答案学生英汉对比练习
Week 14 homework 综合练习
汉语动词转换为英语名词
1. 卷入战争对于任何国家来说都是痛苦的。
(Involvement) in a war is painful to any nation.
2. 自从发行首张单曲以来，辣妹组合就成为二十世纪九十年代流行乐坛一个成功的神话。
Since the (release) of their debut single, the Spice Girls have become the undisputed pop success story of 1990s.
3. 我生活的转折点是我决定弃文从商。
The turning point of my life was my (decision) to give up a promising literature career and begin a business career instead.
4. 人们都担心9·11事件给美国带来了不小的损失。
There is a great (concern) that the “9·11” event might bring a considerable loss to the USA.
5. 医生迅速到达，非常仔细地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。
The doctor’s quick (arrival) and uncommonly careful (examination) of the patient brought about his very speedy (recovery).
6. 晚上，在出席了宴会、欣赏了歌剧、聆听了市长讲话之后，他回到房间，给妻子挂了个电话。
In the evening, after the (banquet), the (opera) and the (speech) of the mayor, he returned to his room and dialed his wife.
7. 计算机日益受到人们的青睐，给近代社会的各个方面带来了深远重大的转变。
The growing (popularity) of computers has brought about enormous and profound changes into every aspect of the modern society.
8. 研究显示定期摄入维他命有利于提高大脑效率。
Studies suggest that the (regular intake) of vitamins will improve brain efficiency.
9. 布朗先生曾经能吃能睡，但现在由于领导责任重大吃不下睡不好。
Mr. Brown was a (good eater) and a (good sleeper), but now he is not at all because of the great responsibility for his leading position.
汉语动词转换为英语形容词
1. 据说颜色鲜艳的蘑菇往往有毒不能吃。
Mushrooms with vivid colors are said (to be poisonous and uneatable).
2. 做进口食品的买卖可以赚钱。
(It is profitable) to import food.
3. 经过数百年的风吹日晒，墓碑上的文字已经无法辨读了。
After hundreds of years of exposure, the words on the gravestone (are no longer readable/legible).
4. 我喜欢读这份报纸，因为它信息量大，娱乐性强，具有很强的可读性。
I like reading the newspaper, for (it is informative, entertaining and really readable.)
5. 中国制造的电子产品在国际市场上很有竞争力。
The electrical appliances made in China (are very competitive in the world market).
汉语动词转换为英语介词短语
她头上扎着花儿，脸上画着妆，脖子上挂着项链，耳朵上带着耳坠，胸前别着胸针，身上喷着香水，脚上穿着一双皮鞋。
(With a big flower on her head), she wears make-up, perfume, a necklace, earings, a brooch and leather shoes.
英语名词转换成汉语动词
The UN document calls for the settlement of the Middle East conflicts on the basis of Israeli withdrawal from the occupied territories and Arab acknowledgement of Israel’s right to exist.
联合国文件要求，以色列撤出所在土地，阿拉伯承认以色列的生存权，在此基础上解决中东问题。
As Beijing becomes increasingly congested and polluted, there has been a growing realization that action is needed to tackle these problems.
随着北京变得越来越拥挤，污染问题日益严重，人们更加意识到需要采取行动来解决这些问题。
He had been the owner of the best broom in the world for a few short hours, and now, because of her interference, he didn’t
know whether he would ever see it again. (Harry Porter)
他曾一度拥有世界上最好的扫把，但是现在，由于她的干涉，他不知道是否还能看再看到那把扫把。
He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running into debt, and a partiality for tavern.
他为人聪明，容易相处，但学习粗心大意，喜欢借债，嗜好喝酒。
The best books are treasuries of good words, the golden thoughts, which, remembered and cherished, become our constant companions and comforters.
最好的书籍蕴藏着金玉般的良言和闪闪发光的思想，将它们铭记在心，珍藏于心，这些良言就会与我们朝夕相伴，让我们时时得到慰藉。
短文翻译（技巧练习，英语名词转换为汉语动词）
Sea gulls are excellent flyers. They can fly many miles without stopping. With a short rest here and there, they can fly from one end of a country to the other. They are good gliders, too. When they slide, they seem to be sliding down invisible slides way up in the air.
