级) 3) 少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -er 和-est构成。 clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(最高级)， slow(原级) slower(比较级) slowest (最高级) 4) 以-y 结尾,但-y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y 去掉,加上-ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级) 5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该 辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。 原形比较级最高级原形比较级最高级 big bigger biggest hot hotter hottest red redder reddest thin thinner thinnest 6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和most 加在形容词前面来构 成。 原形比较级最高级 careful careful more careful most careful difficult more difficult most difficult delicious more delicious most delicious 7)常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: 原级比较级最高级 good better best 好的 well better best 身体好的 bad worse worst 坏的 ill worse worst 病的 many more most 许多 much more most 许多 few less least 少数几个 little less least 少数一点儿 （little littler littlest 小的） far further furthest 远（指更进一步，深度。亦可指更远） far farther farthest 远（指更远，路程）
英语比较级和最高级
形容词比较级和最高级的形式 一、形容词比较级和最高级的构成 形容词的比较级和最高级变化形式规则如下 构成法原级比较级最高级 ①一般单音节词末尾加 er 和 est strong stronger strongest ②单音节词如果以 e结尾，只加 r 和 st strange stranger strangest ③闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母， 须先双写这个辅音字母，再加 er和 est sad big hot sadder bigger hotter saddest biggest hottest ④少数以 y, er(或 ure), ow, ble结尾的双音节词， 末尾加 er和 est(以 y结尾的词，如 y前是辅音字母， 把y变成i，再加 er和 est，以 e结尾的词仍 只加 r和 st) angry Clever Narrow Noble angrier Cleverer narrower nobler angriest cleverest narrowest noblest ⑤其他双音节和多音节词都在前面加单词more和most different more different most different 1) The most high 〔A〕mountain in 〔B〕the world is Mount Everest，which is situated 〔C〕in Nepal and is twenty nine thousand one hundred and fourty one feet high 〔D〕 . 2) This house is spaciouser 〔A〕than that 〔B〕white 〔C〕one I bought in Rapid City，South Dakota 〔D〕last year. 3) Research in the social 〔A〕sciences often proves difficulter 〔B〕than similar 〔C〕work in the physical 〔D〕sciences. 二、形容词比较级或最高级的特殊形式：
高中英语的比较级和最高级用法总结
比较级和最高级 1.在形容词词尾加上―er‖ ―est‖ 构成比较级、最高级： bright（明亮的）—brighter—brightest broad（广阔的）—broader—broadest cheap（便宜的）—cheaper—cheapest clean（干净的）—cleaner—cleanest clever（聪明的）—cleverer—cleverest cold（寒冷的）—colder—coldest cool（凉的）—cooler—coolest dark（黑暗的）—darker—darkest dear（贵的）—dearer—dearest deep（深的）—deeper—deepest fast（迅速的）—faster—fastest few（少的）—fewer—fewest great（伟大的）—greater—greatest hard（困难的,硬的）—harder—hardest high（高的）—higher—highest kind（善良的）—kinder—kindest light（轻的）—lighter—lightest long（长的）—longer—longest loud（响亮的）—louder—loudest low（低的）—lower—lowest near（近的）—nearer—nearest new（新的）—newer—newest poor（穷的）—poorer—poorest quick（快的）—quicker—quickest quiet（安静的）—quieter—quietest rich（富裕的）—richer—richest short（短的）—shorter—shortest slow（慢的）—slower—slowest small（小的）—smaller—smallest smart（聪明的）—smarter—smartest soft（柔软的）—softer—softest strong（强壮的）—stronger—strongest sweet（甜的）—sweeter—sweetest tall（高的）-taller-tallest thick（厚的）—thicker—thickest warm（温暖的）—warmer—warmest weak（弱的）—weaker—weakest young（年轻的）—younger—youngest 2.双写最后一个字母,再加上―er‖ ―est‖构成比较级、最高级： big（大的）—bigger—biggest fat（胖的）—fatter—fattest hot（热的）—hotter—hottest red（红的）—redder—reddest sad（伤心的）—sadder—saddest thin（瘦的）—thinner—thinnest wet（湿的）—wetter—wettest mad（疯的）—madder—maddest 3.以不发音的字母e结尾的形容词,加上―r‖ ―st‖ 构成比较级、最高级：able（能干的）—abler—ablest brave（勇敢的）—braver—bravest close（接近的）—closer—closest fine（好的,完美的）—finer—finest large（巨大的）—larger—largest late（迟的）—later—latest nice（好的）—nicer—nicest ripe（成熟的）—riper—ripest
(完整版)初中英语比较级和最高级的用法
