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Inhibition of mercury release from forest soil by high atmospheric

deposition of Ca 2+and SO 2à

Yao Luo a ,Lei Duan a ,b ,?,Guangyi Xu c ,Jiming Hao a ,b

State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,School of Environment,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China b

Collaborative Innovation Centre for Regional Environmental Quality,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China c

Shenzhen Academy of Environment Sciences,Shenzhen 518001,China

h i g h l i g h t s

Hg release from forest soil was inhibited by high deposition of Ca

and SO 2à

The elevated organic S enhanced the capacity of surface soil to bind Hg.

Soil Hg emission may increase in the future due to stringent control of PM and SO 2.

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:

Received 1July 2014

Received in revised form 14March 2015Accepted 23March 2015

Available online 15May 2015Handling Editor:X.Cao

Keywords:

Flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG)Mercury

Natural source Forest soil Organic sulfur

Atmospheric deposition

a b s t r a c t

As one of the most important natural mercury (Hg)sources,soil release (emission to the atmosphere or leaching to soil water)depends on various factors,some of which can be affected by atmospheric depo-sition.We studied the effect of ?ue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG)addition on soil Hg release in a Masson pine (Pinus massoniana )forest in southwestern China.FGDG addition simulated atmospheric

deposition of Ca 2+,SO 2à

4and Hg,which are commonly high in China.Results showed that Hg concentra-tion in soil water decreased with the gypsum treatment,suggesting that the mobility of Hg in mineral soil was reduced.Moreover,the application of gypsum also seems to have decreased Hg emission from the soil,shown by the lower Hg contents in leaf tissues of ground vegetation in the treated plots than in the reference.Both Hg mobility in the soil and Hg emission to the atmosphere were decreased despite the additional Hg input from FGDG.The decreased DOC concentration in soil water and the elevated organic sulfur content in the soil O e &O a horizons were speculated to result in an enhanced capacity of surface soil to bind Hg,and thus to reduce Hg release from the soil.However,with the increasingly stringent control of particulate matter (PM)and sulfur dioxide (SO 2)emissions in China,the deposition

of Ca 2+and SO 2à

4is expected to decrease,and their ability to inhibit soil Hg release is likely to decline in the future.

1.Introduction

Mercury pollution is a global environmental concern due to its harm to human beings (Jensen and Jernel?v,1969;Mergler et al.,2007).In terrestrial ecosystem,forest soil is an important natural source of Hg.Not only can Hg be leached out from forest soil through soil water (Hintelmann et al.,2002),but also large amounts of Hg emit to the atmosphere (Lindberg et al.,1979;Xiao et al.,1991).The soil properties,such as pH value,Hg content and humic matter content,may in?uence Hg release signi?cantly (Gillis and Miller,2000;Mauclair et al.,2008).As soil properties can be greatly affected by atmospheric deposition (e.g.,soil acidi?-cation),it is important to clarify the effects of atmospheric deposi-tion on forest soil Hg release.

China is currently the world’s top emitter of anthropogenic Hg due to enormous coal combustion,nonferrous metals production and so on (Pirrone et al.,2010;Wang et al.,2010;Wu et al.,2012),which results in high Hg deposition in China.The Hg depo-sition in remote areas and urban areas in China were 1–2times and 1–2magnitude respectively higher than those in North America and Europe (Fu et al.,2012).Recent estimation using CMAQ-Hg model showed that dry deposition of Hg in the east of China in 2005was generally more than 40l g m à2yr à1,and wet deposition

?Corresponding author at:State Key laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control,School of Environment,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China.Tel.:+86(10)62783758;fax:+86(10)62773957.

E-mail address:lduan@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/713271513.html, (L.Duan).

more than20l g mà2yrà1(Lin et al.,2010),much higher than the total Hg deposition in northeastern North America(21.3l g mà2-yrà1;Miller et al.,2005)and in Japan(20.8l g mà2yrà1;Sakata and Marumoto,2005).Large amounts of Hg in soil deposited from atmosphere would be harmful to human beings or reemitted from soil.

Due to serious pollution of particulate matter(PM)and sulfur dioxide(SO2),atmospheric deposition in China has also high con-

tents of Ca2+and SO2à

4.The deposition?uxes of Ca2+and SO2à

some monitored sites in southern and southwestern China(Ca2+:

0.8–5.7keq haà1yrà1,SO2à

:1.5–10.5keq haà1yrà1;Larssen et al., 2011)are much higher than those in North America and Europe during the peak period of acid deposition.This high deposition may change soil chemical properties and then in?uence the soil Hg release.With the increasingly stringent control of PM and SO2

emissions in China,however,the deposition of Ca2+and SO2à

and its in?uence on the Hg release are expected to decrease in the future(Zhao et al.,2011).

In order to study the effects of the high deposition of Ca2+and

SO2à

on soil Hg release,we applied?ue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG),which is generated in the process of?ue gas desulfuriza-tion(FGD)and mainly consists of CaSO4and a little residual CaCO3,on forest soil to simulate the additional atmospheric depo-

