美国数学建模竞赛1985-2015试题

1985~2015年美国大学生数学建模竞赛题目集锦

目录

1985 MCM A: Animal Populations (3)

1985 MCM B: Strategic Reserve Management (3)

1986 MCM A: Hydrographic Data (4)

1986 MCM B: Emergency-Facilities Location (4)

1987 MCM A: The Salt Storage Problem (5)

1987 MCM B: Parking Lot Design (5)

1988 MCM A: The Drug Runner Problem (5)

1988 MCM B: Packing Railroad Flatcars (6)

1989 MCM A: The Midge Classification Problem (6)

1989 MCM B: Aircraft Queueing (6)

1990 MCM A: The Brain-Drug Problem (6)

1990 MCM B: Snowplow Routing (7)

1991 MCM A: Water Tank Flow (8)

1991 MCM B: The Steiner Tree Problem (8)

1992 MCM A: Air-Traffic-Control Radar Power (8)

1992 MCM B: Emergency Power Restoration (9)

1993 MCM A: Optimal Composting (10)

1993 MCM B: Coal-Tipple Operations (11)

1994 MCM A: Concrete Slab Floors (11)

1994 MCM B: Network Design (12)

1995 MCM A: Helix Construction (13)

1995 MCM B: Faculty Compensation (13)

1996 MCM A: Submarine Tracking (13)

1996 MCM B: Paper Judging (13)

1997 MCM A: The Velociraptor Problem (14)

1997 MCM B: Mix Well for Fruitful Discussions (15)

1998 MCM A: MRI Scanners (16)

1998 MCM B: Grade Inflation (17)

1999 MCM A: Deep Impact (17)

1999 MCM B: Unlawful Assembly (18)

2000 MCM A: Air Traffic Control (18)

2000 MCM B: Radio Channel Assignments (19)

2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel (20)

2001 MCM B: Escaping a Hurricane's Wrath (An Ill Wind...). (21)

2002 MCM A: Wind and Waterspray (23)

2002 MCM B: Airline Overbooking (23)

2003 MCM A: The Stunt Person (24)

2003 MCM B: Gamma Knife Treatment Planning (24)

2004 MCM A: Are Fingerprints Unique? (25)

2004 MCM B: A Faster QuickPass System (25)

2005 MCM A: Flood Planning (26)

2005 MCM B: Tollbooths (26)

2006 MCM A: Positioning and Moving Sprinkler Systems for Irrigation (27)

2006 MCM B: Wheel Chair Access at Airports (28)

2007 MCM A: Gerrymandering (29)

2007 MCM B: The Airplane Seating Problem (29)

2008 MCM A: Take a Bath (30)

2008 MCM B: Creating Sudoku Puzzles (30)

2009 MCM A: Designing a Traffic Circle (30)

2009 MCM B: Energy and the Cell Phone (30)

2010 MCM A: The Sweet Spot (32)

2010 MCM B: Criminology (32)

2011 MCM A: Snowboard Course (33)

2011 MCM B: Repeater Coordination (33)

2012 MCM A: The Leaves of a Tree (33)

2012 MCM B: Camping along the Big Long River (34)

2013 MCM A: The Ultimate Brownie Pan (34)

2013 MCM B: Water, Water, Everywhere (35)

2014 MCM A: The Keep-Right-Except-To-Pass Rule (35)

2014 MCM B: College Coaching Legends (35)

2015 MCM A: Eradicating Ebola (35)

2015 MCM B: Searching for a lost plane (35)

1985 MCM A: Animal Populations

Choose a fish or mammal for which appropriate data are available to model it accurately. Model the animal's natural interactions with its environment by expressing population levels of different groups in terms of the significant parameters of the environment. Then adjust the model to account for harvesting in a form consistent with the actual method by which the animal is harvested. Include any outside constraints imposed by food or space limitations that are supported by the data.

Consider the value of the various quantities involved, the number harvested, and the population size itself, in order to devise a numerical quantity that represents the overall value of the harvest. Find a harvesting policy in terms of population size and time that optimizes the value of the harvest over a long period of time. Check that the policy optimizes that value over a realistic range of environmental conditions.

1985 MCM B: Strategic Reserve Management

Cobalt, which is not produced in the US, is essential to a number of industries. (Defense accounted for 17% of the cobalt production in 1979.) Most cobalt comes from central Africa, a politically unstable region. The Strategic and Critical Materials Stockpiling Act of 1946 requires a cobalt reserve that will carry the US through a three-year war. The government built up a stockpile in the 1950s, sold most of it off in the early 1970s, and then decided to build it up again in the late 1970s, with a stockpile goal of 85.4 million pounds. About half of this stockpile had been acquired by 1982.

Build a mathematical model for managing a stockpile of the strategic metal cobalt. You will need to consider such questions as:

?How big should the stockpile be?

?At what rate should it be acquired?

?What is a reasonable price to pay for the metal?

You will also want to consider such questions as:

?At what point should the stockpile be drawn down?

?At what rate should it be drawn down?

?At what price is it reasonable to sell the metal?

?How should it be allocated?

Useful Information on Cobalt

The government has projected a need ot 25 million pounds of cobalt in 1985.

The U.S. has about 100 million pounds of proven cobalt deposits. Production becomes economically feasible when the price reaches $22/lb (as occurred in 1981). It takes four years to get operations rolling, and thsn six million pounds per year can be produced.

In 1980, 1.2 million pounds of cobalt were recycled, 7% of total consumption.

1986 MCM A: Hydrographic Data

The table below gives the depth Z of water in feet for surface points with rectangular coordinates X, Y in yards [table of 14 data points omitted]. The depth measurements were taken at low tide. Your ship has a draft of five feet. What region should you avoid within the rectangle (75,200) x (-50, 150)?

1986 MCM B: Emergency-Facilities Location

The township of Rio Rancho has hitherto not had its own emergency facilities. It has secured funds to erect two emergency facilities in 1986, each of which will combine ambulance, fire, and police services. Figure 1 indicates the demand [figure omitted], or number of emergencies per square block, for 1985. The ―L‖ region in the north is an obstacle, while the rectangle in the south is a part with shallow pond. It takes an emergency vehicle an average of 15 seconds to go one block in the N-S direction and 20 seconds in the E-W direction. Your task is to locate the two facilities so as to minimize the total response time.

