能源经济
A quadratic helix approach to evaluate the Turkish renewable energies
Melih Soner Celiktas a,?,Gunnur Kocar b
a EBILTEM,Ege University Science &Technology Research Center,Izmir,Turkey b
Solar Energy Institute of Ege University,Izmir,Turkey
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 20April 2009Accepted 23June 2009
Available online 10July 2009Keywords:
Renewable energy SWOT analysis Energy policy
a b s t r a c t
The ?rst renewable energy law concerning the ‘Use of Renewable Energy Resources for the Generation of Electrical Energy’was adopted from European Union regulations on 18May 2005in Turkey.The purpose of the Law is to expand the utilization of renewable energy resources for generating electricity.Renewables are de?ned in the Law as generation facilities based on wind,solar,geothermal,biomass,biogas,wave,current and tidal energy resources,hydrogen energy and hydroelectric generation facilities.The aim of the study was to use strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats (SWOT)analysis to identify Turkish renewable energy market strategy and perspective by focusing on four different concepts:policy,market,technology and the social dimension.Different information gathering strategies have been applied such as monitoring of all statements and press releases published in the newspapers by all Turkish renewable energy parties starting from the launch of the law,articles presented in the events between 2000and 2008and face-to-face interviews.Our results demonstrated the importance of technology development and knowledge creation for gaining competitiveness on the global arena and the need for a systematic approach for transforming the created know-how into economic and social bene?ts.
&2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.
1.Introduction
The European Union and the world are at a cross-road concerning the future of energy.Climate change,increasing dependence on oil and other fossil fuels,growing imports,and rising energy costs are making our societies and economies vulnerable.The European Parliament in Renewable energy road map (2007)stated that these challenges call for a comprehensive and ambitious response,and therefore the European Union commitments are very clear.Climate change and energy are at the top of the political agenda and in a fully integrated approach.The 20%energy ef?ciency;20%renewables and 20%greenhouse gas emissions targets demonstrate their commitment to deliver on their existing targets but also go further in looking at the medium term agenda.Moreover,the European Strategic Energy Technology Plan presented in November aims to speed up the innovation of low carbon technologies by focusing on more joint planning (Euractiv,2007).Additionally,on 23January 2008the European Commission put forward a far-reaching package of proposals that would deliver on the European Union’s ambitious commitments to ?ght climate change and promote renewable energy up to 2020and beyond.The ‘‘Climate action and renewable
energy package’’set out the contribution expected from each Member State to meeting these targets and proposed a series of measures to achieve them (Climate Action,2008).
Although,Turkey is endowed with a signi?cant amount of renewable energy sources (hydro,wind,geothermal,solar power and biomass)potential (Fig.1)and renewables are the second largest domestic sources for energy production after coal,the current Turkish electricity model is unsustainable and the country is overly dependent on imported fuel.Turkey depends on energy imports to an even bigger extent than the European Union.Currently,Turkey imports about 70%of its total energy needs.About 25%of its electricity is generated from hydroelectric power plants (MEMO/07/219,2007).On the other hand,the energy produced from renewable sources has reached to the amount of more than 10.8Mtoe which is 11%of the total primary energy sources in 2006and 10.2%in 2007.
Renewable energy supply in Turkey is dominated by hydro-power and biomass.More than two-thirds of renewable energy supply is biomass,mostly wood and animal wastes that are almost exclusively noncommercial fuels.They are mainly used in the residential sector for heating.The remaining one-third of renewable energy supply is predominantly hydropower.The contribution of wind and solar is limited but expected to increase rapidly.The large potential of Turkey in geothermal,wind and solar have not been systematically developed until recently.In 2007,their combined share in total primary energy supply
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
journal homepage:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,/locate/enpol
Energy Policy
0301-4215/$-see front matter &2009Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.06.061
?Corresponding author.Tel.:+902323434400;fax:+902323744289.
E-mail address:soner.celiktas@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,.tr (M.S.Celiktas).
Energy Policy 37(2009)4959–4965
was only 1.5%(AEA,2009).All these data suggest that Turkey can reduce its dependence on fossil fuels by utilizing its renewable energy resources.
