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科技英语综合教程练习答案

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第一章科技英语阅读

第一节科技英语主要特点

1.The first three sentences in Passage One are all constructed with passive voice

while the first three sentences in Passage Two are constructed with active voice. Therefore, the language in Passage One sounds more formal and objective than that of Passage Two.

2.The words spoken by Sheila in Passage Two are informal. Examples: "There's

Ravi at the home of that American doctor." (Contracted form); "A wonderful guy." (Incomplete sentence); "Ravi looks sweet, doesn 't he?" (Question tag).

3.In the second paragraph of Passage One, "it" refers to "to use insecticide

regularly, on a very large scale."

4.In the second paragraph of Passage Two, "through" means "finish" or

"complete."

5.Passage One is written for academic purpose and Passage Two mainly for

entertainment.

II.

Passage One

A blast of hot air is sent into the bottom of the furnace to make the coke burn fiercely. It is blown into the furnace through pipes. These pipes are installed around the circumference of the blast furnace eight feet above the bottom.

While the coke is burning and iron is melting, gas is formed at the top of the chamber. This is led off from the top of the furnace to be used. It contains carbon monoxide, which is combustible. Part of this gas is used for making the air blast hot. It is led off into stoves.

Passage Two

All elements are composed of discrete units called atoms, which are the smallest particles that exhibit the characteristics of the element. Atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and electrically neutral neutrons. Protons and neutrons, which have approximately the same mass, are clustered in the nucleus in the center of the atom. Electrons, which are tiny in comparison to the other units, orbit the nucleus at high speed. Atoms that have an equal number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. Those that have gained or lost electrons, and therefore are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.

第二节科技、半科技英语专业术语

1. D (自动驾驶仪)

2. F (生物钟)

3. I (热核的)

4. G (地热的)

5. B (微波)

6. J (放射疗法)

7. E (光周期)

8. A (超导体)

9. H (远距离操纵器) 10. C (超显微/滤过性病毒)

II.

1. 一位从事航空医学研究的医生

2. 防止计算机犯罪的措施

3. 一种新型除霜器

4. 一个用光电池驱动的玩具

5. 一辆装有自动报警器的汽车

6. 隔音材料

7. 一种广泛使用的杀虫剂（农药）8. 用放射性碳做的试验

9. 电信业的发展10. 一台通用机床

III.

1. in-(Inorganic)

2. radio- (radioactive)

3. hydro- (Hydrotherapy)

4. -free (caffeine-free)

5. infra- (infrared) / ultra- (ultrared)

6. mono- (monorail)

7. aero- (Aerodynamics) 8. -fold (33-fold)

9. geo- (geocentric) 10. -proof (weatherproof)

11. bio- (biotechnology) 12. anti- (antibiotic)

IV. 发电站2. 矿物燃料 3. 太阳黑子 4. 航天探测器 5. 滚珠轴承

6. 涡轮

7. 航天飞机

8. 树木的年轮

9. 离心调速器10. 心肌功能

1. flow

2. laws

3. law

4. conserved

5. transferred

6. transformed

7. bond

8. thermodynamics

9. work 10. law 11. degraded 12. work

13. law 14. state 15. disorder 16. energy

17. law 18. biological 19. metabolically 20. cell

VI.

1.很明显，许多家用电器的加热和照明作用都依靠电阻。

2.气体如果不封闭在刚性的容器内就会膨胀，受热的气球便可说明这一现象。

3.在化学变化中，粒子结构发生变化，生成新的物质。

4.19世纪，电力设备以及由此兴起的工业得到迅速发展，而当时人们对电的性

质还不完全了解。

5.应注意保证脉冲信号本身不出现不规则现象和中断现象。

6.可以有把握地说，除了琥珀之外，许多其他物质通过摩擦也能带电。

第三节科技英语中的复合词与专有名词

1. H (耐热的，抗热的，不传热的)

2. E (带宽)

3. J (流线型的)

4. B (基岩)

5. G (耗电量大的)

6. A (太空行走)

7. I (用水制冷的) 8. D (液态的)

9. F (用防火材料保护的，阻燃的) 10. C (网络)

II.

1. stress shock, stress-related diseases

2. solid-state semiconductor devices

3. energy-efficient appliances

4. topsoil

5. steam engine

6. soil organisms

7. windborne dust

8. the chain reaction

9. Fuelwood shortages

10. heat- and scratch-resistant surfaces

III.

1. nylon

2. volt

3. pasteurization

4. Morse code

5. Bunsen burner

6. mackintosh

7. Doppler effect

8. Xerox

9. newton 10. ampere

第四节科技英语中的复数形式与缩略语

1. bacteria

2. spectra / spectrums

3. radius

4. Fungi

5. nucleus

6. formula

7. phenomenon

8. Algae/Algas

9. larvae /larvas 10. stratum II.

1. F (computer disc read-only memory)

2. J (ear, nose, and throat)

3. A (ribonucleic acid)

4. H (unidentified flying object)

5. C (microwave landing system)

6. B (video-display terminal)

7. I (personal computer)

8. E (ultraviolet)

9. G (computer-aided manufacturing)

10. D (artificial intelligence)

III.

