新托福独立写作的假设论证写法

新托福独立写作的假设论证写法

摘要：新托福独立写作的论证方式和雅思大作文的论证方式有着一定的差异，这个差异主要体现在论证方式的种类数量上，雅思大作文的论证方式相对比较集中，主要是举例，因果和对比等;

而新托福独立写作的论证方式除了这几种外，常见的还有假设，让步，排比等。在接下来的文章里，小马过河专家将和考生们一起来看看独立写作的这些常见论证方式。

首先在因果和举例法的使用上，独立写作经常是先因果后举例的组合，在给出一个分论点后，通常先通过解释其背后原因作为发展的第一步，然后根据原因的内容再辅以例子进行详细说明。这样论证的优点是：逻辑编排上更有层次感，属于递进式的论证。以下我们来看一个例子：

First of all, the reason why dance in a particular country is so unique is because many art forms are put together. People need music, costumes, singers and of course dancers to perform. Each of these art forms is unique and singular for every country.

这个段落的第一层发展是由“原因”开始的，通过解释原因来说明舞蹈为什么可以将很多不同艺术形式结合，那么接下来，我们就可以针对这一原因举些例子：

In old times people gathered to celebrate or mourn and every occasion had their own music and costumes. For example, ancient tribes painted their faces with ugly and strange pattern, put on colorful clothes and made strange movements around the fireplace.

通过这个例子，读者就能很好地明白舞蹈结合不同艺术的方式了，而且古老部落以舞蹈形式祭祀这种场景我们在很多电视和书上都看到过，因此很容易就能理解，这样的话本段的论证目的就可以很轻松地达到了。

First of all, it is very important for a child to grow up in a healthy environment. Children need fresh air, not polluted by the huge amount of cars and factories of the modern city.

这个例子中我们首先也是进行第一层“原因”的分析，即对于孩子来说需要新鲜空气等良好环境来健康成长。那么接下来如果要举例的话我们一般可以从提供这样良好环境的地点出发：

In the country they can spend more time exercising and walking with their friends.

在郊区或者农村这样的地方，孩子不仅可以有新鲜空气，水，而且在这样的环境中锻炼和参加其他社交活动同样有助于他们的健康成长。

Mental games for adults play a significant role. Adults learn co-operation, discipline, team work,

self-confidence.

看了这几个例子，可能有人会问为什么在这些因果法的句子里都没有出现很明显的所谓“信号词”，比如because, since, as这类的。其实句子中没有明显的连词不代表它的逻辑意思就不好，恰恰相反的是很多高分的文章它的句子衔接讲究一种“形散而神不散”的境界，通过意思的紧密衔接来很好地表达出其中的逻辑关系。比如上面的这个例子，划线句子其实可以在前面加一个“This is because…”之类的句子或者是连词，这样的话我们一看就能明白作者是在说明原因。接着这个原因，我们可以举一些具体益智游戏比如下棋等：

Scientists say that the brain cells of grown up people can grow with the help of mind exercising. The simplest way to exercise one's mind is through mental games. For example, playing chess makes people think, try to predict events, follow the strategy of an opponent.

作者一共举了2个例子，我们要注意的是引用科学家或者专家的研究结果也算是举例的一种形式，但是由于不是很具体，所以一般我们会继续辅以另外一个例子来深入说明。

Second of all, close friends have more familiar atmosphere. They can share many beautiful moments and thoughts. For example, I have only two close friends - my husband and my classmate. I can share my worries and great news and can tell everything to them.

有些时候在因果论证后的举例可以介绍一下亲身经历，这样的举例尽管简单，但是由于是结合真实的情感在里头，所以更具有说服力。

其次是连续使用因果论证，这对于学生的逻辑性有很高的要求，一般来讲，要论述清楚一个分论点，在进行因果论证时既要保证观点展开的合理性，也要保证论证方向不偏离主题太远：

First of all, I believe that studying history and literature is important for the range of interests of students and people on the whole. It extends the range of interests and teach people to analyze their history. Every person should know the history of the country where he or she was born. Knowledge of one's roots and origins gives the opportunity to understand many things that are around.