Turkish researchers (Utlu and Hepbasli,2009;Ozturk et al.,2009;Demirbas,2008;Erdogdu,2008;Kumbaroglu et al.,2008;Kaya,2006;Ozturk et al.,2004;Arikan and Kumbaroglu,2001;Dincer,2000)have made important contributions to shape Turkish energy policies.However,a signi?cant gap was identi?ed in all renewable energy sub-?elds in terms of ‘‘policy develop-ment’’which is a vital issue for the development of renewable energies (Celiktas et al.,2009).Therefore,the objective of this paper was to evaluate renewable energy policies and regulations with a special focus on policy,market,technology and social dimension by conducting a strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats (SWOT)analysis.
2.Methodology and renewable energy parties
SWOT is an acronym for strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats.SWOT analysis,is a strategic planning tool used to evaluate the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats (Hill and Westbrook,1997).Within SWOT analysis,the strengths and weaknesses are seen as internal factors which are control-lable,and can be acted upon.The opportunities and threats are external,uncontrollable factors.These form the external environ-ment within which the organization operates and may include demographics,rates of interest,changes in legislation,etc.(Hatton et al.,1992).
The technique is credited to Albert Humphrey,who led a research project at Stanford University in the 1960s and 1970s using data from Fortune 500companies (Saaty,1987).It is the opinion of some that for a company which desires to grow,the objective appraisal of strengths and weaknesses should be high on the list of necessary activities (Ansoff,1956;Cordiner,1956;Leavitt,1965).SWOT can be used for the analysis of internal and external environments in order to attain a systematic approach and support for decision making and,if used correctly,it can provide a good basis for successful strategy formulation (Jackson and Dutton,1988;Schmoldt and Peterson,2000).Various SWOT quantitative analysis methods were summarized,including External Factor Evaluation (EFE)Matrix and Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE)matrix.Kurttila et al.(2000)and Stewart et al.(2002)combined the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)with SWOT to provide a new hybrid method for improving the usability of SWOT analysis (Lee et al.,2006).In the SWOT analysis,available resources and their potential utilization are studied from the
viewpoints of economic,ecological and social sustainability (Bradshaw and Boose,1990).Most of the literature concerning SWOT analysis is found within the ?eld of strategic management (Hill and Westbrook,1977;Brownlie,1999;Lee,2006;Terrados et al.,2007).
In this study,different information gathering strategies have been applied for the analysis of Turkish renewable energy technologies,market and policies.A different technique has been developed for analyzing all segment applications,named as quadratic helix approach formed by eliciting the opinions of previously identi?ed academicians (Celiktas et al.,2009),policy makers and politicians,industrialists and representatives of civil society organizations,operating in the ?eld of renewable energies.First,all statements and press releases published in the news-papers by all Turkish renewable energy parties starting from the launch of renewable energy process of law till today (May 2005–February 2009)were gathered and screened.Second,all articles presented in the events between 2000and 2008were collected and evaluated.Finally,face-to-face interviews were conducted with all the parties determined within the quadratic helix.A number of trigger questions were used during face-to-face interviews and for formulation of the output elicited from the screening studies.
3. 3.Results and discussion
In this study,the SWOT analysis method was used to analyze the current situation of Turkish renewable energy electricity market and to formulate strategy for raising reciprocal satisfaction in the market and guide to new regulation approaches.A large number of different opinions were gathered from different parties which were researchers,nongovernmental organization represen-tatives,governmental of?cers and industrialists totaling to 288(Fig.2).Among these,58%were researchers,27%industrialists,9%governmental of?cers and 6%representatives of nongovernmental organizations.
Technological issues were evaluated under the grouping of ‘‘state of the arts’’and social and economical trends were analyzed under the grouping of ‘‘trends and vision’’in SWOT analysis as a structural approach (Table 1).The data gathered were classi?ed and presented as segments.Existing laws and regulations were considered in ‘‘policy’’.While the trends in the ‘‘market’’were presented,technological level was assessed and provided in the segment of ‘‘technology’’.Additionally,the creation of social re?exes was explored in regards to ‘‘social dimension’’(Table 2).3.1.Policy (law and regulations)
The ?rst renewable energy law concerning the use of renew-able energy resources for the Generation of Electrical Energy
Law
Fig.2.Distribution of face-to-face
interviews.
Fig.1.The potential of Turkish renewable energy resources (MW).
