英语专业本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式
西南大学外国语学院
英语专业本科毕业论文引文及参考文献格式规范
I. Introduction
Academic writing may use American Psychological Association (APA) Style, Modern Language Association (MLA) Style, the Chicago Style, and so on. But APA and MLA are two commonly used ones. Both can be found in “style manuals” bearing their names，for example, APA’s Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association(2001) and MLA’s MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (1999).
The choice as to which style is appropriate for a given paper may be determined by three factors: the requirements of the particular course, the standard for the discipline in which you are studying, or your individual preference. A safe way is to consider which style will be most appropriate for your area of specialization. If you are pursuing a major in the humanities, consider learning the MLA style. If behavioral or social sciences are likely to be your interest, then the APA style may be most appropriate. Generally, humanities disciplines may include literary, philosophical, cultural, historical, translation studies, and the like. Social sciences may include applied linguistics, psycholinguistics, foreign language teaching, second language acquisition studies, and the like, which are mostly empirical studies involving statistic analyses.
II. APA for Academic Writing: Essentials
1. Text citations
Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follows the body of the paper.
A.When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the
sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of
the authors. The word “and” is used before the last author when multiple authors are
identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Commas are only used to
separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source, for example,
Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that . . . .
B.When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both
the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses.The ampersand& is used
before the last author when multiple authors for a source are identified and commas
are only used to separate the names of three or more (but not two) authors for a source.
And when more than two sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered
alphabetically by first authors' surnames and separated and joined by semicolons in the parentheses, for example,
Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some
types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental
health (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool,
1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin,
Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991).
C.If publications by two or more primary authors with the same surname are cited,
include the first autho rs’ initials in all text citations, even if the publication dates differ, for example,
R. D. Luce (1959) and P. A. Luce (1986) also found…..
J. M. Goldberg and Neff (1961) and M. E. Goldberg and Wurtz (1972)
studied……
D.Identify works by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same
order) with the same publication date by the suffixes a, b, c, and so forth after the year;
repeat the year; separate the year-plus-suffixes with commas, for example,
Several studies (Johnson, 1991a, 1991b, 1991c; Singh, 1983, in press-a, in press-b) indicated that . . . .
E. A major citation is separated from other citations within parentheses by the phrase
“see also” used after a semicolon and before the first of the remaining citations, which are arranged in alphabetical order, for example,
(Minor, 2001; see also Adams, 1999; Storandt, 1997)
F.Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it
is necessary to cite a source that you have not read (“Grayson” in the following example) but is cited in a source that you have read (“Murzynski & Degelman” in the following example), use the following format for the text citation and list only the source you have read in the References list, for example,
Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degel man, 1996) suggested …
G.When a source has two authors, both authors are included every time the source is
cited.
H.When a source has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time the source
is cited; in subsequent citations, include only the f irst author's surname and “et al.”
and the year if it is the first citation of the reference within a paragraph, for example,
Payne, Bergin, Bielema, and Jenkins (1991) showed that … [Use as first citation
in text.]
Payne et al. (1991) showed that ... [Use as subsequent first citation per paragraph
thereafter.]
Payne et al. showed that … [Omit year from subsequent citations after first
citation within a paragraph.]
I.When a source has six or more authors, cite only the first author's surname followed
by “et al.” and the year for the first and subsequent citations.
J.If two references with the same year shorten to the same form, cite the surnames of the first authors and of as many of the subsequent authors as necessary to distinguish
the two references, followe d by a comma and “et al.”, for example,
Bradley, Ramirez, and Soo (1994) and Bradley, Soo, et al. (1994)
Kosslyn, Koenig, Barrett, et al. (1996) and Kosslyn, Koenig, Gabrieli, et al.
(1996)
K.If the English translation of a non-English work is used as the source, cite the original publication date and the date of the translation, for example,
Laplace (1814/1951)…
L.To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone interviews), include initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible. As a personal
communication is not “recoverable” information, it is not included in the References
section, for example,
B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed . . . .
2. Quotations
When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part of the citation.
A. A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks
and should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence, for example,
Patients receiving prayer had “le ss congestive heart failure, required less
diuretic and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer
cardiac arrests, and were less frequently intubated and ventilated” (Byrd, 1988,
p.829).
B. A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation marks)
apart from the surrounding text, in double-spaced block format, with each line
indented five spaces from the left margin but without the usual opening paragraph
indent. But with more than one paragraph, indent the first line of second and
additional paragraphs five to seven spaces from the new margin.
C.Enclose direct quotations within a block quotation in double quotation marks. For a
quotation in running text that is already enclosed in double quotation marks, use
single quotation marks to enclose quoted material.
