化学专业英语常用词汇备课讲稿

化学专业英语常用词

汇

《专业英语》

☆Elements of 1-36

☆常用： ppm: parts per million

ppb: parts per billion pH: potential of hydrogen

1. 化合物的命名：规则：金属(或某些非金属)元素+阴离子名称

(1)MgCl2 magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj ?m] chloride (2)NaNO2 sodium nitrite [‘naitrait]

(3)KNO3 potassium[p ?’t?s i ?m] nitrate [‘naitreit] (4)硝酸 nitric

acid

(5)NaHCO3 sodium hydrogen carbonate

练习：

?FeBr2

?(NH4)2SO4

?NH4H2PO4

?KMnO4

?亚硫酸

?sulfurous acid

?H2S

?NO

2 有机物命名

?Hydrocarbon

?{Aliphatic hydrocarbon; Aromatic Hydrocarbon}

?Aliphatic hydrocarbon (脂肪烃)

?{Alkane (烷); Alkene(烯); Alkyne(炔)}

?Alcohol 醇

?Aldehyde 醛

?Ketone [‘ki:t?un] 酮

?Carboxylic acid 羧酸

?Aromatic hydrocarbon(芳香烃)

?{benzene (苯) hydroxybenzene(酚) quinone(醌)

无机物中关于数字的写法

mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta- hexa-, hepta-, octa-, nona-, deca- 一，二，三，四，五，六，七，八，九，十

有机物中关于数字的写法

meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-, 甲乙丙丁戊已

hept-, oct-, non-, dec-, cyclo-, poly- 庚辛壬葵环聚

练习

?甲烷乙炔

?丙酮丁醇

?戊烷己烯

?庚醛辛烷

?2-甲基壬酸 3,5-二乙基癸醇

Lithium [‘liθi?m] n.锂

Beryllium [b?’rilj?m] n.铍(Be)

Sodium [‘s?udi?m] n.钠

Potassium [p?’t?si?m] 钾

Rubidium [ru:’bidi?m] 铷

Caesium [‘si:zi?m] 铯

Nucleus[‘nju:kli s] 原子核，是nuclear的复数

Halogen[‘h?l?d??n] 卤素

general chemistry 普通化学

positive[‘p?z?tiv] ion 阳离子

orbital electron 轨道电子

effective nuclear charge 有效核电荷

atomic radius 原子半径，raddi的复数

ionic radius 离子半径

negative ion 阴离子

electron cloud 电子云

Van der Waals non-bounded radius

单质分子晶体中相邻分子间两个非键合原子核间距离的一半称为范德华半径

metallic [mi’t?lik] character[‘k?rikt?] 金属特性

electropositive [I’lektr?u’p?z?tiv] a.带正电的

Ionization [‘ai?nai’zei??n] energy 电离能

carbon 碳 germanium[d??:’meini?m] 锗

tin [tin] 锡 lead [led] 铅

sodium[‘s?udi?m] 钠 magnesium[m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] 镁silicon [‘silik?n] 硅 chlorine [’kl?:ri:n] 氯nonmetallic [‘n?nmi’t?lik]adj.n.非金属的，非金属

Electronegativity 电负性

Metallic oxide 金属氧化物

Metallic hydroxide [hai’dr?ksaid] 金属氢氧化物

Hydroxyl [hai‘dr?ksil] ions 氢氧根离子

insoluble[in’s?ljubl] 不溶解的

Ionic [ai‘?nik] adj. 离子的

Transition element 过渡元素

Basicity [b?’sisiti] n. 碱性，碱度

Oxyacid [,?ksi’?sid] 含氧酸

Carbonate [‘kɑ:b?neit] 碳酸盐

Nitrate [‘naitreit] 硝酸盐

Sulphate [‘s?lfeit] 硫酸盐 = sulfate

Amphoteric [,?mf?’terik] adj.两性的

Acid [‘?sid] n. adj.

alkali [‘?lk?lai] n.adj.

