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硒与疾病的相关性研究

硒与疾病的相关性研究
硒与疾病的相关性研究

Prospective study of serum selenium concentrations and esophageal and gastric cardia cancer,heart disease,stroke,and total death1–3

Wen-Qiang Wei,Christian C Abnet,You-Lin Qiao,Sanford M Dawsey,Zhi-Wei Dong,Xiu-Di Sun,Jin-Hu Fan, Elaine W Gunter,Philip R Taylor,and Steven D Mark

ABSTRACT

Background:We previously reported an inverse association be-tween prediagnostic serum selenium concentrations and the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and gastric cardia cancer(GCC)but not gastric noncardia cancer(GNCC)in a nested study from the Nutrition Intervention Trial in Linxian,China. Objective:We examined the relation between baseline serum selenium and the subsequent risk of death from ESCC,GCC, GNCC,heart disease(HD),stroke,and total death over15y of follow-up(1986–2001).

Design:We measured baseline serum selenium concentrations in 1103subjects randomly selected from a larger trial cohort.We identified516deaths during the15-y follow up,including75from ESCC,36from GCC,116from HD,and167from stroke.Relative risks(RRs)and95%CIs were estimated by using Cox propor-tional hazards regression models.Reported RRs estimated the change in risk conferred by a25%increase in serum selenium relative to the population distribution.All estimates were adjusted for sex,age,smoking,drinking,and serum cholesterol. Results:We found significant inverse associations between base-line serum selenium and death from ESCC(RR:0.83;95%CI: 0.71,0.98)and GCC(0.75;0.59,0.95).Trends toward inverse associations were noted for death from HD(0.89;0.78,1.01;P?

0.07),but no association was noted for total death(0.96;0.90,

1.02)or stroke(0.99;0.88,1.11).

Conclusion:Population-wide selenium supplementation in the region of China with low serum selenium and high incidences of ESCC and GCC merits serious consideration.Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:80–5.

KEY WORDS Selenium,esophageal squamous cell carci-noma,gastric cardia cancer,stroke,heart disease,cohort

INTRODUCTION

Recently,several prospective cohort studies and randomized intervention trials have reported an association between serum selenium concentrations and human chronic disease.These studies suggest that selenium,an essential trace element for humans and a normal constituent of the diet,is anticarcino-genic and can prevent cardiovascular disease.The positive results of clinical cancer trials(1–5)support this conclusion, especially when considered in light of converging evidence from epidemiologic and mechanistic studies(6–11).

The Nutrition Intervention Trials were2randomized,place-bo-controlled,clinical trials conducted by our group(12)in Linxian,China,where there is poor nutrition and high rates of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma(ESCC)and gastric car-dia cancer(GCC)(13).In the larger General Population Trial, 29584Linxian residents were tested with4different combi-nations of nutrient supplements or placebo for5.25y.The group supplemented with selenium,?-carotene,and?-tocoph-erol had statistically significant reductions in all-cause mortal-ity(9%)and in total cancer mortality(13%).The mortality rates for ESCC,GCC,and gastric noncardia cancer(GNCC) showed trends toward reductions in mortality of4%,18%,and 28%,respectively,but these reductions were not statistically significant(1).A previous prospective study in this cohort indicated a significant inverse relation between baseline serum selenium concentrations and risk of ESCC and GCC over 5.25y of follow-up,with relative risks(RRs)of44%and53%, respectively,in a comparison between the highest and lowest quartiles(14).