英语语法---比较级和最高级的用法 在英语中通常用下列方式表示的词:在形容词或副词前加more(如 more natural,more clearly )或加后缀 -er(newer,sooner )。典型的是指形容词或副词所表示的质、量或关系的增加。英语句子中，将比较两个主体的方法叫做“比较句型”。其中，像“A比B更……”的表达方式称为比较级；而“A最……”的表达方式则称为最高级。组成句子的方式是将形容词或副词变化成比较级或最高级的形态。 一、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 1．一般单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est； （1）单音节词 如：small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest （2）双音节词 如：clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest 2．以不发音e结尾的单音节词，比较在原级后加-r，最高级在原级后加-st； 如：large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest 3．在重读闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音）中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est； 如：big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest 4．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est； 如：easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest 5．其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most； 如：beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easily→more easily→most easily
初中英语形容词比较级和最高级讲解与练习
初中英语形容词比较级和最高级讲解与练习 形容词比较级和最高级 绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和最高级, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 形容词的原级: 形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。 例如: poor tall great glad bad 形容词的比较级和最高级: 形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。分为规则变化和不规则变化。 规则变化如下: 1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加 -er 和 -est 构成。 great (原级) (比较级) (最高级) 2) 以 -e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加 -r 和 -st 构成。 wide (原级) (比较级) (最高级) 3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成。 clever(原级) (比较级) (最高级) 4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) (比较级) (最高级) 5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音 字母然后再加-er和-est。 big (原级) (比较级) (最高级) 6) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。 beautiful (原级) (比较级) (比较级) difficult (原级) (最高级) (最高级) 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: 原级------比较级------最高级 good------better------best many------more------most much------more------most bad------worse------worst far------farther, further------farthest, furthest 形容词前如加 less 和 least 则表示"较不"和"最不"
(完整)初中英语比较级和最高级
◇下列形容词和副词没有比较级和最高 （即表示“最高程度”或“绝对状态”的形容词和副词没有比较级和最高级） empty, wrong, perfect, unique, extreme, excellent, favourite, true, right, correct, extremely ... 形容词副词比较级最高级使用注意事项 ◇比较应在同类事物之间进行。 误：Your English is better than me. 正：Your English is better than mine. ◇比较级前可以有一个表示程度的状语，最常见的三大修饰词是：a little, much, even。 以下单词也可用来修饰：any, far, still, a lot, yet, rather。 My sister is a little taller than me. Their house is much larger than ours. 另外，名词短语也可修饰比较级，说明程度。 I’m three years older than he. 特别提醒：very, quite, too不可修饰比较级。 ◇避免重复使用比较级。 误：He is more kinder to small animals than I. 正：He is much kinder to small animals than I. 误：He is more cleverer than his brother. 正：He is cleverer than his brother. ◇比较要符合逻辑，在同一范围内比较时，避免将主语含在比较对象中，这时需使用other来排除自身。 误：China is larger that any country in Asia. 正：China is larger than any other country in Asia. 误：John studies harder than any student in his class. 正：John studies harder than any other student in his class. 正：John studies harder than any of the other students in his class. 正：John studies harder than anyone else in his class. ◇比较要遵循前后一致的原则，注意前后呼应。 The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing. It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out. ◇序数词通常只修饰最高级。 Africa is the second largest continent. The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. This is the third most popular song of Michael Jackson. ◇为避免重复，我们通常用that, those, one, ones代替前面出现的名词。that 代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，those代替可数名词复数。one既可指人又可指物，只能 代替可数名词。 The weather in China is different from that in America. The book on the table is more interesting than that(或the one)on the desk. A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood. 误：In winter, the weather of Beijing is colder than it of Shanghai. 正：In winter, the weather of Beijing is colder than that of Shanghai. ◇“否定词 + 比较级”相当于最高级。
英语比较级和最高级
英语比较级和最高级
一、比较级和最高级的讲解 变化规则 1．一般单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est； （1）单音节词 如：small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest （2）双音节词 如：clever→cleverer→cleverest n arrow→narrower→narrowest 2．以不发音e结尾的单音节词，比较在原级后加-r，最高级在原级后加-st； 如：large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest 3．在重读闭音节（即：辅音＋元音＋辅音） 中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est；