1.上述定理和定律不但对直流电路而言是正确的，对交流电路而言也同样是正

确的。

2.美国通常的家用电压是110-220伏，因为人们发现更高的电压会造成致命的事

故。

3.4500型平版印刷机（人们给该机器取的名字）能过生产1英寸厚的18英寸彩色

液晶显示屏。

4.该发生器每小时产生蒸汽20万磅。

5.电离层的结构是变化的，这就意味着，高频无线电通信的频率极限也是变化

的。

第五节科技英语的主要句型

1. The first program would require a minimum of 108 weeks, while the second 72 weeks.

2. Heated to 100°C, water will start boiling.

3. The nutrient solution will support growth even if highly dilute.

4. Two or three hundred of these wires, each about 0.19 inches in diameter, are

clamped together to form a single strand.

5. The three groups of tranquilizers are marketed in the United States, but not

commonly used in Britain.

II.

1. Common salt is soluble in water.

2. Benzene has a boiling point of 80.4°C under normal pressure.

3. This plastics material has greater rigidity.

4. The beam has an I-shaped cross-section.

5. This specimen has a length of 3-26 cm.

6. The storage vessel has a capacity of 10,000 liters.

7. A brief description is given of the use and development trends of telecommunication.

8. Some scientists have suggested an immediate ban on the use of fluorocarbons.

III.

1. In planning a road, extensive preliminary surveys must be carried out to determine

the precise line of the road.

2. In such cases, precautions have to be taken to avoid damage to the mechanism.

3. First, the tents must be spaced at 25-foot intervals to prevent flame spread.

4. The solution is weakened by the addition of more water.

5. Electricity can be transmitted by means of wires.

6. The microscope enables small objects to be observed.

7. These methods of joining metal are normally adopted for strong permanent joints.

8. The existence of the biological clock was first recognized in the early 18th century.

9. The way this danger has been assessed and the action taken reflects a growing

awareness of the problem.

10. After the soil has been excavated to the appropriate depth and filled, it is compacted by a roller until it is firm.

第六节科技英语篇章阅读方法

第二章科技英语翻译

I 词的翻译

1 根据词的搭配选择词义

Solid：h), b), g), d), i), f), j), a), c), k), m), l), e)

2根据专业确定词义

System：

(1) human ocular system 视觉系统(医学)

(2) rocket system 多级火箭（航天）

(3) pilling system 打桩工程(土木工程)

(4) wiring system 电路图(电路)

(5) transmission system 发送站(无线电)

(6) trunk system 长途电话网(邮电)

(7) stress system 应力状态(力学)

(8) phone-vision system 电视电话(通讯)

(9) system of government 政体(政治)

10) strip system 带伐作业( 林业)

(11) o ptical system 光具组(光学)

(12) p arallel system 平行式布置(设计)

3 根据词类或语境确定词义

(1) round

锭子同时绕两个垂直的轴旋转。

粒子每运转一周都从振荡电场获取新的能量。

(2) condition

数学操作或逻辑操作必须符合某种条件。

交互编程环境现在能用于一些商用编程语言。

(3) find

人们发现钻孔速度与工具所受的净压力成正比。

科学家们总是力求找到快速而简便的方法获得定量数据。

(4) work

推拉物体不见得就会做功。

这些手表的零件都是国内制造的，性能良好。

II 句子的翻译

1.假说是科学家从观察中得出的一种特定的论断。

2.大部分钱是靠出售他培育出的一种马铃薯新品种的秘诀而挣得的。

3.如果开关接通，电流就流过线路。

4.由于分子运动而引起的力能使分子分离。

5.很显然，数控是指机床采用数字来操纵。

6.电流的变化与电动势成正比，与电阻成反比。

7.无线电波与光波相似，只不过无线电波的波长要长一些。

8.自动化机器虽然有很多优点，但他们只能做人们吩咐它们要做的事情。

9.这些新技术的采用为我们提供了可靠性高、性能良好、成本低廉、耗电量小

等优点。

10.即便在同一施工场地，由于地基的性质有很大差异，土地的承载力也不相同。

11.不是每次碰撞都能发生化学反应，因为许多分子不具有反应所需要的能量。

12.绝缘体接上电源后，电不会像通过导体那样通过绝缘体。

III 长句的翻译

1 正是由于集成电路的研制成功，才有可能把电子器件做得越来越小。

2 在发达国家的工厂和车间里，用机器人来充当助手越来越普及，它是经设计

并制造出来的机器手，可以独立从事各种工业活动。

3 试图利用计算机来复制人脑活动方式的数学家们发现，即使运用最先进的电

子设备，他们也要建造一台重1万公斤的计算机才行。

4 结果表明，在相当长的时间内，全球平均气温都是相当稳定的，可极小的温

度变化却意味着环境的巨大改变。

5但是，最近发表在《科学》杂志的一些研究报告并没有验证生物燃料的这种作用。并且，事实上，相对于要被取而代之的化石燃料来说，生物燃料对气候产生的危害是有过之而无不及。

6 尽管备受关注的是研发金属，陶瓷，聚合物与复合材料材质的改善，但有能

力生产，制造可以满足特定需求的材料现在也在渐渐变成现实。Information super-highway

7 信息高速公路是一种电子通讯网络，这一网络把所有的人互相联系起来，并

可提供任意一种人们想像得到的电子通讯方式。

8 如果把管子装成这个样子，使最热的水上升，而最冷的水流下来后返回锅炉

里去，那么，锅炉中的热水系统不用水泵就能循环，道理就在于此。

9 多种因素促使人们更加关注(垃圾的处理)/这种兴趣的产生有很多因素，包括

对垃圾越来越多，垃圾填埋场地越来越少，焚烧垃圾造成的空气污染越来越严重的担心；及对环境保护的必要性已形成的共识等。

10 无论是用作轿车和公汽的能源，还是发电作其他的什么用途，燃料电池都是

无需燃烧就可将氢转化成电能。

11. 每个化学元素在周期表中都有一定的原子数和位置，可以据此来推测其特

性：如何同别的元素相互作用，能形成什么样的化合物，以及它的物理属性。

12. 固体加热到足够温度时，它所含的电子就会有一部分离开固体表面而飞到周围的空间中去；这种现象称为热电子放射；通常，电子管就利用这种现象产生自由电子。

第三章科技英语写作

第一节

Our latest attempt at molding performance protectors has led to some positive results. We spent several hours in Dept.15 trying different machine settings and techniques. Several good parts were molded using two different sheet thicknesses. Here is a summary of the findings.