The Nutritional Prevention of Cancer(NPC)Trial,carried out by Clark et al(3)in the United States,involved1312 subjects and tested whether selenium supplementation(200?g/d with high-selenium brewer’s yeast)could reduce the

recurrence of nonmelanoma skin cancer.Although selenium supplementation showed no protective effect against skin can-cer,it was associated with a statistically significant decrease in several secondary endpoints:total cancer mortality(52%),total cancer incidence(39%),and incidences of lung(44%),colo-rectal(61%),and prostate(65%)cancers(3,4).Recent updates

1From the Department of Epidemiology,Cancer Institute(Hospital), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing(W-QW,Y-LQ,Z-WD,X-DS,and J-HF);the Cancer Prevention Studies Branch,Center for Cancer Research,National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,MD(CCA,SMD,and PRT);the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Laboratory,Centers for Disease Control and Preven-tion,Atlanta(EWG);and the Biostatistics Branch,Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics,National Cancer Institute,Bethesda,MD (SDM).

2Supported by internal NCI funds.

3Address reprint requests to CC Abnet,Cancer Prevention Studies Branch,National Cancer Institute,6116Executive Boulevard,Room705, Bethesda,MD20892-7058.E-mail:abnetc@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/776641823.html,.

Received March31,2003.

Accepted for publication June27,2003.

80Am J Clin Nutr2004;79:80–5.Printed in USA.?2004American Society for Clinical Nutrition at Northeast Agricultural University Library on March 27, https://www.wendangku.net/doc/776641823.html,

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of data from this trial showed that subjects with a baseline serum selenium concentration in the lowest tertile (?1.33?mol/L,or ?105?g/L)had the greatest reduction in total cancer incidence.

Few clinical trials have studied selenium and the risk of heart disease (HD)or stroke as the primary endpoint.Prospective observational studies have found that selenium may also pro-tect against cardiovascular disease,but this association remains controversial (15).The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between baseline serum selenium concen-trations and the subsequent risk of death from ESCC,GCC,GNCC,HD,stroke,and total death over 15y of follow-up (1986–2001)in a random subsample of the Nutrition Interven-tion Trials General Population Trial cohort.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Cohort population

The subjects in this study were selected from the cohort of all participants in the General Population Trial of Linxian,China.Elsewhere,we described in detail the design,choice of intervention agents,methods of conduct,and primary endpoint analyses of the trial (1,12,14).In brief,the participants were 29584healthy adults aged 40–69y from 4Linxian communes.In the spring of 1985,1y before the intervention started,each participant was interviewed,was given a brief physical exam-ination,and had 10mL blood drawn.The intervention began in March 1986and continued through May 1991(5.25y).In accord with a fractional factorial design,the participants were randomly assigned to receive either a vitamin-mineral combi-nation or a placebo.One-eighth of all participants received the placebo only.In total,4different vitamin-mineral combina-tions were tested:factor A (10000IU vitamin A and 45mg zinc oxide),factor B (52mg riboflavin and 40mg niacin),factor C (180mg ascorbic acid and 30?g Mo),and factor D (50?g yeast Se,15mg ?-carotene,and 30mg ?-tocopherol).We obtained written informed consent from each participant before trial enrollment.Throughout the study,human subjects protection procedures were followed in accord with those pre-scribed by the US National Institutes of Health and the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences.

Village doctors ascertained mortality among trial partici-pants through monthly follow-up.Diagnoses of cancer were made at commune and county hospitals and by an additional study team that provided clinical and diagnostic services,in-cluding endoscopy,for patients with symptoms suggestive of esophageal or stomach cancer.For anatomic localization of the gastric adenocarcinomas,cancers were defined as GCC if they were in the most proximal 3cm of the stomach and as GNCC if they originated outside this region.Ninety-five percent of the esophageal and gastric cancers had anatomic localization made by endoscopy,surgery,X-rays,or a combination thereof.Di-agnoses of HD and stroke were made by local physicians and reviewed by experienced senior Chinese clinicians involved in this study.