sition of Ca2+,SO2à

and Hg.Gypsum(CaSO4á2H2O)was used

instead of Ca2+and SO2à

solution because more than two thirds

of the deposition of Ca2+and SO2à

in China is through dry deposi-

tion(Larssen et al.,2011),and most of Ca2+and SO2à

in atmo-spheric particles exists as gypsum(Takahashi et al.,2008;Quan et al.,2008;Ma et al.,2013).The gypsum also contains some Hg, because Hg in?ue gas can be transferred into the gypsum during the FGD process(Kairies et al.,2006;Wang et al.,2010).After the gypsum application,the decrease in Hg concentration in soil water was expected to be found,because the gypsum could decrease DOC concentration in soil water which showed strong positive correlation to Hg concentration in water(Evans et al., 1988;Akerblom et al.,2008).However,the change of soil Hg0 emission was uncertain.On one side,Hg0emission may be increased because of the additional Hg inputs(Coolbaugh et al., 2002);on the other side,gypsum could elevate organic nitrogen content in soil(Belkacem and Nys,1995)which could enhance the capability of soil to bind Hg and decrease Hg0emission.Hg leaching in soil water and Hg content in soil and vegetation in the forest were investigated during2010–2011.Although Hg emis-sion?ux from soil was not measured directly,the change of?ux was re?ected by the change of Hg content in leaf tissues of ground vegetation,because numerous studies have indicated that most of the Hg in leaves originates from the atmosphere(Ericksen et al., 2003;Ericksen and Gustin,2004;Millhollen et al.,2006;Fay and Gustin,2007).Here we hypothesize:(1)Hg concentration in soil water will be decreased by the gypsum application;and(2)the soil Hg0emission will be in?uenced by the changes of soil chemical properties,which can be re?ected in leaves tissues.

2.Materials and methods

2.1.Site description

The?eld manipulation experiment was carried out in a Masson pine(Pinus massoniana)forest at Tieshanping(29°380N,106°410E), about25km northeast of Chongqing City in southwestern China. Masson pine forests,either natural or planted,are widely dis-tributed in the humid subtropical areas of southern China(Wu, 1980).The annual mean temperature and precipitation at the experimental site were18.2°C and1105mm respectively from 1971to2000(Meteorological Station of Chongqing),with an annual average precipitation pH of4.0–4.2(Larssen et al.,2011). Atmospheric deposition of sulfur(8–10keq haà1yrà1),nitrogen (about3keq haà1yrà1,with two-thirds NH4+and one-third NOà

) and Ca2+(about6keq haà1yrà1)is high and the soil is a Haplic Acrisol which is acidic(pH3.6–4.2)(Larssen et al.,2011).

2.2.FGDG component analysis and application

The gypsum(FGDG)used in this study was obtained from a coal-?red power plant in Chongqing city.Total Hg content of the gypsum was analyzed by a direct Hg analyzer(DMA80,Milestone Inc.,Italy),and Soluble Hg content was measured by sulfuric acid leaching(see SI).The contents of other elements(e.g.Ca and S) were measured by ICP-AES(Thermo Jarrell Ash,USA)after being decomposed by concentrated nitric acid.Carbonate(CaCO3)con-tent was quanti?ed using a titration method.

The gypsum(FGDG)used in this study was about88%pure (CaSO4á2H2O),with8%of CaCO3due to the use of excessive desul-furizing agent(limestone)in the FGD process.The amount of CaCO3addition was approximately1.00keq haà1yrà1,which could neutralize about10%of sulfur deposition.The total Hg concentra-tion was910±10l g kgà1,and around20%was soluble Hg.The amount of soluble Hg did not vary with water pH according to the leaching experiments(Table S1in SI),indicating that the insol-uble Hg in FGDG was quite stable against acid and might be mer-curic sul?de(HgS)(Rallo et al.,2010).

In October2009,six10?10m2plots were established in a homogeneous forest.The distance between the nearest plots was about10m.The plots were randomly divided into two groups, each with three replicates.One group was treated by the gypsum (FGDG)and the other was used as a control,denoted as FGDG and Control,respectively.The gypsum was sprinkled onto the for-est?oor manually at a dose of63.4g mà2in December2009and then at a dose of70.0g mà2in May2011for each FGDG plot. The dose was chosen to approximately double the annual deposi-tion of Ca2+in this area.Buffer zone with1m width around each FGDG plot was also treated.The visible layer of the gypsum disap-peared soon after rain and did not in?uence the air/surface exchange.

2.3.Sample collection and chemical analysis

In October2009,four throughfall(TF)collectors were placed in the corners of each plot,and two series of lysimeters were installed close to the center of each plot.The throughfall collector consisted of a funnel with a certain sectional area to collect throughfall and a bottle to store water.The material of the two sections was PET (polyethylene terephthalate),which was found to be hard to absorb mercury(Parker and Bloom,2005).Each series of lysimeters contained a zero-tension plate lysimeters(0.30?0.30m2) installed beneath the organic layer(S0),and three rhizons(which are made of inert polymer with very low metal absorption and suitable for trace metal research;Knight et al.,1998)installed at 5,15,and30cm depth in the mineral soil(layers S1,S2,and S3). One series was used for Hg measurement,the sample bottles of which were pre-added with4mL of6mol Là1-ultrapure HCl to inhibit the transformation and absorption of Hg in the bottles. The other series was used for measurements of pH value,ion con-centrations and dissolved organic carbon(DOC).Since the begin-ning of2010,throughfall and soil water from each layer were gathered weekly and refrigerated immediately.The samples of every four weeks were pooled into a bulk sample(monthly sam-ple)for chemical analysis.

114Y.Luo et al./Chemosphere134(2015)113–119

Litterfall in each plot was gathered monthly from four1?1m2 square collectors,each close to a throughfall collector.Herbaceous ground vegetation was examined in?ve permanently marked 1?1m2quadrates in each plot.The?ve quadrates were dis-tributed in such a way that each quadrat contained at least one of the major species in the forest(Woodwardia japonica, Dryopteris fuscipes,Dicranopteris pedata or Miscanthus sinensis), and all major species were included in the?ve quadrates.Only cur-rent-year leaves of those four species,which is generally30–60cm in height,were collected from each quadrate for chemical analysis. For fern(W.japonica,D.fuscipes and D.pedata),three pinnately compound leaves were completely cut by a steel scissor;for grass (M.sinensis),at least?ve leaves were cut.To measure needle Hg content,three branches were cut randomly from the crown top of each of the two highest Masson pines in each plot(15–25m), and1000current-year needles were gathered from the branches. The leaves sampling was conducted in early November(at the end of the growing season)of each year.

