零起点基础英语4

零起点基础英语4.txt
第三部分　基本语法

从今天开始我们学习基本语法，也就是生活中常用的语法。

一、be动词(am, is, are)一般时的人称变化形式

be 动词，也称为系动词，包括am, is, are,他们的意思都是："是"。也可以说这三个动词形式的原形是动词 be，因此一般称它们为be 动词。be 动词用的很多，后面可以跟各式各样的表语。

1.be 动词的肯定式
例如：
I am a teacher. 我是一位老师。 (be动词后面加名词)
I am a worker. 我是一位工人。 (名词)
I am busy. 我很忙。 (be动词后面加形容词)
He is a student. 他是一位学生。(名词)
She is a clever girl. 她是一位聪明的女孩儿。(名词)
It is a black cat. 它是一只黑猫。(名词)
Mary is my sister. 玛丽是我姐姐。 (名词)
The bag is red. 书包是红色的。 (形容词)
We are happy. 我们很快乐。 (形容词)
They are doctors. 他们是医生。 (名词)
You are a good student. 你是一位好学生/ 你是好学生。 (名词)
You are good students. 你们是好学生。(加名词)
The boys are in the park now. 这些男孩正在公园里。 (介词词组)
These flowers are beautiful 这些花非常漂亮。(形容词)
从以上例子可以得出，be动词应该随着主语人称的变化而变化：
I → am
he/ she /it /名词的单数形式 → is
we/ you(你、你们)/ they（他们）/ 名词的复数形式 → are
注意，be 动词（系动词）前面的为主语，后面的是表语，所以叫做主-系-表结构。 如：
I am a teacher. I 是主语, am 是系动词，a teacher 是表语。所以这个句子为主系表结构。因为它是肯定说明某一事实情况，也为肯定句。

2.be 动词的否定式
好，大家再看下面的例子：
I am not a teacher. 我不是一位老师。
I am not a worker. 我不是一位工人。
I am not busy. 我不忙。
(注意缩写形式：I am =I'm [aim], I am not =I'm not）
I'm not busy. 我不忙。
He is not a student. 他不是一位学生。
She is not a clever girl. 她不是一位聪明的女孩儿。
It is not a black cat. 它不是一只黑猫。
Mary is not my sister. 玛丽不是我姐姐。
The bag is not red. 书包不是红色的。
注意缩写形式：is not =isn't ['iznt]
He isn't a student.
Mary isn't my sister.
We are not happy. 我们不快乐。
They are not doctors. 他们不是医生。
You are not a good student. 你不是一位好学生/ 你不是好学生。
You are not good students. 你们不是好学生。
The boys are not in the park now. 这些男孩不在公园里。
These flowers are not beautifu

l. 这些花不漂亮。
are not = aren't [a:nt]
We aren't happy.
They aren't doctors.
The boys aren't in the park now.
以上含not的句子均为否定句，否定说明某事。
I am your sister.（肯定句）→ I am not your sister.（否定句）
I'm a driver.→ I'm not a driver. （我是一名司机 → 我不是一名司机）

3.be 动词的一般疑问式
咱们再看下面的句子：
He is a student. → Is he a student? 他是一位学生吗？
She is a clever girl. →Is she a clever girl? 她是一位聪明的女孩儿吗？
The bag is red. → Is the bag red? 书包是红色的吗？
以上三个带问号的句子都提出了问题，为一般疑问句。这类问句一般多用声调。他们通常以yes和no来回答，再如：
Is he a student? 他是一位学生吗？
Yes, he is. 是的，他是。 或者：No, he isn't. 不，他不是。
Is she a clever girl? 她是一位聪明的女孩儿吗？
Yes, she is. 是的，她是。 或者：No, she isn't. 不，她不是。
Is the bag red? 书包是红色的吗？
Yes, it is. 是的，它是。 或者：No, it isn't. 不，它不是。
Are they doctors? 他们是医生吗？Yes, they are. 是的，他们是。或者：No, they aren't. 不，他们不是。
Are you good students? 你们是好学生吗？
Yes, we are. 是的，我们是。 或者：No, we aren't. 不，我们不是。
Are these flowers beautiful? 这些花漂亮吗？
Yes, they are. 是的，它们漂亮。或者：No, they aren't. 不，它们不漂亮。
I am a teacher. → Are you a teacher? 你是一位老师吗？
Yes, I am. 是的，我是。 No, I am not. 不，我不是。(am not一般不能缩写)
I am a worker. → Are you a worker? 你是一位工人吗？
Yes, I am. 是的，我是。 No, I am not. 不，我不是。
I am busy. → Are you busy? 你很忙吗？
Yes, I am. 是的，我是。 No, I am not. 不，我不是。

4.Be动词 + 主语 + …？
例句：
Is he a student? 他是一位学生吗？
Yes, he is. 是的，他是。这是肯定回答，Yes，+主语+be动词
No, he isn't. 不，他不是。这是否定回答，No, +主语+be动词+not
Are they doctors? 他们是医生吗？
Yes, they are. 是的，他们是。肯定回答，Yes，+主语+be动词
No, they aren't. 不，他们不是。否定回答，No, +主语+be动词+not
Are you a worker? 你是一位工人吗？
Yes, I am. 是的，我是。
No, I am not. 不，我不是。
注意：
"I am a worker. 我是一位工人"，改为问句一定要用：
Are you a worker? 你是一位工人吗？一般不说成"我是一位工人吗"
问句中的you 回答时应该为I（I 在句中永远大写）
问句中还

要注意这样的例子：
Is Alice a teacher? Alice 是一位老师吗？
回答：
Yes , she is. 是的，她是。/ No, she isn't. 不，她不是。
注意：回答时要把主语的人名换成代词，女士用she，男士用he。如果是女孩们the girls，就用they（他们）。男孩们the boys 也用they（他们）。也就是说，只要是名词复数就用 they（他们）代替。

练习：
I am a doctor. → Are you a doctor? 肯定回答： Yes, I am.
I am busy. → Are you busy? 否定回答： No, I am not.
They are blue bags. → Are they blue bags ?
肯定：Yes, they are.
These flowers are beautiful. → Are these flowers beautiful?
肯定: Yes, they are.
The doctors are kind. → Are the doctors kind?
否定：No, they aren't. It is a black cat. → Is it a black cat?
否定：No, it isn't.
Sally is a clever girl. → Is Sally a clever girl?
肯定: Yes, she is.