英语形容词转换为汉语动词
1. Many employers are anxious to learn another foreign language for a higher pay.
许多职员渴望再学一门外语以获得更高的薪水。
2. You are ignorant of the duties you undertake in marrying.
你完全不懂你在婚姻方面承担的责任。
3. I’m very hopeful and very committed to our marriage and relationship right now.
现在对我对我们的婚姻与关系非常乐观，并且很有信心。
4. One should always be reasonable. It is indeed unreasonable to bar China from joining the WTO.
任何问题都要讲道理。不让中国加入WTO实在没有道理。
英语介宾短语表达汉语动作意味
对于我手上戴的戒指，颈上挂的项链乃至于家里的冰箱、彩电，我从来都不怎么重视。
I never set great store by the ring on my finger, nor the necklace around my neck, nor the refrigerator and the color TV set in my home.
我们办完了海关手续，感觉如释重负。
Since we are through with the customs formalities, we feel rather released.
他的学习成绩达不到一般水平。
His performance at school is below the average.
The street runs westward, across a great black bridge, down a hill, through a noisy market, past a ghetto, until it reaches the river.
那条街一直往西延伸，越过一座黑色的大桥，爬下一道山岗，经过一处嘈杂的街市，又经过一片贫民窟，一直到了江边。
调整语序
It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned.
他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈的妇女，个字很高，依然一副好身材，虽然受岁月折磨而略显憔悴。
He eventually got that decent job, as he showed a strong sense of responsibility as well as team spirit during the interview.
在面试中他表现出了强烈的责任感和合作精神，因此最终得到了那份好工作。
这一丑闻对正在力争赢得大选的工党来说，无疑是一件尴尬的事。
The scandal will undoubtedly be an embarrassment to the Labor Party which is trying hard to win the election.
英汉语言对比练习
Chapter 1 Ⅰ. Answer Questions Directions: Answer the Questions in English briefly, with examples if necessary. 1. What are synthetic languages(综合语)? How are they characterized? 2. What are analytical languages（分析语）? How are they characterized? 3. How man formal changes are possible to English words? Is there any formal change（形态变化）in Chinese language? 4. Why English language is more flexible is word order（语序）? Why is it not so in Chinese? 5. What is the usual word order in English sentences? Which are the nine types of inversion in English sentences? 6. What are the E—C differences in formal words（形式词）? 7. How many kinds of formal words （形式词）are there in English language? 8. How is English phonological system(语音系统) formed? How is Chinese one? 9. Does Chinese phonological and characteristic system have any advantage in literary forms? 10. Why Chinese is called Tone Language（声调语言）? Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks Directions: Fill in the blanks with the best answer you have found in the textbook. 11.综合语的特征是，分析语的特征是。 12. 英语有变化，词序比汉语，但相对。 13. 英语属于语言。 14. 、和是表达语法意义的三大手段。 15. 形态变化就是词的变化，包括形态和形态。 16. 现代英语的变化主要包括、、、、、、、等变化。 17. 汉语的数量助词有，动态助词有、和等。 18. 汉语结构助词、、类似于应用英语形态变化，但缺乏普遍性。 19. 英汉语在主谓宾的排列上都是顺序。 20. 汉语的定语一般放在名词的，英语的定语一般放在名词的。 21. 汉语没有形态变化，少用或不用词，没有从句，名词之前定语的长度。 22. 汉语的事件顺序和逻辑顺序是按照、、的顺序。 23.英语的虚词包括、、、、。 24.汉语的虚词包括、和。 25. 英语的语音系统由、、和组成。 26. 汉语的语音系统由、和组成 Ⅲ.Translation between E/C Languages Directions: Translate the Chinese/English sentences into their target language. Pay attention to the use of omission strategy. Try to make your translation brief. 27. 中国人也好，外国人也好，死人也好，活人也好，对的就是对的，不对的就是不对的。（what is right is right, what is wrong is wrong, no matter he is a Chinese or foreigner, dead or alive）. 28. 她有野心，她姐姐野心更大，想成为一个大明星。 29. 在当今中国，人人都在练功夫，功夫课也成为中国中部地区一些中学的必修课。 30.上学的，上学了；下海的，下海了。(some went to college, and the other got into business) 31. 这是一部美国的热门影片。 32. 周恩来举止优雅，待人体贴。 33. 如蒙早日寄来样品和报价，我方将不胜感激。
