跨文化交际--读书报告 完整版

The Book Report on Intercultural Communication

Now we are in an era of globalization, the connection between different people with various cultural backgrounds becomes closer and closer, so it is the high time that we should have an awareness to admit the diversity of cultures and respect the difference of cultures. In this book, we can have a general understanding of the intercultural communication. To be exact, it demonstrates some theories to help us to achieve effective communication; also it points out some barriers preventing the effective communication and lastly gives us some suggestions on how to communicate smoothly and effectively when we are in different contexts as well as how to improve our intercultural communication competence. In this report, I will try to write down what I have learned in each chapter and then talk about my personal view on intercultural communication.

1，The knowledge I learn from Intercultural Communication

1)culture

From chapter one, we can know that culture is the deposit of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,actions,attitudes,hierarchies,religions, notions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving. It has five characteristics, that is to say, culture is learned, dynamic, pervasive, integrated and adaptive. Everyone has its cultural identity whether it is examined or conscious or not. In addition, under the influence of these factors such as economic, politic, race, social class and the like, we human beings formulate the subculture, co-culture and the subgroups which are deviant and temporary.

2)Communication and intercultural communication

From chapter two, we can learned that the process of communication is composed by 9 parts, namely, sender message encoding channel receiver decoding feedback and noise and context in order. The communication process is dynamic, systematic, symbolic, irreversible, transactional, self-reflective and contextual. Wha t’s more, culture is closed related to communication. Besides that, we can also learn that there are four main forms of intercultural communication including international communication, interracial communication, interethnic communication and intracultural communication.

3)culture’s influence on perception

From chapter three, we can learn that culture, which teaches us how to process and understand the information obtained from our senses, plays an important part in our perception. The process of perception is divided into three stages. When we select some message we need from our various senses, then we will organize these useful messages and finally interpret them. Sometimes we need to overcome barriers to accurate perception, such as ignoring details, over-generation, focusing on the

negative and so on. So it is essential for us to improve our perceptual skills in intercultural communication. They are listed as follows:

Increase our understanding of the perceptual process

Increase our observation acuity

Check our perception

Increase our awareness of perceptual inaccuracies and compensate for them

Recognize the elements to which you contribute meaning.

Develop social decentering, empathy, and other-orientation

4)intercultural communication barriers

From chapter 4, the author mainly talks about the intercultural communication barriers from three perspectives, namely, emotional, attitudinal and translation barrier. When we are not familiar with another culture, we will sometimes fell anxious and uncertain. We always assume the similarity instead of difference and take our own culture for granted. With regard to attitudinal problems, we are usually influenced by the sense of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism due to our early socialization and social economic and psychological benefits. As for the translation problems, we need to guarantee the equivalence of vocabulary, idioms, grammar and syntax, experience, and concepts.

5)Verbal intercultural coommuniction

From chapter five, the author talks about the verbal communication. Verbal communication is achieved by language as well as cultural literacy. The meaning of words comes out of the context. There are five verbal communication styles in this chapter: derect/indirect; self-enhancement/self-effacement; elaborate/exacting/succinct; personal/contextual and instrumental/affective. In addition, languages are various from countries to countries, regions to regions and have different functions. We have dialects, sociolects, pidgin, taboo, euphemism and lingua franca which will make the communication more difficult. Finally the verbal communication can affect the written communication, especially in business written form. We need to adjust our way of writing when we approach different people with different cultural backgrounds, either in direct plan or indirect plan.

6)Nonverbal intercultural coommuniction

From chapter six, we know that apart from verbal communication, nonverbal communication, sending messages without using words, can also deliver more information to us as well as reflect our subconsciousness spontaneously. Nonverbal communication codes in a communicating setting can be divided into different categories, such as paralanguage, silence, proxemics, chronemiccs, oculesics, olfactics, haptics, kinesics, chromatics and attire. For example, when you are silent in a discussion, it will have some implications. Firstly, you are not for the ideas others put forward. Secondly, you are lack of ideas. Thridly, you are shy to express yourself.

