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语言学试题

Test 1

Ⅰ.In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or best completes the sentence.

1. The study of language development over a period of time is generally termed as

_____linguistics.

A. applied

B. diachronic

C. comparative

D. syncronic

2. The structural approach to the analysis of language was started by __________..

A. Bloomfield

B. Saussure

C. Chomsky

D. J.Searle

3. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?

A.[p]

B.[m]

C.[b]

D.[t]

4.The words“make”and “bus” are called _________because they can occur unattached.

A. detivational morphemes

B. inflectional morphemes

C. bound morphemes

D. free morphemes

5. The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are__________.

A .gradable antonymy B. converse antonymy

C. synonyms

D. co-hyponyms

6. The semantic components of the word “man” can be expressed as _________.

A.＋animate,＋human,＋male,－adult

B.＋animate,＋human,－male,－adult

C.＋animate,＋human,＋male,＋adult

D.—animate,＋human,－male,－adult

7. What kind of function does the sentence “How do you do?” have ?

A. Directive

B. Phatic

C. Informative

D. Evocative

8. Nouns,verbs and adjectives can be classified as___________.

A. lexical words

B. grammatical words

C. function words

D. form words

9. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?

A. Exocentric

B. Endocentric

C. Coordinate

D. Subordinate

10. The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called

____________

A. semantics

B. sociolinguistics

C. pragmatics

D. psycholinguistics II. Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words. Each blank represents one word.

1.Of all the speech organs, the ___________ is the most flexible.

2.In producing the English vowels, the air stream coming up from the lungs meets

with no_______ in whatsoever manner.

3. A person who studies linguistics is usually referred to as a_________.

4. A linguistic study is _________ if it describes and analyses facts observed, it is

_______if it tries to lay down rules for “correct” behavior.

A. semantics

B. sociolinguistics

C. pragmatics

D. psycholinguistics

5.Not all the sounds occur in the same environment. When two sounds never occur

in the same environment, they are said to be in the ____________ distribution.

6._________morphemes are attached to words, but they never change their syntactic

category.

7.The description of a language at some point in time is a __________study.

8._________ is a high back lax rounded vowel.

9.According to Chomsky, ________structure explains the meaning of a sentence.

10.A speech event can be analyzed into a number of components, _______,

_______，_______ and _________.

III. Tell true statements from false. Write T for true and F for false ones.(10%)

1. A labeled tree diagram is often employed by grammarians to show semantic

relations between and among words and phrases..

2.[f] is a dental consonant.

3.“Will be leaving” is an endocentric construction.

4.Of all the design features of the human language, displacement is the most

important.

5.The word “ungentlemanliness” has five morphemes

6.“Mary has been to Europe” presupposes “Mary has been to abroad”.

7.The CP Principle,put forward by P.Grice, has four maxims, for writing as well as

speaking.

8.Linguistic competence is a language user’s underlying knowledge about the

system of rules..

9.Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a

language.

10.The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but

do not make a different word, are phones.

IV. Explain the following terms in English (10%)

1.phoneme

2.minimal pairs

3.semantic triangle

4.syntax

5.syntagmatic relation

V. Translate the following terms into English or Chinese (10%)

1. 语义学

2.音位变体

3.应用语言学

4.morphology

5.performance VI. Answer the following questions. (30%)

1.What is the main idea of J.Austin…s theory?

2.Discuss the four main design features of language.

3.Explain the three main sub-types of antonymy by using examples.

4.What is the difference between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme?

5.Sentences are believed to be both linearly and hierarchically structured.Tree

diagrams are often used to illustrate such structures. Draw a tree diagram for the following statement:

The angry manager fired two waiters from the restaurant.

Keys to Test 1

I.BBADB CBAAC

II. 1.tongue 2.obstruction 3.[u] 4.descriptive, prescriptive

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/726227685.html,plementary

6.inflectional

7.synchronic

8.morphology

9.deep

III. 1.F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6.F 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.F

IV.(略)

V.(略)

VI. (略)

Test 2

Part I. Multiple Choices (20%)

1. The pair of words “lend”and “borrow” are ________.( )

A. gradable opposites

B. relational opposites

C. co-hyponyms

D. synonyms

2.The discovery of Indo-European language family began with the work of the British scholar.( )