不知道大家有没有看清楚上面这个例子中的三个因果论证：第一层是原因，第二层还是原因，而第三层则是结果：“因为学习历史和文学可以拓展兴趣”---“同时又因为每个人都应该知道自己国家的历史”---“所以进而了解这些知识和其来源能给人们认识周围世界的机会”。

接下来将继续为各位介绍其他论证方式组合，首先我们看到的是假设和举例法以及因果法的组合。下面我们来看一个例子：

First of all, I want to say that obstacles make people stronger. By overcoming difficulties people gain priceless and essential knowledge and experience. If one has to struggle with a disease he will become stronger either in a physical way or in a mental way. A person becomes more patient, more self-confident and more attentive. These qualities will help him to win his disease.

在这个主体段里，作者首先进行了假设论证，由“if”引导的条件状语从句开始，假设某个人在与疾病作斗争并且战胜了它以后，此人在身体或心理层面一定会比以前更坚强，从而可以得出后面的结论，即由于人生中面对挫折，所以一个人可以变得更有耐心，自信等。这样的一种组合论证方式，其优点在于无须给出亲身经历或者一个具体的例子，直接建立在一个“虚构”的人或事上，同时借助于之后进行的“结果”论证，使得这个假设的成立更具有一定的说服力。在举不出合适的例子或者不知道该说什么的时候，使用这一组合的优点就不言而喻了。的确，在之前的论文中，笔者已经和大家分享了每种论证手法的常用连词和句式，不使用连词并不代表它没有逻辑关系，有时候这种因果的逻辑是蕴含在字里行间的，经过反复练习后大家一定可以逐渐熟悉这一写法。

以下我们再来看一个观点相反例子：

From the other side, if I need to notify my bank that I am going to close an account I do not want to spend my time driving there, waiting for my turn and talking with a representative. It is easier for me just to call or e-mail them. It saves my time and my bank's too.

这个段落中的组合只包含了假设和因果，而这层“因果”关系我们从句子的意思仍旧可以很快判断出它是在说“原因”，若一定要使其在“形式上”成为“原因”的话，我们可以在这个句子前加上“This is because”即可。

In my opinion life would not be worth living without goals. If people would be satisfied with all they had we probably would have to live in caves. So, it does not matter how many goals were achieved we will find new ones in order to accomplish them all over again.

在进行假设时，有时候我们可以通过2层假设，且彼此间形成对比，这样的假设论证的效果更强烈，在上面的例子中，作者通过假设一个上课风趣的老师和一个上课枯燥的老师的课堂效果作对比，突出教师对于学生学习兴趣的重要性。

看了上面的论述，想必大家已经对这第2种论证组合有了更深入的了解了吧?结合上一章节的因果和举例的组合，我们可以在新托福独立写作中进行不同的搭配，既可以在同一段落中同时使用，也可以分段落使用。在下一章节中，笔者将继续对于其他重要的论证组合做深入的探讨。

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The speaker, on the topic of ___________________, effectively casts doubt on the passage, providing the opposite evidence concerning/ about influences on/from ____________________. Firstly, _____听力结果______. Despite the content from passage that ____阅读结果____, the speaker provides an alternative explanation that ___听力内容_2句_. From this case, the speaker questions the validity of the passage. Secondly, ____听力结果_____. According to the lecture, ____听力内容2句__________. Such information directly challenges the position of the passage that ____阅读结果____. Thirdly, ____听力结果___. The passage states that ___阅读结果____. However, the speaker denies this point and gives the proof that ___听力内容2句______. This is another case where the content from the passage is totally groundless. Fourthly, 听力结果 . The passage states that 阅读结果, which is actually questioned by the speaker, who proposes the proof that 听力内容2句. Therefore, the side of the passage is overthrown by listening material.