Soil was collected in October2009(before treatment)and October2011(about two years after treatment)from six layers of each plot,i.e.,O i horizon(undecomposed litter layer),O e&O a horizons(moderately decomposed organic matter layer&humus layer),A horizon(mineral soil0–2cm)and B1–B3horizons(min-eral soil2–5cm,5–15cm,and15–30cm,respectively).In each plot,three soil pro?les were sampled,and three samples from the same layer were mixed to one https://www.wendangku.net/doc/713271513.html,anic soil was picked from forest?oor using clean latex gloves and stainless spade,while mineral soil was collected using soil auger.All soil and plant sam-ples were immediately bagged in plastic bags and stored in an insulation box with ice bags until transport to laboratory.

After pH was analyzed,water samples were?ltered through a 0.45-l m glass?ber?lter.Total dissolved Hg concentration was measured by cold vapor atomic?uorescence spectrometry (CVAFS)(Tekran model2600system,Tekran Inc.,Canada),follow-ing the modi?ed U.S.EPA Method1631guideline(Holmes and

Lean,2006).Concentrations of other ions(e.g.NOà

3and NHt

)were

measured by ion chromatography(IC)(ICS2000,Dionex Inc., America).Dissolved organic carbon was analyzed using a total organic carbon analyzer(TOC-V CPH,Shimadzu Inc.,Japan). Litterfall,needles and vegetation samples were washed by deion-ized water to remove the dust adsorbed on their surface,dried at 50°C for3d,and then milled.Soil samples were air-dried at room temperature and milled.Total Hg concentrations in the solid sam-ples above were analyzed using DMA80.The contents of C,N and S in organic matter of soil were measured by a dry combustion method(Vario EL cube,Elementar Inc.,Germany).The information about QA/QC was given in Supplemental Information(SI).

Hg2+adsorption capacity of soil organic matter(O e&O a hori-zons)collected from each plot was measured in laboratory(see SI).The capacity of decomposed organic matter to bind Hg2+is assessed by a distribution coef?cient,D(mL gà1)(Khwaja et al., 2006;Dong et al.,2011),de?ned as the ratio of the Hg adsorbed on the solid phase([Hg2+]s,in ng gà1)and the equilibrium Hg con-centration in solution([Hg2+]aq,in ng Là1)

D??Hg2t

s =?Hg2t

e1T

2.4.Data analysis

Monitoring data of Hg,DOC and NOà

concentrations and pH of throughfall and soil water were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance(RMANOVA)with the month(January2010–December2011)as the within-subjects factor and liming treat-ment as the between-subjects factor.One-way ANOVA was used for analyzing the differences of Hg content in major ground vegetation species,litterfall and pine needles,and C,N and S con-

tents and Hg distribution coef?cient(D)of decomposed organic matter.

3.Results

3.1.Hg in throughfall,soil,and soil water

Although a large amount of Hg(121l g mà2,20%soluble)was spread on the forest?oor along with the gypsum application,the average Hg concentrations in the soil water of FGDG plots were decreased(by17%,8%,37%and43%for S0,S1,S2and S3;only sig-ni?cantly in S2and S3by RMANOVA)over the two years(Fig.1). Before treatment,there was no obvious difference of Hg content in soil among plots,with average values of206l g kgà1in soil O e &O a horizons,166l g kgà1in soil A horizon and64l g kgà1in soil B horizon.After treatment,the Hg content in soil O e&O a horizons of FGDG plots increased to398l g kgà1in November2011,but in other horizons remained the same.No obvious difference in Hg concentrations in TF was detected between the two types of plots (Fig.1),indicating that atmospheric deposition of Hg was similar (with the average value of67.5l g mà2yrà1similar with the total Hg input by the gypsum application(60.5l g mà2yrà1)). Compared with the Control plots,the gypsum application decreased the average concentrations of DOC and NOà

in S1,S2, and S3(signi?cant in S1,S2and S3for DOC,and in S1and S2for

NOà

by RMANOVA)over the two years but increased the pH(sig-ni?cant in S1by RMANOVA)(Fig.1).

3.2.Hg in leaves and litterfall

The average Hg contents in leaf tissues of ground vegetation in the FGDG plots were generally lower than in the Control plots (being34%,9%,25%and9%lower for W.japonica,D.fuscipes,D.ped-ata and M.sinensis;signi?cant in W.japonica and D.pedata,Fig.2). There were no signi?cant differences in litterfall and needles between the two types of plots(Fig.2).

3.3.Hg adsorption by organic matter

The decomposed organic matter layers(O e&O a horizons)of the FGDG plots had signi?cantly higher Hg distribution coef?cients(D) than those of the Control plots,and the contents of N and S in the decomposed organic matter were signi?cantly raised by the gypsum application(Fig.3).However,no signi?cant increase of C content was observed(Fig.3).

4.Discussion

4.1.Inhibited soil Hg leaching to soil water by FGDG addition

No signi?cant increase of soil water Hg concentration in S0was detected,suggesting that most of Hg with the gypsum application was retained in the organic layer.Previous studies found that organic matter showed strong capability of binding Hg because of the existence of numerous organic groups,especially the reduced organic sulfur sites(e.g.,thiols(R–SH)and disul?de (R–SS–R)/disulfane(R–SSH))(Laskowski et al.,1995;Hesterberg et al.,2001).The organic S concentration in the O e&O a horizons was1.08±0.07g kgà1in the Control plots,and the value was sig-ni?cantly increased to 1.53±0.18g kgà1in the FGDG plots (Fig.3),both of which were lower than the organic S concentration in the two studies mentioned before(1.65–2.68g kgà1;Laskowski et al.,1995;Hesterberg et al.,2001).Part of the organic S in organic matter was in reduced form(Khwaja et al.,2006).