A. Jacob Grimm

B. Rasmus Rask

C. Franz Bopp

D. Sir William Jones

3.A linguist regards the changes in language and language use as __.( )

A. unusual

B. something to be feared

C. abnormal

D. natural

4.______produce fast and fluent speech with good intonation and pronunciation but the content of their speech ranges from mildly inappropriate to complete nonsense, often as unintelligible.( )

A. Broca's aphasic

B. The linguistic deprivation

C. The damage on the angular gyrus

D.Wernicke's aphasic

5. Some Southern learners of English in China tend to say “night” as “light”.This shows ( )

A. They cannot pronounce/n/

B. Interlangue interference because there is not the sound /n/in their mother tongue

C. The teachers do not have a good teaching method

D. They do not like to pronounce nasal sounds

6. A word with several meanings is called __word.( )

A.a polysemous

B.a synonymous

C.an abnormal

D.a multiple

7.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is __.( )

A. informative

B. phatic

C. directive

D. performative

8. The most recognizable differences between American English and British English are in __ and vocabulary.( )

A. usage

B. grammar

C. pronunciation

D. structure

9.__________deals with the way in which a language varies through geographical space.( )

A. Linguistic geography

B. Lexicology

C. Lexicography

D. Sociolinguistics

10.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as

_________.( )

A. +animate,+male,+human,-adult

B. +animate,+male,+human,+adult

C. +animate,-male,+human,-adult

D. +animate,-male,+human,+adult

Part II. Fill in the blanks (20%)

11.A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of w________ to form a complete statement,q________or command.

12.In sociolinguistic studies,speakers are treated as members of s__g________.

13.Utterance is based on ________ ________ ;it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication,or simply in a context.

14.To many people,a linguist is the same as a ________,one who can speak several languages fluently.

15.Consonant sounds can be either v ________or v__, while all vowel sounds are v________.

Part III. Judge whether the statement is true of false. Put a T for true and F for false. If you think the statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (10%)

16.All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( )

17.Tense and reference are two terms often encountered in the study of meaning.( )

18.Linguistics is the course of language.( )

19.The part of a sentence which comprises an infinite verb or a verb phrase is grammatically called predicate.( )

20.Historical linguistics equals to the study of synchronic study.( )

21.The term dialect, as a technical term in linguistics, carries value judgment and not

simply refers to a distinct form of language.( )

22.Morphology is translated as 形态学.( )

23.The word “photographically” is made up of 4 morphemes.( )

24.The smallest meaningful unit of language is allomorph.( )

25.Semantics is the main part of linguistics.( )

Part IV Give the definitions of the following terms. (20%)

26.general linguistics

27.suprasegmental features

28.root and stem

29.hierarchical structure

30.naming theory and conceptualist view

31.maxims of quality and manner

32.blending

33.sociolect

34.subvocal speech

35.contrastive analysis

Part V Answer the following questions. (30%)

1. Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show the syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences.

(1)The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.

(2)He saw young men and women present.

(3)They were surprised at the president's appointment.

2. Decide the meaning of the following affixes and give each affix two examples.

re- un- anti- super- -wise -itis -ize -age

Keys to Test 2

Part I

1.B

2.D

3.D

4.D

5.B

6.A

7.B

8.C

9.A 10.B

Part II.

11.words question

12.social groups

13.sentence meaning

14.polyglot

15.voiceless voiced voiced

Part III

16.T

17.F(Sense and reference…)

18.F(scientific study of language)

19.F(finite verb…)

20.F(diachronic)

21.F(no value judgement)

22.T

23.T

24.F(morpheme)

25.F(one of the parts)

Part IV

26.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.

27.The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.

28.The base form of a word;the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.

29.The sentence structure that groups words into structural constituents and shows the syntactic categories of each structural constituent,such as NP and VP.

30.The words of a language are labels of the objects they stand for;a linguistic form is linked through concepts to what it refers to.

31.Do not say what you believe to be false or without adequate evident;Avoid

obscurity of expression and ambiguity,be brief and orderly.

32.A process of forming a new word by combining parts of other words.

33.A variety of languages used by a social class.

34.Thought when it is close to language.

35.A comparative procedure to establish linguistic differences between languages for teaching purposes.

Part V

1.(1)the hunters are shooting;the hunters are shot;

(2)young men and young women;young men and (not young) women

(3)the president appoints others;the president is appointed.