Deaths in this cohort were attributed to 1of 36different causes.Because most (66%)of the cancer deaths were from ESCC and GCC,and because we previously detected an asso-ciation between serum selenium and cancer at these sites (14),we treated these 2sites as separate categories.We also exam-

ined GNCC separately and then combined all other cancer deaths.HD includes coronary,ischemic,hypertensive,and other types of HD.The stroke endpoint includes both hemor-rhagic and thrombotic strokes.These 2diagnoses cannot be separated because few diagnoses are based on computed to-mography or magnetic resonance imaging in this population.The category “other death ”includes many causes of death,such as accidents (n ?6),liver cirrhosis (n ?8),chronic bronchitis (n ?7),and other causes with ?5occurrences.Follow-up time was calculated as the number of days from the start of intervention,May 1986,until the day of death or through May 2001.Only 1.54%of the cohort was lost to follow-up,and those persons were censored at the last time their vital status was known.

Selection of study participants on the basis of serum selenium concentrations

We measured selenium in an age-and sex-stratified subco-hort of 1103persons selected from the 29584participants in the General Population Trial as previously described (14).The 1103subjects of this study were originally selected for a case-cohort study that matched an age-and sex-stratified ran-dom sample of the entire cohort at baseline to 1079case subjects over the first 5.25y of follow-up.Treatment group assignment was not considered in this subject draw because of the multiple analytes to be measured in this and other studies,because the partial factorial design limits the number of people who received placebo alone to one-eighth of the participants,and because treatment group could be examined as a potential confounder and controlled for in the analyses.Selenium was assayed at the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)Laboratory,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,Atlanta.Elsewhere,we described in detail the selenium assays and quality-control procedures (14).Statistical analysis

We compared categorical variables between groups with the use of chi-square tests and compared continuous variables between groups with the use of t tests.We estimated RRs and 95%CIs by using Cox proportional hazards models.We ad-justed for smoking,drinking,body mass index (BMI;in kg/m 2),and serum cholesterol in all of our models.Models for HD and stroke were also adjusted for diastolic and systolic blood pressure at baseline.All estimates came from models stratified on 6sex-age sampling strata.The 6strata were defined by sex and the following 3age categories at the start of the interven-tion:1)?50y,2)?50–60y,and 3)?60y.Additional stratum-specific continuous age terms were used to adjust for variation within each age stratum.Addition of variables to these models representing either serum ?-tocopherol concen-tration or assignment to treatment with the selenium-containing factor D during the trial period showed no evidence of con-founding;therefore,these variables were not included (data not shown).

For all endpoints,we examined 3different metrics for sele-nium exposure.First,selenium was used as a continuous vari-able standardized to the average size of the 2central quartiles (the standardized unit was 0.15?mol/L,or 11.5?g/L).Second,we classified subjects into quartiles and estimated RRs sepa-rately within each quartile.Third,we used the quartile score as

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an ordinal variable.On the basis of the quartile classification,we calculated 2sets of P values.The P for trend test assigns each quartile its ordinal value and tests whether there is a (log)linear change in RR with increasing quartile.The P global (3df)tests whether the risks in quartile 2,3,and 4are greater than the risk in quartile 1without assuming any linear progression.Deviations from log linearity,sensitivity analysis,adjustment for confounding,interactions,and testing the proportional haz-ards assumption were conducted as previously reported (14).

RESULTS

Shown in Table 1are the numbers of subjects,mean ages,percentages of smokers and drinkers,and mean BMIs for the total cohort,for those who survived until May 2001,and for those who died of various causes during the follow-up period.Results are shown for the total cohort and for women and men separately.There were 516deaths in the cohort during the follow-up period,including 75from ESCC,36from GCC,24from GNCC,32from other cancers,116from HD,167from stroke,and 66from other causes.Sixty-six percent (111/167)of cancer deaths were from ESCC or GCC.Fifty-nine percent (167/283)of cardiovascular disease deaths were from strokes.For all mortality categories,there were more deaths in men than in women.Overall,persons who died during the follow-up period were significantly more likely to be men (P ?0.0001),to be older (P ?0.0001),to have lower BMIs (P ?0.005),and to smoke (P ?0.0001)than were persons who survived.No significant differences in alcohol consumption were observed between those who died and those who survived (P ?0.96).Overall,the characteristics presented in Table 1were signif-icantly different between the men and the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/776641823.html,pared