D.Type three periods with a space before and after each period to indicate an omission
within a sentence. Type four periods to indicate an omission between two sentences (a
period for the sentence followed by three spaced periods).
E.When a period or comma occurs with closing quotation marks, place the period or
comma before rather than after the quotation marks. Put other punctuation marks (e.g.,
colon, semicolon) outside quotation marks unless they are part of the quoted material.
3. References
All sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper (and all sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section).
A.P agination: The References section begins on a new page.
B.H eading: References (centered on the first line below the manuscript page header).
C.F ormat: The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the References
heading. Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors.
D.A uthors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using surnames
and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are two to six authors, use the
ampersand & after a comma and before the last author. When there are seven or more
authors, l ist the first six and then use “et al.” for remaining authors. If no author is
identified, the title of the document begins the reference.
Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua,
L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation . . . .
One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same surname,
for example,
Alleyne, R. L. (2001). ……
Alleyne, R. L., & Evans, A. J. (1999). ……
References with exactly the same author (or authors in the same order) are arranged
by year of publication, the earliest first, for example,
Hewlett, L. S. (1996). ……
Lewlett, L. S. (1999). ……
Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000). ……
Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001). ……
References by the same author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order)
with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A,
An or The) that follows the date. However, if the references with the same authors
published in the same year are identified as articles in a series (e.g., Part 1 and Part 2),
order the references in the series order, not alphabetically by title. Lowercase letters –
a, b, c, and so on – are placed immediately after the year, within the parentheses, for
example,
Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control . . . .
Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of . . . .
E.Publication date: Publication date is put in parentheses following authors, with a period
following the closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use “n.d.” in parentheses following the authors. For any work accepted for publication but not yet printed, use “in press” in parentheses following the authors.
F.Source reference: Include title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or title, city
of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers but not titles of articles. Capitalize the major words of periodical names but not the major words of titles of books or articles.
G.Publishers’ locations: Give the location (city and stat e for U.S. publishers, city, state or
province if applicable, and country for publishers outside of the U. S.) of the publishers of books, reports, brochures, and other separate, nonperiodical publications.
If the publisher is a university and the name of the state (or province) is included in the name of the university, do not repeat the name in the publisher location. The names of U.S. states and territories appear in the official two-letter U.S. Postal Service abbreviations. The following major and well-known locations can be listed without a state abbreviation or country:
Baltimore, Boston, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Amsterdam, Jerusalem, London, Milan, Moscow, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Tokyo, Vienna
H.E xamples of sources
1.Book
Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion(2nd
ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. (1971). Alcohol
and health. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
2.Book with no author or editor
Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield,
MA: Merriam-Webster.
3.Book with author and publisher being identical
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical
manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4.Article or chapter in an edited book
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to
Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp.
219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Cicero, T. J. (1979). A critique of animal analogues of alcoholism. In E.
Majchrowicz & E. P. Noble (Eds.), Biochemistry and
pharmacology of ethanol(Volume 2, pp. 31-59). New York:
Plenum Press.
5.Journal article
Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied
Social Psychology, 26, 1617-1626.
[If, and only if, each issue of a journal begins on page 1, give the issue number in parentheses immediately after the volume number.]
Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star Trek: The Next Generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.
6.Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star Trek. Los Angeles
Times, p. A3.
7.Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana
(Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
8.Web document on university program or department Web site
Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, from Vanguard University, Department of
Psychology Web site:
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/762528513.html,/faculty/ddegelman/index.cfm?doc_id=7
96
[If information is obtained from a document on the Internet, provide the Internet address for the document at the end of the retrieval statement. Finish the retrieval statement with a period, unless it ends with an Internet address.]
9.Data file, available from a Web site
Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. (1991). National Health Provider Inventory Home
health agencies and hospices, 1991 [Data file]. Available from
National Technical Information Service Web site:
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/762528513.html,
[Use “Available from” to indicate that the URL leads to information on how
to obtain the cited material, rather than to the material itself. Precede the
URL with a colon.]
10.Stand-alone Web document (no date)
Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion.
Retrieved August 3, 2001, from
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/762528513.html,/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm
11.Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date)
Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, from
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/762528513.html,/mkearl/gender.html
12.Journal article from database
Hien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug abuse-maternal aggression link. Journal of Interpersonal
Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved May 20, 2000, from ProQuest
database.
[If information is retrieved from an aggregated database, providing the name
of the database is sufficient and no address is needed.]
13.Abstract from secondary database
Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20,
168-172. Abstract retrieved July 23, 2001, from PsycINFO
database.
