英语中常用的拉丁文

Must-Learn Terms 必记的术语

If you don't know these Latin terms, get to learning them ASAP, as they are commonly used in speaking and writing and may be hard to avoid.

亲，如果你还不知道这些拉丁词汇，那么就赶紧行动吧！因为他们在日常写作和交流的时候是不可避免地会被用到的！

Per se: （就其本身而言）The direct translation of this term is "by itself" and it means just that when used in English as well. You could use it to say that you don't find chemistry boring per se (by itself, intrinsically), but this professor's voice puts you to sleep. 例如：就化学本身而言我并不讨厌它，可是教授上课的声音总是让我想打瞌睡。

Vice versa: （反之亦然） From the Latin meaning "to change" or "turn around," this term means to reverse the order of something . This quote from Samuel Butler provides an example, "In the midst of vice we are in virtue, and vice versa."

Alma mater: （母校 尤指大学）If you don't know this term already, you'll become quite familiar with it once you graduate from college. The literal translation is "dear/bountiful mother" but you'll find it used in everyday language to denote the college or university from which one has graduated.

Magnum opus（大师之作/绝好的艺术作品）: Whether it's in writing, painting, sculpture or music, this Latin term denotes the greatest work done by an artist-- a true masterpiece.

Bona fide（在法律术语中指良好的意图/一般表示真诚的和善意的）: While it's literal translation means "good faith" this term has a few different shades of meaning in modern language. In legal terms, it is used to represent something that is presented without deception or fraud, or literally in good faith, honest, sincere and lawful. It is more commonly used to mean something that's the real deal or truly authentic.

Quasi（类似的，有如）: In Latin, this word means as if or as though and in English it is used as both an adjective in its own right and as a part of a compound word. It simply designates something that resembles something else but doesn't quite have all the same features.

Alter ego（密友，或者个性的另一面）: Cicero coined this term, most likely taken from the Greek, to mean "a second self" or "another I" and its modern meaning hasn't changed much today. Many people have an alter ego, or another, perhaps hidden aspect of themselves. One example from popular culture is Beyonce's alter ego, Sasha Fierce.

Verbatim（逐字逐句的/地）: If you repeat something verbatim you repeat it in exactly the same words, word for word with no changes and no improvisation.

Status quo（现状）: From the Latin meaning "the state in which" this term is used today to designate the existing state or condition of things. For example, if you're making money off of a high pollution industry it is to your interests to maintain the status quo when it comes to environmental law.

Writing 写作的时候常用到的拉丁文

Knowing just what these terms and words mean can be a big help in improving your reading comprehension.

知道这些拉丁文可以有效地提高你的阅读理解能力。

Sic（这个是指原作品中出现了错误，编辑在此指出）: Found in writing, this Latin word most commonly finds a home in brackets (like this: [sic]) when quoting a statement or writing. It indicates that there is a spelling or grammar error (or just something out of the ordinary) in the original quotation and that the publication has only reproduced it faithfully, not made an error of their own.

Id est（缩写是i.e.,通常在作者想要给出具体的例子和解释的时候）: You've likely seen this term in writing before, even if you weren't aware as it is commonly abbreviated to i.e. In Latin, it means "that is" and is used in English when the speaker or writer wants to give an example or explanation that specifies a statement.

Deus ex machina（解围的人或事件）: In direct translation, this term means, "God out of a machine" and it harkens back ancient Greek and Roman plays. When the plot would become too tangled or confusing, the writers would simply bring in God, lowered in via a pulley system (the machine) and he would wrap it all up. Today, it's still used in literature to describe a plot where an artificial or improbable means of resolving a conflict is used.

Exempli gratia（缩写是e.g.,这通常会用在例子前面，for the sake of example）: You'll often see this term abbreviated to e.g. in writing. It means "for the sake of example" and when it see it in a sentence you can expect that is will be followed by some examples.

Et cetera（缩写是etc. 意思是and the others还有其他的）: Few out there aren't familiar with this term but may not know it as well when it's spelled out like this and not abbreviated as etc. Meaning "and the others" it is used to denote that a list of things could continue ad infinitum (see below for definition) and that for the sake of brevity

it's better to just wrap things up with a simple etc.

Ex libris（专指书籍 从...图书馆来）: Back in the days when books were rarer and more expensive commodities than they were today, it was common to mark your books with a label bearing your own name and this phrase which means "from the library of." While not as common today, some true bibliophiles still use the labels.

Ibidem（缩写是ibid,常被用在文献页，指同一个资料来源被引用了两次）: Another abbreviated term, this word is more commonly seen in research writing in the form of "ibid." From the Latin for "in the same place" it is found in footnotes and bibliographies to designate that the same source has been cited twice in succession.