First, we tried the thick sheet material. At 240°F, this thickness worked well. Next, we tried the thinner sheet material. The thinner material is less forgiving, but after a few adjustments we were making good parts. Still, the thin material caused the most handling problems.

第二节

1．引言部分

1.Actions of Antibiotics,（不够具体）

Performances of Moderators in Reactors，（不够具体）

A Comprehensive Survey on the Etiological Factors of Stomach Cancer in China，

（删除a comprehensive survey）

Studies on the Fluctuation of Noise and Regression Analysis（删除studies on the）

A Comparison of Radio Waves with Water Waves，（不够具体）

2. Application of Statistical Methods to Diagnose Causes of Poor Air-Quality Model

Performance (统计方法在诊断空气质量模型性质差的原因方面的应用) Investigation on Heat-Electricity Cogeneration with Nuclear Heating Reactors

(核供热反应堆热电联产实验研究)

Light Radiation from Pulsed Discharges in Water

(水中高压脉冲发电的光辐射研究)

2．摘要部分

一、

1．The current calibration methods of the projectile-velocity measurement system are introduced, and the problem and the unreasonableness of these methods are analyzed.

Based on the principle of the mathematical statistics, the calibration method is investigated that measures the projectile-velocity at the same time by the multi-group zone-block device is unbiased, uniform and efficient and uses the average of the measured value as the true value of the projectile-velocity at the point. The method advantages are analyzed too. The calibration system of the projectile-velocity measurement system based on the laser screen targets is established. The experiment and the data process prove that the method is not only feasible, but also provides an effective calibration method for quantificationally giving the uncertainty of measuring the projectile-velocity quantitatively.

2. A novel water soluble fluorescent monomer, 4-(N’-methyl-1-piperazinyl)

–N-methyl-1, 8-naphthalimide allyl chloride quaternary ammonium salt (FM) is synthesized from 4-bromo-1, 8-naphthalic anhydride and methylamine. Its structure is characterized by IR, H NMR and MS. The acrylic acid / hydroxypropyl acryate copolymer containing fluorescent group (FM-AA-HPA) is prepared by copolymerization of FM, acrylic acid (AA) and hydroxypropyl acryate (HPA). The effects of FM-AA-HPA on fluorescence and scale inhibition are researched. The results show that the wavelength of the excited and the emitted spectrum of FM-AA-HPA are 399 nm and 531 nm respectively, and the shapes are symmetric as mirror images. The relationship of fluorescent intensity and concentration of FM-AA-HPA is linear. The correlation coefficient (R) is 0.997 8 and the limit of detection is 0.95 mg.L-1. By the static method, the scale inhibition ratio of Ca3 (PO4)2 is 85.4% when the copolymer concentration is 20 mg.L-1; the scale inhibition ratio of CaCO3 is 70.9% when the copolymer concentration is 15 mg.L-1; the scale inhibition ratio of CaSO4 is 86.5% when the copolymer concentration is 15 mg.L-1;

the ability of stabing Zn2+ ion is good. The results from SEM show that the copolymer has high performance of scale inhibition on lattice distortion of CaCO3.

[2010, 34(1):151-156]

3. According to the electromagnetic propagation rule and the calculation methods of

equivalent surface impedance, a new microwave absorber based on resonant high-impedance surface is proposed and designed. The theoretic analysis in the frequency range of 2.95 to 4.15 GHz. But in this frequency range, it is a perfect absorber while the resonant surface is loaded with an ultra-thin electric loss-sheet with impedance matching to the free space. The bandwidth with the reflection coefficient of -10 dB or less is about 700 MHz, and the maximum absorption peak is at 3.55 GHz. The simulated results agree well with the analysis results. The design of the absorber is not only simple in structure, but also has characteristics of ultra-thin

(1.5 mm thickness), ultra-light and wider bandwidth.

4. Since Wiener proposed the Cyvernetics, feedback has always been the most

fundamental concept and methodology for control theory and engineering. This paper summarizes the development of the existing feedback control and the emergency interconnections control. It is pointed that the mechanism of the closed-loop feedback can be regarded to be a design to realize the desired performance by changing the interconnections of the systems via feedback gains. However, in many practical systems, especially, in large-scale systems, some of the interconnections may be regulated directly. Usually, the interconnections can be divided into two parts: fixed part and regulatable part. The regualtable part can be assigned directly in an open-loop way while the closed-loop feedback control is implemented in a coordinate way. A novel control way is thus proposed: it is consists of an open-loop interconnections assigning and a classical closed-loop feedback control. The analysis shows that this technique not only describes a large class of emergency control strategy but also extends the limitation of feedback control. With this strategy, almost all existing closed-loop feedback control theories and their corresponding methodology can be extended to a new sphere.