14.Journal article, Internet-only journal
Bergen, D. (2002, Spring). The role of pretend play in children's cognitive development. Early Childhood Research & Practice,
4(1). Retrieved February 1, 2004, from
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/762528513.html,/v4n1/bergen.html
15.ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star Trek: The Next Generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual
Meeting of the Speech Communication Association. (ERIC
Document Reproduction Service No. ED 364932)
16.Unpublished paper presented at a meeting
Lanktree, C., & Briere, J. (1991, January). Early data on the Trauma
Symptom Checklist for Children (TSC-C). Paper presented at
the meeting of the American Professional Society on the Abuse
of Children, San Diego, CA.
Zhou, X., Taft, M., & Shu, H. (1995, December). Morphological,
orthographic, and phonological structure in the Chinese mental
lexicon. Paper presented at the Seventh International
Conference on the Cognitive Processing of Chinese and Other
Asian Languages, Hong Kong, China.
17.Unpublished doctoral di ssertation and master’s thesis
Wilfley, D.E. (1989). Interpersonal analyses of bulimia: Normal-weight
and obese. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of
Missouri, Columbia.
Almeida, D.M. (1990). Fathers’ participation in family work:
Consequences for fathers’ stress and father-child relations.
Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Victoria, Victoria,
British Columbia, Canada.
18.Original version of a non-English [and non-Chinese] work
Ising, M. (2000). Intensitǎtsabhǎngigkeit evozierter Potenzial im
EEG: Sind impulsive Personen Augmenter oder Reducer?
[Intensity dependence in event-related EEG potentials: Are
impulsive individuals augmenters or reducers?]. Zeitschrift
fǔr Differentielle und Diagnostische Psychologie, 21,
208-217.
[If the original version of a non-English work is used as the source, cite the
original version. Give the original title and, in brackets, the English
translation. Use diacritical marks and capital letters for non-English words as
done in the original language. And this only applies to a non-Chinese and
non-English source.]
19.Original version of a Chinese work
When the original version of a Chinese work is used as the source, cite the
original version as follows:
戴炜栋、陆国强，2007，概念能力与概念表现，《外国语》，3：10-17。
桂诗春，2005，外语教学的认知基础，《外语教学与研究》，4：243-249。
刘宓庆，1999，《文化翻译论纲》。北京：中国对外翻译出版公司。
石毓智、李讷，2001，《汉语语法化的历程——形态句法发展的动因和机
制》。北京：北京大学出版社。
20.Translated book
Laplace, P.-S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities(F.W.
Truscott & F.L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Dover. (Original
work published in 1814)
21.English translation of a non-English journal article
Stutte, H. (1972). Transcultural child psychiatry. Acta
Paedopsychiatrica, 38(9), 229-231.
22.English translation of an article in an edited book
Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed. & Trans.),
The standard edition of the complete psychological works of
Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp.3-66). London: Hogarth Press.
(Original work published 1923)
4. Appendixes
A common use of appendixes is to present unpublished tests or to describe complex equipment or stimulus materials.
A.Pagination: Each Appendix begins on a separate page.
B.Heading: If there is only one appendix, Appendix is centered on the first line
below the manuscript page header. If there is more than one appendix, use
Appendix A (or B or C, etc.). Double-space and type the appendix title (centered
in uppercase and lowercase letters).
C.Format: Indent the first line 5-7 spaces.
III. MLA for Academic Writing: Essentials
A. In-text Citations
1. Author’s name in text, and page number in parentheses:
Tannen has argued this point (178-85).
2. Author’s name and page number in parentheses:
This point has already been argued (Tannen 178-85).
3. Citing two or more works by the same author:
Shakespeare’s King Lear has been called a “comedy of the grotesque” (Frye, Anatomy 237).
4. Citing a multi-volume work:
Terman’s studies of gifted children reveal a pattern of accelerated language acquisition (2: 279).
5. Citing an indirect source:
“We only used seven signs in his presence,” says Fouts, “All of his signs were learned from the other chimps at the laboratory” (qtd. in Toner 24).
6. Citing a title:
Chomsky claims that all humans inherit the same basic linguistic structural framework upon which their community’s particular language is fitted (Language 29-41)
7. Parenthetical citation of two or more works:
With intensive training, the apes in this study learned more than 200 signs or signals (Desmond 229; Linden 173).
8. Citing a novel (put the page number first, then indicate the part and chapter in which the passage can be found):
Raskolnikov first appears in Crime and Punishment as a man contemplating a terrible act but frightened of meeting his talkative landlady on the stairs (Dostoevsky 1; pt. 1, ch. 1).
9. Citing a play (list the act, scene, and the line numbers):
In his famous advice to the players, Hamlet defines the purpose of theatre, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as ’twere, the mirror up to nature” (3.2.21-23).