复习：
肯定句中，我们须注意的是 be 动词随主语的变化而变化，也就是说 am, is ,are 用在哪些词的后面是一定的。
I → am
He/she/it/名词的单数形式→is
We/you (你、你们)/they（他们）/名词的复数形式→are I am a teacher. 我是一位老师。
I am a worker. 我是一位工人。
I am busy. 我很忙。
否定句中，我们须注意的是要把not 放在be 动词am, is, are 的后面，它们的缩写形式是 I'm not, isn't aren't。
I am your sister. → I am not your sister.
I'm a driver. → I'm not a driver.
She is a clever girl. → She isn't a clever girl.
The bag is red. → The bag isn't red.
Your pen is on the desk. → Your pen isn't on the desk.
You are a worker. → You aren't a worker.
These flowers are beautiful. → These flowers aren't beautiful.

一般疑问句中，我们须注意的是：
1.把be 动词 am, is，are 放在句子的最前面，第一个字母大写。
2.肯定回答和否定回答，在回答时要注意主语必须用代词，就是把问句中的名词用代词代替。
3.问句中是"你"时，回答用"I（我）"；问句中是"你们"时，回答用"we（我们）"。 Is she a clever girl? 她是一位聪明的女孩儿吗？
Yes, she is. 是的，她是。 或者：No, she isn't. 不，她不是。
Are they doctors? 他们是医生吗？
Yes, they are. 是的，他们是。或者：No, they aren't. 不，他们不是。
Are you good students? 你们是好学生吗？
Yes, we are. 是的，我们是。 或者：No, we aren't. 不，我们不是。
Are these flowers beautiful? 这些花漂亮吗？
Yes, they are. 是的，它们是。或者：No, they aren't. 不，它们不是。
每句话第一个单词的第一个字母要大写，Yes 和 No

后面是逗号，后面的主语不用大写；I永远大写。

复习：
I → am
he / she /it /名词的单数形式 → is
we / you (你、你们) / they （他们） / 名词的复数形式 → are
我们各举一个例子：
I am a manager． 我是经理。
She is a shy girl. 她是一个害羞的女孩。
They are red flowers. 它们是红色的花。

否定句：
I am not a driver. 我不是司机。
Tom isn't in the classroom. Tom不在教室。
They aren't my teachers. 他们不是我的老师。

一般疑问句：
Are you happy? 你快乐吗？ Yes, I am. 是的，我快乐。
Is she your mother? 她是你的妈妈吗？ No, she isn't.
Are these red roses beautiful? 这些红色玫瑰花漂亮吗？
Yes, they are.
要注意的是：
1.be 动词随主语的变化而变化。
2.否定句中，要把not 放在be 动词am, is, are的后面
3.一般疑问句中，须注意的是：
a.把be 动词 am, is，are 放在句子的最前面，第一个字母大写。
b.肯定回答和否定回答，在回答时要注意主语必须用代词，就是把问句中的名词用代词代替。
c.问句中是"你"时，回答用"I（我）"；问句中是"你们"时，回答用"we（我们）"。

时　态：

二、一般现在时

一般现在时：经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。
一般出现下面这样的词就用这个时态，就是说一般现在时常与下列词语连用：always (总是), often（经常）, usually（通常）, every day/week/month/year/night（每天/每周/每月/每年/每天晚上）, sometimes（有时）等等。
I often read English in the morning. 我经常早上读英语。
You watch TV every night. 你每天晚上看电视。
这是经常反复做的动作，所以用一般现在时。
注意：每个句子里，都要有谓语，动词是谓语的主要组成部分。像句子里的read（读），watch（观看）这些表示动作的词，就是谓语动词。没有谓语构不成句子。
注意：句子中表示动作的词read和watch就是谓语动词，我们看下面的句子：
1.They always play football on Sunday.他们总是星期日踢足球。
2.We go to the zoo every summer holiday.我们每年暑假去动物园。
3.The students usually clean the classrooms after school.学生们通常在放学后打扫教室。
4.He runs on the playground every morning.他每天早晨在操场上跑步。
5.My mother plants flowers every spring.我妈妈每年春天种花。
6.She gets up at 6:00 in the morning.她早上六点钟起床。
大家观察一下这几个句子有什么不同？特别是要看表示动作的动词，看看有什么变化？
★ 英语中的谓语动词发生的时间