Y.Luo et al./Chemosphere134(2015)113–119115

The average dissolved organic carbon(DOC)concentrations in the soil water decreased in the FGDG plots(Fig.1),probably due to the increased ionic strength caused by the dissolution of gypsum (Evans et al.,1988;Duan et al.,2008).Since DOC displayed a pos-itive correlation with the Hg concentration in soil water(R2=0.38,p<0.01;Fig.S1in SI;which agrees with other studies(e.g., Lindberg and Harriss,1975;Driscoll et al.,1995;Ravichandran, 2004)),the lower DOC concentrations may be an important reason for the lower Hg concentrations in the soil water of the FGDG plots. Another reason may be the increased pH of soil water(Fig.1)in the

The average Hg,DOC and NOà

concentrations and pH of throughfall and soil water.?,??and???denote signi?cant differences at the p<0.05,p<0.01and p respectively,according to a RMANOVA.All the statistical analysis results for the?gure are listed in Table S2(a)in SI.The abbreviations of the X axis represent throughfall(TF)and soil water(at different soil depths:S0,beneath organic matter;S1,5cm;S2,15cm;and S3,30cm).

Fig.2.The average Hg contents in litterfall,needles of Masson pine and leaf tissues

four herbaceous plants in2010and2011.?and??denote signi?cant differences the p<0.05and p<0.01levels according to a one-way ANOVA.All the statistical analysis results for the?gure are listed in Table S2(b)in SI.WJ:Woodwardia japonica,DF:Dryopteris fuscipes,DP:Dicranopteris pedata,MS:Miscanthus sinensis.Fig.3.The contents of C,N,and S(g kgà1)and Hg distribution coef?cient(D) organic matter(in O e&O a horizon).n=9;?and??denote signi?cant differences between the two plot types at the p<0.05and p<0.01levels according to a one-way ANOVA;R2represents the correlation between two elements.

FGDG plots.The lower DOC concentration and higher pH also decreased the concentrations of other heavy metals(e.g.Cr,Cu, Pb,Ni and Cd)in soil water of the FGDG plots(Luo et al.,2012). The decrease in nitrate(NOà

)concentrations in the soil water of the FGDG plots(Fig.1),which was as also found in previous studies (Belkacem and Nys,1995),was probably due to the increase in N immobilization.

4.2.Inhibited soil Hg emission to the atmosphere by FGDG addition

Although Hg emission?ux from soil was not measured directly, lower Hg emission?ux from soil was indicated by the lower Hg contents in leaf tissues of major herbaceous plants in the FGDG plots than in the Control plots(Fig.2).Numerous studies have indi-cated that most of the Hg in leaves originates from the atmosphere as shown by the positive correlation between Hg concentrations in air and in leaf tissues(Ericksen et al.,2003;Ericksen and Gustin, 2004;Millhollen et al.,2006;Fay and Gustin,2007).These studies using environmentally controlled growth chambers indicated that almost all of the Hg in leaf tissues was from air but not from soil. Leaf tissues of the ground vegetation can therefore re?ect the Hg concentration in ambient air near forest soil.Since the space under forest canopy is relatively closed,the Hg concentration in air near forest soil would be greatly affected by soil emission.Soil emission may then affect the Hg content in ground vegetation which was very close to soil surface(averagely40cm in height).The Hg con-centration in the air near forest?oor(5cm height)has been mea-sured for two d(in November4,2010and May27,2011).The results showed that the Hg concentration in the FGDG plots were signi?cantly lower than that in the Control plots(Fig.S2in SI), which was consistent with the observation results of leaf tissues. Because the direct measurements of Hg in the air were very lim-ited,the Hg concentration in the leaf tissues of herbaceous plants would be more representative for Hg concentration in the air near forest?oor.In contrast,the height of Masson pine in the forest is higher than15m,and the Hg content in litterfall and needles therefore could not be easily affected by soil emission from a rela-Hg2+by the soil(Hesterberg et al.,2001;Khwaja et al.,2006; Dong et al.,2011).In addition,Hg0can be oxidized by thiol func-tional groups(–SH)via oxidative complexation(Zheng et al., 2012),directly decreasing Hg emission.

Since both decomposed organic matter(solid phase)and dis-solved organic matter(liquid phase)contain reduced organic S groups,the Hg concentration of equilibrium solutions in the adsorption experiment depends on the competitive bonding of Hg2+by organic S groups in DOC versus in decomposed organic matter.The adsorption experiment indicated that the distribution coef?cient(D)of Hg2+had a signi?cant positive correlation with the organic S content in decomposed organic matter,but a negative correlation with the DOC concentration in solution(Fig.4).The organic S content in decomposed organic matter of FGDG plots was signi?cantly raised,but no obvious change in DOC concentra-tions in solutions was observed(Fig.4).Therefore,the enhance-ment of Hg2+-binding in the FGDG plots was mainly due to the increase of organic S content in the decomposed organic matter.

The increase of organic S content was consistent with the increase of organic N content in the FGDG plots(Fig.3),which means that the increased soil N immobilization caused by FGDG application resulted in increasing content of not only organic N, but also organic S in the soil.In organisms,most N and S are pre-sent in the form of proteins(Dijkshoorn and van Wijk,1967),hence a positive correlation between N and S contents exists during the processes of organic matter decomposition(Tabatabai and Al-Khafaji,1980),explaining the observed positive correlation between N and S contents in the soil(Fig.S3in SI;R2=0.64, p=0.027).