Assume that the demand is concentrated at the center of the block and that the facilities will be located on corners.

?Assume that the demand is uniformly distributed on the streets bordering each block and that the facilities may be located anywhere on the streets.

1987 MCM A: The Salt Storage Problem

For approximately 15 years, a Midwestern state has stored salt used on roads in the winter in circular domes. Figure 1 shows how salt has been stored in the past. The salt is brought into and removed from the domes by driving front-end loaders up ramps of salt leading into the domes. The salt is piled 25 to 30 ft high, using the buckets on the front-end loaders.

Recently, a panel determined that this practice is unsafe. If the front-end loader gets too close to the edge of the salt pile, the salt might shift, and the loader could be thrown against the retaining walls that reinforce the dome. The panel recommended that if the salt is to be piled with the use of the loaders, then the piles should be restricted to a matimum height of 15 ft.

Construct a mathematical model for this situation and find a recommended maximum height for salt in the domes.

1987 MCM B: Parking Lot Design

The owner of a paved, 100' by 200' , corner parking lot in a New England town hires you to design the layout, that is, to design how the ``lines are to be painted. You realize that squeezing as many cars into the lot as possible leads to right-angle parking with the cars aligned side by side. However, inexperienced drivers have difficulty parking their cars this way, which can give rise to expensive insurance claims. To reduce the likelihood of damage to parked vehicles, the owner might then have to hire expert drivers for ``valet parking. On the other hand, most drivers seem to have little difficulty in parking in one attempt if there is a large enough ``turning radius'' from the access lane. Of course, the wider the access lane, the fewer cars can be accommodated in the lot, leading to less revenue for the parking lot owner.

1988 MCM A: The Drug Runner Problem

Two listening posts 5.43 miles apart pick up a brief radio signal. The sensing devices were oriented at 110 degrees and 119 degrees, respectively, when the signal was detected; and they are accurate to within 2 degrees. The signal came from a region of active drug exchange, and it is inferred that there is a powerboat waiting for someone to pick up drugs. it is dusk, the weather is calm, and there are no currents. A small helicopter leaves from Post 1 and is able to fly accurately along the 110 degree angle direction. The helicopter's speed is three times the speed of the boat. The helicopter will be heard when it gets within 500 ft of the boat. This helicopter has only one detection device, a searchlight. At 200 ft, it can just illuminate a circular region with a radius of 25 ft.

?Develop an optimal search method for the helicopter.

?Use a 95% confidence level in your calculations.

1988 MCM B: Packing Railroad Flatcars

Two railroad flatcars are to be loaded with seven types of packing crates. The crates have the same width and height but varying thickness (t, in cm) and weight (w, in kg). Table 1 gives, for each crate, the thickness, weight, and number available [table omitted]. Each car has 10.2 meters of length available for packing the crates (like slices of toast) and can carry up to 40 metric tons. There is a special constraint on the total number of C_5, C_6, and C_7 crates because of a subsequent local trucking restriction: The total space (thickness) occupied by these crates must not exceed 302.7 cm. Load the two flatcars (see Figure 1) so as to minimize the wasted floor space [figure omitted].

1989 MCM A: The Midge Classification Problem

Two species of midges, Af and Apf, have been identified by biologists Grogan and Wirth on the basis of antenna and wing length (see Figure 1). It is important to be able to classify a specimen as Af of Apf, given the antenna and wing length.

1. Given a midge that you know is species Af or Apf, how would you go about classifying it?

2. Apply your method to three specimens with (antenna, wing) lengths

(1.24,1.80),(1.28,1.84),(1.40,2.04).

3. Assume that the species is a valuable pollinator and species Apf is a carrier of a

debilitating disease. Would you modify your classification scheme and if so, how?

1989 MCM B: Aircraft Queueing

A common procedure at airports is to assign aircraft (A/C) to runways on a first-come-first-served basis. That is, as soon as an A/C is ready to leave the gate (―push-back‖), the pilot calls ground control and is added to the queue. Suppose that a control tower has access to a fast online database with the following information for each A/C:

?the time it is scheduled for pushback;

?the time it actually pushes back; the number of passengers who are scheduled to make a connection at the next stop, as well as the time to make that connection; and

?the schedule time of arrival at its next stop Assume that there are seven types of A/C with passenger capacities varying from 100 to 400 in steps of 50. Develop and analyze a

mathematical model that takes into account both the travelers' and airlines' satisfaction.

1990 MCM A: The Brain-Drug Problem

Researches on brain disorders test the effects of the new medical drugs – for example, dopamine against Parkinson's disease – with intracerebral injections. To this end, they must estimate the size and the sape of the spatial distribution of the drug after the injection, in order to estimate accurately the region of the brain that the drug has affected.

The research data consist of the measurements of the amounts of drug in each of 50 cylindrical tissue samples (see Figure 1 and Table 1). Each cylinder has length 0.76 mm and diameter 0.66 mm. The centers of the parallel cylinders lie on a grid with mesh 1mm X 0.76mm X 1mm, so that the sylinders touch one another on their circular bases but not along their sides, as shown in the accompanying figure. The injection was made near the center of the cylinder with the highest scintillation count. Naturally, one expects that there is a drug also between the cylinders and outside the region covered by the samples.

Estimate the distribution in the region affected by the drug.

One unit represents a scintillation count, or 4.753e-13 mole of dopamine. For example, the table shows that the middle rear sylinder contails 28353 units.

Table 1. Amounts of drug in each of 50 cylindrical tissue samples.

Rear vertical section

Front vertical section

1990 MCM B: Snowplow Routing

The solid lines of the map (see Figure 1) represent paved two-lane county roads in a snow removal district in Wicomico County, Maryland [figure omitted]. The broken lines are state highways. After a snowfall, two plow-trucks are dispatched from a garage that is about 4 miles west of each of the two points (*) marked on the map. Find an efficient way to use the two trucks to sweep snow from the county roads. The trucks may use the state highways to access the county roads. Assume that the trucks neither break down nor get stuck and that the road intersections require no special plowing techniques.