7)Cultural pattern

From chapter seven, we know shared beliefs, values, norms, and social practices that are stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviours across similar situations are known as cultural patterns. It affects our ways of thinking and acting. Wha t’s more, Edward T Hall’s introduces the high-context communication and the low context-communication that are essential to effective communication. In high-context communication, information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence and don’t rely on verbal communication as their main information channel while the latter deliver the information mainly through the verbal messages. Then Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck put forward the value orientation, including human nature,person-nature, activity and relation. Lastly Hofstedde has identified four value dimensions that have a significant impact on behavior in all cultures. These dimensions are individualism and collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and masculinity and femininity.

8)Cultural influences on contexts

In chapter eight, we can know that meaning in communication is basically decided by context. Context may consist of the social, political, and historical structures in which the communication occurs. Communication in three areas is most influenced by context：business, education and health care. In the business field, management has become a crucial issue and the managing styles vary from culture to culture. In addition to management, business practices such as gift giving, negotiation, greetings are also posing problems for the business interaction. Also, people in different educational background hold different cultures’ beliefs, values and norms. Similarly, health care professionals rely on the context. The different concerns about reasons for illness, family member roles, gender roles and language prove to be problematic in the health context. So if we want to achieve smooth communication across different cultures, we need to be willing to accept and understand the different cultural patterns.

9)Intercultural adaptation

In chapter nine, we learn about the intercultural adaptation. When we come into a new culture, we need to know how to adapt to a new culture. Many foreigners will face culture shock which is a double sword. We need to master some strategies for avoiding culture shock and engaging in intercultural adaptation. Firstly, we need to study the host culture and the local environment. Secondly, it is necessary to learn basic verbal and nonverbal language skills. Thirdly, we need to develop intercultural relationship with host nations and maintain an intimate social network. Fourthly, assuming the principle of difference and anticipating the failure events is helpful in intercultural adaptation.

10)Intercultural communication competence

In the last chapter, we learn that intercultural competence is now more vital than before because of economic, technological, demographic, and social justice concerns. Having a good competent intercultural communication can help us fulfill our objectives and make our behaviors appropriate to the context and at the same time to maintain a good relationship with the people we approach. Intercultural competence includes individual component and contextual component. What’s more, there are four dimensions of intercultural competence-knowledge, affective, psychomotor and situational features dimension. So in order to be successful intercultural communicator, we need to develop skills to and strategies. Such as

?Work to emphasize areas of similarity wit others

?Try to accept differing opinion

?Make your verbal messages consistent with your nonverbal messages

?Avoid dominating conversation

?Avoid being submissive in conversation

?Be a affirmer

2，My view on intercultural communication

1)The use and the importance t of intercultural communication

Before I read this book, I have thought the culture conflicts exist between different countries with different culture background, but I am wrong, intercultural communication exists everywhere. People cannot live without intercultural communication. Even when they are alone or silent, people are bombarded with communication. Human communication is the ability to use language, the ability to exchange ideas with people around us in different cultures. Communication with others is inevitable to human beings. Communication which is very important to our humans is the vehicle by which people initiate, maintain, and terminate their relationships with others. so intercultural communication is becoming pervasive because of the development of transportation and technology.

The intercultural communication is applied into many fields, such as economic, politic, education, technology, health care and so on. And we cannot deny that culture communication is a double sword. If we can have good command of different culture a nd follow the host’s culture, it will bring a lot of benefits to ourselves, if not, we will suffer from this.

With the rapid development of the modern society, the benefits of the Intercultural communication become more and more obvious.

Firstly, communicating and establishing relationships with people from different cultures can lead to a whole host of benefits, including healthier communities; increased international, national, and local commerce; reduced conflict; and personal growth through increased tolerance.

Secondly, due to through open and honest intercultural communication, people

can work together to achieve goals that benefit everyone, regardless of group or culture, including the global community in the home, business, or neighborhood. Healthy communities support all community members and strive to understand, appreciate, and acknowledge each member. Our ability to interact with persons from different cultures brought us many benefits.