5. I n order to improve GPS signal’s acquisition, tracking performance in high dynamic

environment. Through the sequential logic, loop parameters, and high dynamic changes under the Doppler frequency shift analysis, using wide bandwidth and high-order tracking loop, a loop to carrier acquisition, tracking is designed based on DSP + FPGA. By signal’s Fourier transform, FPGA is used to complete fast carrier first capture and second precise acquisition, while DSP is used to realize an automatic adjusted second-order FLL-assisted third-order Costas-PLL which makes the loop have the anti-high dynamic performance and still have a high tracking accuracy.

Simulation results show that: the design can achieve GPS carrier’s fast acquisition and accurate tracking in high dynamic environment. [2010, 34(1): 75-79]

6.By the measures of the theory of complex functions, the dynamic propagation

problems concerning mode III asymmetrical interface crack under the action of moving variable loads are studied. The universal expressions of analytical solutions are readily attained by the technique of self-similar functions and corresponding differential and integral operation. The problem discussed here can be easily translated into Riemann-Hibert problem by this approach, and the analytical solutions of the stress, displacement and dynamic stress intensity factor under the crack surfaces subjected to moving variable loads are respectively attained. Their closed solutions are obtained by means of Muskhelishvili’s method. The solutions of the

discretionally complex problems can be gained by those solutions and superposition theorem.

7. In order to study the distribution of the electron densities in the laser-induced-plasma

(LIP), the image-processing methods are utilized to pre-process the interference fringes of laser-induced-plasma. The interograms of the LIP is obtained by Mach-Zehnder interferometer in experiment. The interference fringes of the LIP is pretreated by filtering and sharpening. In order to get the thinning-image of the interference fringes of the LIP, binary and thinning are used to treat the denoised interferograms of the LIP. The inverse Abel transform is operated on the shift of the thinned interference fringes, and the radial distribution of electron density of the LIP is obtained.

二、

a. Aimed at the system consisting of square plansifter and flexible suspender attached

to square plansifter，the rigid-flexible coupling dynamic modeling and the finite element simulation are employed to study it. The nonlinear dynamic equation of square plansifter is established based on the Lagrange equation, and the kinematic circle law is derived from stabilization condition. By using MSC.Patran/Nastran, the finite element model of square plansifter is created and the transient response analysis is applied. The theoretic model and the results of finite element simulation are verified by experimental date. The dynamic model and finite element simulation method presented in this paper possess an important reference value and guidance to intensity checkout and structure optimization of square plansifter.

b. In order to obtain the accurate and efficient simulation algorithm for describing the

rotation of the fuze ball rotor, two kinds of the fuze ball rotor are numerically simulated with the mathematical model of quaternion as examples. Runge-Kutta method and Gear method are adopted.The results show that comparing with the nonlinear mathematical model of Euler angles ,the model of quaternion of fuze ball rotor is able to avoid the singularity when the nutation angle approaches 0°or 180°.The arithmetical solution can be obtained by Runge-Kutta method instead of using the Gear method which is complicated and more time-consumed for calculation.

a. 4-Bromo-1,8-Naphthalic anhydride and methylamine. Its structure was

characterized by IR, 1H NMR and MS. The acrylic acid / hydroxypropyl acryate copolymer containing fluorescent group (FM-AA-HPA) was prepared by copolymerization of FM, acrylic acid (AA) and hydroxypropyl acryate (HPA). The effects of FM-AA-HPA on fluorescence and scale inhibition were researched. The results showed that the wavelength of the excited and the emitted spectrum of FM-AA-HPA were 399nm and 531nm,respectively,and the shapes were symmetric as mirror images. The relationship of fluorescent intensity and concentration of FM-AA-HPA was linear, and the correlation coefficient (R) was 0.9978，the limit of detection was 0.95mg?L-1. By static method, the scale inhibition ratio of Ca3(PO4)2 was 85.4% when the copolymer concentration was 20 mg?L-1; scale inhibition ratio

of CaCO3 was 70.9% when the copolymer concentration was 15 mg?L-1; scale inhibition ratio of CaSO4 was 86.5% when the copolymer concentration was 15 mg?L-1;the ability of stabing Zn2+ ion was good. The results by SEM showed that the copolymer had high performance of scale inhibition on lattice distortion of CaCO3.

b. In order to obtain the thermodynamic data of the synthesis of ethyl carbonate (EMC) from dimethyl carbonate (DMC) and diethyl carbonate (DEC), the standard molar enthalpies of formation, Gibbs free energy and molar heart capacity under constant pressure are calculated by the method of Benson group contributions. The enthalpy change, free energy change, equilibrium constant and equilibrium conversion rate of the reaction are calculated and discussed according to the principles of chemical thermodynamics under 300 -1000 K. The results show that the free energy change in the synthesis of EMC by transesterification of DMC with DEC is negative and the reaction is thermodynamically feasible. The free energy change decreases with the increase with the increase in the temperature, and higher temperature is in favor of the reaction. The equilibrium constant of the reaction is only 33.20 even at 1000 K and the spontaneous degree of the reaction is low.

a. In this paper, the accumulative error analysis of the incremental localization approach (ILA) is conducted by Monte Carlo simulation and the effects of the errors on localization accuracy are revealed. Then an improved ILA is proposed to reduce the accumulative errors. The basic idea behind the proposed algorithm is to reduce the error propagation by using the constraints on the distances between the unknown nodes and the best accurate nodes in previous known nodes. The simulation results show that the improved ILA can significantly reduce the accumulative errors of the ILA, and thus enhance the localization accuracy.

b.In the measurement of the period of torsion pendulum using the photoelectricity timing method, it is demonstrated that only the first sampling interval is the most similar to the real period of torsion pendulum whether caught in rising edges or in falling edges of amplitude, as long as position error exists. However, measurement error can’t be reduced through multi-average. A method of real-time computing damping ratio using the ratio of adjacent area of period is presented, and the feasibility of this method is demonstrated by theoretical analysis. The experimental results show that the standard deviation of moment of inertia with the method introduced in this paper decreases an order of magnitude than that with photoelectricity timing method.