是通过动词的不同形式来表现的。在一般现在时中，主语为第三人称单数时，谓语需加-s，如：
She studies English in Yuying School.她在育英学校学习英语。
They sweep the floor every morning.他们每天早上拖地板。
1.第三人称单数中，-s词尾的加法
a.一般在动词后面加s。
clean → cleans　work → works　ask → asks　tell → tells
b, 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词，需加-es；记住go+es；do+es。
pass → passes　mix → mixes　watch → watches　teach → teaches　wash → washes
c.以辅音+y结尾的动词，先将y变i，在加–e。
carry → carries　study → studies　try → tries
以元音字母+y结尾的动词直接加-s。
play → plays　stay → stays
再看看以上几个例子：
1.They always play football on Sunday.他们总是星期日踢足球。
2.We go to the zoo every summer holiday.我们每年暑假去动物园。
3.The students usually clean the classrooms after school.学生们通常在放学后打扫教室。
4.He runs on the playground every morning.他每天早晨在操场上跑步。
5.My mother plants flowers every spring.我妈妈每年春天种花。
6.She gets up at 6: 00 in the morning.她早上六点钟起床。
可以看出，这些句子都肯定地说明了事情，为一般现在时的肯定句。
那否定句该怎样表达了？请看下面例子（be动词的否定形式）：
I am not a driver.我不是司机。
Tom isn't in the classroom.Tom不在教室。
They aren't my teachers.他们不是我的老师。
但当句子中不含 be 动词时，我们还可以借助助动词 do 和 does 来完成。
do not=don't　does not = doesn't
例如：
1.They always play football on Sunday.他们总是星期日踢足球。
→ They don't play football on Sunday.他们星期日不踢足球。
2.We go to the zoo every summer holiday.我们每年暑假去动物园。
→ We don't go to the zoo every summer holiday.
我们每年暑假不去动物园。
3.The students usually clean the classrooms after school.学生们通常在放学后打扫教室。
→ The students don't usually clean the classrooms after school.
学生们通常在放学后不打扫教室。
4.He runs on the playground every morning.他每天早晨在操场跑步。
→ He doesn't run on the playground every morning.
他每天早晨不在操场跑步。
5.My mother plants flowers every spring 我妈妈每年春天种花。
→ My mother doesn't plant flowers every spring
我妈妈每年春天不种花。
6.She gets up at 6: 00 in the morning.她早上六点钟起床。
→ She doesn't get up at 6: 00 in the morning.她早上六点钟不起床。
从以上例子可以看

出，第三人称单数后用doesn't，其他情况下用don't。doesn't后面的动词不需变化，用原形。
咱们练习几个句子：
1.We like our school.我们喜欢我们的学校。
→ We don't like our school.我们不喜欢我们的学校。
2.The students read English in the morning.学生们在早上读英语。
→ The students don't read English in the morning.学生们在早上不读英语。
3.She watches TV every night.她每天晚上看电视。
→ She doesn't watch TV every night.她每天晚上不看电视。
4.Tom likes English songs.Tom 喜欢英语歌曲。
→ Tom doesn't like English songs.Tom 不喜欢英语歌曲。
★ 一般现在时的一般疑问句是怎样构成呢？
先看例子：
1.They live in Beijing.他们住在北京。
→ Do they live in Beijing?他们住在北京吗 ?
Yes, they do./ No, they don't.
2.You watch football matches every Sunday.你每周日看足球比赛。
→ Do you watch football matches every Sunday?
Yes, I do./ No, I don't.
3.He often goes to the Summer Palace.他经常去颐和园。
→ Does he often go to the Summer Palace?他经常去颐和园吗？
Yes, he does./ No, he doesn't.
4.Alice washes her clothes every day.Alice 每天洗她的衣服
→ Does Alice wash her clothes every day? Alice 每天洗她的衣服吗？
Yes, she does./ No, she doesn't.
从以上例子可以看出：一般疑问句中，助动词（do, does）置于句首，句末改成问号。谓语动词是行为动词时，须在句首加上助动词do, does（三单），加上这些助动词后，句子中谓语动词用原形。
注意：1.变人称：Do you …?　Yes, I do/No, I don't.
2.助动词does放句首时，谓语动词要用原形。
3.Do问do来答，does问does来答。
下面我们练习几个句子：
1.Zhoutao speaks English very well.周涛说英语非常好。
→ Does Zhoutao speak English very well?
Yes, he does./ No, he doesn't.
2.My mother sweeps the floor in the morning.我妈妈在早上拖地。
→ Does your mother sweep the floor in the morning?
Yes, she does./ No, she doesn't.
3.They eat lunch in school every Tuesday.他们每周二在学校吃午饭。
→ Do they eat lunch in school every Tuesday?
Yes, they do./ No, they don't.
4.The doctors go to work every day 医生们每天都去上班。
→ Do the doctors go to work every day ?
Yes, they do./ No, they don't.
大家看下面的例子有什么不同：
1.When do they watch football matches?他们什么时候看足球比赛？
→ They watch football matches every Sunday.
What do they do every Sunday?
→ They watch football matches every Sunday.
2.When does y

our mother sweep the floor?
→ She sweeps the floor in the morning.
What does your mother do in the morning?
→ She sweeps the floor in the morning.
3.When do they eat lunch in school?
→ They eat lunch in school every Tuesday.他们每周二在学校吃午饭
Where do they eat lunch every Tuesday?
→ They eat lunch in school every Tuesday.
★what（什么），when（什么时候），where（哪里）是特殊疑问词，它们引导的疑问句叫做特殊疑问句。
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句构成
再看例子：
1.They live in Beijing.(where)
→ Where do they live?
2.Alice washes her clothes every day.(what)
→ What does Alice do every day?
3.They eat lunch in school every Tuesday.（ when）
→ When do they eat lunch in school?