英汉语言差异比较研究
英汉语言差异比较研究 廖国强夏宏钟 （四川理工学院，四川643000） 摘要：在经济全球化的当今世界，我们对外交往中跨文化的言语交际显得愈发重要。本文通过对英汉语言的对比研究，就两种语言中常见的差异点进行了分析与归纳。 关键词：英语汉语差异 语言是文化的载体, 不同的文化氛围自然会呈现不同的文化形态，而这种文化差异反映到语言层面上则表现为语言差异。著名语言学家赵元任认为，“所谓语言学理论，实际上就是世界各民族语言综合比较分析研究得出的科学结论。”通过对比分析和研究，我们不仅可以进一步认识外语和母语的特性与差异，认识不同语言的各个层面的相似性和差异性，而且能够有意识地注意不同语言各自的表现方法，有利于跨文化交际中防止语言表达错误，避免运用失当，从而达到成功交际的目的。 1. 谱系的差异 作为世界通用语言的英语，属于印欧语系（Indo-European language family）,是一种拼音（alphabetic）文字，单词有重音、次重音等，没有四种声调（tone）,但句子可以有不同的语调（intonation）；汉语属于汉藏语系（Sino-Tibetan language family），是一种表意（ideographic）文字，音节有四种声调变化，语调也很丰富。 2. 语言类型的差异 英汉语言从形态学分类来看，英语属于综合分析语（synthetic-analytic language），是从综合型向分析型语言发展的语言，即主要通过词本身形态变化（inflected forms）来表达语法意义；汉语是以分析型为主的语言（analytic language），即语法关系不是通过词本身的形态变化来表达，而是通过虚词和词序（word order）等手段来表示。 3.词汇的差异 1）功能上的差异 英语的冠词和汉语的量词、助词为各自语言所独有，通常无直接对应。英语中无汉语中的助词，但可通过动词的时态和体式、句式陈述与疑问等与汉语的助词功能相对应；汉语中也没有英语中的关系词和反身代词，但可通过词组、短句和相应的词汇运用来替代；英语中谓语动词的使用要受一定限制，汉语中动词的使用灵活，受限小，因而导致汉语多用动词，英语多用名词的现象；英语中的连词和介词的使用频率比汉语中更高；英汉语言都有许多相同的构词手段，但重叠法汉语常用，如千千万万、家家户户、干干净净等，英语罕用；英语的典型特征是词缀丰富，汉语的典型特征是形态变化少；英语多代词，汉语多实称；英语多变化，力戒重复，常常用替代、省略和变换的表达方法避免重复。汉语用词不怕重复，常常运用实称、还原、复说的表达方法。如：He hated failure，he had conquered it all his life，risen above it, despised it in others. 他讨厌失败，他一生曾战胜失败，超越失败，并且藐视别人的失败。 2）词序上的差异 英语句中单词修饰语一般放在中心词前面，短语和从句一般放在中心词后面，汉语定语无论单词还是词组一般放在中心词前面；英语的谓词状语一般可出现在动词前后，汉语的谓词状语常在动词之前；英语中叙述和说明事物时，习惯于从小到大，从特殊到一般，从个体到整体，从近到远。汉语的顺序一般则是从大到小，从一般到特殊，从整体到个体，从远到近，两者顺序完全相反。 3）词义上的差异
英汉对比翻译word.doc
Unit1 Some scientists speculate the reduction in mental function often attributed to getting old may really be a penalty of neglecting to stay physically active, in addition to related factors such as medicines and poor diet. 一些科学家推测，除了药物作用和饮食不当等因素外，大脑功能下降并非源于往常以为的衰老，实际上它可能是对不注意保持体育运动的一种惩罚。 If you venture just a little way into the woods, your menu can become even more varied. The roots of Jerusalem artichokes (耶路撒冷洋蓟) are often dug in spring and fall at the edges of woods, where the grounds may once have been tilled or farmed. 如果稍微冒点险，进到森林不远处，你的食谱就能变得更为多样。在翻耕过的林地边缘，春秋季节会采到耶路撒冷洋蓟。 Under U.S. law all aliens seeking admission are presumed to require an immigrant visa unless they establish that they are entitled to receive a visa in one of the nonimmigrant categories. 根据美国法律，所有申请入境的外国人都会被认为是在申请移民签证，除非他们能够证实自己有足够的理由，是在申请一种非移民种类的签证。 “I believe that the staging of ‘Turandot’ in Beijing will further demonstrate that the arts, whether opera or film, are the best media for people of different cultures and histories to co mmunicate with each other and to share their feelings and emotions”, said Zhang Yimou, the director of the production. “我相信，图兰多在北京上演，将进一步说明，无论歌剧还是电影，艺术是不同文化和历史背景的人们互相交流，分享情感的最佳媒介”，图兰多的导演张艺谋如是说。 