Et alii（缩写是et al, 通常用在一本合著的书的某一个作者名字之后以省略罗列其他的作者名字）: You're unlikely to encounter this Latin phrase in its unabbreviated form, and will most likely only ever see it as et al when included. This is also a term that is found in footnotes and bibliographies which allows writers to refer to a large number of authors without having to write each name out (for example, you could say that your source is Dr. Henry Jones et al.) Everyday Talk 日常生活中常用到的拉丁语

You've likely heard these words and phrases on the news or in conversations, and if you didn't know what they meant then, these definitions will help make it clear now.

你有可能之前在新闻或者日常对话中听过这些短语，如果你还不清楚他们具体是什么意思，那么接下来的解释会让你更加清楚它们的含义。

Ad infinitum（to infinity 无止尽的）: You might be able to guess what this phrase means simply through its similarity to the word we use in English. It means "to infinity" and can be used to describe something that goes on, seemingly or actually endlessly, as some students might feel about certain classes.

De facto（事实上）: In Latin, de facto means "from the fact" and in use in English it is often used to distinguish was is supposed to be the case from what is actually the reality. For example, legally, employers are not allowed to discriminate in hiring because of age, but many still practice de facto (in reality, in fact) discrimination.

In toto（in total, 总的来说/整体上）: No, this phrase doesn't mean that the cute little dog from The Wizard of Oz ate something, it means in all or entirely. Think of it as saying "in total" in a really weird voice.

Ipso facto（本质上/事实证明）: Meaning "by the fact itself" this commonly used and misused term is denotes when something is true by its very nature. For example, if you don't feed your dog you are ipso facto a bad owner.

Tabula rasa（纯洁质朴天真的状态）: When you were a child, your mind might have been more of a tabula rasa than it is today. This Latin phrase means "clean slate" and denotes something or someone not affected by experiences and impressions.

Terra firma（坚实的陆地）: Those who hate to fly or get seriously seasick will be able to put this term to good use. It means firm ground, and you might be thanking your lucky stars to be back on it after a trip through the air or rough waters.

Mea culpa（是我的错）: If you want to admit your own guilt or wrongdoing in a situation, use this Latin phrase that translates literally to "my fault." It's a bit like a fancier, less outdated way of saying "my bad."

Persona non grata（不受欢迎的人）: From the Latin meaning an "unacceptable person" this term designates someone who's no longer welcome in a social or business situation.

In situ（现场，就地）: If something happens in situ it happens in place or on site, though the term often designates something that exists in an original or natural state. Like a rare species sighted in situ or an invaluable artifact found on an archeological site.

In vitro（在试管内）: Most students will be familiar with this term because of modern fertility treatments, but have you ever considered what the term actually means? In Latin, in vitro means "in glass" and any biological process that occurs in the laboratory rather than in the body or a natural setting can be called in vitro.

In vivo（在活体内）: While an experiment taking place in a glass test tube might not cause a stir, many are up in arms about this kind of experimentation. In vivo means "within the living" and the two most common examples of this kind of experimentation are animal testing and clinical trials.

Ante bellum（战前，尤指美国南北战争）: During your history courses, you're bound to encounter this term. It means in the most basic sense "before the war" and while it can be applied to any war it is most commonly used to refer to the American Civil War and the Antebellum Era the preceded it.

Arguments and Logic 做逻辑和争论

Representing arguments as old as philosophy itself and the terms associated with them, these terms are good to know for a well-rounded education.

A priori: You might come across this term in classes about logic or reasoning. It means taking a general law or idea and applying it to a particular instance without needing experimentation or observation. An example of an a priori statement that is used is, "all bachelors are single." You do not need to observe this to see that it is true because, by definition, bachelors must be single.

A posteriori: A posteriori arguments are different than a priori because they are based on actual observation or experimentation. Continuing on the previous example, an a posteriori example of reasoning might be that "some bachelors are happy." This can be based on real life observation isn't a given based on what a bachelor is.

Ad nauseam: This Latin term is used to describe an argument that has been taking place to the point of nausea, often with the same arguments being rehashed over and over for years until everyone, except a select few, are simply sick to death of the whole thing.

Ergo: Simply put, ergo means therefore and you can exchange it with therefore or hence in any sentence and maintain the same meaning. For example, you could say, "I think, ergo I am" without changing the meaning of the original.

Legal Language

One place where Latin words are very commonly used is in the courtroom. Learn some of these basic legal words to help you better understand Law and Order and how the legal process works.