总结：
1.一般现在时：经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。
2.肯定句：
1）I often read English in the morning.我经常早上读英语。
2）You watch TV every night.你每天晚上看电视。
3）He runs on the playground every morning.他每天早晨在操场跑步。
4）She gets up at 6: 00 in the morning.她早上六点钟起床。
注意：主语是he，she，it第三人称单数时，谓语动词加s，其他情况，谓语动词不变，注意加-s的规则
3.第三人称单数中，-s词尾的加法
a.一般在动词后面加s。
clean → cleans　work → works　ask → asks　tell → tells
b, 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的词，需加-es；记住go+es；do+es。
pass → passes　mix → mixes　watch → watches　teach → teaches　wash → washes
c.以辅音+y结尾的动词，先将y变i，在加–es。
carry → carries　study → studies　try → tries
以元音字母+y结尾的动词直接加-s。
play → plays　stay → stays
4.否定句：
1. We like our school.我们喜欢我们的学校。
→ We don't like our school.我们不喜欢我们的学校。
2. The students read English in the morning.学生们在早上读英语。
→ The students don't read English in the morning.
3.She watches TV every night.她每天晚上看电视。
→ She doesn't watch TV every night.她每天晚上不看电视。
4.Tom likes English songs.Tom喜欢英语歌曲。
→ Tom doesn't like English songs.Tom不喜欢英语歌曲。
注意：一般现在时变否定句可借助动词don't或doesn't完成，一般放在主语的后面，主语是第三人称单数就用doesn't，谓语动词用原形（后面的s去掉）。其他人称用don't就可以了，谓语动词用原形。
5.一般疑问句：
1.Do they live in Beijing?他们住在北京吗 ?
Yes, they do. / No, they don't.
2.Do you

watch football matches every Sunday?你每周日看足球比赛吗？
Yes, I do. / No, I don't.
3.Does he often go to the Summer Palace?他经常去颐和园吗？
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
4.Does Alice wash her clothes every day?Alice每天洗她的衣服吗？
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn't.
注意：1.变人称：Do you …?　Yes, I do/No, I don't.
2.助动词does放句首时，谓语动词要用原形。
3.Do问do来答，does问does来答。
6.特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
1.When do they watch football matches?
→ They watch football matches every Sunday.
2.Where do they eat lunch every Tuesday?
→ They eat lunch in school every Tuesday.
3.What does your mother do in the morning?
→ She sweeps the floor in the morning.

Exercises ：
一、把下面的句子变成否定句和一般疑问句，然后作出肯定回答或否定回答：
1.They go to the zoo every summer holiday.他们每年暑假去动物园。
→
→
2.You watch football matches every Sunday.你每周日看足球比赛。
→
→
3.Tom plays computer games every night.Tom每天晚上打电脑游戏。
→
→
4.She washes her clothes on Sunday.她在周日洗她的衣服。
→
→
Ⅰ.Revision

ⅰ.一般现在时的用法：
一般现在时：经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。一般与下列词语连用：always（总是）, often（经常）, usually（通常）, every day/week/month/year/night（每天/每周/每月/每年/每天晚上）, sometimes （有时）等等。

ⅱ.肯定句：
1.I often read English in the morning 我经常早上英语
2.You watch TV every night. 你每天晚上看电视
3.He runs on the playground every morning. 他每天早晨在操场跑步。
4.She gets up at 6：00 in the morning. 她早上六点钟起床。
注意：主语是he, she, it 第三人称单数时谓语动词一般加s，其他人称谓语动词不变。
★ 动词第三人称单数的变化规则：
动词原形变第三人称单数的规则同名词单数变复数大致相同，请认真观察。
1）一般在动词后面加s。
clean → cleans work → works ask → asks tell →tells
2）以s，x，ch，sh结尾的动词加es。
pass → passes mix → mixes watch → watches teach → teaches
wash → washes
3）以“o”结尾的动词，加“es”，记住go+es；do+es。
4）以辅音字母加“y”结尾的动词，要先将“y”变为“i”，然后再加es。以元音字母+y 结尾的动词加s。如：
carry → carries study → studies try → tries
play → plays stay

→ stays

ⅲ．否定句：
1.We like our school.　我们喜欢我们的学校。
→ We don’t like our school.　我们不喜欢我们的学校。
2.The students read English in the morning.　学生们在早上读英语。
→ The students don’t read English in the morning.　学生们在早上不读英语。
3.She watches TV every night.　她每天晚上看电视。
→ She doesn’t watch TV every night.　她每天晚上不看电视。
4.Tom likes English songs.→ Tom doesn’t like English songs.　Tom不喜欢英语歌曲。Tom喜欢英语歌曲。
注意：一般现在时变否定句时借助助动词 don’t或doesn’t。他们放在主语的后面，主语是第三人称单数就用 doesn’t，并且去掉谓语动词后面的s。其他人称则用don’t，谓语动词不变。

ⅳ．一般疑问句：
1.Do they live in Beijing? 他们住在北京吗?
Yes, they do. / No, they don’t.
2.Do you watch football matches every Sunday? 你每周日看足球比赛吗?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
3.Does he often go to the Summer Palace? 他经常去颐和园吗？
Yes, he does. / No, he doesn’t.
4.Does Alice wash her clothes every day? Alice每天洗她的衣服吗？
Yes, she does. / No, she doesn’t.
注意：1. 注意变换人称：Do you…? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
2.第三人称单数作主语，does放句首时，谓语动词要去掉s。
3.Do问do来答；Does问does来答。

ⅴ.特殊疑问句
1.When do they watch football matches?
→ They watch football matches every Sunday.
2.Where do they eat lunch every Tuesday?
→ They eat lunch in school every Tuesday.
3.What does your mother do in the morning?
→She sweeps the floor in the morning.