M.S.Celiktas,G.Kocar /Energy Policy 37(2009)4959–4965
4960
(Law no.:5346,2005)was adopted from EU regulations on18May 2005in Turkey.The purpose of the Law was to expand the utilization of renewable energy resources for generating electri-city in a dependable and economic manner,to increase the diversi?cation of energy resources,to protect the environment and to develop the related manufacturing sector for the realiza-tion of these objectives.Renewables were de?ned in the Law as generation facilities based on wind,solar,geothermal,biomass,
Table1
Trigger questions formulated for the SWOT analysis.
State of the arts Trends and vision
‘‘Strengths’’ Which renewable resources and technologies are presently industrially used in the corresponding sector?
What are their technological and socio-economic
advantages?‘‘Opportunities’’ How can R&D opportunities in renewables(new development of renewables,scienti?c breakthroughs)solve the existing problems
and improve the existing weaknesses of products?
‘‘Weaknesses’’ What are the actual technological and socio-economic
barriers to be overcome concerning products and
applications in the corresponding sector?‘‘Threats’’ What are the threats/risks linked with the new opportunities;
technological,market and socio-economic risks?
Table2
SWOT analysis matrix.
Segments Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
Policy(laws and regulations) Economical value
added
Sustainable&secure
energy
Economical
development
Contain incentives
Geostrategic location
Gaining
competitiveness
EMRA
Other good samples
Reducing greenhouse
gas emissions
Technical infrastructures
Uncontain hybrid systems
Lack of energy investment policy
Uncovered all renewable
Price guarantees
Networking of stakeholders
Coordination action
Energy future perspective
Wrong modeling of future energy demands
Action plan-No clear strategic direction
Polluter pays-principle
Being the?rst law and
revisible
Provide oil independency
Current account de?cit
EU Regulations
Kyoto sign
Obselete facilities(out of
farming land)
Nuclear energy investments
Forest?eld
Application procedure for
licensing
Political stability
Market Liberalization(Law
no:4628and5346)
Reliable Resources
Price and purchase
guarantees
Improvement
ef?ciency
Energy bottleneck
Foreign interest
Being development
country
Kyoto sign Cost competitive
Fixed price for all renewable
Sectoral network
Purchase guarantees
Transparent regulations
Comprehensive roadmap(The absence of a
strategic energy technology roadmap)
Proprietary technology
Adequate?nancial resources
Vulnerable to competitive pressures
Sustainable development
Creating new sectors
Energy farming
Effective use of resources
Carbon trade
Energy costs
Energy demands(annually
%7-8)
Exploit new market
segments
Unproven technology
transfers
Know-how
High investment cost
Natural Gas negotiations
International
enterconnections
Financial instability or
stagnation
Political instability
Forex market?uctuation for
investments
Technology Improving R&D
Studies
Improving Renewable
energies
Creating technological
platforms
Access of technology
records
Traceability All renewable energy technologies
Patents and rights
Quali?ed human resources
Know-how
Energy technology policy
Scienti?c studies for potential
Access to economies of scale
Product innovation abilities
Falling behind R&D
Using ef?ciently potential
resources
Establishment of new R&D
SMEs
Govermental supports for
R&D
Lack of knowledge
Absence of novel production
process
Experience
Production stability(wind-
solar)
Political instability
Lack of managerial depth
and talent
Monopoly of leading core
technologies&Firms
Social dimension Preventing
immigration
Creating new jobs
Economic
development
Rural development Non eligible investment costs
Consumer conscious
Governmental support
Sustainable environment
Public health
Protecting environment
and natural resources
Social Costs
Demographic changes
Synergy effect
Political instability M.S.Celiktas,G.Kocar/Energy Policy37(2009)4959–49654961
biogas,wave,current and tidal energy resources,hydrogen energy and canal and river type hydroelectric generation facilities and hydroelectric generation facilities with a reservoir area of less than?fteen square kilometers.
The Law also included price and purchase guarantees for electricity generated from facilities having renewable energy resources certi?cate granted by Turkish Energy Market Regulatory Authority,a certi?cate entitling the holders to bene?t from the incentives under the Law.The procedures and principles regarding the issuance of this certi?cate were speci?ed in a regulation, published in the Of?cial Gazette on4October2005(Law no.: 5346,2005).Bagdadioglu and Odyakmaz(2009)reported that the applicable price for electricity energy purchased in pursuance of this Law in each calendar year should be the average wholesale electricity price in the previous year determined by Turkish Energy Market Regulatory Authority.