with the men,the women were younger (P ?0.0001),were far less likely to smoke (P ?0.0001)or drink alcohol (P ?0.0001),and had higher BMIs (P ?0.0004).The dramatic differences in smoking and drinking behavior reflect the dis-tribution of these habits in the entire cohort.Although tobacco and alcohol use are strong risk factors for ESCC in Western countries,in Linxian smoking confers only a moderate increase in the risk of ESCC,whereas alcohol use is not associated with an increased risk of ESCC (16,17).The minimal use of alcohol and tobacco by women and their minor importance in the etiology of ESCC in Linxian is reflected in the approximately equal number of ESCC cases in men and women in the under-lying cohort (16).

The mean serum selenium concentration in this cohort was 0.93?mol/L (73?g/L).The quantile values of the overall cohort at the 10th,25th,50th,75th,and 90th percentiles were as follows:0.66,0.77,0.91,1.06,and 1.19?mol/L.There was no significant difference in the median serum selenium con-centration between the women (0.92?mol/L)and the men (0.93?mol/L).

RRs,95%CIs,and the results of tests of statistical signifi-cance relating serum selenium concentrations to subsequent total and specific causes of death are presented in Table 2.On a continuous scale,statistically significant inverse associations were observed between baseline serum selenium concentra-tions and mortality from both ESCC (RR:0.83;95%CI:0.71,0.98)and from GCC (RR:0.75;95%CI:0.59,0.95).When the sample was classified by quartile of baseline serum selenium concentration,the global test of decreasing risk of ESCC was significant (P ?0.015)and the trend test was nearly significant (P ?0.07).Compared with persons in the lowest quartile of

TABLE 1

Number of subjects and subject characteristics by case status at baseline for a nested cohort from the General Population Trial in Linxian,China 1

Total cohort

Survivors Total deaths Deaths

ESCC GCC GNCC Other cancer

HD Stroke Other death

Total n

11035875167536243211616766Age (y)

56.6?8.02

53.3?7.860.2?6.53

58.559.259.458.761.360.261.7Smokers (%)38.331.545.9345.352.850.053.153.534.154.5Drinkers (%)20.720.620.73

21.333.341.721.719.816.816.7BMI (kg/m 2)21.9?2.622.1?2.621.7?2.5321.821.621.421.521.122.221.6Women 4

n

4953111842614410387418Age (y)

55.2?8.4

52.7?7.959.3?7.6

56.061.953.053.960.259.961.5Smokers (%)0.40.00 1.10.00.00.00.0 2.6 1.40.0Drinkers (%) 6.17.40 3.80.014.30.010.0 2.6 4.10.0BMI (kg/m 2)22.2?3.022.3?2.922.1?3.121.722.421.222.121.722.521.4Men n

60827633249222022789348Age (y)

57.7?7.454.0?7.660.8?5.759.957.660.760.861.850.562.2Smokers (%)68.167.070.869.486.460.077.378.260.275.0Drinkers (%)32.635.530.132.745.550.027.328.226.922.9BMI (kg/m 2)

21.6?2.1

21.9?2.0

21.4?2.1

21.6

21.2

21.5

21.3

20.8

21.7

21.6

1

Smoking was defined as ever smoking ?6mo,and drinking was defined as any alcohol consumption in the previous 12mo.ESCC,esophageal squamous cell carcinoma;GCC,gastric cardia cancer;GNCC,gastric noncardia cancer;HD,heart disease.

2x ??SD.3

Subjects who died were significantly more likely to be male (P ?0.0001),to be older (P ?0.0001),to have a lower BMI (P ?0.005),and to smoke (P ?0.0001)than were subjects who survived.

4

Significantly different from men for age (P ?0.0001),smokers (P ?0.0001),drinkers (P ?0.0001),and BMI (P ?0.0004).