Thirdly, because of cross-cultural exchange, we can learn about the other countries’ way of life, also we can understand their industry structure. Thus we can do commercial exchanges and academic communication with them. Only through the exchange, we can get more academic knowledge, our communication will be easier and there will be less conflict between people of different cultures.

2)The ways to improve our intercultural communication skills

In regard to improving our intercultural communication skills, firstly, we have to recognize that we will make mistakes, learn from them, adapt, and move on. A good beginning point is to recognize that people from different cultures are different—not better or worse, but simply different. Besides that, we shouldn’t take our own culture for granted. If we are able to do this, we can adjust and adapt our verbal and nonverbal messages accordingly and become proficient communicators.

Secondly, educate ourselves about different cultures. Be open to learning about culture and develop a sincere interest in learning about others. If this is a work-related situation, inquire with Human Resources to see if there are courses or activities related to intercultural training. If you have encountered a new friend, search the internet or go to the library to find out facts about his cultural history.

Thirdly, Pay attention to our tone and our body languages in speech. Understand that many cultures give specific meaning to tone and body language. What may be a simple reaction to us could be seen as disrespectful. Be aware of when and how we laugh during interactions. Raising our voice or intonation at certain times may be seen as aggressive.

Fourthly, try to remove slangs or idioms from our speech especially we talk someone from different cultural backgrounds. Many words in slang are misunderstood across cultures. Slang is specific to culture and many times does not communicate in the same way across cultures. For example, in England a "fag" is a cigarette and an acceptable term. In the United States, this is seen as a derogatory term.

In a word, in order to be a good and efficient communicator, it is essential for us to realize and learn these theories I talk above, show respect to the culture differences and accept the cultural diversity.

跨文化交际案例分析

跨文化交际案例分析 LEKIBM standardization office【IBM5AB- LEKIBMK08- LEKIBM2C】

Case Study 1 Age and Status 两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴….. Case description: A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm. When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. That meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks. The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache. Questions: 1．What do you think caused the conflict? 2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager? 矛盾冲突 这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品．却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介：当经理和同事问其原因．她并未做任何明确的回答：而当经理改变策略，不再直接询问原因，而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时，她才道出自己的顾虑。在这位资深年长的中国女士看来，同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会，并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信，因此她无法同意： 原因分析 造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面．对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研

翻译研究的语篇分析模式及其意义(二)

英语知识 一、导论 20 世纪90 年代,语篇分析开始在翻译研究中占主导地位。语篇分析法侧重于描述语言意义交流及建立社会和权力关系的运作方式。翻译研究中, 最具影响力的语篇分析模式当数礼德的系统功能语篇分析。语篇分析模式引入翻译研究后,对翻译研究那种众说纷纭,莫衷一是的混乱局面无疑注入了一塘清水,尤其对中国翻译界挥之不去的语文学式的翻译研究产生了重要影响。西方翻译研究者把语篇分析引入翻译研究后,已经取得了重要进展,出版了几部重要作品,主要有:J uliane House 的《翻译质量评估模式:一种重访模式》( Translation QualityAssessment : A Model Revisited ) ,[ 1 ]Mona Baker 的《换言之: 翻译教程》( In Other Words : A CourseBook on Translation ) ,[ 2 ] Bell 的《翻译的理论与实践》( Translation and Translating ) ,[ 3 ] Basil Hatim和Ian Mason 合著的《语篇与译者》( Discourse andthe Translator ) [ 4 ] 和《作为交际者的译者》(The ranslator as Communicator ) ,[ 5 ] Basil的《跨文化交际—翻译理论与对比篇章语言学》(Communication across Cultures : Translation Theoryand Cont rastive ) 。[6 ] J uliane House 通过对原文和译文进行语域对比分析以确定译作评估模式,并分析了显性翻译(overt translation) 和隐形翻译(coverttranslation) 。显性翻译自称不是翻译,隐形翻译则被定义为在译语文化中享有和源语文本平等的地位。Baker 探讨了翻译中语言各层次尤其是语篇和语用层次上的对等。Basil Hatim 和Ian Mason 将符号层上的语篇融入其翻译研究模式,代表了更广泛意义上的话语观。在我国,将语篇分析模式引入翻译研究的应首推黄国文和美芳二教授。黄国文在《外语与外语