三、现在进行时

现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作和发生的事情。
常和下列词语连用：look（看），listen（听），now（现在），at present(目前） 等等。 现在进行时的构成：
1.I am speaking English now.　我正在说英语。
2.Look, they are making a birthday cake.　看，他们正在做一个生日蛋糕。
3.The workers are building a bridge.　工人们正在建一座桥。
4.Listen,the girl is singing a song next room.　听，那个女孩儿正在隔壁房间里唱歌。
5.She is buying a hat.　她正在买一顶帽子。
6.Oh,someone is knocking at the door.　噢，有人在敲门。
从以上句子可以看出，现在进行时的构成为：
主语 + be（am, is, are）+动词的-ing形式。
注意，be动词随主语的变化而变化：I→am，He/she/it→is，We/you/they/名词的复数形式→are。
★ 在现在进行时中，动词的-ing形式也可以称为现在分词。
（动词的

-ing 形式，除了作现在分词外，还可以作动名词，动名词将会在以后的课程中提及。）
动词的-ing 形式的构成规则：
1.一般在动词后面直接加ing。
go → going study → studying ask → asking watch → watching
2.以不发音的-e结尾的动词，要去掉e，再加ing。
come → coming make → making write → writing
become → becoming take → taking dance → dancing
3.以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母时，这个辅音字母要双写，然后再加ing。双写单词的最后一个辅音字母，然后再加ing。
swim → swimming run → running begin → beginning
sit → sitting stop → stopping forget → forgetting
4.特殊变化：以ie结尾的单音节的动词，要把ie变成y，再加ing。
die → dying lie → lying tie → tying
肯定句：
I am watching football matches.　我正在看足球比赛。
He is playing computer games.　他正在玩电脑游戏。
Liming is running on the playground.　李明正在操场上跑步。
They are dancing in the park.　他们正在公园里跳舞。
We are studying English on computer.　我们正在电脑上学习英语。
否定句：
I am not watching football matches.　我现在没在看足球比赛。
He is not playing computer games.　他没在玩电脑游戏。
Liming isn’t running on the playground.　李明没在操场上跑步。
We aren’t studying English on computer.　我们现在没在电脑上学习英语。
注意：1.否定词not放在be动词后。
2.注意缩写形式：is not → isn’t；are not → aren’t。
一般疑问句及其肯定回答和否定回答：
1.Are you reading English now?　你现在读英语吗？
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
Yes, we aren’t. / No, they don’t.
2.Are they making a birthday cake?　他们正在做一个生日蛋糕吗？
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
3.Are the workers building a bridge?　工人们正在建一座桥吗？
Yes, they are. / No, they aren’t.
5.Is the girl singing a song next room?
Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
6.Is she buying a hat?　她正在买一顶帽子吗？
Yes, she is. / No, she isn’t.
7.Is someone knocking at the door?　有人在敲门吗？
Yes. / No.
注意：1.回答变人称；2.答语要把问句里的名词改成代词
特殊疑问句：
1.Where is the girl singing a song?
→ The girl is singing a song next room.
2.What is she buying?
→ She is buying a hat.
3.What are they doing?
→ They are making a birthday cake.

Ⅲ．序数词
前面我们学过基数词（one, two, three…），那么要表

达“第一，第二…”呢？我们要用序数词表示。
基数词： 序数词
one　一 first　第一
two　二 second　第二
three　三 third　第三
four　四 fourth　第四
five　五 fifth　第五
six　六 sixth　第六
seven　七 seventh　第七
eight　八 eighth　第八
nine　九 ninth　第九
ten　十 tenth　第十
eleven　十一 eleventh　第十一
twelve　十二 twelfth　第十二
thirteen　十三 thirteenth　第十三
fourteen　十四 fourteenth　第十四
fifteen　十五 fifteenth　第十五
nineteen　十九 nineteenth　第十九
twenty　二十 twentieth　第二十
thirty　三十 thirtieth　第三十
forty　四十 fortieth　第四十
fifty-one　五十一 fifty-first　第五十一
ninety-four　九十四 ninety-fourth　第九十四
one hundred and one　一百零一 one hundred and first　
第一百零一
大家看出规律了吗？
基数词变序数词时，一般在基数词后加th。特殊变化有如下几种：
（1）one → first, two → second, three → third
（2）five和twelve变序数词时将ve变成f+th。
（3）eight只加h；nine去掉e加th。
（4）表示“几十”的基数词变序数词时，将y变i+eth，如twentieth.
（5）表示“几十几”的基数词变序数词时，只变个位。

Ⅳ. Exercises
1.把下列单词写成现在分词形式（+ing）：
work → visit → clean → sweep→
dance → live → love → take →
run → swim → get → begin →
2.把下面的句子变成否定句和一般疑问句，并写出肯定与否定回答：
1）They are playing basketball on the playground.
→
→
2）These girls are singing English songs now.
→
→
3）The boy is playing computer games at home.
→
→
4）I am washing my clothes now.
→
→

Revision

1.

现在进行时的用法
1) 现在进行时表示现在正在进行的动作和发生的事情。常与look, listen, now, at present等词连用。
2）构成：主语+be动词（am, is,are）+ V-ing

2.现在进行时的肯定式
1）I am speaking English now. 我正在说英语。
2）Look, they are making a birthday cake. 看，他们正在做一个生日蛋糕。
3）The workers are building a bridge. 工人们正在建一座桥。
4）Listen, the girl is singing a song next room. 听，那个女孩儿正在隔壁房间里唱歌。
5）She is buying a hat. 她正在买一顶帽子。
6）Oh, someone is knocking the door. 噢，有人在敲门。
注意：
1）be动词（am, is, are） 随着主语的人称进行变化。
I → am
He / she /it /名词的单数形式 → is
We / you (你、你们) / they （他们） / 名词的复数形式 → are
2）动词+ -ing 的构成:
a.一般在动词后面直接加-ing。
go → going study → studying　ask → asking
watch → watching
b.以不发音的-e 结尾的动词，要去掉e 再加-ing。
come → coming make → making write → writing
become → becoming take → taking dance → dancing
c.以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母时，这个辅音字母要双写，然后再加-ing。
swim → swimming run → running begin → beginning
sit → sitting stop → stopping forget → forgetting
d.特殊的：以ie结尾的单音节的动词，要把ie 变成y,再加-ing。
die → dying lie → lying tie → tying

3.现在进行时的否定式
现在进行时的否定句，一般在am, is, are后面加上not就可以了。
I am not watching football matches. 我现在没在看足球比赛。
Liming isn't running on the playground. 李明没在操场上跑步。
We aren't studying English on computer. 我们现在没在电脑上学习英语。
注意：
1.在am is are 后面加 not
2.注意缩写形式

4.一般疑问句及回答
1) Are you reading English now?
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
Yes, we aren't. / No, they don't.
2) Are the workers building a bridge?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.
3) Is the girl singing a song next room?
Yes, she is. / No, she isn't.