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serum selenium,those in the highest quartiles had a 65%significant reduction in the risk of mortality from ESCC (RR:0.35).The near significance of the trend test was due to the statistically insignificant elevated point estimate (RR:1.14;95%CI:0.63,2.04)in quartile 2.For GCC deaths,the decrease in RR with increasing quartile was monotonic (P for trend ?0.01,P for global test ?0.07).Compared with those in the lowest quartile of serum selenium concentration,those in the highest quartile had a 69%reduction in the risk of death from GCC (RR:0.31;95%CI:0.11,0.87).

No significant association was observed between baseline serum selenium concentration and mortality from GNCC for any metric used (Table 2).We found a nearly significant protective association between selenium concentration and HD in the continuous scale analysis (RR:0.89;95%CI:0.78,1.01;P ?0.07).In the quartile analysis,the global test indicated significance.Subjects in the second quartile had a 53%signif-icant reduction in the risk of death from HD (RR:0.47).

No significant association was observed between the base-line serum selenium concentration and stroke in the continuous variable analysis (RR:0.99;95%CI:0.88,1.11)or in the quartile analysis.Point estimates for all analyses suggested a small protective effect for total mortality,but none of the contrasts was significant.Finally,we found no evidence that age,sex,smoking,or drinking modified the association of baseline serum selenium concentration with any of the end-points.Assignment to the selenium-containing treatment (fac-tor D)during the trial period did not significantly confound or modify any of the risk estimates presented in this analysis.

DISCUSSION

Linxian is a rural mountainous county in Henan Province in north-central China,where the mortality rates from ESCC and

GCC are ?100times those in US whites (1,13).Because of the geography of Linxian and because of the low socioeconomic status of its population,the diets of Linxian residents were low in fresh fruit,vegetables,meat,and other animal products when the blood samples were drawn in 1985.Blood concentrations of various micronutrients,including retinol,?-carotene,ribo-flavin,vitamin C,and vitamin E,were all low by US standards (18–21).

It is noteworthy that the mean population selenium concen-tration in our cohort was low when compared with that in the United States (0.93compared with 1.58?mol/L,respectively).Indeed,the 96th percentile (1.19?mol/L)in our population was lower than the 1st percentile (1.20?mol/L)in the NHANES III study (22).Selenium deficiency is considered to occur when the serum selenium concentration is below ?1?mol/L,a concentration that corresponds to the amount of selenium contained in maximally expressed plasma selenopro-teins and to the upper limit of glutathione peroxidase responses to selenium supplements in healthy people (6,23–26).On the basis of this criterion,69%of the subjects (766/1103)in this analytic cohort were considered to be selenium deficient.We found significant inverse associations between baseline serum selenium concentrations and mortality from both ESCC and GCC.No significant association was observed for GNCC or other cancer.We detected a possible threshold effect be-tween serum selenium and HD mortality.Persons in the second quartile or higher were at decreased risk of HD.In our study,there was no convincing association between baseline serum selenium concentrations and mortality from stroke.A protec-tive but insignificant association was noted for total death.Other studies also showed an inverse relation between base-line serum selenium concentrations and the risk of mortality from ESCC,GCC,and other cancers.A previous nested case-

TABLE 2

Relative risk (RR)and 95%CI of mortality endpoints with baseline serum selenium concentration as a continuous variable and as quartiles from the General Population Trial in Linxian,China,1986–20011

Cause of death No.of cases Continuous 2

Quartiles

P for trend 4

Global P 5132(?0.77?mol/L)3(?0.91?mol/L)4(?1.06?mol/L)RR 95%CI P RR 95%CI RR 95%CI RR 95%CI All 5160.96(0.90,1.02)0.16 1.00 1.01(0.79,1.30)0.96(0.75,1.23)0.93(0.72,1.19)0.570.80ESCC 750.83(0.71,0.98)0.03 1.000.98(0.53,1.81) 1.14(0.63,2.04)0.35(0.16,0.81)0.0700.015GCC 360.75(0.59,0.95)0.02 1.000.68(0.28,1.61)0.62(0.27,1.43)0.31(0.11,0.87)0.0120.067GNCC