1991 MCM A: Water Tank Flow

Some state water-right agencies require from communities data on the rate of water use, in gallons per hour, and the total amount of water used each day. Many communities do not have equipment to measure the flow of water in or out of the municipal tank. Instead, they can measure only the level of water in the tank, within 0.5% accuracy, every hour. More importantly, whenever the level in the tank drops below some minimum level L, a pump fills the tank up to the maximum level, H; however, there is no measurement of the pump flow either. Thus, one cannot readily relate the level in the tank to the amount of water used while the pump is working, which occurs once or twice per day, for a couple of hours each time. Estimate the flow out of the tank f(t) at all times, even when the pump is working, and estimate the total amount of water used during the day. Table 1 gives real data, from an actual small town, for one day[ table omitted]. The table gives the time, in, since the first measurement, and the level of water in the tank, in hundredths of a foot. For example, after 3316 seconds, the depth of water in the tank reached 31.10 feet. The tank is a vertical circular cylinder, with a height of 40 feet and a diameter of 57 feet. Usually, the pump starts filling the tank when the level drops to about 27.00 feet, and the pump stops when the level rises back to about 35.50 feet.

1991 MCM B: The Steiner Tree Problem

The cost for a communication line between two stations is proportional to the length of the line. The cost for conventional minimal spanning trees of a set of stations can often be cut by introducing

―phantom‖ stations and then constructing a new Steiner tree. This device allows costs to be c ut by up to 13.4% (= 1- sqrt(3/4)). Moreover, a network with n stations never requires more than n-2 points to construct the cheapest Steiner tree. Two simple cases are shown in Figure 1.

For local networks, it often is necessary to use rectilinear or ―che cker-board‖ distances, instead of straight Euclidean lines. Distances in this metric are computed as shown in Figure 2.

Suppose you wish to design a minimum costs spanning tree for a local network with 9 stations. Their rectangular coordinates are: a(0,15), b(5,20), c(16,24), d(20,20), e(33,25), f(23,11), g(35,7), h(25,0) i(10,3). You are restricted to using rectilinear lines. Moreover, all ―phantom‖ stations must be located at lattice points (i.e., the coordinates must be integers). The cost for each line is its length.

1. Find a minimal cost tree for the network.

2. Suppose each stations has a cost w*d^(3/2), where d=degree of the station. If w=1.2, find a

minimal cost tree.

3. Try to generalize this problem

1992 MCM A: Air-Traffic-Control Radar Power

You are to determine the power to be radiated by an air-traffic-control radar at a major metropolitan airport. The airport authority wants to minimize the power of the radar consistent with safety and

cost. The authority is constrained to operate with its existing antennae and receiver circuitry. The only option that they are considering is upgrading the transmitter circuits to make the radar more powerful. The question that you are to answer is what power (in watts) must be released by the radar to ensure detection of standard passenger aircraft at a distance of 100 kilometers.

1992 MCM B: Emergency Power Restoration

Power companies serving coastal regions must have emergency response systems for power outages due to storms. Such systems require the input of data that allow the time and cost required for restoration to be estimated and the ―value‖ of the outage judged by objective criteria. In the past, Hypothetical Electric Company (HECO) has been criticized in the media for its lack of a prioritization scheme.

You are a consultant to HECO power company. HECO possesses a computerized database with real time access to service calls that currently require the following information:

?time of report,

?type of requestor,

?estimated number of people affected, and

?location (x,y).

Cre sites are located at coordinates (0,0) and (40,40), where x and y are in miles. The region serviced by HECO is within -65 < x < 60 and -50 < y < 50. The region is largely metropolitan with an excellent road network. Crews must return to their dispatch site only at the beginning and end of shift. Company policy requires that no work be initiated until the storm leaves the area, unless the facility is a commuter railroad or hospital, which may be processed immediately if crews are available.

HECO has hired you to develop the objective criteria and schedule the work for the storm restoration requirements listed in Table 1 using their work force described in Table 2. Note that the first call was received at 4:20 A.M. and that the storm left the area at 6:00 A.M. Also note that many outages were not reported until much later in the day.

HECO has asked for a technical report for their purposes and an ―executive summary‖ in laymen's terms that can be presented to the media. Further, they would like recommendations for the future. To determine your prioritized scheduling system, you will have to make additional assumptions. Detail those assumptions. In the future, you may desire additional data. If so, detail the information desired.

Table 1. Storm restoration requirements. (table incomplete)

Table 2. Crew descriptions.

1993 MCM A: Optimal Composting

An environmentally conscious institutional cafeteria is recycling customers' uneaten food into compost by means of microorganisms. Each day, the cafeteria blends the leftover food into a slurry, mixes the slurry with crisp salad wastes from the kitchen and a small amount of shredded newspaper, and feeds the resulting mixture to a culture of fungi and soil bacteria, which digest slurry, greens, and papers into usable compost. The crisp green provide pockets of oxygen for the fungi culture, and the paper absorbs excess humidity. At times, however, the fungi culture is unable or unwilling to digest as much of the leftovers as customers leave; the cafeteria does not blame the chef for the fungi culture's lack of appetite. Also, the cafeteria has received offers for the purchase of large quantities of it compost. Therefore, the cafeteria is investigating ways to increase its production of compost. Since it cannot yet afford to build a new composting facility, the cafeteria seeks methods to accelerate the fungi culture's activity, for instance, by optimizing the fungi

culture's environment (currently held at about 120 F and 100% humidity), or by optimizing the composition of the moisture fed to the fungi culture, or both.

Determine whether any relation exists between the proportions of slurry, greens, and paper in the mixture fed to the fungi culture, and the rate at which the fungi culture composts the mixture. if no relation exists, state so. otherwise, determine what proportions would accelerate the fungi culture's activity. In addition to the technical report following the format prescribed in the contest instructions, provide a one-page nontechnical recommendation for implementation for the cafeteria manager. Table 1 shows the composition of various mixtures in pounds of each ingredient kept in separate bins, and the time that it took the fungi to culture to compost the mixtures, from the date fed to the date completely composted [table omitted].

1993 MCM B: Coal-Tipple Operations

The Aspen-Boulder Coal Company runs a loading facility consisting of a large coal tipple. When the coal trains arrive, they are loaded from the tipple. The standard coal train takes 3 hours to load, and the tipple's capacity is 1.5 standard trainloads of coal. Each day, the railroad sends three standard trains to the loading facility, and they arrive at any time between 5 A.M. and 8 P.M. local time. Each of the trains has three engines. If a train arrives and sits idle while waiting to be loaded, the railroad charges a special fee, called a demurrage. The fee is $5,000 per engine per hour. In addition, a high-capacity train arrives once a week every Thursday between 11 A.M. and 1 P.M. This special train has five engines and holds twice as much coal as a standard train. An empty tipple can be loaded directly from the mine to its capacity in six hours by a single loading crew. This crew (and its associated equipment) cost $9,000 per hour. A second crew can be called out to increase the loading rate by conducting an additional tipple-loading operation at the cost of $12,000 per hour. Because of safety requirements, during tipple loading no trains can be loaded. Whenever train loading is interrupted to load the tipple, demurrage charges are in effect.