5.特殊疑问句：
1）Where is the girl singing a song?
→ The girl is singing a song next room.
2）What is she buying?
→ She is buying a hat.
3）What are they doing?
→ They are making a birthday cake.

四、一般将来时

一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态。常和tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year/week/mon

th, in two weeks, some day等等。
构成：主语 + will (shall) + 动词原形 (do) （do 来表示动词原形）

ⅰ.一般将来时态的肯定式：
1.I will come next week. 我下周来。
2.We will go to the Great wall next Sunday. 下周日我们将要去长城。
3.They will help me study English tomorrow. 他们明天将要帮助我学英语。
4.He will visit his grandmother in a week. 一周后他将要拜访（探望）他的奶奶。
5.Susan will buy a new bike. Susan将要买一辆新自行车。
注意:
将来时中，shall 只用于第一人称，即I shall, we shall。
I shall come next week. 我下周来。
We shall go to the Great wall next Sunday.下周日我们将要去长城。
注意: 在当代英语里，不管什么人称，都可用 will，而shall用于第一人称中。
主语 + will 的常用缩写形式：
I will = I'll [ail] 我将要
We will = We'll [wi:l]
You will = You'll [ju:l]
They will = They'll
He will = He'll
She will = She'll
It will = It'll
看下面的句子:
1.I'll come next week.
2.We'll go to the Great wall next Sunday.
3.They'll help me study English tomorrow.
4.He'll visit his grandmother in a week.

ⅱ.一般将来时态的否定式：
先看例子，你能说出它们是什么句子吗？
1.We will not have lessons tomorrow. 明天我们没有课。
2.These birds will not fly to the south in winter.
冬天这些鸟将不会飞到南方去。
3.They students will not play football next Sunday.
学生们下周日不踢足球。
4.My father will not go to work the day after tomorrow.
我爸爸后天不上班。
很明显，上述句子为一般将来时的否定句。注意缩写形式：will not = won't.
1.We won't have lessons tomorrow.
2.These birds won't fly to the south in winter.
3.The students won't play football next Sunday.
4.My father won't go to work the day after tomorrow.
这就是一般将来时的否定句，只需在will 后加not，或写成缩写形式won't。

ⅲ.一般将来时态的一般疑问式：
1.Will you finish this work tomorrow? 明天你能完成这项工作吗？
2.Will they have lessons next week? 下周他们有课吗？
3.Will she come to my birthday party tomorrow? 她明天会来我的生日宴会吗？
4.Will Mr. Wang teach us English next year? 王老师明年会教我们英语吗？
一般疑问句的肯定和否定回答：
1.Will you finish this work tomorrow?
Yes, I will. / No, I won't.
2.Will they have lessons next week?
Yes, they will. / No, they won't.
3.Will she come to my birthday party tomorrow?
Yes, she will. / No, she won't.
4.Will Mr. Wang teach us English next year?
　

　Yes, he will. / No, he won't.
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
where 在哪里，when 什么时候，what 什么， how many 多少，why 为什么
注意，how many 后跟可数名词的复数形式。
特殊疑问句：（where, when, what, how many, why）
1.How many eggs will you cook? 你要煮几个鸡蛋？
I will cook seven eggs. 我会煮七个鸡蛋。
2.When will she buy a new car? 她什么时候买新车？
She will buy a new car next year.他明年买新车。
3.Why will you go to Qingdao? 你为什么去青岛了？
Because it's cool and interesting. 因为那里凉爽且有趣。
4.Where will your parents go next winter? 明年冬天你父母会去哪里？
They will go to Hainan. 他们会去海南。
一般将来时的特殊疑问句的构成：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句。
问where 回答用地点，问 when回答用时间；问how many回答用数字；问why回答用 because +句子。
其他表示未来情况的方法：
主语+ be(am, is, are)going to + 动词原形，表示打算干某事或即将要发生某事，例如：
1.I am going to go to a movie next Sunday.
（=I am going to see a movie next Sunday.）
下周日我打算去看电影。
2.My brother is going to travel in Australia.
我弟弟将要去澳大利亚旅游。
3.The students are going to play football tomorrow.
明天学生们要去踢足球。
4.They are going to meet in the park.
他们决定在公园碰面。
如果要将以上句子变否定句，只需在am, is, are后面加上not即可。
1.The students aren't going to play football tomorrow.
2.I am not going to go to a movie next Sunday.
3.Mr. Wang isn't going to teach us English next term.
下学期王老师不教我们英语了。
如果要将以上句子变一般疑问句也只需把 am, is, are放在句子最前面，注意人称的变换。
1.Are you going to see him next week? 下周你会去看他吗？
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
2.Is he going to go to a movie with us tomorrow? 明天他会和我们一起去看电影吗？
Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.
3.Are they going to climb the hill?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.
be going to的特殊疑问式：
1.Where are you going to plant trees next year?
明年你打算在哪儿种树？
2.When is he going to buy a new car?
他准备什么时候买辆新汽车？
He is going to buy a new next week.