I spent three or four hours on two short chapters –– savoring each paragraph, lingering over a sentence, a phrase or even a single word, building a detailed mental picture of the scene. 书中的短短两章，我就读了三、四个小时。对每个段落，我都仔细品玩，一唱三叹； 对每个句子、每个短语、甚至每个词，我都流连徘徊、依依不舍；书中胜景在我脑海里历历如画，一览无余。 Unit2 午后便步行至鹊华桥，雇了一只小船，荡起双桨。朝北不远，便到了历下亭前。上岸进去，入了大门，便是一个房子，油漆已大半剥蚀完了。 After lunch he walked to the Que Hua Bridge, where he hired a small boat and paddled along towards the north. Soon he reached the Li Xia Pavilion, so he stepped ashore and went in, and when he entered the gate he saw a house, the paint of which was practically all worn away. 外婆最喜欢的是二舅。这不仅是五个儿女中二舅与外婆长得最像，而且他曾是外婆的全部希望。那时外公先是失业在家，后来，又得病瘫痪在床，家境十分困难。而二舅生性活泼，天资聪颖，从小就学习成绩优异。所以，外婆便把家庭的全部希望寄托在二舅身上，节衣缩食地供着二舅上学。 Of all the children, granny loved her second son, my uncle, best. The reason is that he not only resembles her very much, but also represents all her hopes. During those days, with grandpa losing his job first and then becoming bed-ridden with paralysis, our family was living in straitened circumstances. Granny pinned all the hopes of the family on my uncle, who was vivacious by nature and brilliant in his studies ever since his childhood,
英汉语言对比研究论文
摘要 随着科学技术的迅猛发展和经济全球化，各国人们之间的交流已是一个必然趋势，我们对外交往中，跨文化的言语交际也显得愈发重要。 语言是文化的载体，文化差异反映到语言层面上则表现为语言差异，不同的国家和民族的语言表现出的文化背景和思维模式都有所不同，因此我们有必要把英语与母语进行对比分析，进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异，从而促进文化交际。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合，四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析，从细节之处去感受两种语言的微妙差别，从而对英语的学习有更深刻的认识。 关键词：语言与文化综合语与分析语刚性与柔性 形合与意合英汉两种语言
内容 一、引言 二、教材篇 1.语言与文化 2.综合语与分析语 3.刚性与柔性 4.形合与意合 三、课堂篇 四、疑惑篇 五、结语
英汉对比研究 语言是一面镜子，它反映着一个民族的文化，揭示该民族文化的内容；语言既是社会的产物，又是人类历史和文化的结晶。同时语言与文化互相影响，互相作用;理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。 汉语和英语则是在不同的历史背景和社会形态中形成 的两种截然不同的语种，本质上都浸透着各自民族文化的特征，但是由于东西方不同的历史文化背景又使得汉英两种语言在交流中产生了碰撞。 本文将从语言与文化、综合语与分析语、刚性与柔性、形合与意合，四个角度对英汉两种语言进行对比与分析，进一步认识英语和母语的特性与差异从而对英语的学习有更 深刻的认识，进而促进文化交际。 一、教材篇 1.语言与文化 语言和文化之间有着必不可分的内在联系：一方面，语言是文化的一个重要的因素，另一方面，文化的许多要素需要借助语言来表达，即：语言是文化的重要载体，文化是语言的管轨。语言是文化的基石——没有语言，就没有文化；语言又受文化的影响，反映文化。可以说，语言反映一个民
英汉语言对比与翻译练习
英汉语言对比与翻译练习 注意事项： １．英汉语言句法／句式差别； ２．体会英汉互译句式转换规律； Sentences: 1.In praising the logic of the English language we must not lose sight of the fact that in most cases where, so to speak, the logic of facts or of the exterior world is at war with the logic of grammar. 2.邢夫人携了黛玉坐上，众老婆们放下车帘，方命小厮们抬起，拉至宽处，加上训骡，出 了西脚门往东，过荣府正门，如一黑油漆大门内，至仪门前，方下了车。 3.When about three hundred men had been landed from these vessels and were marching rapidly to camp, the Morini, who had been left by Caesar in a state of peace when he set out for Britain, were fired by the hope of booty, and surrounded the troops, at first with no very large number of folk, bidding them lay down their arms if they did not wish to be killed. 