Hydration [hai’drei??n] 水合作用

Hydrolyze [‘haidr?laiz] vi. 水解

Oxysalt [‘?ksis?:lt] 含氧酸盐

Complex 络合物，复合物

句子理解

1) Metals are electropositive and have a tendency to loss electrons, if supplied

with energy: M M+ + e. 金属是电正性的，如果供给能量，有失去电子的趋势。2) The stronger this tendency, the more electropositive and more metallic an

element is. （元素失电子）趋势越强，其电正性和金属性越强。

3) Thus sodium and magnesium are more metallic than silicon, which in turn, is

more metallic than chlorine. 因此，钠和镁的金属性比硅强，以此类推，硅的金属性比氯强。Which 引导非限定定语从句，修饰Silicon

4) Oxides, which are insoluble in water, are regarded as basic if they react with

acids to form salts. 不溶于水的氧化物，如果和酸能够反应生成盐，则认为是碱性的。

5) Weakly electropositive elements are unaffected by water and are much less

readily attacked by acids. 弱电正性的金属不与水反应，且不易与酸反应

6)

form oxysalts. 强电正性的金属盐水解形成含氧酸盐的趋势很小。

It is + adj.+ to： It is advantageous to work at lower temperature ?It is possible to do sth.

?It seems advantageous to do sth.

?It appears useful to do sth.

?It proves correct to do sth.

?It becomes obvious to do sth.

?It is important to do sth.

?It is clear to do sth. （明显的）

?It is apparent to do sth.（显而易见的）

?It is necessary (for us) to know how to convert energy from one form into another.

It is + adj. + that

?It is apparent that the difference between elements is in the structure of their atoms.

?It is important that the polymerization proceeds under nitrogen atmosphere

It is + 过去分词+ that

It is + believed + that

（accepted、mentioned、proposed、found、supposed、recommended、

known）

e.g. It is found that oxygen plays an important role in the reaction

It is + 名词（动名词）+ that

(1) It is worth noting (mentioning) that ……值得一提的是……

e.g. It is worth noting that the polymer is highly soluble inorganic solvents.

(2) It is no use that

(3) It is a fact that ……事实上

It +不及物动词+ tha

1) It turns out that……（seems、appears）

2) It follows that……由此可见…..

3) It goes without saying that…... 毫无疑问……

e.g. It goes without saying that the material does not have good stability in air.

It +系动词+ that （被动句型，See P29)

?It is considered that ……….

（understood、supposed、suggested 、noticed、preferred ）

?It is generally recognized that ……

?It can be foreseen that ……

?It must be stressed that……

?It has been show n that ……

Vocabulary

Galvanize [‘ɡ?lv?naiz]vt.通电流于；电镀;镀锌于

iron[‘ai?n] 铁 Zinc [zi?k] 锌

rusting [r?sti?] n 生锈

anodic [?’n?dik] adj. 阳极的

Scratch [skr?t?] vt. & vi.擦伤，刮伤

Sacrifice [‘s?krifais] n. vt. & vi.牺牲, 舍身

Magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] n.镁

Pipeline [’paiplain] n.管道, 管线

hull [h?l] n.船体, 船身

Consolidate [k?n’s?lideit] vt. & vi.(使)巩固; (使)加强;合并，统一

hydrogen[‘haidr?d??n] 氢

Copper [‘k?p?] 铜

Disproportionate [‘dispr?’p?:??nit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化

需掌握的词汇

Oxidation-reduction reaction 氧化还原反应

iron[‘ai?n] 铁 Zinc [zi?k] 锌

Forward reaction 正向反应

spontaneous [sp?n’teini?s] reaction自发反应

anodic protection 阳极保护

Magnesium [m?ɡ’ni:zj?m] n.镁

Reduction potential 还原电势

Strong oxidizing、reducing agent 强氧化/还原剂

Standard electrode potential 标准电极电势

hydrogen[‘haidr?d??n] 氢

Thermodynamic functions 热力学函数

Free energy吉布斯自由能

Copper [‘k?p?] 铜

Disproportionate [‘dispr?’p?:??nit] adj. 不相称的, 不成比例的, 不均匀的;歧化

Self-oxidizing/reducing agent 自氧化（还原）剂

Ferrous 亚铁

Ferric 三价铁

句子理解

1)Oxidation is the removal of electrons from, and reduction is the addition

of electrons to an atom.氧化反应是原子失去电子，而还原反应是原子得到电子。

2)Consider the galvanizing of iron, that is coating from with zinc to prevent

rusting.（关于）铁的电镀，是用锌作镀层来防止铁锈生成。

3)If the galvanized steel （镀锌钢材）is scratched, allowing the air to

oxidize some iron, the Fe2+ produced is immediately reduced to iron by the zinc, and rusting does not occur.如果镀锌钢材被刮伤，部分铁被空气氧化，生成的Fe2+（可以）立即被锌还原成铁，这样避免了锈蚀。