240.996(0.75,1.32)0.96 1.00 1.22(0.34,4.36) 1.19(0.34,4.24) 1.64(0.49,5.48)0.460.83Other cancer 32 1.21(0.95,1.53)0.21 1.00 2.22(0.78,6.34)0.89(0.26,3.10) 1.95(0.66,5.81)0.290.099HD 1160.89(0.78,1.01)0.07 1.000.47(0.29,0.80)0.66(0.41,1.07)0.66(0.41,1.08)0.170.05Stroke

167

0.996

(0.88,1.11)

0.87

1.00

1.73

(1.08,2.75)

1.33

(0.83,2.15)

1.43

(0.89,2.30)

0.82

0.39

1

RR,95%CI,and P values come from regression models stratified by sex and age with additional adjustment by separate continuous age variables for each age strata and variables for cholesterol,smoking,drinking,and BMI.Models for heart disease (HD)and stroke were also adjusted for diastolic and systolic blood pressure.Assignment to treatment D during the trial period,which contained selenium,did not influence risk estimates and therefore was not included in these models.ESCC,esophageal squamous cell carcinoma;GCC,gastric cardia cancer;GNCC,gastric noncardia cancer.

2

The RR and 95%CI for the continuous measure were standardized to the average size of the 2central quartiles.Therefore,this is the RR associated with a 25%change in serum concentration relative to the cohort distribution.One standardized selenium unit is equal to 0.15?mol/L.

3

The lowest quartile served as the reference group in quartile analysis models.4

Derived from the models by assigning each person the ordinal value of the quartile.5

Derived from the 3df test for the overall quartile model.6

The apparent discrepancy in the direction of risk between the continuous (RR:0.99)and the quartile (RR ?1)RRs are a function of the categorization of the continuous variable.This discrepancy resolves with slight changes in the selenium value used as the cutoff separating quartile 1from quartile 2.Neither classification resulted in any evidence of statistical significance.

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control study conducted by our group drew similar conclusions for ESCC and GCC over 5.25y of follow-up in the Linxian population (14).A trial in a population at high risk of liver cancer in China found a 35%reduction in liver cancer inci-dence in the group supplemented with selenized table salt (5).Data from the NPC study showed that selenium supplementa-tion was effective in reducing the risk of multiple cancers (3,4,27).The NPC study also showed that the protective effect was greatest for subjects who entered the trial with baseline serum concentrations in the lowest tertile (?1.33?mol/L,or ?105;27,28).These results suggest that selenium supplementation for chemoprevention of cancer should be targeted at popula-tions with low serum selenium concentrations,such as in Linxian,where 97%of the population has serum selenium concentrations below this cutoff.

Two new trials of the effect of selenium on cancer incidence are underway or being planned.Currently,the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT)is recruiting 32400US men to examine the effect of selenium and vitamin E on prostate cancer incidence over 12y (29).The Prevention of Cancer by Intervention with Selenium (PRECISE)trial is being planned to examine the effect of selenium on cancer incidence in the United Kingdom,Sweden,and Denmark —3countries with relatively low serum selenium concentrations (15).

For HD the global test of the effect of selenium was signif-icant,whereas tests using the continuous metric and the ordinal variable were not.These results are consistent with a threshold effect,that is,a serum concentration of selenium above which risk is uniformly decreased.In our study,there was no con-vincing association between baseline serum selenium concen-trations and mortality from stroke.

Two nested case-control studies in the United States and the Netherlands found no clear association (30,31)between the lower serum selenium concentration and an increased risk of HD;however,a nested case-control study from Finland and a Danish cohort study did report protective associations (32,33).The Dutch study found no significant association with stroke (31).In the Nutrition Intervention Trials in Linxian,selenium-containing interventions were associated with trends toward reductions in cerebrovascular mortality of 38%and 10%in the Dysplasia Trial and in the General Population Trial,respec-tively,but the reductions were not statistically significant in either case (1,2).