Ⅲ.Revision

现在我们总结一下一般将来时态:
ⅰ.主语 + will (shall) + 动词原形 (do)
1.I will come next week. 我下周来。
I'll come next week.
2.We'll go to the Great Wall next Sunday.
下周日我们去长城。
3.They'll help me study English tomorr

ow.
他们明天要帮助我学英语。
4.He'll visit his grandmother in a week.
一周后他将要拜访（探望）他的奶奶。

ⅱ.一般将来时的否定式：
1.We won't have lessons tomorrow. 明天我们没课。
2.These birds won't fly to the south in winter.
这些鸟冬天不会飞到南方去。
3.The students won't play football next Sunday.
学生们下周日不踢足球。
4.My father won't go to work the day after tomorrow.
我爸爸后天不上班。

ⅲ.一般将来时的一般疑问式及其回答：
1.Will you finish this work tomorrow? 明天你能完成这项工作吗？
Yes, I will. / No, I won't.
2.Will they have lessons next week? 下周他们将有课吗？
Yes , they will / No, they won't
3.Will she come to my birthday party tomorrow?
她明天会来我的生日宴会吗？
Yes, she will. / No, she won't
4.Will Mr. Wang teach us English next year?
王老师明年会教我们英语吗？
Yes , he will / No, he won't

ⅳ.一般将来时的特殊疑问式：
1.How many eggs will you cook? 你要煮多少鸡蛋?
I will cook seven eggs. 我要煮七个鸡蛋。
2.When will she buy a new car? 她什么时候买新车?
She will buy a new car next year. 明年她将买新车。
3.Why will you go to Qingdao? 你为什么去青岛?
Because it's cool and interesting. 因为那里凉爽且有趣。
4.Where will your parents go next winter? 你父母明年将要去哪里?
They will go to Hainan. 他们将去海南。

ⅴ.其他表示未来情况的方法：be going to
主语 + be(am, is, are)going to + 动词原形，表示打算干某事或即将要发生某事。be 动词随主语人称的变化而变化。

Ⅳ.Dialogue(对话)：
1.A: - Thank you for your help.感谢你的帮助。
B：- You are welcome.不用谢。
2.A: - Thank you.
B：- It's my pleasure. /That's all right./Not at all.
不用谢。（十分高兴为你效劳/不用谢/没关系）
3.A: - Excuse me. May I ask (you) a question?
打扰了，我可以问（您）一个问题吗？
B: - Yes./OK./Of course. What is it?
可以，是什么问题？
4.A: - May I leave now?/Can I leave now? 我可以离开吗?
B: - Yes, of course./OK./Sure./Certainly.
可以，当然了。
- I am afraid you can't./ You'd better not.（否定回答）
恐怕你不能离开。/你最好别离开。

Ⅰ.复习
1.一般将来时：表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态（打算、计划要做的事）。
常用的将来时间状语：tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next year /week/month/,in two weeks,, some day 等.
2.句型：
主语 + w

ill (shall) + 动词原形 (do) （do 来表示动词原形）
肯定句：
（1）We will go to the Great Wall next Sunday. 下周日我们将要去长城。
（2）They will help me study English tomorrow.
他们明天将要帮助我学英语。
（3）He will visit his grandmother in a week.
一周后他将要拜访（探望）他的奶奶。
（4）Susan will buy a new bike. Susan将要买一辆新自行车。
will 可用于各种人称。
主语+will的常用缩写形式：
I will = I'll 我将要
We will = We'll 我们将要
You will = You'll 你将要
They will = They'll
It will = It'll
例句：
（1）I will come next week. 我下周来。
I'll come next week.
（2）We will go to the Great Wall next Sunday. 下周日我们将要去长城。
We'll go to the Great Wall next Sunday.
（3）They will help me study English tomorrow.
他们明天将要帮助我学英语。
They'll help me study English tomorrow.
（4）He will visit his grandmother in a week.
一周后他将要拜访（探望）他的奶奶。
He'll visit his grandmother in a week.
否定句：will not = won't
（1）We won't have lessons tomorrow. 明天我们将没有课。
（2）These birds won't fly to the South in winter.
冬天这些鸟将不会飞到南方去。
（3）The students won't play football next Sunday.
学生们下周日不踢足球。
（4）My father won't go to work the day after tomorrow.
我爸爸后天将不上班。
一般疑问句：把will 放在句首
（1）Will you finish this work tomorrow? 明天你能完成这项工作吗？
Yes, I will. / No, I won't.
（2）Will they have lessons next week? 下周他们将有课吗？
Yes, they will. / No, they won't.
（3）Will she come to my birthday party tomorrow?
她明天将来我的生日宴会吗？
Yes, she will. / No, she won't.
（4）Will Mr. Wang teach us English next year?
王老师明年将教我们英语吗？
Yes, he will. / No, he won't.
特殊疑问句：（where, when, what, how many, why）
（1）How many eggs will you cook?
I will cook seven eggs.
（2）When will she buy a new car?
I will buy a new car next year.
（3）Why will you go to Qingdao?
Because it's cool and interesting.
（4）Where will your parents go next winter?
They will go to Hainan.
构成：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
where--地点
when--时间
how many--数字
why--because +句子
另外一种表示方法：
主语+be( am/is/are )going to + 动词原形，例如：
（1）I am going to go to a movie next Sunday. 下周

日我打算去看电影。
（2）My brother is going to travel in Australia.
我弟弟将要去澳大利亚旅游。
（3）They are going to meet in the park.他们决定在公园碰面。
变否定句只需在 am/is/are 后面加上not
（1）The students aren't going to play football tomorrow.
明天学生们不会去踢足球。
（2）I am not going to go to a movie next Sunday.
下周日我不打算去看电影。
（3）Mr. Wang isn't going to teach us English next term.
下学期王老师不教我们英语了。
变一般疑问句只需把 am/is/are 放在句子最前面，注意变换他们的人称。
（1）Are you going to see him next week?
Yes, I am. / No, I am not.
（2）Is he going to go to a movie with us tomorrow?
Yes, he is. / No, he isn't.
（3）Are they going to climb the hill?
Yes, they are. / No, they aren't.
特殊疑问句：
（1）Where are you going to plant trees next year?
明年你打算在哪儿种树？
I am going to plant trees on a hill.
（2）When is he going to buy a new car?
他准备什么时候买辆新汽车？
He is going to buy a new car next year.