2.re-:again,e.g.retype,reorganize

un-:not,reverse,e.g.unhappy,unlock

anti-:against,anti-drug,anti-imperialism

super-greater than usual,e.g.superpower,superman

-wise:in the manner of,e.g.clockwise,moneywise

-itis:infection.e.g.bronchitis,arthritis

-ize:make into,e.g.realize,modernize

-age:https://www.wendangku.net/doc/726227685.html,eage,linkage

Test 3

Part I. Multiple Choices

1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and

produce sentences he/she has never heard before. This property of language is called ________.

A. duality

B. productivity

C. displacement

D. arbitrariness

2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for

establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.

A. phatic

B. directive

C. evocative

D. performative

3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists

of what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.

A. affective

B. associative

C. stylistic

D. collocative

4.When –ing in …gangling? is removed to get a verb …gangle?, we call this way of

creating words ________.

A. suffixation

B. back-formation

C. blending

D. acronymy

5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to

positions of importance.

A. Degradation

B. Specialization

C. Elevation

D. Extension

6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special

way of expressing his ideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.

A. idiolect

B. regional dialect

C. temporal dialect

D. social dialect

7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to

the word, they are collectively known as ________.

A. intonation

B. tone

C. phoneme

D. sentence stress

8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an

adjacent sound.

A. Addition of sound

B. Loss of sound

C. Metathesis

D. Assimilation

9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language

family. Vietnamese and Korean are two languages in the ______ family.

A. Indo-European

B. Sino-Tibetan

C. Hamito-Semitic

D. Malayo-Polynesian

10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.

A. morpheme

B. phoneme

C. grapheme

D. letter

11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those

poly-morphemic words which consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.

A. hyponyms

B. compounds

C. blends

D. allomorphs

12.The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes

which stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.

A. concord

B. government

C. recursiveness

D. cohesion

13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a

part of another is called _____.

A. blending

B. clipping

C. acronymy

D. compounding

14. The distinction of …linguistic potential? and …actual linguistic behavior? is

proposed by _______.

A. N. Chomsky

B. F. de Saussure

C. M. A. Halliday

D. J. Austin

15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.

A. denotative

B. connotative

C. collective

D. stylistic

Part II Judge the following statements are True or False

1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can

be a word or a fragment of a sentence. T/F

2.It doesn?t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/F

3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an

affix can be added to it. T/F

4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world.

T/F

5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and

creation of words, idioms and collocations. T/F

6.The use of the term …implicature? is different from …implication? in that it usually

indicates a rather narrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/F

7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that

form a syntactic unit that is less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/F

8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the

habitual co-occurrences of individual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/F

9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider

how each maxim actually works and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/F

10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and

phrases are combined to make grammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/F

Part III Fill in the blanks

1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest

contribution to the proposition of Speech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.

2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into

prefixation and suffixation.

3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______

writing.

4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internal

reconstruction and the _______ reconstruction.

5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism

and linguistic _______ .

6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standard

language to the non-standard language, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.

7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere

generalization of the lang uage are called “sub-languages” or _______.

8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution of

words is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.

9.It?s commonly believed that the basic function of language is that it?s used for

_________.

10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed

_________ in language testing, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test.

Part IV. Explain the following terms

1.cultural transmission (as a defining feature of human language)

2.phonic medium of language

3.phoneme

4.inflectional morphemes

5.reference

Part V Answer the following questions.

1. Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

2. Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?

Keys to Test 3

Part I

1-5BAABC 6-10AADBC 11-15BAACA

Part II

1-5 TFTFT 6-10FFTTT

Part III

1. J. Searle

2. affixation

3.word

4. external

5. relativity

6.code switch

7. language varieties

8. Endocentric_

9. human communication 10. validity

Part IV

1.Key: One of the major defining features of human language. Humans are born

with the ability to acquire a language, but different from animals, the actual use of human language is not genetically transmitted, rather it is culturally transmitted,

i.e. it has to be taught and learnt.

2. Key: The limited range of sounds that are used in human language communication,

i.e. the speech sounds.

3. Key: a collection of abstract sound features, unlike a phone, (which is a speech unit), it is a phonological unit; allophones are actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic context.

4. Key: Inflectional morphemes are morphemes that are used to indicate the grammatical relations and categories, such as-ed,-(e)s,-est in English.