4．

a. There are many discrete-time problems in engineering community, but the existing theory only give us the method in continuous-time systems. Considering the one-unit discrete time repairable systems, this paper proposes a state transition model based on failure rate and repair rate. Then the reliability performances such as reliability, availability of the system and the mean failure times are obtained. A textbook example is given to illustrate the proposed model.

b. There are many discrete-time problems in Engineering community, but the existing theory only give us the method in continuous-time systems. Considering the one-unit discrete time repairable systems, this paper proposes a state transition model based on failure rate and repair rate. Then the reliability performances such as reliability, availability of the system and the mean failure times are obtained. Several textbook examples are given to illustrate the proposed model.

a．To consider the effect of the earth on the calculation of ultra range trajectory more accurately, an elliptic earth trajectory model adopting accurate normal gravity is established. The calculation method for the rocket impact point and flight height is discussed. An accurate normal gravity calculation method is deducted and an elliptic earth trajectory model is obtained. The error of range calculation by adopting a plain earth model is calculated and analyzed. The result shows that, in terms of the long range trajectory, the range calculation error by the ellipsoid earth surface trajectory model is smaller than that by the plain earth surface trajectory model.

b. In order to break through the restriction of tunnel length on the application of tailrace tunnel ventilation technology and extend the technology application scope, a series air-handling system of spraying the tailrace tunnel ventilation with low-temperature water is presented. The mathematical models of the counter and concurrent flow spray systems are established and the analytical solutions are derived. The influences of ventilation rate, spray coefficient, water jet pressure and the location of spray device on the operation performances of the series air-handling system are analyzed. The results indicate that it is useful to improve the heat and moisture treatment of the series air-handling system by using the priority air-handling mode of tailrace tunnel ventilation and increasing the spray coefficient, and the ventilation rate and water het pressure have the less influence on the operating performance of the series air-handling system.

a. The transient received-force response and the penetration depth of the Kevlar composites impregnated with shear thickening fluid (STF) are studied by a self-made drop-hammer tester. The energy-absorbing mechanism of the STF-Kevlar composites during penetration is analyzed. The experimental results show that the peak value of the stab resistance and penetration force of the impregnated Kevlar fabrics rises to about 400 N and the first level stress response time decreases to 3.5 ms while the penetration depth reduces less. The composites impregnated with middle concentration dispersion prepared with 120 nm SiO2 nano particles show the good stab resistance increases to 2.7 times of pure Kevlar fabrics, and their penetration depth reduces by ten percent.

b. The polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based fibers are carbonized at temperature of 600-900℃. Chemical composition and microstructure of the fibers are characterized using elemental analyzer, wide-angle X-ray diffractometer and laser Raman spectrometer. Mechanical and electrical properties of the fibers are examined. The results indicate that with the increase of the carbonization temperature, the mass

fraction of carbon increases; nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen are partially removed from the fibers; linear density and elongation at break of the fibers decrease, volume density and tensile strength of the fibers increase; electrical resistivity of the fibers decreases drastically due to the increasing volume fraction of turbostratic graphite structure formed in carbonization process; low-temperature carbonization fiber/resin composite coatings with admirable antistatic property can be prepared.

a. In order to prove the existence of weak solution for the complex Monge-Ampère equation in the pseudoconvex domain, the sub-solution is constructed by the properties of the domain. According to the theorem that the sub-solution can imply the solution, the existence of weak solution in some special pseudoconvex domain is obtained. The results show that the sub-solution is based on the properties of the domain.

b. The temperature fields and thermal stress fields of the integrate circuit boards with single ship and multiple ships are simulated using formula for thermic insulants and composite materials by 3D FEM (finite element method). The numerical results indicate that there are great tangential thermal stresses between ships and integration circuit boards, which may do peeled damage to the boards. Different layouts of chips on board are also investigated, which makes an impact on temperature fields and thermal stress fields. Both maximum values of temperature and stresses can be decreased effectively when the chips are distributed reasonably.

3．正文部分

1.上面两例讨论的主题都是疾病对人的寿命的影响。在第一例中可以清楚地看出所讨论的内容只不过是对主题句的重复，而且在主题句中对主要部分也就是主题部分应该有个限制。从第二句到段落结束给人的感觉是几乎每个句子都可以拉出来单独作为一段文字的主题句，所以说第一例内容缺乏一致性，而且文字中间没有任何联系，也缺乏连贯性。在第二例中，作者在主题句中就明确地限定了该段文字扩展的方向，然后在扩展句中对为什么人的寿命得以延长进行了详尽的论述，所扩展的范围包括饮水、牛奶、食品、工程技术、公共卫生，等等。在段落的最后一句实际是对全文一个概括性总结，整个段落所描述的内容完整地解答了主题句中提出的扩展内容要求。

第四章机械类英语阅读文选

Text 1

1-7: F T F T T F F

II.

1.That branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions, time and forces is called mechanics.

2.Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems, i.e., those in which time is not a factor.

3.Dynamics deals with systems which change with time.

4.Geometry and mechanics. By the separation of Geometry from Mechanics, the

determination of the motion from dynamical principles will be made much easier than if the two parts were undertaken conjointly. These two aspects of dynamics were later recognized as Kinematics and kinetics, and deal with motion and the forces producing it, respectively.