Compis mentis: Meaning "in command of one's mind" this term is used in the legal field to denote someone who is competent to stand trial and not encumbered by mental illness or handicap.

Subpoena: If you've ever watched a legal drama on TV, you've more than likely heard this term thrown around but perhaps haven't given much thought as to what it really means. The word subpoena comes from the Latin meaning "under penalty" and if someone delivers a subpoena to you have to respond or they'll be some big penalties under the law.

Ad hominem: In court, or outside of it for that matter, this term is used to designate an argument that attacks someone's character rather than addressing a question or issue at hand. By attacking character, these arguments appeal to emotions and prejudices rather than reason or logic.

Habeas corpus: A writ of habeas corpus (literally, have the body) requires a person to appear before the court in person, generally to ascertain whether or not the detention of that person is lawful. Habeas corpus cannot be suspended unless there is reason to believe that a person could pose a danger to the public.

Pro bono: Pro bono means "for the good" and it's a term used to designate when something is done free of charge. While the term can be applied in any field, it is most commonly used to describe legal services.

Mens rea: There is a big difference between murder and manslaughter, and mens rea is what separates the two. Mens rea means "guilty mind," and those who go into a crime intending to commit it have it, differing from those who commit a crime accidentally or without advance planning.

Business

It's always good to know the language of business, especially in such a competitive market. No matter what field you enter, you're bound to hear these words at some point in your career.

Ad hoc: From the Latin meaning "to this," this term gained popularity in the mid-1600s and it still used today. It refers to something that is formed or done quickly to meets the needs of a particular problem or issue without regard to a more general application and generally lacking advance planning.

Per diem: Meaning "by the day" a per diem in most uses today designates a daily allowance used in traveling for work. It can also mean a per-day rate or that someone is paid on a daily basis. Other common similar terms are per annum (by the year) and per capita (by the person.)

Curriculum vitae: A curriculum vitae is basically a fancy way to describe a resume. While it means literally "the course of one's life" the terms is applied to mean a short list of your accomplishments and training-- something any grad will need to think about putting together soon.

Pro rata: This Latin phrase is something you're likely familiar with in everyday life. It means to charge at a proportional rate. So if a service is $100 for 10 hours, then one would cost $10 pro rata.

Quid pro quo: While Anthony Hopkins so sinisterly used this phrase in The Silence of the Lambs, in everyday life it's often used to describe an exchange of value necessary for a contract to take place. From the Latin meaning "this for that," it gets used in everywhere from the courtroom to the bedroom in modern English.

Quotes and Sayings

These quotes and sayings in Latin get tossed around, put on bumper stickers and repeated in conversations so they're well-worth knowing.

Carpe diem: This well-known phrase comes from a poem by Horace. While there have been arguments about the exact translation, it is most commonly held to mean "seize the day" encouraging individuals to live life to the fullest today without expectation of a tomorrow.

Cogito ergo sum: Translated from the Latin, the quote means "I think, therefore I am" and comes from the writing of philosopher Rene Descartes.

Veni, vidi, vici: These famous words were purported uttered by Roman emperor Julius Caesar after a short war with Pharnaces II of Pontus. Translated, it means "I came, I saw, I conquered" an adage you can hopefully keep in mind come finals time.

In vino veritas: If you're old enough to drink or have been around others who have imbibed, you're more than likely already familiar with the wisdom behind this quote from Pliny the Elder meaning, "in wine there is the truth." It is often followed up with "in aqua sanitas" or "in water there is health"-- something all college students should remember.

E pluribus unum: Simply take a look at American currency to see this Latin phrase in use. It means "out of many, one" and is found on anything bearing the seal of the United States.

Et tu, Brute?: These are the famous last words of Julius Caesar after he is murdered by his friend Marcus Brutus in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar. They mean "Even you, Brutus?" and are used poetically today to designate any form of the utmost betrayal.

