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英美文学选读笔记

英美文学选读笔记
英美文学选读笔记

英国文学

上古时期:Old English 450-1066 典型诗歌:

中世纪时期:Medieval English 1066 - middle 14th century

杰弗里·乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer

the father of English poetry

《坎特伯雷故事集》first time to use 'heroic couplet'

文艺复兴时期:The Renaissance - rebirth or revival

Humanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of the present life

埃德蒙·斯宾塞Edmund Spenser

the poets' poet诗人中的诗人:《仙后》

克里斯托夫·马洛Christopher Marlowe

University Wits大学才子派, the pioneer of English drama

Blank verse无韵体, hyperbole夸张

《浮士德博士的悲剧》the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness 《激情的牧人致心爱的姑娘》pastoral life田园诗

威廉·莎士比亚William Shakespeare

above all writers in the past and in the present time

Four tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear & Macbeth

《十四行诗18》eternal or immortal beauty

《威尼斯商人》to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable greed and brutality

《哈姆雷特》hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger

To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action

Soliloquy or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters

弗兰西斯·培根Francis Bacon

brevity, compactness & powerfulness, his essays is an important landmark in the development of English proseInductive method归纳法in place of deductive method演绎法

《论学习》uses and benefits of study - studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary互补to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert influence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.

约翰·邓恩John Donne

metaphysical poetry - break away from love poetry, a seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes, and a free range of feelings and moodsConceits, syllogism三段论

《日出》the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere

《死神莫骄妄》whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pleasure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because 'whom the gods love die young'. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a man's body and a birth for his soul.

约翰·弥尔顿John Milton

《失乐园》the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is between human love and spiritual duty. In heaven, Satan led a rebellion against God with his unconquerable will.

《复乐园》

《力士参孙》the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English.

新古典主义时期Neoclassicism - a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion抑制情感& accuracyEnlightenment - a progressive intellectual movement, reason (rationality), equality & science

Gothic novel - mystery, horror & castles

约翰·班扬John Bunyan

from 《名利场》节选自《天路历程》, a religious allegory, pursue the truth.

亚历山大·蒲伯Alexander Pope

《论批评》a poem written in heroic couplets, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, 'true wit' is best set in a plain (simple & clear) style.

丹尼尔·笛福Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people

《鲁宾逊漂流记》, praise the human labor and the Puritan fortitude清教徒坚韧

乔纳森·斯威夫特Jonathan Swift

a master satirist In his opinion, human nature is seriously and permanently flawed. Proper words in proper places

《一个温和的建议》

《格列佛游记》, four parts - Lilliput, Brobdingnag, Flying Island & Houyhnhnm

亨利·菲尔丁Henry Fielding

Father of English novel, Prose HomerComic epic in prose

《汤姆·琼斯》

塞缪尔·约翰逊Samuel Johnson

first combine an English dictionary, last neoclassicist enlightener

《英文大辞典》

《致切斯特菲尔德勋爵的信》

理查德·比·谢拉丹Richard Brinsley Sheridan

the only important English dramatist of the 18th century

《情敌》and 《造谣学校》are regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw.

托马斯·格雷Thomas Gray

The Graveyard School "墓地诗歌派"

《写在教堂墓地的挽歌》

浪漫主义时期Romantic - emotion over reason, spontaneous emotion, a change from the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit, poetry should be free from all rules, imagination, nature, commonplace

The romantic period began with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's 《抒情歌谣集》

威廉·布莱克William Blake -engraver雕刻家

from

“扫烟囱的小男孩”选自《天真之歌》a happy and innocence world from children's eye

from

“扫烟囱的小男孩”选自《经验之歌》a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy忧郁的tone from men eyes Childhood, paradoxes, a pairing of opposites

威廉·华兹华斯William Wordsworth

the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, simple, spontaneous, worshipper of nature'Lake Poets' - William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge & Robert SoutheyHe defines the poet as a 'man speaking to men', and poetry as 'the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in 'emotion recollected in tranquillity'.

《我如行云独自游》the poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils水仙and poet's philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.