五、一般过去时

一般过去时就是过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，它一般和表示过去的状语连用，如： yesterday (昨天) last week/ month /year/night / term/(上周、上个月、去年、昨天晚上、上学期) ago(以前) in 1996(在1996年) a moment ago(刚才) just now (刚才)
过去：
I was busy yesterday. 我昨天很忙。
She was happy last night. 她昨天晚上很高兴。
The boys were in the park just now. 这些男孩儿刚才在公园里。
上面的am → was is → was are → were
这就是be 动词的一般过去时。
在一般过去时里：
I → was
he/she /it /名词的单数形式 → was
we/you (你、你们) /they（他们）/名词的复数形式 → were
例句：
（1）I was late for school yesterday. 昨天我上学迟到了。
（2）She was happy last night. 她昨天晚上很高兴。
（3）The boys were in the park just now. 这些男孩儿刚才在公园里。
否定句：
（1）I was not late for school yesterday. 昨天我上学没迟到。
（2）He was not at home last night. 他昨晚上不在家。
（3）They were not in America last summer. 去年夏天他们不在美国。
缩写形式： was not = wasn't
were not = weren't
一般疑问句：
（1）Was it snowing yesterday afternoon? 昨天下午下雪了吗？
No, it wasn't. Yes, it was.
（2）Were the children happy at the party last night?
昨天晚上孩子们在宴会上快乐吗？
Yes, they were. / No, they weren't.
（3）Were

you late for work this morning? 今天早上你上班迟到了吗？
Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.
特殊疑问句：
特殊疑问词+一般疑问句
例句：
（1）Where were you yesterday morning? 昨天上午你在哪里？
I was in the library. 我在图书馆。
（2）Why was Mary late for meeting yesterday?
为什么昨天玛丽开会迟到了？
Because she was ill.
分析下列句子属于什么时态：
（1）We watched TV for two hours last night.
昨天晚上我们看了两个小时的电视。
（2）He cleaned the classroom after school yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午放学他打扫了教室。
（3）John studied Chinese in Yuying Middle School in 1999.
John 1999年在育英中学学中文。
（4）My parents went to the Forbidden City last Sunday.
上周日我父母去了紫禁城。
动词过去式的构成规则：
（1）一般在动词词尾加ed
work → worked help → helped watch → watched
（2）以e 结尾的动词后加d
live → lived like → liked decide → decided hope→ hoped
（3）以辅音字母+y结尾的动词将 y变i再加ed
study → studied　carry → carried try → tried cry → cried
以元音字母加y结尾的动词加ed play → played
（4）以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的词，双写最后一个辅音字母加ed
stop → stopped　drop → dropped fit → fitted
（5）不规则动词
go → went see → saw make → made buy → bought
have → had do → did get → got build → built

ⅰ.一般过去时的肯定式：
He cleaned the classroom after school yesterday afternoon.
昨天下午放学后他打扫了教室。
John studied Chinese in Yuying Middle School in 1999.
John 1999年在育英中学学中文。
My parents went to the Forbidden City last Sunday.
上周日我父母去了紫禁城。

ⅱ.一般过去时的否定式：
句中无be动词时，怎样变成否定句呢？我们借助 did（就是do的过去式）后加上not 就可以了，也可以直接写成它的缩写形式didn't。例如：
1.My parents didn't go to the Forbidden City last Sunday.
上周日我父母没有去紫禁城。
2.They didn't carry two boxes to the factory yesterday.
昨天他们没有把两只箱子搬运到工厂。
3.We didn't watch TV last night. 昨天晚上我们没有看电视。
4.He didn't eat lunch at home yesterday.昨天他没在家吃午饭。
这就是一般过去时的否定句，在主语后加上didn't 变成否定句后，他们的谓语动词要还原成动词原

形；didn't 可用在任何人称的后面，不随主语变化而变化。

ⅲ.一般过去时的一般疑问式：
变成一般疑问句时，也需要借助did，即将did提前，谓语动词用原形。例如：
1.She watched TV for two hours last night.
→Did she watch TV for two hours last night?
Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.
2.He ate lunch at home yesterday.
→Did he eat lunch at home yesterday?
Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.
3.My mother cooked noodles last Sunday.
→Did your mother cook noodles last Sunday?
Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.
4.They lived in Beijing in 1996.
→Did they live in Beijing in 1996?
Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.

ⅳ.一般过去时的特殊疑问式：
1.Where did you go yesterday? 昨天你去哪儿了？
I went to Summer Palace.我去颐和园。
2.How many subjects did they study last term?
上学期他们学习了几门课？
They studied seven subjects.
他们学习了七门课。
3.Where did John study Chinese in 1999?
John 1999年在哪儿学中文的?
He studied Chinese in Yuying Middle School in 1999.
他于1999年在育英中学学习中文。
4.What did you do last night? 昨天晚上你们干什么呢？
We listened to English songs last night. 我们昨晚听了英语歌曲。
日常用语：
1.－ Would you mind opening the window?
您介意打开窗户吗？
－ Not at all！没关系！
－ Of course not！当然不介意！
－ I am afraid it's cold now.　我担心会冷吧。
英语零起点网上辅导


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