科技英语常用连接词

first,firstly, to begin with, further, in the first place second,secondly, to start with, still, furthermore third,thirdly, what is more, last, last but not least also, and then, next, besides and equally important too moreover besides in addtion finally 2)表转折； by contrast although though yet at the same time but despitethe fact that even so in contrast nevertheless even though for all that notwithstanding on the contarary however in spite of on the other hand otherwise instead still regardless 3)表因果； therfore consequently because of for the reason thus hence due to owing to so accordingly thanks to on this account since as on that account in this way for as a result as a consequence 4）表让步： still nevertheless concession granted naturally in spite of all the same of course despite even so after all 5)表递近： furthermore moreover likewise what is more besides also not only...but also... too in addtion 6)表举例： for example for instance for one thing that is to illustrate as an illustration a case in point 7)表解释： as a matter of fact frankly speaking in this case namely in other words

法律英语词源

法律英语词源的三个主渠道英语词汇的来源最具开放性,法律英语词汇亦是如此。在英语发展的历史长河中,法语和拉丁语构成了法律英语词汇来源的主渠道,另外,古英语复合副词及其它常用古词语构成另一主渠道。 1. 法语对法律英语词汇的形成产生过直接的巨大作用。如果追究法律英语的词源便会发现几乎所有的词均来自法语,而这一特征具有深刻的历史根源。1066年英国历史上的“诺曼底人的征服”(theNor-manConquest)使英国第一次实现了法的统一,严格意义的英国法——普通法雏型便产生了,同时,精通普通法的律师以及从中产生的法官集团也开始出现。然而,英国人的祖先盎格鲁撒克逊人的法大多是原始部族的习惯法,当时影响很小,流传下来的也很少。除了在法律方面所实行的侵略政策外,法国人还在语言方面实行了隔离政策,结果法语成为英国的官方语言,而英语则被视为粗陋的登不上大雅之堂的语言,只作为口头语言在平民老百姓中继续使用。当时,法院审判均使用法语而不使用英语。然而,这并未使法语的法律词汇侵入到英语中去,因为,当时的语言隔离政策使得法语和英语成为不同社会阶层分别独立使用的语言,两者并未有机地溶合在一起。法语法律词汇与英语的溶合实际在于英语本身地位的提高。中古英语时期,英法之间的“百年战争”(1337—1454)和当时的“黑死病”的蔓延结果使英语的地位出现复苏局面,英语开始用于法律领域。这时虽然法语仍为官方语言,但是在这次语言大冲突中,由于法律英语词汇的贫乏及方便法律概念表达的现实需要,法律英语词汇和法语法律词汇明显溶合,几乎全盘接受。以下例词便可深刻地说明法律英语词汇受法语影响的深度:justice(正义),judgement(审判),crime(罪行),plea(抗辩),suit(诉讼),plaintiff(原告),defendant(被告),attorney(律师),complaint(控告),summons(传票),verdict(裁决),sen-tence(判决),punishment(刑罚),prison(监狱),bill(法案),inquest(审讯),evidence(证据),slander(诽谤),libel(诽谤罪),innocence(无罪)等。这些单词现在看来无论在发音还是在拼写上完全和英语同化了,有些已成为全民的词汇,如果不追究其词源,根本不会感到它们源自法语。在现代英语时期,法语词汇一直源源不断进入英语,尤其是在18世纪初至19世纪其数量为最多,但是法律词汇并不多,例如parole(假释),regime(政权),police(警察),attaché(使馆馆员)等就是在这一时期进入英语的。法语法律词汇在英国法真正产生的背景之下大量涌入英语并逐渐与其同化是在上述中古英语时期。那时的法语对英语在各方面产生的影响是任何时期都无法比拟的。 2.法律英语词汇另一个重要来源就是拉丁语。在“诺曼底人的征服”期间,拉丁语和法语一样占绝对统治地位。虽然其词汇进入英语的数量远不及法语,但是,大量的法律英语术语显然在中古英语时期和随后的文艺复兴时期直接源自拉丁语。例如:custody(拘留),homicide(杀人),legal(法律上的),legitimate(合法的),malefactor(犯罪分子),mediator(调停者),minor(未成年人),notary(公证人),prosecute(对…起诉),testimony(证词),dec-laration(申诉),advocate(辩护人),appeal(上诉),civil(民事的),jurist(法学理家)等等。和法语一样,拉丁语法律词汇进入法律英语之后也与英语完全溶合同化了,从以上例词就可看出许多词已全民化而广泛应用,而且很难根据其词形判断其词源。此外,相当一部分法语和拉丁语法律术语虽然发音有所同化,但词形却保持着原有形式,未被同化。例如源自法语的法律术语:estoppel(禁止发言),feesimple(不限制具有一定身份的人才能继承的土地),laches(长期不行使权利),quash(撤销)等;源自拉丁语的法律术语:alias(再发令状),amicuscuriae(法庭之友),nolleprose-qui(撤回诉讼),resjudicata(定案)等。可能由于难读难记难懂的缘故,有人认为这类术语很少使用。实际上作为法律英语专门术语的一个组成部分,由于语义稳定,没有引伸寓意,文体效果突出,这类术语仍发挥着重要作用。另外,这类术语的词义经过演变扩大也有可能成为一般词语,进入日常生活。例如上述alias现在可用来指“别名,化名”;quash已有了“镇压”词义。 3.法律英语词汇本族语的来源主要是古词语。古词语在现代英语中已不再广泛应用了,而且逐渐在消亡,但是在法律英语中古词语的应用却十分普遍。正如DavidCrystal和DerekDavy言:It