4.3.Hg Fluxes and pools

Before the gypsum treatment,the Hg content in soil was very similar for all plots,and there was no obvious spatial difference in each plot.The gypsum applications introduced averagely 60.5l g mà2yrà1Hg into the forest(with the doses of soluble Hg being about11.5l g mà2in2009and12.7l g mà2in2011,similar

coef?cient(D)versus organic S in the solid phase(left)and DOC in the liquid phase(right).n=9;?and??denote signi?cant differences

0.05and p<0.01levels according to a one-way ANOVA.

Y.Luo et al./Chemosphere134(2015)113–119117

not change).Compared to the reported Hg emission ?ux from soil in the Control plots (73.6l g m à2yr à1,about 82%of the total input by litterfall and throughfall)(Wang et al.,2009),the emission ?ux from the soil was reduced by approximately 11%by the gypsum application in this study.4.4.Environmental implications

For the acid forest soils primarily in southern China,high depo-sition of Ca 2+and SO 2à

4during the past three decades may lower Hg release from soil (both emission and leaching).Because some of the natural Hg sources are re-emissions of deposited Hg from anthro-pogenic emissions (Lindberg et al.,2007),the effect of atmospheric deposition may lower the net anthropogenic Hg emissions from China which is involved in global Hg transport.However,this high deposition,correlated with serious pollution of PM and acid deposition,is likely to decrease in the near future.To decrease the emission of acid pollutants mainly for improving air quality,the Chinese government has set compulsory SO 2and PM emission limits (Zhao et al.,2011).Accompanied by PM emission control applied to the cement industry and other anthropogenic sources,Ca 2+deposition will rapidly decrease in the future in China,and thus delay the recovery from acidi?cation by emission abatement of SO 2and NO x (Zhao et al.,2011).At the same time,the risk of increasing Hg emission from soil can also be expected.

5.Conclusions

This study investigated the effect of high atmospheric deposi-tion of Ca 2+and SO 2à

4on the Hg release from forest soil by applying the gypsum (FGDG)on the soil.Although a large amount of Hg was

input to the forest soil through FGDG,the gypsum treatment reduced the Hg concentration in soil water,as well as the soil Hg emission (shown by the lower Hg contents in leaf tissues of ground vegetation).Most of the Hg in the gypsum was retained in the soil O e &O a horizons.The decreased DOC concentration in soil water and the elevated organic sulfur content in surface soil after the gypsum treatment were speculated to be the reasons for the decrease in Hg release from the soil.Soil Hg emission is likely to increase in the future since the atmospheric deposition of Ca 2+

and SO 2à

is expected to decrease with the stringent control of PM and SO 2in China.

Acknowledgements

The research is ?nancially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.20877047,21221004,and 21377064).

Appendix A.Supplementary material

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The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法）举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法：在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

The way的用法及其含义(二)

The way的用法及其含义（二）二、the way在句中的语法作用 the way在句中可以作主语、宾语或表语： 1.作主语 The way you are doing it is completely crazy.你这个干法简直发疯。 The way she puts on that accent really irritates me. 她故意操那种口音的样子实在令我恼火。The way she behaved towards him was utterly ruthless. 她对待他真是无情至极。 Words are important, but the way a person stands, folds his or her arms or moves his or her hands can also give us information about his or her feelings. 言语固然重要,但人的站姿,抱臂的方式和手势也回告诉我们他(她)的情感。 2.作宾语 I hate the way she stared at me.我讨厌她盯我看的样子。 We like the way that her hair hangs down.我们喜欢她的头发笔直地垂下来。 You could tell she was foreign by the way she was dressed. 从她的穿著就可以看出她是外国人。 She could not hide her amusement at the way he was dancing. 她见他跳舞的姿势，忍俊不禁。 3.作表语 This is the way the accident happened.这就是事故如何发生的。 Believe it or not, that's the way it is. 信不信由你, 反正事情就是这样。 That's the way I look at it, too. 我也是这么想。 That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. 那就是少数民族在旧中

(完整版)the的用法

定冠词the的用法：定冠词the与指示代词this ,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西. (1)特指双方都明白的人或物 Take the medicine.把药吃了. (2)上文提到过的人或事 He bought a house.他买了幢房子. I've been to the house.我去过那幢房子. (3)指世界上独一无二的事物 the sun ,the sky ,the moon, the earth (4)单数名词连用表示一类事物 the dollar 美元 the fox 狐狸或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人 the rich 富人 the living 生者 (5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词等前面 Where do you live?你住在哪? I live on the second floor.我住在二楼. That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西. (6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) (7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂. (8)用在某些有普通名词构成的国家名称,机关团体,阶级等专有名词前 the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 (9)用在表示乐器的名词前 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴. (10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人 the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇) (11)用在惯用语中 in the day, in the morning... the day before yesterday, the next morning... in the sky... in the dark... in the end... on the whole, by the way...