The management of the Coal Company has asked you to determine the expected annual costs of this tipple's loading operations. Your analysis should include the following considerations:

?How often should the second crew be called out?

?What are the expected monthly demurrage costs?

?If the standard trains could be scheduled to arrive at precise times, what daily schedule would minimize loading costs? Would a third tipple-loading crew at $12,000 per hour reduce annual operations costs?

?Can this tipple support a fourth standard train every day?

1994 MCM A: Concrete Slab Floors

The U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is considering constructing dwellings of various sizes, ranging from individual houses to large apartment complexes. A principal concern is to minimize recurring costs to occupants, especially the costs of heating and cooling. The region in

which the construction is to take place is temperate, with a moderate variation in temperature throughout the year.

Through special construction techniques, HUD engineers can build dwellings that do not need to rely on convection- that is, there is no need to rely on opening doors or windows to assist in temperature variation. The dwellings will be single-story, with concrete slab floors as the only foundation. You have been hired as a consultant to analyze the temperature variation in the concrete slab floor to determine if the temperature averaged over the floor surface can be maintained within a prescribed comfort zone throughout the year. If so, what size/shape of slabs will permit this?

Part 1, Floor Temperature: Consider the temperature variation in a concrete slab given that the ambient temperature varies daily within the ranges given Table 1. Assume that the high occurs at noon and the low at midnight. Determine if slabs can be designed to maintain a temperature averaged over the floor surface within the prescribed comfort zone considering radiation only. Initially, assume that the heat transfer into the dwelling is through the exposed perimeter of the slab and that the top and bottom of the slabs are insulated. Comment on the appropriateness and sensitivity of these assumptions. If you cannot find a solution that satisfies Table 1, can you find designs that satisfy a Table 1 that you propose?

Part 2, Building Temperature: Analyze the practicality of the initial assumptions and extend the analysis to temperature variation within the single-story dwelling. Can the house be kept within the comfort zone?

Part 3, Cost of Construction: Suggest a design that considers HUD's objective of reducing or eliminating heating and cooling costs, considering construction restrictions and costs.

1994 MCM B: Network Design

In your company, information is shared among departments on a daily basis. This information includes the previous day's sales statistics and current production guidance. It is important to get this information out as quickly as possible. [Network diagram (with 5 nodes and 7 capacitated edges) omitted.]

We are interested in scheduling transfers in an optimal way to minimize the total time it takes to complete them all. This minimum total time is called the makespan. Consider the three following situations for your company: [Three more network diagrams (on roughly 20 nodes each) omitted.]

1995 MCM A: Helix Construction

A small biotechnological company must design, prove, program and test a mathematical algorithm to locate ―in real time‖ all the intersections of a helix and a plane in general positions in space. Design, justify, program and test a method to compute all the intersections of a plane and a helix, both in general positions (at any locations and with any orientations) in space. A segment of the helix may represent, for example, a helicoidal suspension spring or a piece of tubing in a chemical or medical apparatus. Theoretical justification of the proposed algorithm is necessary to verify the solution from several points of view, for instance, through mathematical proofs of parts of the algorithm, and through tests of the final program with known examples. Such documentation and tests will be required by government agencies for medical use.

1995 MCM B: Faculty Compensation

Aluacha Balaclava College, and undergraduate facility, has just hired a new Provost whose first priority is the institution of a fair and reasonable faculty-compensation plan. She has hired your consulting team to design a compensation system that reflects the following circumstances and principles: [Three paragraphs of details omitted] Design a new pay system, first without

cost-of-living increases. Incorporate cost-of-living increases, and then finally, design a transition process for current faculty that will move all salaries towards your system without reducing anyone's salary. The Provost requires a detailed compensation system plan for implementation, as well as a brief, clear, executive summary outlining the model, its assumptions, strengths, weaknesses and expected results, which she can present to the Board and faculty. [A detailed table of current salaries is omitted.]

1996 MCM A: Submarine Tracking

The world's oceans contain an ambient noise field. Seismic disturbances, surface shipping, and marine mammals are sources that, in different frequency ranges, contribute to this field. We wish to consider how this ambient noise might be used to detect large maving objects, e.g., submarines located below the ocean surface. Assuming that a submarine makes no intrinsic noise, develop a method for detecting the presence of a moving submarine, its speed, its size, and its direction of travel, using only information obtained by measuring changes to the ambient noise field. Begin with noise at one fixed frequency and amplitude.

1996 MCM B: Paper Judging

When determining the winner of a competition like the Mathematical Contest in Modeling, there are generally a large number of papers to judge. Let's say there are P=100 papers. A group of J judges is collected to accomplish the judging. Funding for the contest contrains both the number of judges that can be obtained and the amount of time they can judge. For example if P=100, then J=8 is typical.

Ideally, each judge would read each paper and rank-order them, but there are too many papers for this. Instead, there will be a number of screening rounds in which each judge will read some papers and give them scores. Then some selection scheme is used to reduce the number of papers under consideration: If the papers are rank-ordered, then the bottom 30% that each judge rank-orders could be rejected. Alternatively, if the judges do not rank order the papers, but instead give them numerical scores (say, from 1 to 100), then all the papers falling below some cut-off level could be rejected.

The new pool of papers is then passed back to the judges, and the process is repeated. A concern is that the total number of papers that each judge reads must be substantially less than P. The process is stopped when there are only W papers left. These are the winners. Typically for P=100, W=3.

Your task is to determine a selection scheme, using a combination of rank-ordering, numerical scoring, and other methods, by which the final W papers will include only papers from among the ―best‖ 2W papers. (By ―best,‖ we assume that there is an absolute rank-ordering to which all judges would agree.) For example, the top three papers found by your method will consist entirely of papers from among the ―best‖ six papers. Among all such methods, the one that requires each judge to read the least number of papers is desired.