Confounding by unmeasured risk factors is always possible in association studies.From related studies in this population,we know that Linxian residents had low serum concentrations of many vitamins in the early 1980s (18–21).Thus,the asso-ciations with selenium might have been due to another nutrient that covaries with selenium.However,in our previous nested case-cohort study in Linxian (14),we measured fat-soluble vitamins and selenium and found that the association between selenium and upper gastrointestinal tract cancers in this cohort persisted after adjustment for these other serum vitamins (un-published observations,2003).Therefore,we believe that the associations between selenium and diseases in the current study are specific.

Blood samples in the analytic cohort of the current study were collected in 1985.Lifestyle and socioeconomic status in this population have changed since 1985and may have affected the selenium distribution in this population.However,recent unpublished data from our group show that the distribution of

serum selenium concentrations in this population is still low.On the basis of past (14)and current results,we are currently evaluating the feasibility of population-wide selenium supple-mentation for the region of China with low selenium concen-trations and a high incidence of ESCC and

GCC.

We thank the local village doctors and health workers —Guo-Shu Hu,Xin-Qi Liu,Bing-Chang Zhang,Yun-Sheng Wang,and Guo-Shun Wang —who have worked in the Linxian field station collecting follow-up data since 1985.

W-QW and CAA were responsible for data analysis and manuscript preparation.Y-LQ,SMD,Z-WD,PRT,and SDM were responsible for the overall study design,completion,quality control,statistical design,and manuscript preparation.X-DS and J-HF were responsible for cohort con-tinuity and data collection and analysis.EWG was responsible for labora-tory analysis and quality control.None of the authors had any financial or personal conflicts of interest.

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浅谈硒与健康

浅谈硒与健康 硒在近年各类报道中频频亮相,并被冠以“抗癌明星”之美誉。它是人和动物生命活动中必需的微量元素,并与人类的健康长寿息息相关。直到上个世纪50年代,人们才姗姗揭开它神秘的面纱。经过半个世纪的探索,人类才逐渐认识了硒,并把它誉为“生命的火种”。 硒在人类组织内含量为千万分之一,但它对人类健康作用巨大。缺硒会直接导致人体免疫力下降,临床医学证明,威胁人类健康和生命的40多种疾病都与人体缺硒直接相关,如癌症、心血管病、肝病、白内障、胰脏疾病、糖尿病、生殖系统疾病、儿童发育不良和营养阻滞等等。 硒与免疫力硒能迅速提高免疫力。免疫是人、动物机体的防御反应。其主要作用是清除异物,维持机体内部环境的稳定,提高机体抗病能力。硒可以提高红细胞的携氧能力,为巨噬细胞提供抗病能力。为巨噬细胞提供足量的氧,延长了这些白细胞的寿命,提高了机体抗感染能力,完成杀死细菌的能力。经研究发现牛在缺硒状态下,巨噬细胞也有吞噬细菌的能力,但不能立即致细菌于死地,而经过补硒后,巨噬细胞的杀菌能力提高了3倍。这说明有充足的硒的情况下,才有更强大的杀菌能力。 此年,人体及动物内还有T细胞和B细胞,是参于机体免疫的重要淋巴细胞,而有充足硒的情况下,可提高B细胞抗体的合成和T细胞的增殖。有人将疟原虫菌给老鼠注射,注射致死量,接受注射的老鼠都会感染疟疾而死,但在同时注射硒的情况下,老鼠全部耐过疟原虫的侵袭,一个没死,这证明硒提高了细胞的免疫功能。既然硒提高了机体免疫力,也就是提高了对疾病的抵抗能力,这就是硒健身祛病的重要原因。 硒与癌症科学家研究表明,硒与癌症有密切关系。肝癌、乳腺癌患者的血硒浓度不足常人的1/3,有些肝癌的患者血硒水平不及常人的1/4。而给高危人群中补硒,连续观察4年,发现补硒人群中肝功能正常,而乙型肝炎表面抗原携带者,无1例肝癌发生,而对照细则有多例肝癌发生。另有科学家对肺癌、食管癌患者补硒,发现死亡率明显下降,从而证明,硒的抗癌能力非常强。 患有癌症的人在进行化疗中,因为药物对细胞的杀伤力以及对机体毒副作用,常使化疗难以坚持。如果化疗同时补硒,则可保护机体,减轻毒副作用。接受放疗的患者接受射线辐射的同时补硒,可大大提高抗辐射能力。