4)This information is consolidated into a single diagram, in which the

highest oxidation state is written at the left, and the lowest state at the right.这一知识（可以）统一为专门的图示，即高氧化态写在左边，低氧化态写在右边。

5)M aterials which are generally accepted as oxidizing agents have E0 values

above +0.8 Volts, those such as Fe3+→Fe2+ of about 0.8volts are stable (equally oxidizing and reducing), and those below 0.8 volts becoming

increasingly reducing.通常作为氧化剂的材料其（还原电势）E0大于0.8V，以及那

些如Fe3+→Fe2+等于0.8V的材料是稳定的（氧化和还原反应趋势相等），而那些还原

电势低于0.8V的材料还原性增加。

6)Since the zinc reaction in the forward reaction produces a larger negative

potential, that is liberates more energy, the spontaneous reaction is……

由于锌的正向反应产生较大的负电势，也即释放较多能量，则自发反应是……

Vocabulary

Petroleum [pi’tr?uli?m] 石油

Geologic[d?i?’l?d?ik] adj.地质(学)的

Prohibitive[pr?’hibitiv] adj.禁止的，抑制的

Homologous [h?’m?l?ɡ?s]adj.相应的，类似的，同源的

Ingenuity[‘?nd?i’njuiti] n.机灵, 独创性, 精巧, 灵活性

Terminology[‘t?:mi’n?l?d?i] n.术语学

Acquisition [‘?kwi’zi??n]n.获得，获得物

Nomenclature [n?u’me?kl?t??] n.命名法，术语

Systematize[‘sistim?taiz] v. 系统化

Procurement [pr?’kju?ment]n.获得，取得

Lubricant [‘lju:brik?nt]n.润滑剂

Aliphatic [‘?li’f?tik] adj. 脂肪族的

Aromatic [‘?r?u’m?tik] adj. 芳香物族的

benzene[‘benzi:n] n.苯

biological [‘bai?’l?d?ik?l] adj.生物学的

isolation[‘ais?’lei??n] n.隔绝, 孤立, 离析

Elaborate [I’l?b?reit] adj. 精心制作的, 详细阐述的, 精细 vt.精心制作, 详细阐述v.详细描述

Painstaking [‘peinz’teiki?] n.苦干, 辛苦 adj.辛苦的, 辛勤的, 艰苦的

criteria n.标准

empirical [em’pirik l] adj.完全根据经验的, 经验主义的, [化]实验式

molecular [m?u’lekjul?] adj.分子的, 由分子组成的

coincide [‘k?uin’said] with vi. 一致, 符合

assignment [?’sainm?nt] n. 分配, 委派, 任务, 作业

unambiguous [,?n?m’biɡju?s] adj.不含糊的, 明确的

Standpoint [‘st?ndp?int] n.立场，观点

需要掌握的词和短语

organic chemistry 有机化学

organic compound 有机化合物

homologous series of compounds同系物

aliphatic compounds 脂族化合物

aromatic compounds芳香族化合物

benzene derivative 苯衍生物

empirical formula 实验式，经验式

molecular formula 分子式

structural formula 结构式

molecular weight 分子量

qualitative analysis 定性分析

quantitative analysis定量分析

常用短语

●be formed through

●be derived from

●be described as

●be defined as

●be entitled

●be divided into

●In summary

句子理解

1) Once the structural relationships of certain typical members of a particular group or family of compounds are understood, these structural features are understood for any one of the many members of the family, even though some may not be known compounds.

一旦了解了某一特定类或族中典型化合物的结构关系，则可以推断这一族中任一化合物的结构特点，（包括）那些（即使）未知化合物的结构特点。

2) Another important phase of the study of organic chemistry is communication, or exchange of information, among organic chemists.