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法

“tｈｅwａｙ+从句”结构的意义及用法首先让我们来看下面这个句子: Ｒead the foｌloｗｉnｇpassagｅａnd talkａbout ｉt wi ｔh your classmaｔes．Try tｏｔeｌl whaｔyｏu thiｎk ｏf Tom aｎd ｏｆｔhe ｗay the chiｌｄrenｔrｅated ｈim. 在这个句子中，ｔhe waｙ是先行词,后面是省略了关系副词that或in whｉch的定语从句。下面我们将叙述“the ｗaｙ+从句”结构的用法。 1.tｈe wａy之后，引导定语从句的关系词是tｈat而不是hoｗ,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典＞＞中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：Ｔhｉs is ｔｈeｗayｈowｉtｈａppened. This is the way how he ａlwａｙs treats me. 2．在正式语体中,thaｔ可被in which所代替;在非正式语体中，ｔhat则往往省略。由此我们得到theｗay后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) tｈe ｗaｙ＋ｔhａt-从句２）the way +ｉn whiｃh－从句3) the ｗay +从句例如：Ｔｈe way(in whiｃh ，thａt) ｔhｅｓｅｃomｒade ｓloｏｋａｔｐrobｌems is wrong．这些同志看问题的方法

不对。Ｔｈｅｗａy(that ,ｉn ｗhiｃh)yoｕ’ｒe doinｇit is comple ｔeｌy crａzy.你这么个干法,简直发疯。 Wｅａdmiｒｅd him for thｅｗay ｉｎｗhｉch he fａｃeｓdiｆficultieｓ． Waｌlａｃe ａｎd Ｄarwiｎｇreed ｏn the way ｉｎwhi ｃh ｄｉfｆｅrｅnt forms ｏf life had ｂegｕn.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 Thｉs is ｔｈe ｗaｙ（tｈａｔ) hｅdｉd it. I lｉkeｄｔhe waｙ(ｔhat) ｓｈeｏｒganized ｔhe ｍeetｉng． 3.theｗay(tｈat)有时可以与hｏw(作“如何”解）通用。例如： That’s tｈe ｗaｙ(tｈaｔ) shｅspoke. = Tｈat’s how shｅspoke.

way 用法

表示“方式”、“方法”，注意以下用法： 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式，通常用介词in(此介词有时可省略)。如： Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。 Please do not talk (in) that way. 请不要那样说。 2.表示做某事的方式或方法，其后可接不定式或of doing sth。如： It’s the best way of studying [to study] English. 这是学习英语的最好方法。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句，但是其后的从句不能由how 来引导。如：我不喜欢他说话的态度。正：I don’t like the way he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way that he spoke. 正：I don’t like the way in which he spoke. 误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4.注意以下各句the way 的用法： That’s the way (=how) he spoke. 那就是他说话的方式。 Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。 The way (=According as) you are studying now, you won’tmake much progress. 根据你现在学习情况来看，你不会有多大的进步。 2007年陕西省高考英语中有这样一道单项填空题： ——I think he is taking an active part insocial work. ——I agree with you_____. A、in a way B、on the way C、by the way D、in the way 此题答案选A。要想弄清为什么选A，而不选其他几项，则要弄清选项中含way的四个短语的不同意义和用法，下面我们就对此作一归纳和小结。一、in a way的用法表示：在一定程度上，从某方面说。如： In a way he was right.在某种程度上他是对的。注：in a way也可说成in one way。二、on the way的用法 1、表示：即将来(去)，就要来(去)。如： Spring is on the way.春天快到了。 I'd better be on my way soon.我最好还是快点儿走。 Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way.无线电预报说将有六级大风。 2、表示：在路上，在行进中。如： He stopped for breakfast on the way.他中途停下吃早点。 We had some good laughs on the way.我们在路上好好笑了一阵子。 3、表示：(婴儿)尚未出生。如： She has two children with another one on the way.她有两个孩子，现在还怀着一个。 She's got five children，and another one is on the way.她已经有5个孩子了，另一个又快生了。三、by the way的用法

The way的用法及其含义(一)

The way的用法及其含义（一）有这样一个句子：In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted. 1770年，这间琥珀屋按照她的要求完成了。 the way在句中的语法作用是什么？其意义如何？在阅读时，学生经常会碰到一些含有the way 的句子，如：No one knows the way he invented the machine. He did not do the experiment the way his teacher told him.等等。他们对the way 的用法和含义比较模糊。在这几个句子中，the way之后的部分都是定语从句。第一句的意思是，“没人知道他是怎样发明这台机器的。”the way的意思相当于how；第二句的意思是，“他没有按照老师说的那样做实验。”the way 的意思相当于as。在In 1770 the room was completed the way she wanted.这句话中，the way也是as的含义。随着现代英语的发展，the way的用法已越来越普遍了。下面，我们从the way的语法作用和意义等方面做一考查和分析：一、the way作先行词，后接定语从句以下3种表达都是正确的。例如：“我喜欢她笑的样子。” 1. the way+ in which +从句 I like the way in which she smiles. 2. the way+ that +从句 I like the way that she smiles. 3. the way + 从句(省略了in which或that) I like the way she smiles. 又如：“火灾如何发生的，有好几种说法。” 1. There were several theories about the way in which the fire started. 2. There were several theories about the way that the fire started.

way 的用法

way 的用法【语境展示】 1. Now I’ll show you how to do the experiment in a different way. 下面我来演示如何用一种不同的方法做这个实验。 2. The teacher had a strange way to make his classes lively and interesting. 这位老师有种奇怪的办法让他的课生动有趣。 3. Can you tell me the best way of working out this problem? 你能告诉我算出这道题的最好方法吗？ 4. I don’t know the way (that / in which) he helped her out. 我不知道他用什么方法帮助她摆脱困境的。 5. The way (that / which) he talked about to solve the problem was difficult to understand. 他所谈到的解决这个问题的方法难以理解。 6. I don’t like the way that / which is being widely used for saving water. 我不喜欢这种正在被广泛使用的节水方法。 7. They did not do it the way we do now. 他们以前的做法和我们现在不一样。【归纳总结】 ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，如表示“以……方式”，前面常加介词in。如例1； ●way作“方法，方式”讲时，其后可接不定式to do sth.，也可接of doing sth. 作定语，表示做某事的方法。如例2，例3；