4.I had spent a long day on a hired mule before the mail carrier who had been my guide pointed to a cabin on the far side of a stream, mutely refused the money I offered, and rode on. 5.Mr. Kennedy apparently was hit by the first of what witness believed were three shots. 6.And he knew how ashamed he would have been if she know had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born, and the kind of people among whom he was born.. 7.The original members of the United Nations shall be the states which, having participated in the United Nations conference on International Organization at San Francisco, or having previously signed the Declaration by United Nations of 1 January 1942, sign the present charter and ratify it in accordance with Article 110. 8.After watching the fish for some time, they asked me for pairs of several different kinds, pointing them out as they walked down the row of tanks. I netted their choices into a traveling container and slipped it into an insulated bag for transport, handing it to the boy. “carry it carefully,” I cautioned. 9.Sickness had robbed her of her confidence that she could carry the load. 10.Loneliness held the great masses of immigrants together, and poverty kept them down. 11.Starvation was a remote threat. 12.There is a crying need for a new remedy. 13.There was a mumbled conversation in the background. Then a man’s voice came on the phone. 14.The whole devastating experience sharpened my appreciation of the world around me. 15.She was always a crier any way. 16.The car wound through the village and up a narrow valley, following a thaw-swollen stream. 17.The boy, who was crying as if his heart would break, said, when I spoke to him, that he was very hungry because he had had no food for two days. 18.A long course of poverty and humility, of daily privations and hard words, of kind office and no returns, had been her lot ever since womanhood almost, or since her luckless marriage with George Osborne.(Vanity Fair chapter 57) 19.The isolation of the rural world because of distance and the lack of transport facilities is compounded by the paucity of the information media.
英汉对比与翻译期末论文 (2)
英汉对比与翻译——词汇三境 [摘要]：本文将英汉语言中词语分布做了对比，并就词汇翻译提出了“意译”、“义译”、“化境”三个要求，从而得知，词汇翻译的地道性很大程度上取决于语境的还原程度。 关键词: 译意、译义、臻化、词汇、语境 正文：英国语言学家George W.W ilk ins在《语言教学中的语言学》一书中指出:“没有语法,表达甚微;没有词汇,表达为零。”由此可见词汇在英语中所居的重要地位。在翻译时，即使一个译者已经掌握了大量的词汇与句法，还是会遇到总不能够突破的瓶颈，这个障碍往往是由词汇，甚至是简单词汇所引起的。例如：“He is a perfect stranger in the city.”这里对于什么是一个“perfect stranger”的理解与处理会造成译文层次的不同，同时也是考量一个译者的水平。如果仅翻译字面意思,翻译成“完美的陌生人”，译文显得晦涩难懂；当我们进一步理解“perfect”这个词的含义，并进入意义层面, “perfect”就是“完完全全”的意思，那么“perfect stranger”该译为“完完全全的陌生人”，“他是这城市中完完全全的陌生人”意思准确但是和全句契合不够完美，同“in the city”在搭配上略有滞涩；所以，我们将其转化，将“完完全全的陌生人”这一名词词组转化为动词词组，意为“对……完全陌生”，这句话就可译为“他对这城市完全陌生”，这样的搭配显得协调，不但译出了源语言想表达的意思，“疏离”这一