5.Kinematics is the study of motion. More particularly, kinematics is the study of position, displacement, rotation, speed, velocity, and acceleration. The study, say, of planetary or orbital motion is also a problem in kinematics.

6.Euler based his separation of dynamics into kinematics and kinetics on the assumption that they should deal with rigid bodies. It is this very important assumption that allows the two to be treated separately.

7.Although all real machine parts are flexible to some degree, machines are usually designed from relatively rigid materials, keeping part deflections to a minimum. Therefore, it is common practice to assume that deflections are negligible and parts are rigid.

III.

a. derive = d. obtain

b. rotate = a. turn

c. deflect = j. bend, turn from a straight course or fixed direction

d. exert = b. use

e. perceptible = c. noticeable

f. magnitude = i. greatness of size

g. neglect = f. pay no attention

h. in equilibrium = g. balanced i. stationary = h. not moving

j. velocity = e. speed

IV.

convert motion familiar various Furthermore suitable combine technique Text 2

1. In dimensioning a drawing, nominal size is the numbers placed in the dimension lines that represent dimensions that are only approximate and do not represent any degrees of accuracy unless so stated by the designer.

2. In engineering practice, a permissible deviation from the nominal size is termed as tolerance.

3. If the dimension of the shaft is lower than the dimension of the hole, then there will be clearance. Such a fit is termed clearance fit.

4. If the dimension of the shaft is more than that of the hole, then it is termed interference fit.

5. Dimensions given close tolerances means that the part must fit properly with some other parts.

6. Allowance is the minimum clearance space intended between mating parts and represents the condition of the tightest permissible fit.

7. Unilateral tolerance means that any variation is made in only one direction from the nominal or basic dimension.

8. The tolerance would be bilateral if it varies both over and under the nominal dimension.

II.

measurement straight volumes irregular foundation necessary instruments accuracy

1.紧公差的尺寸表示该零件必须与其他零件恰当配合。两者所示公差必须要与设计允差、制造工艺的能力以及获取最大利润的最小生产与转配成本一致。

2.容差有时与公差相混淆，两者的意义是完全不同的。容差是在两配合零件间允许的最小间隙，表示配合允许的最紧的状态。

3.单向公差允许容差与配合类型不变化的情况下改变公差。而对双向公差来说，如果不改变两个配合零件中的一个或两个的公称尺寸，改变公差是不可能的。Passage Three

1. Standard machine tools are usually grouped in six basic classes: lathes, drilling machines, shapers, planers, milling machines, and grinding machines.

2. Grinding. Grinding is one of the most accurate of all the basic machining methods. A grinder differs from other machines in that it uses a tool made of emery, carborumdum, or similar materials. The wheel, made up of many tiny cutting points, cuts with the entire surface area that comes in contact with the material being ground. Grinders cut with a grinding action, removing material in the form of tiny particles. II.

车床 lathe/turning machine

钻床 driller/drilling machine

镗床 borer/boring machine

磨床 grinder/grinding machine

齿轮加工机床gear cutting machine

螺纹加工机床threading machine

铣床 miller/milling machine

刨插床planer/shaper

拉床 broacher/broaching machine

电加工机床electric machine

切割机床cutting machine

III.

size blueprints removing figures indicate modification belongs stands improved

IV.

1.每一种机床都根据这样的原理来工作：对刀具或者工件施以运动并使两者相接触。然而，每种机床在所采用的运动方式或所应用的方法上，又各不相同。

2.旋转的刀具垂直于工件的表面进行连续的切削。多刃刀具旋转与直线进给两种运动合成后，就可以在工件上加工出满足要求的孔。

3.砂轮的表面是由许多极小的微刃（砂粒）组成，操作者通过移动工件与砂轮表面接触。

Text 4

T T F F T T F F F T

II.

数控，数字控制numerical control

计算机辅助工程computer-aided engineering

管理信息系统management information systems

图形终端graphic terminal

数据库data base

交互式图形学interactive graphics

动画制作animation

转动惯量moment of inertia

有限元finite element

实体模型，实物的原尺寸模型mock-up

工艺图，布线图artwork

机器人学robotics

几何模型geometric model

穿孔卡片punched card

电路卡circuit card

III.

concerned perform separate Ultimately defined consist systems interface IV.

1.和普通使用的数字数据连接起来，并随着电子技术的不断发展而充实起来，数字控制和数字计算机的发展成熟允许两者综合起来，就可以将我们带到向往已久的自动化工厂的门口。

2.在CAD/CAM中，要求解决的是三维机械设计和制造问题。通过键盘和光笔或其他类似铅笔的装置和计算机交互作用，设计人员在显示屏幕上规定点和线，就可以很快构成屏幕显示的图或模型，这是计算机数据库中所存储的图像的真实再现。

3.用完成的模型确定了部件的几何形状后，设计人员可以让计算机计算物理

性能，如重量、体积、表面积、转动惯量和重心。有限元方法可用于确定应力、挠度和其他结构特性。在这类分析之后，显示屏就会显示彩色编码的应力图、部件承受给定载荷时的挠度形状或者显示动画方式的模型以展示结构如何在工作中振动和变形。

第四章化学类英语阅读文选

第四章电光、自动化类英语阅读文选

Text 1

I. 将下列短语译为英文。

(1) data acquisition and supervisory control (2) fast switching thyristor (FST) (3) current to voltage convertor (I/V) (4) automation of electric power systems (5) safety control switch (6) Silicon rectifier

(7) feeder automation (FA) (8) Intelligent Power Module(IPM)

(9) power system harmonics (10) voltage transformer

II. 将下列短语翻译为中文。

(1) 电路测试技术(2) 电源控制系统(3) 电流互感器 (4) 配电管理系统(5) 可控硅开关(6) 压敏电阻器 (7) 压控振荡器(8) 硅对称开关

(9) 正序阻抗(10) 电力电子电路

III. 将下列句子翻译成英文。

(1) Electricity is the major energy used in industry.