Study 此处为研究 Phase 方面

3) This science of nomenclature [n?u’me?kl?t??] has received considerable attention during the development of organic chemistry, and it will constitute a second important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds to be studied.

这种命名法在有机化学的发展过程中受到相当重视，它将构成研究每一同系物时要考虑的第二个重要主题

4) A third important topic for consideration in connection with each homologous series of compounds is procurement [pr?’kju?ment] .

与各种同系物相关的第三个主题是（如何）制取（该类物质）。

5)

more often used, however, to mean the chemical process of changing or converting an available compound into the desired compound, either in the laboratory or on a larger scale, as in a manufacturing plant.

合成一词是指由较小的单元构筑某种分子。然而更常用的是指在实验室或生产规模的，由

已知物质转化成所要求的某种物质的化学过程。

6) In order that the above conversion of one compound to another may be accomplished, the chemical properties of each compound must be understood.

为使上述转化（由一种物质转化成另一种物质）能够实现，必须了解每一种物质的化学性质。

7) Again, the solution of this problem would be impossible were it not for the fact that the chemical properties of a family of compounds are documented, thus making it possible to predict the chemical properties of any member of the family, even though a particular member may not be a known compound.

再者，如果不是（因为）已经明确同系物的化学性质，使得预测同系物中任一物质、甚至未知物的化学性质成为可能（这一事实），则不可能有解决该问题的方法。

8) Isolation procedures are usually followed by the application of certain criteria of purity to the compound isolated.

分离过程中通常将特定的纯度标准应用于分离出的化合物。

9) The chemist must establish that the isolation procedure has resulted in the elimination of essentially all of the “foreign” molecules from the compound, and that he is dealing with a single molecular species. 化学家必须确定分离过程使大部分异质分子从该化合物中去除，而研究的只是单一分子组成的物质。

10) Extensive chemical and physical methods for establishing the order in which atoms are linked together have been worked out.

已采取大量的物理、化学方法来确定（分子中）原子之间的连接方式。

Vocabulary

Hybridize [‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化

Alkanes [’?lkein] n. 链烷,烷烃

Flora [‘fl?:r?] n.(某地区或某时期的)植物群

Fauna [‘f?:n?] n. 动物群,动物区系,动物志

Phyla [‘fail?] n. (生物分类学上的)门,语群(比语系关系松散的一种语言)(phylum 的复数)

Assimilation [?,simi’lei??n]n.(被)吸收或同化的过程

Segment [‘seɡm?nt] n. 部分, 片段

paraffin[‘p?r?fin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃

divergent [dai’v?:d??nt] adj. 有分歧的; 叉开的

novice[‘n?vis] n. 新手, 初学者

Exasperate[iɡ’zɑ:sp?reit] vt. 激怒, 触怒

charm[t?ɑ:m] n. 魅力, 吸引力魔力, 咒语 vt. 使高兴, 使着迷; 吸引entrench[in’trent?]vt.牢固地确立…

Suffix [‘s?fiks] n. 后缀, 词尾 vt. 加后缀

Derivative [di’riv?tiv] n. 派生物, 引出物

adj. 模仿他人的; 衍生的; 派生的

Prefix [‘pri:fiks] n. 前缀 vt. 在…前加上

Alkyl [‘?lkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的

Secondary-butyl 仲丁基

tertiary (tert-)[‘t?:??ri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的

Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基

Isopentyl [,ais?’pentil] n.异戊基

Neopentyl [,ni:?u’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基

应掌握的词汇和术语

Alkane[‘?lkein] n.链烷,烷烃

alkene[‘?lki:n] n. 烯烃,链烯

Alkyne[‘?lkain] n.炔

Hybridize [‘haibridaiz] v. (使)杂交,杂化

Derivative [di’riv?tiv] n. 派生物, 引出物

Alkyl [‘?lkil] n. 烷基,烃基 adj. 烷基的

Secondary-butyl 仲丁基

tertiary (tert-)[‘t?:??ri] adj. 第三的, 第三级的

Pentyl [‘pentil] n. 戊(烷)基

Isopentyl [,ais?’pentil] n.异戊基

Neopentyl [,ni:?u’pentil] n. 新戊(烷)基

Saturated hydrocarbons 饱和烃

Homologous series同系物

Side chains 侧链，支链

句子理解

1)The classification of compounds into families, in which the members possess

similar structures and similar chemical properties, provides one of the important generalizing principles of organic chemistry.