《威斯敏斯特桥即景》the sonnet describes a vivid picture of a beautiful morning in London, silent, bright, glittering, smokeless & mildly. It is so touching a sight that the poet expressed his religion piety虔诚for nature.

《独自幽居》

《孤独的收割女》thanks to poet's rich imagination, the mass of associations, this commonplace happening becomes a striking event, the poet succeeds in making the reader's share his emotion. The poem also shows the poet's passionate love of nature.

塞·特·科勒律治Samuel Taylor Coleridge - supernatural, remotePoet can be divided into two groups - the demonic (supernatural) & the conversational

The demonic group includes 3 masterpieces - 《古航海家之歌》, 《克里斯特贝尔》, 《忽必烈汗》

乔治·戈登·拜伦George Gordon Byron

'Byronic hero' is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin, against tyrannical rules or moral principles. Such a hero appears first in

《哈洛尔德游记》.

《路德党人之歌》'will die fighting, or live free' the Luddites destroyed the machines in their protest against unemployment. The poet's great sympathy of the workers in their struggle against the capitalists is clearly shown.

from “哀希腊”选自《唐·璜》(the masterpiece of Byron, a long

satirical poem), song by a Greek singer at the wedding of Don Juan and Haidee. 'Fill high the bowl with Samian wine'?

珀·比·雪莱Percy Bysshe Shelley

《致英格兰人民》

《西风颂》terza rima, destructive-constructive potential, hopeful, 'I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!', 'If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?'

约翰·济慈John Keats

4 great odes - 《忧郁颂》, 《希腊古瓮颂》,

a Nightingale>《夜莺颂》, 《普赛克颂》

《希腊古瓮颂》the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience短暂of human passion, 'Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard are sweeter', 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty'

简·奥斯汀Jane Austen

《傲慢与偏见》

维多利亚时期The Victorian Period

Darwin's and shook the traditional faith, everything is created by GodUtilitarianism功利主义was widely accepted and practiced Critical realists were all concerned about the fate of the common people

查尔斯·狄更斯Charles Dickens

one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age

Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his worksA mingling of humor and pathos悲伤

《双城记》

《雾都孤儿》

勃朗蒂姐妹The Bronte Sisters

Charlotte Emily & AnneEmily, a rather reserved and simple girl, was very much a child of nature. 《简·爱》

《呼啸山庄》

阿尔弗雷德·丁尼生Alfred Tennyson

invents dramatic monologue, Poet Laureate桂冠诗人, a real artist

《浪花啪啪啪》the death of his best friend, his sadness feeling are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and the sea waves

《度沙洲》we can feel his fearlessness towards death, his faith in God and an afterlife. 'Crossing the bar' means leaving this world and entering the next world

《尤利西斯》not endure the peaceful commonplace everyday life, old as he is, he persuades his old followers to go with him and to set sail again to pursue a new world and new knowledge, dramatic monologue, 'Myself not least, but honour'd of them all' means I am not the

least important, but

honoured by all of them

罗伯特·布朗宁Robert Browning

the most original poet, who improve and mature the dramatic monologue

《指环与书》his masterpiece

《我前一位公爵夫人》this dramatic monologue is the duke's speech addressed to the agent who comes to negotiate the marriage, the duke is a self-conceited, cruel and tyrannical man

《夜晚幽会》

《清晨告别》

乔治·艾略特George Eliot--As a woman of exceptional特有的intelligence and life experience, she shows a particular concern for the destiny of women

《米德尔马契》a sharp contrast is set between the cold, lifeless, dull house and Dorothea who is full of youthful life and vigor

托马斯·哈代Thomas Hardy- both a naturalistic and a critical realist writerLocal-colored, Wessex, 'novels of character and environment'

《德伯家的苔丝》experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration

美国文学

浪漫主义时期American Romantic Period

Started with Washington Irving's and ended with Whitman's , also called 'the American Renaissance'Free expression of emotion, escapes from society, and return to nature New England Transcendentalism