(2) Heating the semi-conductor, its conductivity can be increased.

(3) The radar signal transmitted to the moon would be sent back because the moon is solid.

(4) Without electric pressure in a semiconductor, the electron flow would not take place in it.

(5) The current may be calculated if we know the voltage and the resistance.

IV. 将下列句子翻译为中文。

(1) 构成电力系统的发电机、电线以及其它设备，其布置取决于该地区负载增长

的方式，并且时常还会重新布置。

(2) 要达到达个目的，我们可在断路器B和D上装设方向继电器，该方向继电器的

连接应保证，只有当通过它们的电流方向为离开负载母线时才起动。

(3) 存在于绝缘材料体内任何一个小的孔洞，都将导致该处所含气体的电离化，

其产物不利于绝缘。

(4) 由于风固有的间歇性，此类系统必须含有能源存储装置，比如电池，或者其

供电负荷能耐受不可预知的能源中断。

(5) 有必要在大型太阳辐射收集板上安装半导体，以拦截最大量的太阳能。

Text 2

I. 将下列短语译为英文。

(1) luminous sensitivity / photosensitivity (2) critical fusion frequency (CFF) (3) gamma correction (4) parabolical mirror/ paraboloidal mirror/ parabolic reflector

(5) diffraction grating (6) paraxial ray trace equations

(7) optical path difference (OPD) (8) visual sensitivity/ visual acuity

(9) wavefront aberration (10) color saturation/ color gamut

II. 将下列短语翻译为中文。

(1) 有效焦距(2) 色焦距变换

(3) 高斯求积(4) 轴向色[象]差/光轴色像差

(5) 对比灵敏度/对比敏感度/反差灵敏度(6) 内部反射/内反射

(7) 曲率半径(8) 点分布函数/点扩散函数/点散播函数

(9) 衍射参数(10) 感光灵敏度/感光性

III. 将下列句子翻译成英文。

(1) Wires to connect components are not needed in an integrated circuit.

(2) The force that pulls everything to the ground is called gravity.

(3) A condenser is a device to store electricity/ electrical energe.

(4) Action and reaction are opposite.

(5) Electic current heats the object as it flows through it.

IV. 将下列句子翻译为中文。

(1) 光所产生的色感只取决于产生光的波长。

(2) 测出激光束往返于月球和地球所需要的时间，科学家们就能精确地求出两者之间的距离。

(3) 这种新技术的基础是电子在仅有几个毫微米厚的半导体材料层中的奇特性能。

(4) 在这个过程中，很多变量会变化，使得输出温度偏离期望值。

(5) 就测量的精度和速度而论，似乎还没有其它的技术能与激光相比。

Text 3

I. 将下列短语译为英文。

Logical Link Control（LLC ）Media Access Control(MAC)

Carrier synchronization Carrier Sense Multiple Access

Pulse Width Modulation communication subnet

one-way communication parallel highway human-computer communication asynchronous transfer mode virtual LAN

broadcast storm application specific integrated circuit

II. 将下列短语翻译为中文。

(1) 应用层协议规范(2) 脉冲宽度调制

(3) 数字识别(4) 光通信系统

(5)同相检波器(6) 谐波[调和]分析

(7) 数据综合处理(8) 转码误差

(9) 特性曲线(10) 通信终端

III. 将下列句子翻译成英文。

(1) Heat effect, magnetic effect and chemical effect are the three most important

effects of electric current.

(2) Many comets encircle the sun at the same time.

(3) Not only can the electricity generate magnetism, but also the magnetism can

generate electricity.

(4) Steel is a good conductor of eccentricity, so do most of metals.

(5) The lower the frequency is , the stronger the refraction of the wave would be.

IV. 将下列句子翻译为中文。

(1) 只经过一步就达到优化的情况是罕见的，为了得到满意的结果通常绕围绕

“分析-误差-调节”的循环进行多次的反复。

(2) 如今，TCP/IP无限局域网在室内应用中越来越普及，例如在证券交易大厅内，

移动用户要求能与网络进行高速数据接入并希望有语音通话功能以进行电话交谈。

(3) 在20世纪早期，人们发现光能是原子放出电子，而其当光从原子释放出一

个电子时，电子包含的能量大大超过由电磁波理论得到的原子所接收的能量。

(4) 公众电话网目前受到压力，要在容量和所提供的功能方面有一个巨大的扩

展，而应当记住，这一电话网大部分是建立在已过时的技术基础上的。

Text 4

I. 将下列短语译为英文。

output matrix lag compensation

modem amplitude modulation

control systems with dissipation information system for process control waveform factor industrial automation

computer aided analysis sampling control

pattern recognition asynchronous transmission

II. 将下列短语翻译为中文。

直接模拟存储技术峰形系数输出误差

多变量控制系统需求规格说明现代控制理论

人机协调复合控制分散随机控制

动态误差系数相位调制固有频率

III. 将下列句子翻译成英文。

（1）As we know, the magnetic pole of the same character is repulsive , the opposite pole attracts each other

（2）In another word, any conductor, such as lead, would produce some kind of resistance to electric current.