跨文化交际

Intercultural communication is a form of global communication. It is used to describe the wide range of communication problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds.As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role in social sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills. As we all know, there are so many differences between culture of the East and West that I can not list all of their different aspects. I will focus on the differences of diet custom and teaching system. For your better understand , I will set examples of China and America. It is no doubt that it is a tradition to use chopsticks for Chinese. But people in America prefer to forks and knives. This different result is based on different food they are like .Americans choose to eat beefsteak, bread, and salad, while Chinese people choose noodles, pancakes and rice. What is more, the custom of drinking tea in China and drinking coffee in America are stand out particularly .However, there is a trend that the food in both countries has been mixture. For example, the coffee and bread have introduced to China. The famous KFC is very popular at children. The gap of teaching system between China and America is big. Chinese students always complain about their homework. Too much homework has limited the time to exercise and relax. They have to recite many things as to get a high mark. Homework comes the first to them. In my opinion, the study in America is more interesting .Teachers pay attentions t o training students? skills in thinking in realistic life not to emphasis on the importan ce of memories. In a addition, the rate of going to school ,the salary of teaching ,and t he job of graduates are quite different, too. I should say that China government should make great efforts to improve its teaching system. I am also expect to be one day ,the West give more cheers to our country. “Culture is the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the me mbers of one category of people from another.” It is inevitable that the cultural difference has impact on business. For example, when a company is having meeting, the word “table” they mention in American Engli sh means to put something on the agenda, but in British English it means to put somet hing off the agenda. This example indicated how the culture affects the business. In Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differe

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9."浅析文化差异对商务谈判的影响 20."英语禁忌语的文化内涵异同研究 21."英语学习中的文化习得 2 2."英汉思维模式的差异对跨文化交际的影响 23."外语学习者的思辨能力与跨文化交际之成效 24."培养英语学习者跨文化交际能力之策略 25."英汉道歉语差异及原因 26."中西跨文化礼貌语差异探析 27."英汉语言中礼貌表达法之比较 28."英汉习惯用语的文化内涵探源 29."英语称赞语及其回应的异同研究 3 0."中美（西）家庭教育理念的差异及其对孩子的影响 31."中国英语学习者跨文化交际中的主要障碍研究 32."试析跨文化交际中角色互动的作用 3 3."本土文化与异国文化的冲突对跨文化交际的影响 34."跨文化交际中的时间观差异 35."论跨文化交际中的中西餐桌礼仪

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跨文化交际中肢体语言的分析

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比如集体主义与个体主义。该课程还讨论语言交际中的具体问题,比如介绍与问候,词语的使用,非言语交际,价值观念,对时间,空间的看法,对教育,工作的态度, 人际间的关系, 家庭观念,以及文化冲突,文化休克等问题。最后能考试合格。 5、教学基本内容及学时安排（总学时：36） 6、各章节教学要求及教学重点 第一章跨文化交际中的问题 本章主要教学内容: 举例说明中国人与英美人士交际中存在的误解或问题。 本章教学目的及要求: 要求学生认识到跨文化交际中文化意识的重要性。 本章教学重点及难点: 交际失败的深层原因不只是语言问题,而是价值观念,经济基础,道德观念等因素在起作用。