Note the possibility of systematic bias in a numerical scoring scheme. For example, for a specific collection of papers, one judge could average 70 points, while another could average 80 points. How would you scale your scheme to accommodate for changes in the contest parameters (P, J, and W)?

1997 MCM A: The Velociraptor Problem

The velociraptor, Velociraptor mongoliensis, was a predatory dinosaur that lived during the late Cretaceous period, approximately 75 million years ago. Paleontologists think that it was a very tenacious hunter, and may have hunted in pairs of larger packs. Unfortunately, there is no way to oversee its hunting behavior in the wild as can be done with modern mammalian predators. A group of paleontologists has approached our team and asked for help in modeling the hunting behavior of the velociraptor. They hope to compare your results with field data reported by biologists studying the behaviors of lions, tigers, and similar predatory animals.

The average adult velociraptor was 3 meters long with a hip height of 0.5 meters and an approximate mass of 45 kg. It is estimated that the animal could run extremely fast, at speeds of 60 km/hr., for about 15 seconds. After the initial burst of speed, the animal needed to stop and recover from a buildup of lactic acid in its muscles.

Suppose the velociraptor preyed on Thescelosaurus neglectus, a herbivorous biped approximately the same size as the velociraptor. A biomechanical analysis of a fossilized thescelosaurus indicates that it could run at a speed of about 50 km/hr. for long periods of time.

Part 1. Assuming the velociraptor is a solitary hunter, design a mathematical model that describes a hunting strategy for a single velociraptor stalking and chasing a single thescelosaurus as well as the evasive strategy of the prey. Assume that the thescelosaurus can always detect the velociraptor when it comes within 15 meters, but may detect the predator at even greater ranges (up to 50 meters) depending upon the habitat and weather conditions. Additionally, due to its physical structure and strength, the velociraptor has a limited turning radius when running at full speed. This radius is estimated to be three times the animal's hip height. On the other hand, the thescelosaurus is extremely agile and has a turning radius of 0.5 meters.

Part 2. Assuming more realistically that the velociraptor hunted in pairs, design a new model that describes a hunting strategy for two velociraptors stalking and chasing a single thescelosaurus as well as the evasive strategy of the prey. Use the other assumptions given in Part 1.

1997 MCM B: Mix Well for Fruitful Discussions

Small group meetings for the discussion of important issues, particularly long- range planning, are gaining popularity. It is believed that large groups discourage productive discussion and that a dominant personality will usually control and direct the discussion. Thus, in corporate board meetings the board will meet in small groups to discuss issue before meeting as a whole. These smaller groups still run the risk of control by a dominant personality. In an attempt to reduce this danger it is common to schedule several sessions with a different mix of people in each group.

A meeting of An Tostal Corporation will be attended by 29 Board Members of which nine are

in-house members (i.e., corporate employees). The meeting is to be an all-day affair with three sessions scheduled for the morning and four for the afternoon. Each session will take 45 minutes, beginning on the hours from 9:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M., with lunch scheduled at noon. Each morning session will consist of six discussion groups with each discussion group led by one of the corporation's six senior officers. None of these officers are board members. Thus each senior officer will lead three different discussion groups. The senior officers will not be involved in the afternoon sessions and each of these sessions will consist of only four different discussion groups.

The president of the corporation wants a list of board-member assignments to discussion groups for each of the seven sessions. The assignments should achieve as much of a mix of the members as much as possible. The ideal assignment would have each board member with each other board member in a discussion group the same number of times while minimizing common membership of groups for the different sessions. The assignments should also satisfy the following criteria:

1. For the morning sessions, no board member should be in the same senior officer's

discussion group twice.

2. No discussion group should contain a disproportionate number of in-house members. Give a list of assignments for members 1-9 and 10-29 and officers 1-6. Indicate how well the criteria in the previous paragraphs are met. Since it is possible that some board members will cancel at the last minute or that some not scheduled will show up, an algorithm that the secretary could use to

adjust the assignments with an hour's notice would be appreciated. It would be ideal if the algorithm could also be used to make assignments for future meetings involving different levels of participation for each type of attendee.

1998 MCM A: MRI Scanners

Introduction

Industrial and medical diagnostic machines known as Magnetic Resonance Imagers (MRI) scan a three-dimensional object such as a brain, and deliver their results in the form of a three-dimensional array of pixels. Each pixel consists of one number indicating a color or a shade of gray that encodes a measure of water concentration in a small region of the scanned object at the location of the pixel. For instance, 0 can picture high water concentration in black (ventricles, blood vessels), 128 can picture a low water density in white (lipid-right white matter consisting of myelinated axons). Such MRI scanners also include facilities to pictures on a screen any horizontal or vertical slide through the three-dimensional array (slices are parallel to any of the three Cartesian coordinate axes).

Algorithms for picturing slices through oblique planes, however, are proprietary. Current algorithms are limited in terms of the angles and parameter options available; are implemented only on heavily used dedicated workstations; lack input capabilities for marking points in the picture before slicing; and tend to blur and ―feather out‖ sharp boundaries between the original pixels.

A more faithful, flexible algorithm implemented on a personal computer would be useful

1. for planning minimally invasive treatments,

2. for calibrating the MRI machines,

3. for investigating structures oriented obliquely in space, such as post-mortem tissue

sections in animal research,

4. for enabling cross-sections at any angle through a brain atlas consisting of black-and-white

line drawings.

To design such an algorithm, one can access the values and locations of the pixels, but not the initial data gathered by the scanner.

Problem

Design and test an algorithm that produces sections of three-dimensional arrays by planes in any orientation in space, preserving the original gray-scale values as closely as possible.

Data Sets

The typical data set consists of a three-dimensional array A of numbers A(i,j,k) which indicates the density A(i,j,k) of the object at the location (x,y,z)_{ijk}. Typically, A(i,j,k) can range from 0 through 255. In most applications, the data set is quite large. Teams should design data sets to test and

demonstrate their algorithms. The data sets should reflect conditions likely to be of diagnostic interest. Teams should also characterize data sets that limit the effectiveness of their algorithms.

Summary

The algorithm must produce a picture of the slice of the three-dimensional array by a plane in space. The plane can have any orientation and any location in space. (The plane can miss some or all data points). The result of the algorithm should be a model of the density of the scanned object over the selected plane.