托福TPO45独立写作题目文本+满分范文

为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO45独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。 托福TPO45独立写作题目原文： Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In the past, young people depended too much on their parents to make decisions for them; today young people are better able to make decisions about their own https://www.wendangku.net/doc/724532939.html,e specific reasons and examples to support your answer. 托福TPO45独立写作满分范文： With the development of society, our living habits have been changed greatly. One of the most significant changes is the issue of whom we young people depend on when making a decision. In the past, young people usually depended on their older family members, especially their parents. However, in contemporary society, we young adults tend to make choice on our own. Here are the reasons. Admittedly, in the past, the ways they acquired information, most of which come from experience, were limited. It was parents who are much more experienced than their children. In this case, they tended to listen to parents’ advice and let them to control determination. As we all know, over the several decades, parents made the decision for their children who they would marry with in China. At that time, girls had no chance to meet the young men with the same age. However, their parents had the permission to know their children’s future partners through various ways. Without doubt, it was a right choice to depend on their parents when making a decision in the past. However, we can get access to a great amount of information, which do good to decision making nowadays. Surfing on the internet, clicking on the mouse, news will display on your computer screen within seconds. What’s more, after educating, we have learnt knowledge in a systematic way, which enable us to understand ourselves and the world better. All of these create a good atmosphere for us young people to make decision on ourselves. According to a survey conducted by Peking University aiming to find out how students choose their majors, 80 percent of students depend on their own while less than 20% decided by their parents or teachers instead. Most students are independent nowadays. They would listen to their parents, but it is themselves who determine the final choice. Another important reason is that some of adults’ experience work less effectively on our generation because conditions change rapidly in the information age. In the past, it was less likely for youngsters to move out of their hometowns while we usually move from one place to another nowadays. So parents’ idea might not fit our situation any more. Consequently, we prefer to make a decision depend on our own experience. In sum, for the reasons I mentioned above, I totally agree that in contemporary society, we young adults are better able to make choice on our own. 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO45独立写作题目文本+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!

详解托福独立写作评分标准之一论点的展开方式

详解托福独立写作评分标准之一-论点的展开方式 新托福独立写作一共有3个评分标准：如何展开论点，如何组织结构以及如何运用语言表达观点。语言的表达是项相对较耗时的任务，不是一朝一夕即可掌握的，因此急需考生的长期酝酿;而如何展开论点，相对应其实与如何运用语言是相辅相成的，同样是需要时间。中国考生写作分数不高并不是因为不知道说什么理由，而是不知道如何用英语恰当的表达自己的中文思路。因此这3个评分标准中最有技巧最易提升的便是第二个：如何组织结构。 因此，有了以上的大致信息后，考生就应该多思考如何能在30分钟内缔造出完美的文章结构，来获得考官的青睐?专家研究发现，一篇好的结构不仅包括必备的连接词和过渡句，自然也离不开永恒的内在统一。 第一，连接词过渡句 任何形式的英语文章中都应该具备一定量的连接词(路标词)，因为它们是有助于读者顺利阅读的“导航坐标”;大多数考生在备考时也的确会准备一系列此类连接词，用于文章每个段落的段首;包括有表示“第一，第二，第三”等的连接词。但是单纯有段首连接词还不足以支撑全文的结构，因此考生应该同时准备段中连接词，包括“比如说，因为，但是，相对比而言”等，粗略估计，全文完成下来可以达到15个以上的路标词，不仅承接了全文，结构清晰明了，而且也为时间紧张下的写作减轻了不少字数压力。以下为专家整理的常用连接词： 1，第一：in the first place/ first and foremost/ to start with/ to begin with/ first of all/ first/ firstly 2，第二：in the second place/ secondly and equal importantly/ to continue/ second/ secondly 3，第三：in the third place/ last but not least/ third/ thirdly 4，一方面、另一方面：on one hand/ on the other hand; for one thing/ for another 5，表原因：because/ because of/ since/ due to/ as/ thanks to/ for/ owing to 6，表结果：so/ therefore/ as a result/ consequently/ as a consequence 7，表举例：for example/ for instance/ such as/ take…as an example/ to illustrate 8，表承接：besides/ furthermore/ moreover/ what’s more/ in addition/ additionally