跨文化交际开题报告

关于跨文化交际中的禁忌问题 A Probe into the Differences of Taboo Between Western and Chinese Cultures （一）选题依据 在经济全球化的今天，国际交流日益频繁，尤其是跨文化交际也越来越频繁，在跨文化中的语用失误越来越受到人们的重视。禁忌是世界各民族之间普遍存在的一种文化现象，禁忌规范了人们的言语行为与社会交际，而中西文化的巨大差异直接导致了汉英禁忌语的迥异，就是禁忌语，跨文化交际是现代交际的重要组成部分，了解语言禁忌现象就成了最基本的要求，可以使跨文化交际更加得体，更清晰的展示出中西方禁忌语的异同，以便在跨文化交际中能避免出现言语不当的问题，并通过中西方禁忌语的异同研究出来。 （二）选题意义 禁忌是世界各民族之间普遍存在的一种文化现象，禁忌规范了人们的言语行为与社会交际。而中西文化的巨大差异直接导致了汉英禁忌语的迥异。所以，无论是在英语还是汉语中，我们都会遇到一些因传统或社会风俗不同，会引起对方强烈反感，这样便导致了有些词语我们要避免使用，就是禁忌语。在经济和信息日益全球化的今天，不同民族不同国家的人之间的交流也日益频繁。跨文化交际是现代交际的重要组成部分，了解语言禁忌现象就成了最基本的要求，可以使跨文化交际更加得体。 本选题重点关注日常交流中跨文化交际语的禁忌语，从语用学的角度出发，在跨文化交际的视野里，界定和区分了禁忌语的几种类型，分析了中西方禁忌语不同的种种原因，以期在注重语言知识的同时，避免不必要的交际失当，从而提高英语综合应用能力。在日常对话中避免语用失误的出现，即使出现也能很快认识并改正，而此篇论文的目的就是总结前人研究的成果，更清晰的展示出中西方禁忌语的异同，以便在跨文化交际中能避免出现言语不当的问题，并通过中西方禁忌语的异同研究出其折射的中西方文化的差异，这样可以更透彻的了解中西方文化，对于跨文化交际很有帮助。 （三）课题写作的目标 禁忌语是一种普遍的社会现象和语言现象，它与人们的日常生活和社会习惯有着紧密的联系，这在每个民族和每种语言中都有体现。中西方文化和信仰差异导致了禁忌语也存在着较大的差别。 于是，这篇论文要先陈诉清楚禁忌语的定义，来源，特征，然后总结出中西方禁忌语的异同，最后从这些异同中总结出产生中西方禁忌语相似和差异的原因，最终从这些原因中总结禁忌语折射在文化上的差异。了解了这种差异，才能避免的跨文化交际因为文化差异而发生一些问题，有助于更好地跨文化交际。 （四）课题的基本内容 Content

跨文化交际研究现状

跨文化交际研究现状 中国跨文化外语教学的研究有近 60年的历史，近些年来有了更快的发展。如今，外语教学中有关跨文化交际能力的培养已经引起了许多教育家，语言学家的极大关注。外语教学应当结合相关文化来进行，这一点似乎已经成为当今外语教学界的共识。近年来，文化成了热门话题，文章和论著都有不少。无论是讨论教学还是教材，教学大纲还是课程设计，几乎无一不强调外语教学中的文化导入，强调在习得语言的同时习得相关的文化。而我们的英语教学侧重于语言教学，对文化方面涉及不多致使学生一开口常常是“汉语思维，英语形式”。在跨文化交际中，交际双方若不能进入同一文化背景之中，就容易产生不解或误解，导致交际失败。正如托马斯(Thomas)指出:“语法错误从表层上能看出，受话者很容易发现这种错误，这种错误一旦发现，受话者便会认为说话者缺乏足够的语言知识，因此可以谅解。语用失误却不会被像语法错误一样看待。如果一个能说出一口流利英语的人出现语用失误，他可能会被认为缺乏礼貌或不友好，他在交际中的失误便不会被归咎于语言能力的缺乏，而会被归咎于他的粗鲁或敌意。” 跨文化交际能力的培养需要在外语教学中进行文化教学。现在外语教学中对跨文化交际能力的培养以及文化教学很多只停留在文化知识层面，这就要求教师在教学中必须加大文化信息量的导入，引导学生主动发觉文化差异方面的信息。只有这样，教师才能从根本上提高英语教学的质量，学生也才能有掌握实际运用语言的能力。如今跨文化交际能力的培养是勿庸置疑的，关键问题是在于如何培养。高一虹教授指出，新的跨文化交际能力的培养模式应该有以下特点:1.它以文化意识的培养为中心，有对文化多元性的意识和对差异的宽容态度，对异文化共情能力，以及对自身文化价值观念及行为方式的觉察和反省。2 .注重态度和情感层面，也包括认知层面，特别是批判性的反思能力。3. 不限于目的语文化，而是通用于与任何