(有机)化合物分成族的分类方法为有机化学提供了一个重要的普遍法则，(每一族)的所有成员具有相似的结构和化学性质。

2)The first of these families (classes) to be discussed is called the alkanes

or paraffin hydrocarbons, the term paraffin having been chosen because of the general chemical inertness of these compounds (Latin, parum affinis,

“slight affinity”).

praffin [‘p?r?fin]n.煤油,石蜡,链烷烃 inertness 惰性

affinis [?‘finis]近缘的 affinity [?’finiti] 密切关系, 亲合力

3)Similarly, the members of any particular class of organic compounds do not

show identical physical or chemical behavior, although, in general, the similarities are striking.

类似地，尽管任何一族有机化合物的成员其物理化学性质不完全一致，但通常它们的相似性是惊人的。

4)By means of : 用，以，依靠

To weld (焊接) metals is possible by means of heat produced by a current. 利用电流产生的热可以焊接金属。

5)by all means的意思是“一定”、“无论如何”、“用一切手段”。

例：You must bring him here by all means．

This project must be realized by all means．

by all means亦可用于回答，表示有礼貌的同意，作“好的”、“当然可以”。

May I have one？—Yes，by all means．我可以拿一个吗？——当然可以。

6)By no means的意思是“决不”，相当于not at all.

She is by no means bright．她一点儿也不聪明。

I will by no means consent．我决不同意。

请注意下列三点：

●by all means和by no means的 means永远用

复数形式。

●by all means与by all manner of means通用；

by no means 可与 by no manner of means换

用，但后者只作特别强调，不如前者普遍。

●by any means的意思是“总之”；

by some means （or other）的意思是“用某

种方式（或方法）”。

7)Locate the longest continuous chain of atoms in the formula for the

compound.

找出化合物分子式中最长链的原子

8)Name the compound as a derivative of the hydrocarbon, which corresponds to

this longest continuous chain of carbon atoms.

derivative [di’riv?tiv] adj.引出的 n.派生物, 派生词

命名该化合物为与最长链碳原子数相符的烃衍生物。

9)Locate all side chains by number so that the sum of number has the lowest

possible value.用数字确定所有支链位置，使（支链位置的）数字尽可能有最小值。

10)Name all side chains as prefixes by dropping “ane” from the name of the

hydrocarbon having the same number of carbon atoms as the side chain, and adding “yl”. 把所有支链作为前缀，通过将具有相同碳原子数烃的名字中的-ane去掉后加上-yl来命名该支链。Example: 2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylhexane

生词和词组

Methane [‘meθein] n. [化]甲烷, 沼气

Bond angles 键角

parent 父母，根源

fades into 减弱

brethren[‘breer?n] n 弟兄们, 同胞.