常用处方药名、医嘱拉丁文缩写

常用处方拉丁文缩写 a.c. 饭前 a.h. 每2h,隔1h a.j. 早饭前 a.m 上午 a.p. 午饭前 a.u.agit 使用前振荡aa. 各 abs.febr 不发热时ac.;acid- 酸 ad lib 随意，任意量ad us.ext. 外用 ad us.int. 内服https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7411642123.html, 应用 ad. 到、为、至 alt.die.(a.d) 隔日amp. 安瓿 ant.coen 晚饭前aq.bull. 开水、沸水aq.cal. 热水 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7411642123.html,. 普通水 aq.dest. 蒸馏水aq.ferv. 热水 aq.font 泉水 aq.steril. 无菌水aq. 水 b.i.d. 1d 2次 C.T. 皮试 cap. 应服用 caps.amyl. 淀粉囊caps.dur. 硬胶囊caps.gelat. 胶囊caps.moll. 软胶囊catapl. 泥剂 cit. 快 co. 复方的 coen. 晚饭 collun. 洗鼻剂collut. 嗽口剂collyr 洗眼剂cons. 撒布剂 cort. 皮 d.in.amp 给安瓿 d.in.caps 给胶囊

d. 给 dec. 煎剂 dest. 蒸馏的 dg. 分克 dil. 稀释、稀的 dim. 一半 div.in p. 分……次服用em.;emuls. 乳剂 emp. 硬膏 ext. 外部的 extr. 浸膏 feb.urg. 发热时 fl. 花 fol. 叶 fr. 果实 g. 克 garg. 含漱剂 h.d. 睡觉时，就寝时h.s.s. 睡觉时服用 h.s. 睡觉时 h. 小时 hb. 草 hod. 今日 i.h. 皮下注射 i.m. 肌肉注射 i.v. 静脉注射 in d. 每日 inf. 浸剂 inj. 注射剂 lin. 擦剂 liq. 溶液，液体的 lit. 升 lot. 洗剂 mg. 毫克 ml. 毫升 muc. 胶浆剂 n. 夜晚 neb. 喷雾剂 O.D. 右眼 O.L. 左眼 O.S. 左眼 O.U. 双眼 ol. 油 om.bid. 每2d

法律英语中的拉丁语词汇 Latin Words in Legal English

法律英语中的拉丁语词汇Latin Words in Legal English ab initio （自始，例：void ab initio 自始无效）from the beginning ad hoc （特别；特定；为某一目的特设，例：ah hoc committee 特设委员会；临时委员会；专门委员会）for this purpose ad litem （专为某一诉讼目的；例：agent ad litem诉讼代理人）for the lawsuit a fortiori（更加，更不必说） according to Webster: "with greater reason or more convincing force -- used in drawing a conclusion that is inferred to be even more certain than another." Example: If it is a violation of the sending state's rights to arrest its consular official, then a fortiori it would be a violation to arrest its ambassador. a posteriori（经验的；归纳的；后验的） from effect to cause; from particular to general; inductive (based on observation or experience). a priori（先验的；演绎的） from cause to effect; from generalization to particular; deductive; presupposed by or reasoning from self-evident propositions (based on theory rather than practice). amicus curiae（法庭之友） "friend of the court"; a person with a strong interest in or views on the subject matter of a given legal action may petition the court for permission to file a brief, ostensibly on behalf of a party but actually to suggest a rationale consistent with its own views. Such amicus curiae briefs are commonly filed in appeals concerning matters of a broad public interest. Example: NPC of Iran v. M/T Stolt Sheaf case contra legem（违反法律） "against the law" (term used to describe an equitable decision of a court or tribunal that is contrary to the law governing the controversy. Such a decision would not normally be permitted unless the tribunal had been empowered to act ex aequo et bono). As opposed to intra legem. de facto（事实；事实上） in fact (as opposed to in law, de jure) de lege ferenda（根据拟议法） what the law ought to be (as opposed to what the law is, lex lata). de lege lata（根据现行法）what the law is (as opposed to what the law ought to be, de lege ferenda). de jure（法理上；法律上） in law (as opposed to in fact, de facto).

处方常用拉丁文缩写与中文对照表

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拉丁文缩写列表

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