华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving

father of the American short stories, the American Goldsmith

Perfected the best classic style that American literature ever produced

First novel 《纽约史》

《见闻札记》contains German folk tales 《瑞普·凡·温尔克》, 《睡谷的传说》

拉尔夫·华尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson

the spokesman of New England Transcendentalism movement

《论美国学者》, 《论自信》, 《论超灵》

《论诗人》a reflection upon the aesthetic problems in terms of the present state of literature in America

《论经验》 a discussion about the conflict between idealism and ordinary

lifeAmerican Puritanism, European Romanticism, intuitive knowledge, over-soul, individual, nature

《论自然》is regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism

内森尼尔·霍桑Nathaniel Hawthorne

Interior of the heart, there is evil in every human heart, which may remain latent, perhaps, through the whole life, but circumstances may rouse it to activity

《红字》

《小伙子布朗》

沃尔特·惠特曼Walt Whitman

Openness, freedom, individualism

I - me, my nation (society), Free verse, Envelope structure, Catalogue (Listing)

A new ideal, a new world, a new life-style

《有个孩子在长大》how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments

《渡河的骑兵》a scene of the American Civil War, all the movements described in this picture are frozen.

《自我之歌》Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden with ideas, spontaneous expression of his original ideas

赫尔曼·麦尔维尔Herman Melville - a master of allegory and symbolism, like Hawthorne

《白鲸》the first American prose epic, Ishmael both as a character and a narrator, the captain, Ahab is a monomaniac

现实主义时期Realistic period - the Gilded Age, the poor poorer and the rich richer, people's attention was now directed to the interesting features of everyday existence

Local colorism, social Darwinism, bestiality, beyond man's control

马克吐温Mark Twain

the true father of American literature

Local colorist, vernacular, simple sentence, 'the damned human race' The Gilded Age

3 boyhood books :《密西西比河上的生活》《汤姆·索亚历险记》, 《哈利贝丽芬历险记》 Huck's inner conflict about whether or not he should write a letter to tell Miss Watson where Jim is.

亨利·詹姆斯Henry James

international theme, psychological realistStream of consciousness, interior monologue, free association

《黛西·米勒》the narrator is an American expatriate, named Winterbourne. Daisy is the most innocent girl. The clash is between two different cultures.

艾米莉·狄金森Emily Dickinson

Based on her own experiences, her sorrows and joys

《这就是我给世人的书信》express Dickinson's anxiety about her communication with the outside world.

《我死时——听见一只苍蝇嗡鸣》description of a moment of death

《我喜欢看他舔食着一路向前》Dickinson makes the train part of nature by animalizing it, like a horse.

《因为我不能为死神停下》personify death and immortality so as to make her message strongly felt

西奥多·德莱塞Theodore Dreiser

America's literary naturalists Case history including everything Determinism (heredity biological & environment), survival of the fittest, the jungle law Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲《金融家》, 《巨头》, 《斯多葛》

《嘉莉妹妹》'who shall cast the first stone?'

现代时期The modern period - the second American Renaissance, the expatriate movement, the Lost Generation, a transformation from order to disorder

Seize the day, enjoy the present, spiritual wasteland, collective unconscious, psychoanalysis Imagist movement, Jazz Age

埃兹拉·庞德Ezra Pound

a leading spokesman of the 'Imagist Movement'

《诗章》

《在地铁车站》Pound attempts to produce the emotion he felt when he walked down into a Paris subway station and suddenly saw a number of faces in the dim light. To capture the emotions, Pound uses the image of petals on wet, black boughs.

《长干行》

《契约》agreement with Whitman's free verse

罗伯特·李·弗罗斯特Robert Lee Frost

four times awarded Pulitzer Prize, pastoral life and scene

《摘苹果后》

《为选择的路》

《雪夜林边停》

尤金·奥尼尔Eugene O'Neill

founder of the American drama, won the Pulitzer Prize four times

《毛猿》

F·司各特·菲兹杰拉德F·Scott Fitzgerald

spokesman of the Jazz Age, Dollar Decade, 1920s

A double vision of the Jazz Age, both an insider and an outsiderAmerican Dream

《了不起的盖茨比》

欧内斯特·海明威Ernest Hemingway

awarded the Nobel Prize

Iceberg style, Code hero, the lost generation, grace under pressure

from “印第安人营地”选自《在我们的时代里》birth and death coexist

威廉·福克纳William Faulkner

awarded a Nobel Prize

South, imprisonment in the past

Stream of consciousness, multiple points of view

Yoknapatawpha Country

给艾米莉的玫瑰》Emily is regarded as the symbol of tradition and the

old way of life. Thus her death is like the falling of a monument.