1998 MCM B: Grade Inflation

Background

Some college administrators are concerned about the grading at A Better Class (ABC) college. On average, the faculty at ABC have been giving out high grades (the average grade now given out is an A-), and it is impossible to distinguish between the good and mediocre students. The terms of a very generous scholarship only allow the top 10% of the students to be funded, so a class ranking is required.

The dean had the thought of comparing each student to the other students in each class, and using this information to build up a ranking. For example, if a student obtains an A in a class in which all students obtain an A, then this student is only ―average‖ in this class. On the other hand, if a student obtains the only A is a class, then that student is clearly ―above average.‖ Combining information from several classes might allow students to be placed in deciles (top 10%, next 10%, etc.) across the college.

Problem

Assuming that the grades given out are (A+, A, A-, B+,…), can the dean's idea be made to work? Assuming t hat the grades given out are only (A,B,C,…), can the dean's idea be made to work? Can any other schemes produce a desired ranking? A concern is that the grade in a single class could change many student's deciles. Is this possible?

Data Sets

Teams should design data sets to test and demonstrate their algorithms. Teams should characterize data sets that limit the effectiveness of their algorithms.

1999 MCM A: Deep Impact

For some time, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been considering the consequences of a large asteroid impact on the earth.

As part of this effort, your team has been asked to consider the effects of such an impact were the asteroid to land in Antarctica. There are concerns that an impact there could have considerably different consequences than one striking elsewhere on the planet.

You are to assume that an asteroid is on the order of 1000 m in diameter, and that it strikes the Antarctic continent directly at the South Pole.

Your team has been asked to provide an assessment of the impact of such an asteroid. In particular, NASA would like an estimate of the amount and location of likely human casualties from this impact, an estimate of the damage done to the food production regions in the oceans of the southern hemisphere, and an estimate of possible coastal flooding caused by large-scale melting of the Antarctic polar ice sheet.

1999 MCM B: Unlawful Assembly

Many public facilities have signs in rooms used for public gatherings which state that it is ―unlawful‖ for the rooms to be occupied by more than a specified number of people. Presumably, this number is based on the speed with which people in the room could be evacuated from the room's exits in case of an emergency. Similarly, elevators and other facilities often have ―maximum capacities‖ posted.

Develop a mathematical model for deciding what number to post on such a sign as being the ―lawful capacity‖. As part of your solution discuss criteria, other than public safety in the case of a fire or other emergency, tha t might govern the number of people considered ―unlawful‖ to occupy the room (or space). Also, for the model that you construct, consider the differences between a room with movable furniture such as a cafeteria (with tables and chairs), a gymnasium, a public swimming pool, and a lecture hall with a pattern of rows and aisles. You may wish to compare and contrast what might be done for a variety of different envirorunents: elevator, lecture hall, swimming pool, cafeteria, or gymnasium. Gatherings such as rock concerts and soccer tournaments may present special conditions.

Apply your model to one or more public facilities at your institution (or neighboring town). Compare your results with the stated capacity, if one is posted. If used, your model is likely to be challenged by parties with interests in increasing the capacity. Write an article for the local newspaper defending your analysis.

2000 MCM A: Air Traffic Control

To improve safety and reduce air traffic controller workload, the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) is considering adding software to the air traffic control system that would automatically detect potential aircraft flight path conflicts and alert the controller. To that end, an analysit at the FAA has posed the following problems.

Requirement A: Given two airplanes flying in space, when should the air traffic controller consider the objects to be too close and to require intervention?

Requirement B: And airspace sector is the section of three-dimensional airspace that one air traffic controller controls. Given any airspace sector, how do we measure how complex it is from an air traffic workload perspective? To what extent is complexity determined by the number of aircraft simultaneously passing through that sector

1. at any one instant?

2. during any given interval of time?

3. during a particular time of day?

How does the number of potential conflicts arising during those periods affect complexity? Does the presence of additional software tools to automatically predict conflicts and alert the controller reduce or add to this complexity? In addition to the guidelines for your report, write a summary (no more than two pages) that the FAA analyst can present to Jane Garvey, the FAA Administrator, to defend your conclusions.

2000 MCM B: Radio Channel Assignments

We seek to model the assignment of radio channels to a symmetric network of transmitter locations over a large planar area, so as to avoid interference. One basic approach is to partition the region into regular hexagons in a grix (honeycomb-style), as shown in Figure 1, where a transmitter is located at the center of each hexagon.

An interval of the frequency spectrum is to be alloted for transmitter frequencies. The interval will be divided into regularly spaced channels, which we represent by integers 1,2,3, … . Each transmitter wil be assigned one positive integer channel. The same channel can be used at many locations, provided that interference from nearby transmitters is avoided.

Our goal is to minimize the width of the interval in the frequency spectrum that is needed to assugn channels subject to some constraints. This is achieved with the concept of a span. The span is the minimum, over all assignments satisfying the constraints, of the largest channel used at any location. It is not required that every channel smaller than the span be used in an assignment that attains the span.

Let s be the length of a side of one of the hexagons. We concentrate on the case that there are two levels of interference.

Requirement A: There are several contrainsts on the frequency assignments. First, no two transmitters within distance 4s of each other can be given the same channel. Second, due to spectral spreading, transmitters within distance 2s of each other must not be given the same or adjacent channels: Their channels must differ by at least 2. Under these contraints, what can we say about the span in Figure 1?

Requirement B: Repeat Requirement A, assuming the grid in the example spreads arbitrarily far in all directions.

Requirement C: Repeat Requirements A and B, except assume now more generally that channels for transmitters within distance 2s differ by at least some given integer k, while those at distance at most 4s must still differ by at least one. What cna we say about the span and about efficient strategies for designing assignments, as a function of k?

Requirement D: Consider generalizations of the problem, such as several levels of interference or irregular transmitter placements. What other factors may be important to consider?

Requirement E: Write an article (no more than 2 pages) for the local newspaper explaining your findings.

2001 MCM A: Choosing a Bicycle Wheel

Cyclists have different types of wheels they can use on their bicycles. The two basic types of wheels are those constructed using wire spokes and those constructed of a solid disk (see Figure 1) The spoked wheels are lighter, but the solid wheels are more aerodynamic. A solid wheel is never used on the front for a road race but can be used on the rear of the bike.