Turkey has reached an opportunity and generated a new?eld to create added value by the launch of the law in the renewable energy sector.An increase in economical development is foreseen because of the huge potential,the country possesses in renewable energy resources(Bilgen et al.,2008)and its geostrategic position.
Lack of long-term energy investment policies and action plans and additionally inappropriate future energy projections (Benmayor,2008)increased the uncertainty in investments. Furthermore,weaknesses in sectoral planning,technical infra-structure and lack of environmental investments to ful?ll polluter pays principle were elicited to be important factors.Although, some other weaknesses were also encountered such as excluding hybrid systems and providing equal price guarantees in all renewable energies regardless of the state of art in technology, there was a common belief that corrective actions would be taken in the time being to compensate such weaknesses.
The interest in renewable energies was expected to increase as a result of the incentives provided and access to renewable and safe energies would be possible by the investments realized. Additionally,a more competitive structure would be created among all sectors by exceeding the critical mass in investments. Good practices reported in European Union(Ringel,2006;Walker, 2008;Dutra and Szklo,2008;Munksgaard and Morthorst,2008; Gorensek and Forsberg,2008;Yudego and Pelkonen,2008; Leonardo,2008;Barbose et al.,2008;Papadopoulos and Karteris, 2009;Diomand,2009;Nemet,2009)were regarded as positive indicators for the implementation of this law in Turkey.Moreover, nongovernmental organizations had provided full support be-cause of the environmental friendly aspect of the law.
The major opportunities were identi?ed to be independency in oil and consequently,a decrease in current account de?cit. Signing the Kyoto protocol was regarded as a positive approach. Regulations to be ful?lled and implemented during the European Union accession period were considered to have high signi?cance.
On the other hand,application procedures for licensing, nuclear energy and political instability were perceived as threats. Approvals of licenses were mentioned to require considerable amount of time and subsequently acquiring loans for investments were stated to be troublesome.In a report prepared for Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen’s Association(Bas and Ulgen, 2008),it was stated that unpredicted obstacles were faced during the legal approval process,which in turn created barriers for the investments.As for nuclear energy,although the Turkish Akkuyu nuclear power plant project with a capacity of3000MW was delayed in1999and cancelled in2000,the Turkish government now,however,plans three nuclear plants with a total of 4500MWe by2015.The?rst units will probably be built at Akkuyu because the site already has a license.The Turkish Constitutional Court in March2008rejected a request to cancel the plant,leaving the way open for companies to tender(World Nuclear Association,2009).
3.2.Market
Turkey is among the world’s fastest growing energy markets. Average annual growth rate for electricity demand has been over 8%and is expected to continue in the next years but the capacity is not(TEIAS,2009).Such a huge demand in growth rate increases the magnitude of investment for Turkish power sector,which is apparently beyond the?nancing capability of the public sector. The annual development of Turkey’s installed capacity is given in Fig.3.The current installed capacity has reached40,835MW, therefore,a capacity increase of approximately3500MW is required in order to attain a correlation between the annual growth rate and the installed capacity.Otherwise,increased energy consumptions and the demand in parallel,will create an energy bottleneck.This was one of the main drivers behind the power sector liberalization process.The‘‘Electricity Market Law’’enacted in March2001,enabled progress into a liberalized electricity market providing fair and transparent market regulations(Erdogan et al.,2008).
Hence,it would not be irrational to name the renewable energy market so-called before and after the law.Annual development of Turkey’s installed capacity can be seen in Fig.4. Installed capacity in renewable energies excluding hydroelectric was35.1MW until2005,whereas it has reached362MW after this date(Gunaydin,2008),boosting10-fold.Turkey has
already Fig.3.The annual development of Turkey’s installed capacity
1913–2007.
Fig.4.The annual development of Turkey’s renewable energy installed capacity (1913–2007).
M.S.Celiktas,G.Kocar/Energy Policy37(2009)4959–4965 4962
taken major actions to bring its legal framework in line with the European Union energy acquisitions,in particular regarding the conditions for trade in electricity and gas(MEMO/07/219,2007).