跨文化交际案例分析

Case Study 1 Age and Status 两位同事的矛盾使一家数据处理公司的总经理遇到了麻烦。一方是一位踌躇满志的法裔加拿大小伙子，另一方是一位有特许签证的年长的中国女性，而此前两人确实很好的合作伙伴….. Case description: A manager in a data-processing company was having difficulty dealing with a conflict between a young, ambitious French Canadian male and his co-worker, an older Chinese woman who was on a special visa from China. She had recently become uncooperative and had made it clear to the manager that she would not be willing to travel to the capital with her co-worker to hold discussion with legislators about a new product with great enthusiasm. When the manager asked her what the problem was, he received no clear explanation. When he asked her co-worker, the young man had no insights to offer. The young French Canadian was clearly annoyed, however, that the Chinese woman was refusing to share her data with him. T hat meant he couldn’t make the presentation to the legislators because she had all the key data on her computer disks. The manager repeated questions to her but her “problem” got nowhere. So he changed his approach. He began explaining his concerns, as manger and as spokesperson for the company, about the upcoming meeting with legislators. His explanation about his position was unemotional. In that climate she then felt she could explain her position. She revealed she felt that that as an older, and to her mind, more senior person, she should not be sent to the capitol with a younger employee who would do the presentation of material she had worked hard to develop. That would diminish her status, she felt. The general manger knew the root of his headache. Questions: 1．What do you think caused the conflict? 2. What would you do to resolve the conflict if you were the general manager? 矛盾冲突 这位年长的中国女士投入极大的热情和精力开发产品．却在最后的关键时刻拒绝与年轻的同事一同去向议员做推介：当经理和同事问其原因．她并未做任何明确的回答：而当经理改变策略，不再直接询问原因，而是迂回地讲起自己的困境时，她才道出自己的顾虑。在这位资深年长的中国女士看来，同一位比她年轻的同事一同去国会，并且由对方来做推介会影响到她的地位和威信，因此她无法同意：原因分析 造成这一矛盾的文化因素有两方面．对地位、年龄的不同态度以及这种不同的表达方式。人对权力的认识因文化背景的不同而不同。根据霍夫斯特的调查研究，“低权力距离”国家的人强调个人的能力和信用，人与人之间权利和关系的平等，而．”高权力距离”国家，如中国、日本、纬国，强调地位、经验、年龄、资历等，人与人之间存在级别差距；因此在这位年轻的加拿大人看来，在工作上他与这位女士是平等的合作伙伴，并没有地位的差别，自己也有能力参与项目并做最后报告。而在这位中国女士看来，以自己的年龄、资历、以及工作中的付出，与一个年轻人一同去国会，并且由对方来做报告对她来说是一件丢面子的事： 另外．双方表达方式的不同也导致了矛盾的加深。根据霍尔的理论，加拿大是“低语境”国家，中国属于“高语境”文化国家，因此，当她的加拿大同事没有充分考虑到她所处的位置．而是直接问她原因时，这位中国女士采用了婉转回进的策略，没有直接说出自己的想法。而当经理改变方法迂回地说到自己的难处时，在这种语境下她才说出自己的顾虑。

跨文化交际笔记

第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程 跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。 有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。 有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。 主流文化亚文化地区文化小群体文化 （不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化）第二章跨文化交际学 一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970年是具有重要意义的一年，在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 4.70年代，影响最大的书籍。《跨文化交际学选读》 5.跨文化交际学内容：