5. Key: Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of the relationship between the form and the reality. For example, if we say, "The dog is barking," we must be talking about a certain dog known to both the speaker and the hearer in the situation. The actual dog the word "dog" refers to in this particular situation is the reference of the word "dog".

Part V

1.Key: Linguistics investigates not any particular language, but languages in general.

Linguistic study is scientific because it is based on the systematic investigation of authentic language data. No serious linguistic conclusion is reached until after the linguist has done the following three things: observing the way language is actually used, formulating some hypotheses, and testing these hypotheses against linguistic facts to prove their validity.

2. Key: Modern linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day

language. Unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point of view.

Test 4

I. Term defining

Direction: Explain the following terms, giving examples for illustration if necessary.

1.linguistics

2.synchronic study

3.naming theory

4.homograph

5.pragmatics

6.locutionary act

II Choose the best answer

Direction: The following are questions or incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence or question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C or D. Choose the One answer that best complete the sentence or answers of the question.

1._____ answers such question as how we as infants acquire our first language.

A. Psycholinguistics

B. Applied Linguistics

C. Sociolinguistics

D. Anthropological linguistics

2.The distinction between competence and performance is similar to the

distinction between ______.

A.prescriptive and descriptive

B.synchronic and diachronic

C.speech and writing

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/726227685.html,ngue and parole

3.Children can speak before they can read or write shows that _____.

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/726227685.html,nguage is basically vocal

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/726227685.html,nguage is arbitrary

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/726227685.html,nguage is used for communication

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/726227685.html,nguage is productive

4.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?

A. crash

B. typewriter

C. bang

D. fish

5.No one has ever said or heard “ A black polar bear is playing in a small hotel

with an African gibbon”, but one can say it when necessary, and he can understand it in the right register. This shows the _____ nature of language.

A. arbitrary

B. productive

C. displaced

D. culturally transmitted

6.“ There is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to ( i.e.,

between language and the real world”. This is the _____ view concerning the study of meaning.

A. naming theory

B. conceptualist

C. contextualist

D. behaviourist

7._______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and

non-linguistic world of experience.

A. Sense

B. Reference

C. Symbol

D. Thought

8.“Expensive, valuable, precious”are a group of words bearing the same

meaning, but indicating the different attitude of the use toward what he is talking about. They are ______ synonyms.

A. dialectal

B. stylistic

C. emotive

D. semantic

9.We call the relation between “animal” and “ horse” as ______.

A. synonymy

B. polysemy

C. homonymy

D. hyponymy

10.A word with several meanings is a _____.

A. synonymy

B. polysemic word

C. co-hyponym

D. complete hymonymy

11.The semantic features of the word “ girl” can be expressed as _____.

A.+ ANIMATE, -HUMAN, + ADULT, +MALE

B.+ ANIMATE, +HUMAN, - ADULT, +MALE

C.+ ANIMATE, +HUMAN, + ADULT, -MALE

D.+ ANIMATE, +HUMAN, - ADULT, -MALE

12.Predication analysis is a way to analyze sentence meaning, which is proposed

by the British linguist _____.

A. John Firth

B. Bloomfield

C. G.. Leech

D. Wittgenstein

13.Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in

isolation, but in _____.

A. relationship

B. dependence

C. sentence

D. context

14._______ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered.

A. Sentence- meaning

B. Utterance-meaning

C. The reference

D. The meaning

15._______ act expresses the intention of the speaker.

A. Locutionary

B. Illocutionary

C. Perlocutionary

D. Speech act

16.A: This bag is a little bit heavy.

B: Let me help you.

What is the illocutionary act of Speaker A?

A.This bag is heavy.

B.I don?t want to carry it away.

C.Could you help me with this bag?

D.I?m very happy about it.

17.A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is?

B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city.

Speaker B violates the maxim of ____.

A. quality

B. quantity

C. manner

D. relation

18.A: The hostess in an awful bore. Do you think?

B: The roses in the garden are beautiful, aren?t they?

Speaker B violates the maxim of ____.

A. quality

B. quantity

C. manner

D. relation

19.According to Seale, speech acts fall into general categories.

A. four

B. five

C. six

D. several

20.The _____ provided great philosophical insight into the nature of linguistic

communication.