The law provided a purchase obligation for retail sales companies for the electricity generated from renewable energies. Additionally,the Kyoto Protocol approved by the Turkey’s parliament on February5,2009has also given a con?dence to all investors.Therefore,price and purchasing guarantees have been perceived as appetizers.Investors were encouraged with reliable resources such as solar,geothermal and wind,which in turn,increased both local and foreign investments.According o face-to-face interviews,major investments and developments are expected in the solar energy?eld,while the only improvement is the demonstration plants having a capacity under1MW for the moment.According to world wind energy report(WWEA, 2008),an important indicator for the vitality of the wind market was the growth rate in relation to the installed capacity of the previous year.The growth rate went up steadily since the year2004,reaching29.0%in2008,equaling to an increase rate of61.2%,which is another indicator of increase in investments.
Almost all participants have mentioned the major weakness of the renewable market as not being cost competitive with fossil fuels and nuclear https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,ck of trained labor and sectoral network except the national photovoltaic technology platform, absence of a strategic energy technology roadmap and some ?nancial problems were identi?ed to be weaknesses.
As for opportunities,renewable energy industry will create new sectors,and consequently new jobs.According to the Greenpeace report(2008),over2.4million jobs globally were created in the renewable energy sector.Around1.1million of the jobs were in biofuels productions.A report by the University of California(E2,2007)stated that the renewable energy sector generates more jobs per megawatt of power installed,per unit of energy produced,and per dollar of investment than the fossil-fuel-based energy sector.Every$100million invested in the renewable sector creates2700new jobs.The report estimated that additional investment between2007and2010 would be between$14billion and$19billion,which would create between400,000and500,000new jobs.Another opportunity is the implementation of energy farming.The main drive is to facilitate the implementation of the energy system in rural and undeveloped areas.Effective use of resources,carbon trade,exploiting new market segments,energy demand and energy costs were also listed as opportunities for renewable energies.
One of the threats for the market was elicited as unproven technology transfer.Indian and China type biogas reactors were constructed in some regions of Turkey which turned out to be failure as the temperature of the reactor could not be kept stable (Kaygusuz and Sari,2003).Because of the unproven technology transfer,the development of biogas sector remained premature. Economical sustainability of renewable energies is closely related to the interest rates of the loans and the payback period. Hence,the high investment costs were perceived as a threat by the respondents.On the other hand,inevitable?uctuations in the forex market as a consequence of political and economical instabilities and also natural gas agreements and international interconnections were recorded as threats.
3.3.Technology
Exploring the interrelations between science and technology is essential and the contribution of scienti?c knowledge to techno-logical developments has been stressed in many?elds(Hassan,2005).Focusing on some of the indicators for Turkey,it is necessary to mention that the share of GDP in R&D expenses has doubled between1998and2007from0.37%to0.71%(Fig.5),The increase in R&D?nancing during the last10years has raised hopes for the development of renewable energy technologies (Yetis,2009).
Ease of access to the existing knowledge was attained by the technological developments in information technologies.Further-more,traceability and access to technology records have been improved with the establishment of Technology Transfer Of?ces in Turkey,which in turn created positive expectations for more diverse and technologically competitive renewable energy sector.
For the moment,Turkey cannot compete with the developed countries except in the?eld of solar thermal panels.On the other hand,implementation of a national renewable energy technology is forecasted to take a considerable time because of the lack of know-how and product innovation abilities.Although,the number of full time equivalent R&D personnel has increased 2.2-fold between2002and2007(Fig.6)and domestic patent ?lings and grants increased 4.4-fold during the same period (Fig.7),quali?ed human resources,patents and potential scienti?c studies were reported as weaknesses particularly considering the renewable energy technologies.Furthermore,the Law’s enumeration of renewable energy resources lacks?exibility in terms of technical developments in the future and,thus,it may be argued that technological aspects should have been included. Finally,in its2005Progress Report concerning Turkey,the European Commission criticized the Law for not setting a target for electricity generated from renewable energy resources by 2010,as foreseen by the relevant European Union law.
Insuf?cient research infrastructure and absence of know-how for R&D and novel production technologies,lack of experience and managerial talents and political instability were noted as threats at national level.Even though,the budgets of R&D projects ?nanced via national funds are quite small,international cooperation is sought not only in funding but also for know-how exchange(Kaya,2006).On the other hand,the monopoly of leading companies and core technologies particularly in the?elds of solar and wind energy were perceived as threats at interna-tional level.