英美文学选读 傲慢与偏见

英 美 文 学 选 读 论 文 《傲慢与偏见》的女性 叙事视角解读 姓名: 班级: 学号:

《傲慢与偏见》的女性叙事视角解读 摘要: 奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中,通过在全知视角下具有限制性的叙述模式向我们展示了灰姑娘的浪漫爱情故事,描绘出作者所处时代的社会道德风貌,表达了作者的女性抗争意识及对当时社会婚姻观的批判。 关键词: 全知视角;有限视角 在奥斯丁的著作中,《傲慢与偏见》一直深受读者的喜爱,并经受住了时间的考验,成为文学史上不休的名著。剖析其原因,发现这与奥斯丁高超的叙事技巧是分不开的。自小说发表以来,其叙述技巧引起了广泛的评论,纵观其评论,发现对其独特的女性视角分析还是不够。在这部小说中,奥斯丁颠覆了以往男权统治下的话语权,采用了全知视角下,从女性的有限视角展示故事,从女性的角度来描写生活,并首次让小说中的女性形象第一次成为真正意义上的主角,让女性有了话语权。因而,从女性视角这一角度对小说进行解读,对于理解和把握作品具有重要的意义。申丹曾指出:叙事者的性别不同,往往会对叙事模式及其意义产生影响。把性别和视角结合在一起的女性视角是指从性别入手来审视人类的文化遗产和文化创造的一种批评观念和批评角度。本文将从女性叙事视角对小说进行解读,发掘其对于展现女性意识的意义。 叙事视角,在文学作品中是指作品叙述者或者人物从什么角度观

察故事。从小说的整体来说,奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中选择了全知视角,如在交代故事背景,人物首次出场以及在每章节中奥斯丁看似无意的评述。例如:小说的第一章第一句话就是通过贝内特太太总括式的议论“有钱的单身汉总是要娶位太太,这是一条公认的真理。”使读者顷刻间就能识别人物形象。贝内特太太在全知叙述视角下,是作为被叙述对象而存在,她的那句总括式议论,与作者的价值信念是完全不同的,因而造成了读者与她的距离,读者高高在上地评判着贝内特太太,笑她的迂腐和无知。但是正是这一人物形象,却揭露了当时社会上普遍流行的婚姻价值观,正是因为当时流行的婚恋观所以贝内特太太才把嫁女儿当作自己的人生大事,读者在嘲讽贝内特太太的同时也了解了整个社会背景,实际上读者对贝内特太太的疏离也拉近了读者和隐含作者的距离,从而拉近了读者和女主人公的距离。在全知视角的应用方面还可以从小说的第二十二章中,作者那一段心酸讽刺的话语评价了夏绿蒂的婚姻看出。“大凡家境不好而又受过相当教育的青年女子,总是把结婚当作仅有的一条体面的退路。尽管结婚并不一定会叫人幸福,但总算给自己安排了一条最可靠的储藏室,日后可以不致挨冻受饥。”这句话揭示出了当时女子在婚姻方面的被动局面,在男权社会里,女性一直处于附属地位,婚姻是两个门当户对家庭的结合,爱情的有无处于次要地位。对于女性来说,她在婚姻市场的卖点取决于她能够带来的嫁妆,像夏绿蒂这样没有嫁妆的女性,在当时只有两条路可走,一条是做家庭教师,另一条就是抓住婚姻,所以当迂腐的柯林斯向她求婚时她爽快地答应了,这在夏绿蒂看来似乎

如何学习《英美文学选读》

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