10. Citing a poem (cite the part – if there are a number of parts – and the line numbers):
When Homer’s Odysseus came to the hall of Circe, he found his men “mild/in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” (10.209-11).
11. If the quotation, whether of poetry or prose, is set off from the text, type a space after the concluding punctuation mark of the quotation and insert the parenthetical reference: John K. Mahon adds a further insight to our understanding of the War of 1812:
Financing the war was very difficult at the time. Baring Brothers, a banking firm of
the enemy country, handled routine accounts for the United States overseas, but the
firm would take on no loans. The loans were in the end absorbed by wealthy
Americans at great hazard--also, as it turned out, at great profit to them. (385) Elizabeth Bishop’s “In the Waiting Room” is rich in evocative detail:
It was winter. It got dark
early. The waiting room
was full of grown-up people,
arctics and overcoats,
lamps and magazines. (6-10)
12. Citing multiple sources (every source should appear in Works Cited):
Looking at different, possibly innovative, procedures for the development of rating scales can help address the issue of reliability and validity. As has been stated repeatedly in recent language testing “state of the art” papers (Alderson 1991; Bachman 1991; Skehan 1991), new avenues for assessing communicative abilities more successfully must continue to be explored.
B. Works Cited
1. A book by a single author:
Atwood, Margaret. Survival: A Thematic Guide to Canadian Literature.Toronto: Anansi, 1972.
2. A book by two or three authors:
Eggins, Suzanne, and Diane Slade. Analyzing Casual Conversation. London: Cassell, 1997.
3. A book by four or more authors:
Gilman, Sander, et al. Hysteria Beyond Freud. Berkeley: U of California P, 1993.
4. Two or more books by the same author:
Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957.
---. The Double Vision: Language and Meaning in Religion. Toronto: U of Toronto P, 1911.
---, ed. Sound and Poetry. New York: Columbia UP, 1957.
5. An anthology:
Felman, Paula R., ed. British Women Poets of the Romantic Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1997.
6. A work (article, short story or poem) in an anthology:
Calvino, Italo. “Cybernetics and Ghosts.” The Uses of Literature: Essays.Trans. Patrick Creagh. Sandiego: Harcourt, 1982. 2-27.
7. A book by a corporate author:
American Medical Association. The American Medical Association Encyclopedia of Medicine. New York: Random, 1989.
8. Editors:
Lenneberg, Eric H., and Elizabeth Lenneberg, eds. Foundations of Language Development.
New York: Academic, 1975.
9. Author with an editor:
Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Ed. Louis B. Wright and Virginia A. Lamar.
New York: Washington Square, 1959.
10. A translation:
Tolstoy, Leo. Anna Karenina. Trans. Constance Garnett. Indianapolis: Bobbs, 1978.
11. An edition other than the first:
Spatt, Brenda. Writing from Sources. 2nd ed. New York: St. Martin’s , 1987.
12. Multi-volume work:
Graves, Robert. The Greek Myths. 2 vols. New York: Braziller, 1967.
13. An article in an encyclopedia:
Frankel, Mark S. “Human Experimentation: Social and Professional Control.” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. 1978 ed.
14. An anonymous book:
Times Atlas of the World, The. 5th ed. New York: New York Times, 1975.
15. An introduction, a preface, a foreword, or an afterword:
Drabble, Margaret. Introduction. Middle March. By George Eliot. New York: Bantam, 1985.
vii-xvii.
Eliot, Emory. Afterword. The Jungle. By Upton Sinclair. New York: Signet, 1990. 342-50. 16. A book published before 1900:
Dewey, John. The School and Society.Chicago, 1899.
17. An article in a scholarly journal:
Craner, Paul M. “New Tool for an Ancient Art: The Computer and Music.” Computers and the Humanities 25 (1991): 303-13.
18. An article in a newspaper:
Gorney, Cynthia. “When the Gorilla Speaks.” Washington Post 31 Jan. 1998: B1.
19. An article in a magazine:
Mehta, Pratap Bhanu. “Exploring Myths.” New Republic 6 June 1998: 17-19.
20. An online book:
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Ed. Henry Churchyard. 1996. 10 Sept. 1998 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/762528513.html,/janeinfo/prideprej.html>. 21.Original version of a Chinese work When the original version of a Chinese work is used as the source, cite the original version as follows: 程锡麟、王晓路，《当代美国小说理论》。北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2002。 李维屏，“现代主义精神的演示——论《尤利西斯》的人物描写艺术”，《外语教学与研究》5 (2006)：279-87。 申丹，《英美小说叙事理论研究》。北京：北京大学出版社，2005。 韦恩·布思，《小说修辞说》，华明等译。北京：北京大学出版社，1987。