（3）magnetic line of force is invisible for it is not a kind of substance, but a force. （4）Electron shows some characteristic of substance, which is inertia.

IV. 将下列句子翻译为中文。

(1) 锁相环包含三部分：鉴相器，环路滤波器，以及频率受外加电压控制的压控

振荡器。鉴相器将周期性输入信号与压控振荡器的相位相比较，其输出是两个输入信号相位差的度量。差电压然后由环路滤波器过滤并送到压控振荡器。

(2) 每一次的输入信号周期，振荡器输出不多不少正好也是一个信号周期。锁相

环的一个显著的应用就是自动频率控制。通过这种方法可以实现理想的频率控制，而传统的自动频率控制技术不可避免地存在某些频率误差。

(3) 应用现代数字传输技术可以在一个6MHZ带宽的频道内以每秒17到20兆比特

的数率传送视频数据。因为HDTV信号所包含的信息量为NTSC制电视信号的6倍以上。这意味着需要将HDTV的运动图像序列至少压缩50倍。

第四章动力类类英语阅读文选

Text 1

I. Reading Comprehension

1. C

2. A

3. D

4. B

II. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form when necessary. 1. withstand 2. modify 3. eliminated 4. enhance 5. convert

6. install

7. implement

8. monitor

9. interconnect

10. adjacent to 屋顶方格与地面方格不视为临接。

III. Fill in the blanks with the information given in the text.

1. the entire Master System

2. a cabinet or panel of terminals for the instrumentation and control wires

3. the EMS database size and the amount of information communicated to the EMS system

4. interfacing these devices directly into the RTU

5. microwave

IV. Translation

1.应用微处理机的多路数据采集与数据处理系统

2.光学互连技术在航空航天中的应用

3.传统的离线标定难以适应在线监测的要求。

4.EMF与网元设备及服务器之间接口的设计与实现。

5.随着调频广播的发展，现有调频天线系统扩容与天线安装空间有限的矛盾,

成了制约尤其是大中型城市调频广播发展的突出问题。

6.In recent years, radio and television have advanced rapidly in Xinjiang. Currently,

there are 41 radio transmission and relay stations, and 826 television transmission and relay stations. Radio reaches 91.3% of the whole district and 90.93% of population have access to television.

7.Some utilities deploy hierarchical control systems to monitor and control.

8.It is a bottomless money pit for IS departments to upgrade bloated applications

(and the hardware needed to run them) for the boast features are hardly used.

9.Normally, a four bit binary counter would increment up to 1111 (decimal15)

before returning to 0.

10.Dagangshan hydroelectric power station is one of the main large-scale

hydroelectric projects build on Dadu River. The acreage of controlling watershed around dam site reaches to 6.27×104 km2, which is 81% of the whole watershed.

The average flux for many years is 1000m3/s and the normal water level is 1130m as planned.

Text 2

I. Reading Comprehension

1. A

2. C

3.C

4. B

II. Fill in the blanks with the words given below. Change the form when necessary. 1. replenish 2. utilize

3. intermittent (他们看见了灯塔发出一闪一灭的光。)

4. alter (事易时移。/情况不同，事态也会不同。)

5. soar

6. supplement

7. drastically

8. conventional (他总是喜欢说老生常谈的那几句话)

9. renewable

10. disrupt, disrupting (如果你们妨碍了他的雄心和热情，你们就是在妨碍他走向成功。)

III. True or False

1. F. The cost of renewable energy has decreased greatly so it can compete with

traditional sources of energy.

2.T

3.T

4. F. When large-scale renewable energy projects are developed, the may influence

the environment.

5. F. Increasing the use of renewable energy can help protect people from dramatic

price swings.

IV. Translation

1.水域生态系统；草原生态系统；模式生态系统

2.农业是集约化进行生物质生产的过程，生物质工程（能及材料）应是生态农

业工程的重要组分，并通过它与循环经济全面对接。

3.大黄堡湿地具有湿地生态系统的典型性与脆弱性、自然景观的独特性、生境

类型的复杂性、生态系统演替的自然性和生态地位的特殊性等特点,是天津市唯一的具有良好湿地植被的天然湿地生态系统,同时也是东亚候鸟南北迁飞路线上一个停歇地和中转站。

4.全面地研究我国风力发电成本、研究影响风力发电成本的因素、找到降低风

力发电成本的途径，对促进我国风电事业的发展、改进我国能源结构、治理我国环境污染具有重要的现实意义。

5.The government is vigorously advancing the Renewable Energy Development

6.The Type of Low-Medium Temperature Geothermal System of Convection

Type--The Genesis Analysis of Tangshan Geothermal System in Nanjing

7.The harmful pollutants released into the air by coal-fired electricity generation,

such as sulphur, also dampen the greenhouse effect.

8.Modern sciences of botany provided new technology for sustainable agricultural

development, ecological environment restoration, green energy exploitation and so on, which had great importance to construct harmonious society and improve the relationship between human and nature.

9.Along with the ecological and energy-saving trend of construction development,

solar energy applies light-heat conversion technique to realize the integrated air conditioning system of water heating and refrigerating. It centralizes large area of solar heat collectors to heat water, providing families and units with consistent water supply. In winter, it uses the solar heated water to realize floor heating or fan heating and in summer, the heated water is used to refrigerate by the high-efficiency hot water refrigerating set. Besides, the system is equipped with assisting resources to form an integrated air conditioning system, which is efficient, safe, environmental, energy-saving and economic. By it, people can

《科技英语强化阅读》答案[2]

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