Although,ef?cient use of potential resources,governmental supports for R&D and establishment of new R&D small and medium size enterprises(SMEs)were noted as opportunities, respondents mentioned that these would not be suf?cient to overcome the identi?ed threats.As a result,opportunities in technology segment were reported as the weakest chain of the whole study.The Minister of Energy and Natural Resources(2008) also emphasized the importance of technology diffusion which may reduce the costs in the long
term.
Fig.5.The gross domestic expenditure on R&D(GERD)as%of GDP*.
M.S.Celiktas,G.Kocar/Energy Policy37(2009)4959–49654963
3.4.Social dimension
Social dimension was the ?nal segment investigated in this study which is an important pillar of the quadratic helix and aims at making a contribution for analyzing the impact of renewable energies.
Sustainable development within a society requires a supply of energy resources that,in the long term,is readily and sustainably available at reasonable cost and can be utilized for all required tasks without causing negative societal impacts (Kaygusuz and Kaygusuz,2002).Renewable energies were expected to enhance rural development by energy farming and prevent immigration by the launch of new jobs,thereby creating a remarkable social impact.Additionally,utilization of energy from local resources would strengthen regional development which is in accordance with the ?ndings of Rio and Burguillo (2008).The authors stated that renewable energy sources have a large potential to contribute to the sustainable development of speci?c territories by providing them with a wide variety of socioeconomic and environmental bene?ts which include diversi?cation of energy supply,enhanced regional and rural development opportunities and creation of a domestic industry and employment opportunities.However,
when compared with conventional fossil-fuel technologies,the bene?ts of renewable technologies were seldom internalized (Caldes et al.,2009).
On the other hand,noneligible investment costs,lack of consumer conscious but more importantly lack of governmental support for end-users in terms of both generating their own energies and selling excess amounts were reported as weaknesses.For instance,although biomass fuels market already existed including rural areas,a large number of people generated income through the trade of wood and wood residues primarily for cooking purposes.Thus,policy gaps with regards to the supply side of wood fuels from both forest and nonforest sources need to be bridged (Kaya,2006).Therefore,the governmental support is very signi?cant.
While political instability was perceived as the only threat,considerable number of opportunities was identi?ed.Possession of a sustainable environment was interpreted as a signi?cant impact on public health.Renewable energies were regarded as an opportunity when considering the negative impact of thermal power plants on the environment and the public.
In community terms,renewable energy is almost entirely positive,bringing employment,support to farm communities through land rents,clean industries and funds for local projects.Expansion of renewables,in particular further development of onshore wind,hydro and energy crop biomass,which are all linked to rural areas,is therefore very positive.The greatest expansion is likely to be in biomass which impacts on less remote rural areas.Lessons can no doubt be learned from existing projects about how best to involve local people and ensure that they share in the bene?ts of expansion of the technology (K/BD/00291/REP,2003).
Consequently,synergistic effects were expected to result in demographic changes and improved wealth also at the other segments of the society by creating a multiplier effect.
4.Conclusion
This study analyzed the current situation of Turkish renewable energy electricity market by performing a SWOT analysis.Systematic operation of the whole institutions and mechanisms required carrying out scienti?c and technological research and development activities and transforming the results of
those
Fig.6.The annual FTE*
personnel.
Fig.7.Patent applications from Turkey.
M.S.Celiktas,G.Kocar /Energy Policy 37(2009)4959–4965
4964
activities into economic and social bene?ts would enable successful implementation of renewable energy law.The results emphasized the importance of technology development and knowledge generation in order to compete on the global arena and reach economies of scale so that the social dimension could be ful?lled as well.
Acknowledgement
We would like to acknowledge all participants involved in face-to-face meetings.
References
AEA,2009.Austrian Energy Agency./www.energyagency.at S.(Access06.02.
2009).
Ansoff,H.,1956.In:Stevenson,H.,1976.De?ning Corporate Strengths and Weaknesses.Sloan Management Review,17,51–56.
Arikan,Y.,Kumbaroglu,G.,2001.Endogenising emission taxes a general equilibrium type optimisation model applied for Turkey.Energy Policy29, 1045–1056.
Bagdadioglu,N.,Odyakmaz,N.,2009.Turkish electricity reform.Utilities Policy17, 144–152.
Barbose,G.,Wiser,R.,Bolinger,M.,2008.Designing PV incentive programs to promote performance:a review of current practice in The US.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews12,960–998.