Professional cyclists look at a racecourse and make an educated guess as to what kind of wheels should be used. The decision is based on the number and steepness of the hills, the weather, wind speed, the competition, and other considerations. The director sportif of your favorite team would like to have a better system in place and has asked your team for information to help determine what kind of wheel should be used for a given course.

数学建模竞赛题目

西安科技大学第二届数学建模竞赛题目 A题：垃圾分类处理与清运方案设计 垃圾分类化收集与处理是有利于减少垃圾的产生，有益于环境保护，同时也有利于资源回收与再利用的城市绿色工程。在发达国家普遍实现了垃圾分类化，随着国民经济发展与城市化进程加快，我国大城市的垃圾分类化已经提到日程上来。2010年5月国家发改委、住房和城乡建设部、环境保护部、农业部联合印发了《关于组织开展城市餐厨废弃物资源化利用和无害化处理试点工作的通知》，并且在北京、上海、重庆和深圳都取得一定成果，但是许多问题仍然是垃圾分类化进程中需要深入研究的。 在深圳，垃圾分为四类：橱余垃圾、可回收垃圾、有害垃圾和其他不可回收垃圾，这种分类顾名思义不难理解。其中对于居民垃圾，基本的分类处理流程如下：

在垃圾分类收集与处理中，不同类的垃圾有不同的处理方式，简述如下：1）橱余垃圾可以使用脱水干燥处理装置，处理后的干物质运送饲料加工厂做原料。不同处理规模的设备成本和运行成本（分大型和小型）见附录1说明。2）可回收垃圾将收集后分类再利用。 3）有害垃圾，运送到固废处理中心集中处理。 4）其他不可回收垃圾将运送到填埋场或焚烧场处理。 所有垃圾将从小区运送到附近的转运站，再运送到少数几个垃圾处理中心。显然，1）和2）两项中，经过处理，回收和利用，产生经济效益，而3）和4）只有消耗处理费用，不产生经济效益。 本项研究课题旨在为深圳市的垃圾分类化进程作出贡献。为此请你们运用数学建模方法对深圳市南山区的分类化垃圾的实现做一些研究，具体的研究目标是： 1）假定现有垃圾转运站规模与位置不变条件下，给出大、小型设备（橱余垃圾）的分布设计，同时在目前的运输装备条件下给出清运路线的具体方案。以期达到最佳经济效益和环保效果。 2）假设转运站允许重新设计，请为问题1）的目标重新设计。 仅仅为了查询方便，在题目附录2所指出的网页中，给出了深圳市南山区所有小区的相关资料，同时给出了现有垃圾处理的数据和转运站的位置。其他所需数据资料自行解决。 附录1 1）大型厨余垃圾处理设备（如南山餐厨垃圾综合利用项目，处理能力为200吨/日，投资额约为4500万元，运行成本为150元/吨。小型餐厨垃圾处理机，处理能力为200-300公斤/日，投资额约为28万元，运行成本为200元/吨。橱余垃圾处理后产物价格在1000-1500元/吨。 2）四类垃圾的平均比例 橱余垃圾：可回收垃圾：有害垃圾：其他不可回收垃圾比例约为4：2：1：3。可回收垃圾划分为纸类、塑料、玻璃、金属四大类，大概比例分别是：55%、35%、6%、4%。纸类、塑料、玻璃、金属四类的废品回收价格是每公斤：1元、2.5元、0.5元、2.5元。

数学建模-赛题-微分方程竞赛试题

高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛题目 2003高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛题目 （请先阅读 “对论文格式的统一要求”） A题 SARS的传播 SARS（Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome，严重急性呼吸道综合症, 俗称：非典型肺炎）是21世纪第一个在世界范围内传播的传染病。SARS的爆发和蔓延给我国的经济发展和人民生活带来了很大影响，我们从中得到了许多重要的经验和教训，认识到定量地研究传染病的传播规律、为预测和控制传染病蔓延创造条件的重要性。请你们对SARS 的传播建立数学模型，具体要求如下： （1）对附件1所提供的一个早期的模型，评价其合理性和实用性。 （2）建立你们自己的模型，说明为什么优于附件1中的模型；特别要说明怎样才能建立一个真正能够预测以及能为预防和控制提供可靠、足够的信息的模型，这样做的困难在哪里？对于卫生部门所采取的措施做出评论，如：提前或延后5天采取严格的隔离措施，对疫情传播所造成的影响做出估计。附件2提供的数据供参考。 （3）收集SARS对经济某个方面影响的数据，建立相应的数学模型并进行预测。附件3提供的数据供参考。 （4）给当地报刊写一篇通俗短文，说明建立传染病数学模型的重要性。 附件1： SARS疫情分析及对北京疫情走势的预测 2003年5月8日 在病例数比较多的地区，用数理模型作分析有一定意义。前几天，XXX老师用解析公式分析了北京SARS疫情前期的走势。在此基础上，我们加入了每个病人可以传染他人的期限（由于被严格隔离、治愈、死亡等），并考虑在不同阶段社会条件下传染概率的变化，然后先分析香港和广东的情况以获得比较合理的参数，最后初步预测北京的疫情走势。希望这种分析能对认识疫情，安排后续的工作生活有帮助。

美国数学建模大赛比赛规则

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A．注册 B．选好参赛队成员 2.竞赛开始之后 A．通过竞赛的网址查看题目 B．选题 C．参赛队准备解决方案 D．打印摘要和控制页面 3.竞赛结束之前 A.发送电子版论文。 4.竞赛结束的时候, A. 准备论文邮包 B．邮寄论文 5.竞赛结束之后 A. 确认论文收到 B．核实竞赛结果 C．发证书 D．颁奖 I. BEFORE THE CONTEST BEGINS:（竞赛前）A.注册 所有的参赛队必须在美国东部时间2014年2月6号（星期四）下午2点前完成注册。届时，注册系统将会自动关闭，不再接受新的注册。任何未在规定时间