语境也得以完整地保留了。 以上例子就体现了英汉互译中一个很重要的规律，即词性转换。世界上的语言，不管其各有多少词类，名词和动词都占最大的比例；不管有多少句型，都能归纳为静态与动态两类。总的来说，汉语呈动态特征，英文呈静态特征。在词汇的使用上，汉语的动态表现为：汉语的动词丰富，使用频率高；而英语中，名词、介词等非动词性此类的使用频率很高。据周志培（2003:390）统计显示截选如下：（1）“邓小平在武昌、深圳、珠海、上海等地的谈话要点”及英译 语言总 数名 词 介 词 动 词 助 动 非限 定动 词 代 词 形容 词 副 词 数 词 连 词 量 词 冠 词 汉语词数636 167 11 186 27 41 70 70 39 17 8 % 26% 2% 29% 4% 7% 11% 11% 6% 3% 1% 英语词数907 238 99 105 19 30 98 104 43 28 5 84 % 26% 11% 12% 2% 3% 11% 11% 5% 3% 7% 9% （2）“英国首相撒切尔夫人在中国欢迎宴会上的讲话”及汉译文 语言总 数名词介词动词助动非限定 动词 代词形容 词 副词数 词 连词量词冠 词 汉语词数324 99 9 72 5 36 22 42 15 13 2 % 31% 3% 22% 2% 11% 7% 13% 4% 4% 0.6% 英语词数366 91 49 41 1 9 39 50 22 13 23 28 % 25% 14% 11% 0.2% 2% 10% 14% 6% 4% 6% 8% 上述结果表明，若要在英汉互译中，若要翻译出地道的T arget Text，就应当尽量符合Target Language的表达习惯。这必然包含必 要的词性转换。在进行英译汉时，根据需要将英文中的名词，介词等
英汉语言对比练习答案2
1．翻译下列句子，注意调整语序 1）A reader’s perception of the loose, slangy, colloquial, shirt-sleeved quality of much modern prose will be sharpened if he has experienced the conscious elegance of eighteenth-century writers and the solemn lecture-hall pronouncements of the Victorians. （按照逻辑顺序译） 【译文】如果一位读者读过18世纪作家的作品，体会到其刻意追求典雅的语言风格，又读过维多利亚女王时代的人在演讲大厅上所作的庄严的发言，他定能更深刻地理解很多现代散文作品那种结构松散、口语色彩浓、好用俚语、不拘形式的语言风格。 2）He felt a qualm in his stomach, and it was more in memory of his own loneliness than anticipation of hers.（按照信息中心译） 【译文】他感到一阵心酸，与其说是预见了她的凄凉，倒不如说是想到了他自己的孤独。 3）Based on national realities and taking reasonable aspects of foreign economies, Chinese economists are working to establish socialist market economy, which ensures economic activities follow the requirements of the law of value and the changing relationship between supply and demand. （按照搭配需要译） 【译文】在立足本国实际和借鉴海外经济合理成分的基础上，中国经济学者正致力于建立社会主义市场经济，要保证经济活动遵循价值规律的要求，适应供求关系的变化。 4）For example, a girl student who had difficulty studying made dramatic strides when she got a better desk lamp and moved her desk away from her bed.（按照时间顺序）【译文】例如，有位女学生，原来学习很吃力，但自从换了一盏好台灯，并把桌子从床边搬开以后，学习就取得了长足的进步。
英汉对比与翻译作业答案
The Assignment of a Contrastive Approach to Translation Between English and Chinese ( III ) 翻译下列句子或语段： 1.Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it. 想起母亲，他才鼓足勇气继续做了下去。 2.It was only my capacity for hard work that saved me from early dismissal. 要不是我能干重活，早就给辞退了。 3.China’s support is constant source of encouragement to us in the pursuit of social and economic development and the maintenance of national independence. 中国的支持始终鼓励我们去追求社会和经济发展，维护国家独立。 4.Robots have found application for the exploration of the outer space. 机器人已用于探索外层空间。 5.He’s a big eater. 他这人非常能吃。 6.Of the girl’s sensations they remained a little in doubt. 译文一：姑娘的心思他们一时还无法断定。 译文二：他们一时还无法断定姑娘的心思。 7.He is inexperienced in driving. 译文一：开车他没有经验。 译文二：他开车方面没有经验。 8.And am I not indebted to you for the bread I eat? 译文一：我眼下有口饭吃，还不是多亏了你吗？ 译文二：还不是多亏了你，我眼下才有口饭吃。 9.I’ll make my own decision in marriage. 译文一：婚姻的事我自己做主。 译文二：婚姻上我要自己做主。 译文三：我的婚姻我做主。 10.父母爱护子女无微不至。 译文一：Parents’ love of their children is perfect and minute. 译文二：Parents love their children perfectly and minutely. 译文三：Parents are perfect and minute in loving their children. 11.一定要少说空话，多做工作。 译文一: There must be less empty talk and more hard work. 译文二：We should talk less and do more hard work. 12.