如：big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest 4．以“辅音字母＋y”结尾的双音节词，把y 改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est； 如：easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest 5．其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most； 如：beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most d ifferent easily→more easily→most easily 注意： （1）形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。 例句：The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. （2）形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。
英语比较级与最高级的解释和种类
形容词的比较级和最高级: 绝大多数形容词有三种形式,原级,比较级和最高级, 以表示形容词说明的性质在程度上的不同。 形容词的原级: 形容词的原级形式就是词典中出现的形容词的原形。例如: poor tall great glad bad 形容词的比较级和最高级: 形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在形容词的原级形式的基础上变化的。分为规则变化和不规则变化。 规则变化如下: 1) 单音节形容词的比较级和最高级形式是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成。 great (原级) greater(比较级) greatest(最高级) 2) 以-e 结尾的单音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-r 和-st 构成。 3)少数以-y, -er, -ow, -ble结尾的双音节形容词的比较级和最高级是在词尾加-er 和-est 构成。 clever(原级) cleverer(比较级) cleverest(最高级) 4) 以-y 结尾,但-y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把-y 去掉,加上-ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级) 5) 以一个辅音字母结尾其前面的元音字母发短元音的形容词的比较级和最高级是双写该辅音字母然后再加-er和-est。 big (原级) bigger (比较级) biggest (最高级) ) 双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和most 加在形容词前面来构成。beautiful (原级)? difficult (原级) more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比较级) 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级: 原级比较级最高级 good better best many more most much more most little less least ill worse worst far farther(further) farthest(furthest) 形容词前如加less 和lest 则表示"较不"和"最不" important 重要 less important 较不重要 lest important 最不重要 形容词比较级的用法: 形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下: 主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。也就是, 含有形容词比较级的主句+than+从句。注意从句常常省去意义上和主句相同的部分, 而只剩下对比的成分。 It is warmer today than it was yesterday. 今天的天气比昨天暖和。 This picture is more beautiful than that one.
英语单词的比较级和最高级
little:形容词比较级littler/less/lesser 形容词最高级littlest/least 副词比较级less 副词最高级least far:形容词比较级farther/further 形容词最高级farthest/furthest 副词比较级farther/further 副词最高级farthest/furthest well:形容词比较级better 形容词最高级best 副词比较级better 副词最高级best ill:形容词比较级worse 形容词最高级worst 副词比较级worse 副词最高级worst many:形容词比较级more 形容词最高级most bad:形容词比较级worse 形容词最高级worst good:形容词比较级better 形容词最高级:best old:形容词比较级:older/elder 形容词最高级:oldest/eldest good:比较级better 最高级the best hot:比较级hotter 最高级the hottest heavy:比较级heavier 最高级the heaviest fine:比较级finer 最高级the finest exciting:比较级more exciting 最高级the most exciting bad:比较级worse 最高级the worst creative:比较级more creative 最高级the most creative boring:比较级more boring 最高级the most boring far:比较级farther/further 最高级the farthest/the furthest near:比较级nearer
英语比较级和最高级的用法
英语比较级和最高级的用法 一、形容词、副词的比较级和最高级的构成规则 1.一般单音节词和少数以-er，-ow结尾的双音节词，比较级在后面加-er，最高级在后面加-est; (1)单音节词 如：small→smaller→smallest short→shorter→shortest tall→taller→tallest great→greater→greatest (2)双音节词 如：clever→cleverer→cleverest narrow→narrower→narrowest 2.以不发音e结尾的单音节词，比较在原级后加-r，最高级在原级后加-st; 如：large→larger→largest nice→nicer→nicest able→abler→ablest 3.在重读闭音节(即：辅音+元音+辅音)中，先双写末尾的辅音字母，比较级加-er，最高级加-est; 如：big→bigger→biggest hot→hotter→hottest fat→fatter→fattest 4.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词，把y改为i，比较级加-er，最高级加-est; 如：easy→easier→easiest heavy→heavier→heaviest busy→busier→busiest happy→happier→happiest 5.其他双音节词和多音节词，比较级在前面加more，最高级在前面加most; 如：beautiful→more beautiful→most beautiful different→more different→most different easi ly→more easily→most easily 注意：(1)形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词the，副词最高级前可不用。 例句：The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world. (2) 形容词most前面没有the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示"非常"。 It is a most important problem. =It is a very important problem. 6.有少数形容词、副词的比较级和最高级是不规则的，必须熟记。 如：good→better→best well→better→best bad→worse→worst ill→worse→worst