the-way-的用法讲解学习

t h e-w a y-的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

way的用法总结大全

way的用法总结大全 way的用法你知道多少，今天给大家带来way的用法，希望能够帮助到大家，下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。 way的用法总结大全 way的意思 n. 道路,方法,方向,某方面 adv. 远远地，大大地 way用法 way可以用作名词 way的基本意思是“路,道,街,径”,一般用来指具体的“路,道路”,也可指通向某地的“方向”“路线”或做某事所采用的手段,即“方式,方法”。way还可指“习俗,作风”“距离”“附近,周围”“某方面”等。 way作“方法,方式,手段”解时,前面常加介词in。如果way前有this, that等限定词,介词可省略,但如果放在句首,介词则不可省略。

way作“方式,方法”解时,其后可接of v -ing或to- v 作定语,也可接定语从句,引导从句的关系代词或关系副词常可省略。 way用作名词的用法例句 I am on my way to the grocery store.我正在去杂货店的路上。 We lost the way in the dark.我们在黑夜中迷路了。 He asked me the way to London.他问我去伦敦的路。 way可以用作副词 way用作副词时意思是“远远地,大大地”,通常指在程度或距离上有一定的差距。 way back表示“很久以前”。 way用作副词的用法例句 It seems like Im always way too busy with work.我工作总是太忙了。 His ideas were way ahead of his time.他的思想远远超越了他那个时代。 She finished the race way ahead of the other runners.她第一个跑到终点,远远领先于其他选手。 way用法例句

the_way的用法大全教案资料

t h e_w a y的用法大全

The way 在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或 in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的

the way 的用法

The way 的用法 "the way+从句"结构在英语教科书中出现的频率较高, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 一.在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮.

the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms. 从那天起,其他同学是夹着书本来上课,而他们却带着"失败"的思想负担来上课.

The way的用法及其含义(三)

The way的用法及其含义（三）三、the way的语义 1. the way=as（像） Please do it the way I’ve told you.请按照我告诉你的那样做。 I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own.我和你说话就像和自己孩子说话一样。 Plant need water the way they need sun light. 植物需要水就像它们需要阳光一样。 2. the way=how（怎样，多么） No one can imagine the way he misses her.没人能够想象出他是多么想念她！ I want to find out the way a volcano has formed.我想弄清楚火山是怎样形成的。 He was filled with anger at the way he had been treated.他因遭受如此待遇而怒火满腔。That’s the way she speaks.她就是那样讲话的。 3. the way=according as （根据） The way you answer the questions, you must be an excellent student.从你回答问题来看，你一定是名优秀的学生。 The way most people look at you, you'd think a trash man was a monster.从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物。 The way I look at it, it’s not what you do that matters so much.依我看，重要的并不是你做什么。 I might have been his son the way he talked.根据他说话的样子，好像我是他的儿子一样。One would think these men owned the earth the way they behave.他们这样行动，人家竟会以为他们是地球的主人。

way的用法

一．Way：“方式”、“方法” 1.表示用某种方法或按某种方式 Do it (in) your own way. Please do not talk (in) that way. 2.表示做某事的方式或方法 It’s the best way of studying [to study] English.。 There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 3.其后通常可直接跟一个定语从句(不用任何引导词)，也可跟由that 或in which 引导的定语从句正：I don’t like the way he spoke. I don’t like the way that he spoke. I don’t like the way in which he spoke.误：I don’t like the way how he spoke. 4. the way 的从句 That’s the way (=how) he spoke. I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. That was the way minority nationalities were treated in old China. Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. He did not do it the way his friend did. 二．固定搭配 1. In a/one way：In a way he was right. 2. In the way /get in one’s way I'm afraid your car is in the way， If you are not going to help，at least don't get in the way. You'll have to move－you're in my way. 3. in no way Theory can in no way be separated from practice. 4. On the way (to……) Let’s wait a few moments. He is on the way Spring is on the way. Radio forecasts said a sixth-grade wind was on the way. She has two children with another one on the way. 5. By the way By the way，do you know where Mary lives? 6. By way of Learn English by way of watching US TV series. 8. under way 1. Elbow one’s way He elbowed his way to the front of the queue. 2. shoulder one’s way 3. feel one‘s way 摸索着向前走；We couldn’t see anything in the cave, so we had to feel our way out 4. fight/force one’s way 突破。。。而前进The surrounded soldiers fought their way out. 5.. push/thrust one‘s way（在人群中）挤出一条路He pushed his way through the crowd. 6. wind one’s way 蜿蜒前进 7. lead the way 带路，领路；示范 8. lose one‘s way 迷失方向 9. clear the way 排除障碍，开路迷路 10. make one’s way 前进，行进The team slowly made their way through the jungle.

the way的用法大全

在the way+从句中, the way 是先行词, 其后是定语从句.它有三种表达形式:1) the way+that 2)the way+ in which 3)the way + 从句(省略了that或in which),在通常情况下, 用in which 引导的定语从句最为正式,用that的次之,而省略了关系代词that 或in which 的, 反而显得更自然,最为常用.如下面三句话所示,其意义相同. I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. 如果怕弄混淆，下面的可以不看了另外，在当代美国英语中,the way用作为副词的对格,"the way+从句"实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰全句. the way=as 1)I'm talking to you just the way I'd talk to a boy of my own. 我和你说话就象和自己孩子说话一样. 2)He did not do it the way his friend did. 他没有象他朋友那样去做此事. 3)Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are ----all we have to do is clean or peel them . 大部分水果天然甜润,可以直接食用,我们只需要把他们清洗一下或去皮. the way=according to the way/judging from the way 4)The way you answer the qquestions, you must be an excellent student. 从你回答就知道,你是一个优秀的学生. 5)The way most people look at you, you'd think a trashman was a monster. 从大多数人看你的目光中,你就知道垃圾工在他们眼里是怪物. the way=how/how much 6)I know where you are from by the way you pronounce my name. 从你叫我名字的音调中,我知道你哪里人. 7)No one can imaine the way he misses her. 人们很想想象他是多么想念她. the way=because 8) No wonder that girls looks down upon me, the way you encourage her. 难怪那姑娘看不起我, 原来是你怂恿的 the way =while/when(表示对比) 9)From that day on, they walked into the classroom carrying defeat on their shoulders the way other students carried textbooks under their arms.