2016年数学建模大赛试题B题

2016高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛题目（请先阅读“全国大学生数学建模竞赛论文格式规范”） B题小区开放对道路通行的影响 2016年2月21日，国务院发布《关于进一步加强城市规划建设管理工作的若干意见》，其中第十六条关于推广街区制，原则上不再建设封闭住宅小区，已建成的住宅小区和单位大院要逐步开放等意见，引起了广泛的关注和讨论。 除了开放小区可能引发的安保等问题外，议论的焦点之一是：开放小区能否达到优化路网结构，提高道路通行能力，改善交通状况的目的，以及改善效果如何。一种观点认为封闭式小区破坏了城市路网结构，堵塞了城市“毛细血管”，容易造成交通阻塞。小区开放后，路网密度提高，道路面积增加，通行能力自然会有提升。也有人认为这与小区面积、位置、外部及内部道路状况等诸多因素有关，不能一概而论。还有人认为小区开放后，虽然可通行道路增多了，相应地，小区周边主路上进出小区的交叉路口的车辆也会增多，也可能会影响主路的通行速度。 城市规划和交通管理部门希望你们建立数学模型，就小区开放对周边道路通行的影响进行研究，为科学决策提供定量依据，为此请你们尝试解决以下问题： 1. 请选取合适的评价指标体系，用以评价小区开放对周边道路通行的影响。 2. 请建立关于车辆通行的数学模型，用以研究小区开放对周边道路通行的影响。交通流分配模型 3. 小区开放产生的效果，可能会与小区结构及周边道路结构、车流量有关。请选取或构建不同类型的小区，应用你们建立的模型，定量比较各类型小区开放前后对道路通行的影响。 4. 根据你们的研究结果，从交通通行的角度，向城市规划和交通管理部门提出你们关于小区开放的合理化建议。

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3分钟完整了解·HiMCM美国高中生数学建模竞赛

眼看一年一度的美国高中生数学建模竞赛就要到来了，聪明机智的你准备好了吗？ 今年和码趣学院一起去参加吧！ 什么是HiMCM HiMCM(High School Mathematical Contest in Modeling)美国高中生数学建模竞赛，是美国数学及其应用联合会（COMAP）主办的活动，面向全球高中生开放。 竞赛始于1999年，大赛组委将现实生活中的各种问题作为赛题，通过比赛来考验学生的综合素质。

HiMCM不仅需要选手具备编程技巧，更强调数学，逻辑思维和论文写作能力。这项竞赛是借鉴了美国大学生数学建模竞赛的模式，结合中学生的特点进行设计的。 为什么要参加HiMCM 数学逻辑思维是众多学科的基础，在申请高中或大学专业的时候（如数学，经济学，计算机等），参加了优质的数学竞赛的经历都会大大提升申请者的学术背景。除了AMC这种书面数学竞赛，在某种程度上数学建模更能体现学生用数学知识解决各种问题的能力。

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摘要：运用基金M分成n份（M1，M2，…，Mn），M1存一年，M2存2年，…，Mn存n 年．这样，对前面的（n－1）年，第i年终时M1到期，将Mi及其利息均取出来作为当年的奖金发放；而第n年，则用除去M元所剩下的钱作为第n年的奖金发放的基本思想，解决了基金的最佳使用方案问题． 关键词：超限归纳法；排除定理；仓恩定理 1问题重述 某校基金会有一笔数额为M元的基金，欲将其存入银行或购买国库券．当前银行存款及各期国库券的利率见表1．假设国库券每年至少发行一次，发行时间不定．取款政策参考银行的现行政策． 表1 存款年利率表 校基金会计在n年内每年用部分本息奖励优秀师生，要求每年的奖金额大致相同，且在n年末仍保留原基金数额．校基金会希望获得最佳的基金使用计划，以提高每年的奖金额．需帮助校基金会在如下情况下设计基金使用方案，并对M＝5 000万元，n＝10年给出具体结果： ①只存款不购国库券； ②可存款也可购国库券． ③学校在基金到位后的第3年要举行百年校庆，基金会希望这一年的奖金比其它年度多20％． 2模型的分析、假设与建立 2.1模型假设 ①每年发放的奖金额相同； ②取款按现行银行政策； ③不考虑通货膨胀及国家政策对利息结算的影响； ④基金在年初到位，学校当年奖金在下一年年初发放； ⑤国库券若提前支取，则按满年限的同期银行利率结算，且需交纳一定数额的手续费； ⑥到期国库券回收资金不能用于购买当年发行的国库券． 2.2符号约定 K——发放的奖金数； ri——存i年的年利率，（i＝1／2，1，2，3，5）； Mi——支付第i年奖金，第1年开始所存的数额（i＝1，2，…，10）； U——半年活期的年利率； 2.3模型的建立和求解 2.3.1情况一：只存款不购国库券（1）分析

美国大学生数学建模竞赛优秀论文翻译

优化和评价的收费亭的数量 景区简介 由於公路出来的第一千九百三十，至今发展十分迅速在全世界逐渐成为骨架的运输系统，以其高速度，承载能力大，运输成本低，具有吸引力的旅游方便，减少交通堵塞。以下的快速传播的公路，相应的管理收费站设置支付和公路条件的改善公路和收费广场。 然而，随着越来越多的人口密度和产业基地，公路如花园州公园大道的经验严重交通挤塞收费广场在高峰时间。事实上，这是共同经历长时间的延误甚至在非赶这两小时收费广场。 在进入收费广场的车流量，球迷的较大的收费亭的数量，而当离开收费广场，川流不息的车辆需挤缩到的车道数的数量相等的车道收费广场前。因此，当交通繁忙时，拥堵现象发生在从收费广场。当交通非常拥挤，阻塞也会在进入收费广场因为所需要的时间为每个车辆付通行费。 因此，这是可取的，以尽量减少车辆烦恼限制数额收费广场引起的交通混乱。良好的设计，这些系统可以产生重大影响的有效利用的基础设施，并有助于提高居民的生活水平。通常，一个更大的收费亭的数量提供的数量比进入收费广场的道路。 事实上，高速公路收费广场和停车场出入口广场构成了一个独特的类型的运输系统，需要具体分析时，试图了解他们的工作和他们之间的互动与其他巷道组成部分。一方面，这些设施是一个最有效的手段收集用户收费或者停车服务或对道路，桥梁，隧道。另一方面，收费广场产生不利影响的吞吐量或设施的服务能力。收费广场的不利影响是特别明显时，通常是重交通。 其目标模式是保证收费广场可以处理交通流没有任何问题。车辆安全通行费广场也是一个重要的问题，如无障碍的收费广场。封锁交通流应尽量避免。 模型的目标是确定最优的收费亭的数量的基础上进行合理的优化准则。 主要原因是拥挤的