A.speech act theory

B.CP theory

https://www.wendangku.net/doc/726227685.html,municative competence

D.Linguistic competence

III. To judge the statement is true or false.

1. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.

2.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original

words.

3.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are

called tones. Languages using tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.

4.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical

relationships, rather than lexical ones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.

5.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.

6.According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the

Cooperative Principle, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.

7.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before

the spoken form.

8..In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long

vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension.

9. A compound is the combination of only two words.

10.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The

linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category.

IV. Questions and Answers ( 5*10)

Direction: Give a brief account on each of the following questions, giving examples for illustration if necessary.

1.What are the differences between langue and parole?

2.Have you ever noticed something that shows the close relationship between

language and society?

3.What is semantic triangle?

4.Please compare the two terms: pragmatics vs. semantics.

5.What are the contents of the four maxims under the CP?

Keys to Test 4

I. Term Defining

1.linguistics: linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.

2. A synchronic study of language refers to he description of a language at some

point in time, that is, the studies in which the forms of one or more languages are investigated at one particular stage of their development. For example, a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare?s time would be a synchronic study.

3.Naming theory is a view concerning the study of meaning which holds that

words are just names or labels for things. It was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato.

4.Homograph refers to the words that are identical in spelling, eg. Tear / ti / (n.)

and tear / t / (v.)

5.Pragmatics is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect

successful communication within its situational context. That is, what do you mean by saying “ X” ? For example, “ Say CHEESE together.” When we take photos in order to show smiles on our faces, but not “ cheese” for eating.

6.Locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of

conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.

II. Choose the best answer.

1. A

2. D

3. A

4. D

5.B

6. B

7.B

8.C

9. C 10.B 11.D 12.C 13.D 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.D 19.B 20.A

III. To judge the statement is true or false.

1-5 FTTTT 6-10 TFTFT

IV. Questions and Answers

1. What are the differences between langue and parole?

Langue and parole is a distinction made by Swiss linguist F. de Saussure.

Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, i.e., the system of language passed on from one generation to another, e.g. the grammar, syntax and vocabulary, whereas parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is abstract, parole is specific to the speaking situation; langue is not actually spoken by an individual, parole always a naturally occurring event; langue relatively stable and systematic, parole is subject to personal and situational constraints. For Saussure, parole is a mass of confused facts, thus not suitable for systematic investigation. What a linguist ought to do according to Saussure, is to abstract langue from instances of parole,

i.e., to discover the regularities governing all instances of parole and make them

the subject of linguistics. The langue-parole distinction is of great importance, which casts great influence on later linguists.

2.Have you ever noticed something that shows the close relationship

between language and society?

Language and society are closely connected.

The language a person uses often reveals his social background. People from different classes often speak in different ways, at different degrees of politeness and formality.

There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used on a certain occasion. Language changes are often caused by social changes.

3.What is semantic triangle?

The semantic triangle or triangle of significance presented by Ogden and Richards illustrates the conceptualist view concerning the study of meaning which holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to ( i.e., between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation of concepts in the mind, as manifested in the following diagram, in which the symbol or form refers to the linguistic elements ( words, phrases), the referent refers to the object in the world of experience, and the though or reference refers to concept. Thus, the symbol or form of a word signifies “ things” by virtue of the “concept”, associated with the form of the word in the mind of the speaker of the language. The “ concept” thus considered is the meaning of the word. There is no direct link between the symbol or form the word and the reference.

Thought/ reference

Symbol/form

Stand for

4. Please compare the two terms: pragmatics vs. semantics.

Pragmatics studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication. It can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics. For example, the grammatical analysis of “ He likes to go there.” does not tell us who he is, where “there” is. So we can see that the context of situation in which a sentence or utterance occurs means a lot to its meaning, which can hardly be explained by grammatical means, or by semantic means. So semantics aims at studying “What does x mean?”, while pragmatics “ What do you mean by saying x?”

5. What are the contents of the four maxims under the CP?

1)The maxim of quantity

i.Make your contribution as informative as required ( for the current

purpose of the exchange)

ii.Don?t make your contribution more informative than is required

2) The maxim of quality

iii.Do not say what you believe to be false.

iv.Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

3) The maxim of relation

Be relevant

4) The maxim of manner

Avoid obscurity of expression

Avoid ambiguity

Be brief

Be orderly

This is a definition of language made by the American linguist Sapir.

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