德国入侵波兰在全世界引起轰动。 译文一: German’s invasion of Poland caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 译文二：German invaded Poland and it caused an enormous sensation throughout the world. 13.上下班他一般坐地铁。 He usually rides subways to and from work. 14.端午节吃粽子。 People eat rice dumplings on the Dragon Boat Festival. 15.这会儿正下着毛毛雨。 It’s drizzling at the moment. 16.不逢北国之秋，已将近十余年了。 译文一: I have not seen autumn in the North for over ten years. 译文二： It is more than a decade since I last saw autumn in the North. 17.众庄客一头笑着，扶了洪教头，羞颜满面，自投庄外去了。 The tenants burst into laughter and supported the fully shamefaced Master Hong in going out of the house. 18.沉默呵，沉默！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。 Silence, silence! Unless one bursts out, he shall perish in this silence. 注意：请大家在做作业之前，仔细阅读课本中“刚性与柔性” (Rigid vs. S upple)、“静态与动态” （Static vs. Dynamic）两章内容。
英汉语言对比-练习题-2-reference answers
Chapter 2 Ⅰ. Answer Questions 15This is because English language has rigid rules on sentence structure centered on subject-predicate；English sentences are developed from subject-predicate structures. 16The simplest English sentence consists of only a subject and a predicate, based on which many components are attached or derived. And the verb is the core, the number of nouns attachable to the verb is called the verb’s valence. As Chinese language focuses on internal theme instead of external representation, Chinese sentences can hardly be classified according to verb variation like English sentences are 17SV, SVP,SVO, SVOO,SVOC 18Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclamative. 19A) to add modifiers; B) to extend the elements in the basic sentence a) grammatical concord; b) notional concord; c）principle of proximity 20It can be verbs, nouns, or adjectives; it can be one verb or more than one verbs or nor verbs; it can be one word or word phrases. Nouns and pronouns （包括代词） verbs：吃饭好 words referring to time, location, conditions：只有下定决心才行preposition：由你负责此事 phrases：我疯了怎么可能？我就这样怎么了？ 21Theme sentences; transitive sentence; relative sentences; exclamative sentence; existential sentence; ownership sentence; descriptive sentence; and explicative sentence 22In summary, Chinese sentences are characterized in three uncertainties—Uncertainty of subject; uncertainty of predicate; uncertainty in the relation between subject and predicate. 23Chinese sentence variation is embodied by large number of ambiguous sentences and full sentence and minor sentences. For example: 他欠你的钱；是前天发的电报；房间干干净净。 24Jespersen points out, analysis means suppleness, and synthesis means regidity; in analytic language you have the power of kaleidoscopically arranging and rearranging the elements that in synthetic forms are in rigid connexion. Ⅱ. Fill in the Blanks 25名词性短语和动词性短语 26.主语+谓语；主语+动词+表语；主语+动词+宾语；主语+动词+
英汉语言对比研究期末复习重点