Bas,F.C.,Ulgen,N.S.,2008.TUSIAD Energy Strategy–I,Publication no:T/2008-05/ 460.
Benmayor,G.,2008.Guler:Turkiye Enerji Modelini Gelistiriyor.(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,.tr).(Access01.08.2008).
Bilgen,S.,Keles-,S.,Kaygusuz,A.,Sar?,A.,Kaygusuz,K.,2008.Global warming and renewable energy sources for sustainable development:a case study in Turkey.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews12(2),372–396.
Bradshaw,J.M.,Boose,J.H.,1990.Decision analysis techniques for knowledge acquisition:combining information and preferences using Aquinas and Axotl SWOT.International Journal of Man-Machine Studies32, 121–186.
Brownlie,D.,1999.Benchmarking your marketing process.Long Range Planning32
(1),88–95.
Caldes,N.,Varela,M.,Santamaria,M.,Saez,R.,2009.Economic impact of solar thermal electricity deployment in Spain.Energy Policy37,1628–1636. Celiktas,M.S.,Sevgili,T.,Koc-ar,G.,2009.A snapshot of renewable energy research in Turkey.Renewable Energy34,1479–1486.
Climate Action,2008./http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/climate_action.
htm S(Access11.03.2009).
Commission of the European Communities,2007./http://ec.europa.eu/energy/ renewables/doc/com_2006_848_roadmap.pdf S.(Access11.03.2009). Cordiner,R.,1956.In:Stevenson,H.,1976.De?ning Corporate Strengths and Weaknesses.Sloan Management Review,17,51–68.
Demirbas, A.,2008.Biofuels sources,biofuel policy,biofuel economy and global biofuel projections.Energy Conversion and Management49, 2106–2116.
Dincer,I.,2000.The role of exergy in energy policy making.Energy Policy30, 137–149.
Diomand, D.,2009.The impact of government incentives for hybrid-electric vehicles:evidence from US States.Energy Policy37,972–983.
Dutra,R.,Szklo,A.,2008.Assessing long-term incentive programs for implement-ing wind power in Brazil using gis rule-based methods.Renewable Energy33, 2507–2515.
E2,2007.Cleantech Venture Capital:How Public Policy has Stimulated Private Investment./https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,/ext/doc/CleantechReport2007.pdf S.(Access
11.03.2009).
Emerging Nuclear Energy Countries.World Nuclear Association,April2009.
/https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,/info/inf102.html S.(Access30.05.2009). Erdogan,F.H.,Cetinkaya,S.,Dusmez Tek,E.,2008.Market Liberalization Process and Market Arrangements in Turkey./https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html, S.(Access
11.03.2009).
Erdogdu,E.,2008.An expose of bionergy and its potential and utilization in Turkey.
Energy Policy36,2182–2190.
Euractiv,2007.Interview with Commission President Jos e Manuel Barroso/http:// https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html, S.(Access11.03.2009).
Greenpeace Report,2008.Energy[R]evolution,A Sustainable Global Energy Outlook,Greenpeace International,European Renewable Energy Council (EREC).
Gunaydin,Z.,2008.Wind Energy Policy of Turkey.Wind Energy Workshop, Congress Center,26November,ANKARA.Gorensek,M.B.,Forsberg,C.W.,2008.Relative economic incentives for hydrogen from nuclear,renewable,and fossil energy sources.International journal of hydrogen energy34,4237–4242.
Hatton, A.,Roberts,P.,Worsam,M.,1992.Solving the Management Case.
Butterworth Heineman Ltd.,Oxford.
Hassan, E.,2005.The evolution of the knowledge structure of fuel cells.
Scientometrics62(2),223–238.
Hill,T.,Westbrook,R.,1997.SWOT analysis:it’s time for a product recall.Long Range Planning30(1),46–52.
Jackson,S.,Dutton,J.,1988.Discerning threats and opportunities.Administrative Science Quarterly33,370–387.
Kaya,D.,2006.Renewable energy policies in Turkey.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews10,152–163.
K/BD/00291/REP,2003.Renewable Energy and Its Impact On Rural Development and Sustainability in the UK./https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,/?les/?le15136.pdf S.(Access
01.06.2009).
Kaygusuz,K.,Kaygusuz,A.,2002.Renewable energy and sustainable development in Turkey.Renewable Energy25,431–453.
Kaygusuz,K.,Sari,A.,2003.Renewable energy potential and utilization in Turkey.