Primeval [prai’mi:v?l] adj. 原始的

broth [br?(:) θ] n. 肉汤

M orphine [m?:fi:n] n. 吗啡

peptide [‘peptaid] n. 缩氨酸

symmetrical [si’metrik?l] adj. 对称的, 均匀的

tetrahedral [‘tetr?’hedr?l] adv. 有四面的, 四面体的

depict [di’pikt] vt.描述, 描写

Symmetry [‘simitri] n. 对称, 匀称

Representation [‘reprizen’tei??n] n. 表示法, 表现, 陈述, 请求, 扮演, 画像, 继承, 代表

Fashion [‘f???n] n. 样子, 方式, 流行,vt. 形成, 造, 作, 把...塑造成, 使适应, 使适合, 改变

ideality [‘aidi’?liti] n. 理想

ethane [‘eθein] n. [化]乙烷

Conformational Isomerism 构象异构化

[‘k?nf?:`mei??n?l] adj. [化]构象的

Isomerism [ai’s?m?rizm] n. 异性

three-quarters view 侧视

head-on view 正视

eclipse [I’klips] n. 食, 日蚀, 月蚀, 蒙蔽, 衰落

vt. 引起日蚀, 引起月蚀, 超越, 使黯然失色

stagger [‘st?g?] v. 摇晃, 交错, 摇摆 adj. 交错的

Isomer [‘ais?um?] n. 异构体

subtle [‘sΛtl] adj. 狡猾的, 敏感的, 微妙的, 精细的, 稀薄的

twisting [‘twistiη] 扭曲

Conformers 顺式异构体

Rotamers 旋转异构体

eclipsed conformation 重叠构象

staggered conformation 交叉构象

intuitively 直觉得

interference [’int?‘fi?r?ns] n. 冲突, 干涉

Intramolecular [’intr?m?‘lekjul?] 作用[存在、发生]于分子内的nonbonded interference 非成键干扰

nonbonded strain 非成键张力

ordinary room temperature 普通室温

interconversion互换现象

conformations构型

interconversion of the conformations 构型互换

需要掌握的词和词组

Methane 甲烷

bond angles键角

molecular formula 分子式

sp3-hybridized carbon atom

symmetrical molecule 对称的分子

tetrahedral symmetry 四面体对称

Ethane乙烷

three-dimensional molecule三维分子

molecular weight 分子量

Isomers 异构体

absolute zero 绝度零度

ordinary room temperatue 普通室温

(完整版)化学类专业英语词汇.doc

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-ene 烯 epi- 表 epoxy- 环氧 -ester 酯 -ether 醚 ethoxy- 乙氧基 ethyl 乙基 fluoro- 氟代 form 仿 -glycol 二醇 hemi- 半 hendeca- 十一 hepta- 七 heptadeca- 十七 hexa- 六 hexadeca- 十六 -hydrin 醇 hydro- 氢或水 hydroxyl 羟基 hypo- 低级的，次 hyper- 高级的，高 -ic 酸的，高价金属 -ide 无氧酸的盐，酰替胺，酐-il 偶酰 -imine 亚胺 iodine 碘 iodo- 碘代 iso- 异，等，同 -ite 亚酸盐 keto- 酮 ketone 酮 -lactone 内酯 mega- 106 meta- 间，偏 methoxy- 甲氧基 methyl 甲基

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保险专业英语常用词汇

保险专业英语常用词汇

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化学专业英语词汇资料

化学专业英语复习题

1.构成原子最重要的的粒子是质子，中子和电子，原子的质量是由核中质子和中子数近似确定的： The most important constitute atomic particles are protons, neutrons and electrons. The total mass of an atom is determined. Very nearly by the total number of protons and neutrons in its nucleus. 2、在元素周期表中,元素的性质是随着原子数周期性变化的，每个周期以活泼的金属元素开始，活泼的非金属结束。从左到右，非金属性逐渐增强，金属性逐渐减弱。 In the periodic table ，the nature of elements changed cyclically with atomic number ,each period begins with a very reactive metal right ,elements show decreasing metallic character and increasing metallic character . 3．当需要在一个官能团化合物的某一个活性选择性的进行反应时，其他活性基团暂时性的被保护起来。很多保护基已经或正在发展用于这个目的。 When a chemical reaction is to be carried out selectively at one reactive site in a multifunctional compound, other reactive sites must be temporarily blocked, many protective groups have been, and are being developed for this purpose. 4、常温下，烷烃和浓硫酸，沸硝酸等不发生化学反应。但在光的引发下易发生氯化反应。该反应是一个自由基键反应，包括链引发，链增长，链终止三个步骤。

《化学工程与工艺专业英语》课文翻译Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment

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catastrophe risk 巨灾风险ceiding company 分出公司cession limit 分保限额claim-prone 容易出险claims assistance 理赔协助 clean cut 结清方式coinsurance 共保commencement and termination 起讫 cover 承保 cover 责任额 deposit premium 预付保费destroyed 毁坏 earth caves 土坏房屋insurance of contents 家庭财产保险险别 All Risks 一切险 risk of breakage 破碎险 risk of clashing 碰损险 risk of rust 生锈险 risk of hook damage 钩损险 risk of contamination (tainting) 污染险 insurance against total loss only (TLO) 全损险 risk of deterioration 变质险 risk of packing breakage 包装破裂险

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