综合语:A synthetic language is “characterized by frequent and systematic use of inflected forms to express grammatical relationships”. 分析语:An analytic language is “characterized by a relatively frequent use of function words, auxiliary verbs, and changes in word order to express syntactic relations, rather than of inflected forms.” 名词化：Nominalization refers to the replacement of clauses,which contain finite verbs,with complex structures consisting of nouns and noun adjuncts. 词化：lexicalization refers to the device that one word is used to express the meaning that one clause or phrase denotes. 形合：The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives ,for example,I shall despair if you don’t come. 意合：The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them. 1.英语、汉语语篇模式 英语：演绎式是英语语篇结构的基本模式。英国人习惯开门见山，一落笔就点明主题、交代要点。然后再逐层细叙、分析推理，较常按照从一般到细节、从概括到具体、从整体到个体的原则。 汉语：比较注重话题，注重意识流，注重事理和先后顺序，常常采用非演绎式的、往往是领悟式的归纳型或是螺旋式的思维模式 英译汉时破局重组化繁为简 Eg ;In the doorway lay at least twelve umbrellas of all sizes and colors. 门口放着一推雨伞，少说也有十二把，五颜六色，大小不一。 门口放着至少有十二把五颜六色、大小不一的雨伞。 2 形合意合表现在哪些方面 英语形合：关系词和连接词介词形态变化形式等其他连接手段 汉语意合：语序反复、排比、对偶、对照紧缩局四字格 3英语句子扩展表现在那些方面 增加句子修饰语 扩展基本句型的成分 基本句型的组合 4名词作形容词举例注意那些方面 报刊标题Job Opportunity Discrimination 科技文章space shuttle flight test program 注意方面 名词定语与被修饰词之间存在种种不同的语义关系 名词定语与被修饰词之间的语义关系常常不能从字面上判断出来也不能简单的把前一个名词理解为修饰语而已 要正确理解其含义，往往还要联系其语境甚至社会文化背景知识 过分堆积名词，认为这会使语言失去活力，缺乏动态感，有时还会造成语义含混，甚至产生歧义 几个名词连用，也会让人分不清修饰词与被修饰词，甚至分不清词类。
英汉语言十大差异
英汉语言十大差异 语言毕竟是文化的载体，语言与文化，甚至历史、地理、风俗、政治、经济等常常水乳交融，它们无孔不入地反作用于语言，使语言打上深深的文化烙印。英汉翻译者，若不知英汉各自的特点，不知两者的差异，是不能想象的。不要以为，汉语是我们的母语，从牙牙学语开始，便开始接触汉语，因此，就想象自己很了解汉语。其实，这是一种误解。汉语到底有什么特点? 就汉语论汉语，因为没有距离，就看不真切，因为没有比较，就看不明白!只有当汉语和英语比肩而立，碰撞交流，才会燃爆出绚丽的火花，两者之差异，才会赫然呈现。 目前，从事英汉对比研究的学者和专著在我国并不少，但是，当我们放眼这个领域，就觉得有必要正面回答一个问题：英汉对比研究的目的是什么? 弄明白英汉的差异，并不是我们研究的最终目标，至多只能是一种手段而已，而手段总得服务于一定的目的。英汉对比研究的一个重要的目的应该是：服务于翻译。 译界的实践证明：只有对英汉之差异了然于心，译者才能做到下笔如有神。下面结合英汉翻译的实际，对英汉之间的明显差异作鸟瞰式分析和归纳。 1．英语重形合(Hypotaxis)，汉语重意合(Parataxis) 汉语重意合，结构松弛，多以意思连接的积累式分句(Accumulative Clause)或独立的单句(independent Sentence)，其彼此的逻辑关系多以句序之先后加以暗示。 有的语言学家以“竹节句法”写英句，所谓“竹节”，则指其断不可缺的种种连接词(Connectives)；有以“流水句法”写汉句，所谓“流水”，指少用乃至不用连接词的行文流畅。 美国的翻译学家Eugene A．Nida在其Translating Meanings (1983)一书中曾经深入浅出地说明了英汉这一差异： 就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学上最重要的一个区别就是形合和意合的对比，在英语以及大多数的印欧语言中，句子的从属关系大多是用连接词如，although，because，when，in order that，so及so that等词明确地表达出来。但是，这同一概念，我们用意合的方法基本上也可以表达出来；那就尽说，将两个句子放在一起并无连接词表明其相互关系，而从句子本身的意思中体现出来。例如，我们说because it is late，I must leave．在这里两个句子的逻辑关系是用连接词 because加以表达的。然而我们也可以说it is late，I must leave．在这里，虽然无明确的词汇表明彼此的关系，但是这种关系显然是存在的。 以上Nida所言，有一点需要加以纠正。他说：“我们也可以说It is 1ate，I must leave．” 此议不妥，因为这样缺乏连接词的英句是不合其表达习惯的，至少也是拙句(C1umsy Sentence)。比如： An Englishman who could not speak Chinese was once travelling in China． 译文：一个英国人，不会说中国话，有一次在中国旅行。 英语原句是一个典型的形合句，而相应的汉译则是意合句。假如，将英语原句改成意合句，那读上去还有英语味吗? There was an Englishman．He could not speak Chinese．He was once travelling in China．同理，假如我们将此句译成：一个不会说中国话的英国人有一次在中国旅行。读上去便稍有绕口之嫌。 从语法范畴分析， 英语动词的时体显得极为丰富，从理论言，英语有十六个时态。若就“形态结构”的视角进行观察比较，似又可得出这样一个结论：英语是一种更为形式化的语言，它注重形式的变化。就语法范畴言，英语的代词（名词）可以有性、数或格的形态变化， 动词还可有时、体、态、气等形态变化，等等。