Energy Conversion and Management44,459–478.
Kumbaroglu,G.,Karali,N.,Arikan,Y.,2008.CO2,GDP and RET:an aggregate economic equilibrium analysis for Turkey.Energy Policy36,2694–2708. Kurttila,M.,Pesonen,M.,Kangas,J.,Kajanus,M.,2000.Utilizing the analytic hierarchy process(AHP)in SWOT analysis—a hybrid method and its application to a forest-certi?cation case.Forest Policy and Economics1,41–52. Law no.:5346,2005.Published in the Of?cial Gazette dated18May2005and numbered25819.
Leavitt,T.,1965.In:Stevenson,H.,1976.De?ning Corporate Strengths and Weaknesses.Sloan Management Review,17,51–68.
Lee,K.L.,Huang,W.C.,Teng,J.Y.,2006.Locating the competitive relation of global logistics hub using quantitative SWOT analytical method.Quality and Quantity.43,87–107.
Lee,T.L.,2006.Action strategies for strengthening industrial clusters in Southern Taiwan.Technology in Society28,533–552.
Leonardo,V.M.,2008.New scenario of the non-conventional renewable energies on Chile after the incentives created on the‘‘Short Law I’’.Renewable Energy 33,1429–1434.
MEMO/07/219,2007./http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do S.(Access
11.03.2009).
Munksgaard,J.,Morthorst,P.E.,2008.Wind power in the danish liberalised power market-policy measures,price impact and investor incentives.Energy Policy 36,3940–3947.
Nemet,G.F.,2009.Demand-pull,technology-push,and government-led incentives for non-incremental technical change.Research Policy38,700–709.
Ozturk,H.K.,Canyurt,O.E.,Hepbasli,A.,Utlu,Z.,2004.Three different genetic algorithm approaches to the estimation of residential exergy input/output values.Building and Environment39,807–816.
Ozturk,M.,Bezir,N.C.,Ozek,N.,2009.Hydropower–water and renewable energy in Turkey:sources and policy.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews13, 605–615.
Papadopoulos,A.M.,Karteris,M.M.,2009.An assessment of the Greek incentives scheme for photovoltaics.Energy Policy37,1945–1952.
Ringel,M.,2006.Fostering the use of renewable energies in the European Union: the race between feed-in tariffs and green certi?cates.Renewable Energy31, 1–17.
Rio,P.D.,Burguillo,M.,2008.Assessing the impact of renewable energy deployment on local sustainability:towards a theoretical framework.Renew-able and Sustainable Energy Reviews12,1325–1344.
Saaty,R.W.,1987.The analytic hierarchy process and SWOT analysis—What it is and how it is used.Mathematical Modeling.9,161–178.
Schmoldt,D.L.,Peterson,D.,2000.Analytical group decision making in natural resources:methodology and application.Forest Science46,62–75.
Stewart,R.A.,Mohamed,S.,Daet,R.,2002.Strategic implementation of IT/IS projects in construction:a case study.Automation in Construction11, 681–694.
Terrados,J.,Almonacid,G.,Hontoria,L.,2007.Regional energy planning through SWOT analysis and strategic planning tools.Impact on renewables develop-ment.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews11,1275–1287.
The Minister of Energy and Natural Resources,2008.Of?cial web site,/www.
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,.tr S.(access11.03.2009).
Turkish Electricity Transmission Corporation(TEIAS),/https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,.tr S.(Access
11.03.2009).
Utlu,Z.,Hepbasli,A.,2009.Exergoeconomic aspects of sectoral energy utilization for Turkish industrial sector and their impact on energy policies.Energy Policy 37,577–587.
Walker,G.,2008.What are the barriers and incentives for community-owned means of energy production and use?.Energy Policy36,4401–4405. WWEA,2008.World Wind Energy Report./https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,/home/images/ stories/worldwindenergyreport2008_s.pdf S.(access11.03.2009).
Yetis,N.,2009./https://www.wendangku.net/doc/782560743.html,.tr S.(access13.03.2009).
Yudego,B.M.,Pelkonen,P.,2008.The effects of policy incentives in the adoption of willow short rotation coppice for bioenergy in Sweden.Energy Policy36, 3062–3068.
M.S.Celiktas,G.Kocar/Energy Policy37(2009)4959–49654965