“the-way+从句”结构的意义及用法知识讲解

“the way+从句”结构的意义及用法首先让我们来看下面这个句子： Read the following passage and talk about it with your classmates. Try to tell what you think of Tom and of the way the children treated him. 在这个句子中，the way是先行词，后面是省略了关系副词that 或in which的定语从句。下面我们将叙述“the way+从句”结构的用法。 1．the way之后，引导定语从句的关系词是that而不是how,因此，<<现代英语惯用法词典>>中所给出的下面两个句子是错误的：This is the way how it happened. This is the way how he always treats me. 2. 在正式语体中，that可被in which所代替；在非正式语体中，that则往往省略。由此我们得到the way后接定语从句时的三种模式：1) the way +that-从句2) the way +in which-从句3) the way +从句例如：The way(in which ,that) these comrades look at problems is wrong.这些同志看问题的方法不对。

The way(that ,in which)you’re doing it is completely crazy.你这么个干法，简直发疯。 We admired him for the way in which he faces difficulties. Wallace and Darwin greed on the way in which different forms of life had begun.华莱士和达尔文对不同类型的生物是如何起源的持相同的观点。 This is the way (that) he did it. I liked the way (that) she organized the meeting. 3.the way(that)有时可以与how(作“如何”解)通用。例如： That’s the way (that) she spoke. = That’s how she spoke. I should like to know the way/how you learned to master the fundamental technique within so short a time. 4．the way的其它用法：以上我们讲的都是用作先行词的the way，下面我们将叙述它的一些用法。

定冠词the的12种用法

定冠词the的12种用法定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道?快来一起学习吧。下面就和大家分享，来欣赏一下吧。定冠词the 的12 种用法，全知道? 定冠词the用在各种名词前面，目的是对这个名词做个记号，表示它的特指属性。所以在词汇表中，定冠词the 的词义是“这个，那个，这些，那些”，可见，the 即可以放在可数名词前，也可以修饰不可数名词，the 后面的名词可以是单数，也可以是复数。定冠词的基本用法： (1) 表示对某人、某物进行特指，所谓的特指就是“不是别的，就是那个!”如： The girl with a red cap is Susan. 戴了个红帽子的女孩是苏珊。 (2) 一旦用到the，表示谈话的俩人都知道说的谁、说的啥。如：

The dog is sick. 狗狗病了。(双方都知道是哪一只狗) (3) 前面提到过的，后文又提到。如： There is a cat in the tree.Thecat is black. 树上有一只猫，猫是黑色的。 (4) 表示世界上唯一的事物。如： The Great Wall is a wonder.万里长城是个奇迹。(5) 方位名词前。如： thenorth of the Yangtze River 长江以北地区 (6) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。如： Who is the first?谁第一个? Sam is the tallest.山姆最高。但是不能认为，最高级前必须加the，如： My best friend. 我最好的朋友。 (7) 在乐器前。如： play the flute 吹笛子

Way的用法

Way用法 A:I think you should phone Jenny and say sorry to her. B:_______. It was her fault. A. No way B. Not possible C. No chance D. Not at all 说明：正确答案是A. No way，意思是“别想！没门！决不！” 我认为你应该打电话给珍妮并向她道歉。没门！这是她的错。再看两个关于no way的例句：（1）Give up our tea break? NO way! 让我们放弃喝茶的休息时间？没门儿！（2）No way will I go on working for that boss. 我决不再给那个老板干了。 way一词含义丰富，由它构成的短语用法也很灵活。为了便于同学们掌握和用好它，现结合实例将其用法归纳如下：一、way的含义 1. 路线

He asked me the way to London. 他问我去伦敦的路。 We had to pick our way along the muddy track. 我们不得不在泥泞的小道上择路而行。 2. （沿某）方向 Look this way, please. 请往这边看。 Kindly step this way, ladies and gentlemen. 女士们、先生们，请这边走。 Look both ways before crossing the road. 过马路前向两边看一看。 Make sure that the sign is right way up. 一定要把符号的上下弄对。 3. 道、路、街，常用以构成复合词 a highway（公路），a waterway（水路），a railway（铁路），wayside（路边）

way与time的特殊用法

way/time的特殊用法 1、当先行词是way意思为”方式.方法”的时候,引导定语从句的关系词有下列3种形式： Way在从句中做宾语 The way that / which he explained to us is quite simple. Way在从句中做状语 The way t hat /in which he explained the sentence to us is quite simple. 2、当先行词是time时,若time表示次数时,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可以省略; 若time表示”一段时间”讲时,应用关系副词when或介词at/during + which引导定语从句 1.Is this factory _______ we visited last year? 2.Is this the factory-------we visited last year? A. where B in which C the one D which 3. This is the last time _________ I shall give you a lesson. A. when B that C which D in which 4.I don’t like the way ________ you laugh at her. A . that B on which C which D as 5.He didn’t understand the wa y ________ I worked out the problem. A which B in which C where D what 6.I could hardly remember how many times----I’ve failed. A that B which C in which D when 7.This is the second time--------the president has visited the country. A which B where C that D in which 8.This was at a time------there were no televisions, no computers or radios. A what B when C which D that