简述体适能与健康的关系

简述体适能与健康的关系 现代社会人们更加关注健康,而体适能,这一体育健康教育的外来术语,已随着素质教育改革的进一步深入,融入了我国体育健康教育领域。。对于体适能概念的解释则五花八门。有的认为是“体能”,有人认为是“身体素质”,有的则认为就是“健康”。体适能这一体育健康新概念,已极大地影响了我国体育教育和健康观念,促使人们对体育的观念快速转变。对一般人而言, 他们关心的是促进健康、预防疾病并增进日常生活工作效率所需的体适能, 即健康体适能。以下就简单介绍体适能与健康及其关系,以便人们能更好的理解体适能和健康。 1 体适能 体适能(physical fitness 或fitness), 是指个人能力足以胜任日常工作以外,还能有余力享受休闲,及能够应付突如其来的变化及压力之身体适应能力。也可以说是身体适应外界环境能力之简称。美国运动医学学会认为体适能包括健康体适能和技能体适能。 1.1 健康体适能顾名思义,与健康有密切关系的体适能,它不仅是机体维护自身健康的基础,还是机体保证愉快完成日常工作和降低慢性疾病发生的前提,其主要内容如下(身体成分:即人体内各种组成成分的百分比,身体成分保持在一个正常百分比范围对预防某些慢性病如糖尿病、高血压、动脉硬化等有重要意义,肌力和肌肉耐力(肌力是肌肉所能产生的最大力量,肌耐力是肌肉持续收缩的能力,是机体正常工作的基础;心肺耐力(又称有氧耐力,是机体持久工作的基础"被认为是健康体适能中最重要的要素;柔软素质(是指在无疼痛的情况下,关节所能活动的最大范围,它对于保持人体运动能力,防止运动损伤有重要意义。 1.2 技能体适能包括灵敏、平衡、协调、速度、爆发力和反应时间等,这些要素是从事各种运动的基础,但没有证据表明它们与健康和疾病有直接关系。 1.3 体适能的评价近年来有人提出以体适能商来评价体适能,体适能商是健康体适能商与技能体适能商的综合反映。体适能商的得分是两着之和,即健康体适能和技能体适能各占50%为记分依据,也就是说,手、肌力、肌耐力、柔韧度、心肺耐力及体脂百分比等项健康体能的总分为50,每一个分项的平均得分为10,灵敏、平衡、协调、速度、爆发力和反应速度等6项运动。体能的总分也是50,每个分项的平均得分为8.33,健康体适能商和技能体适能商之和越高,则代表健康与运动的身体机能越好。在运动处方中,体适能商常被用作为安排运动负荷和运动项目的参考。 2 健康 2.1 健康的定义根据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization)的解

硒与健康

硒与健康 1、什么是硒 硒是一种化学元素,名字来源于希腊文,原意是“月亮”。1817年由瑞典化学家发现。后来,科学家发现其可以抑制肿瘤,预防肝坏死。 1973年,世界卫生组织宣布硒是人和动物生命活动中不可缺少的必须微量元素。中国营养学会将硒列为15种每日膳食营养素之一,人应该像生命必须摄取淀粉、蛋白质一样,每日摄入50-250微克硒。 2、我国公民普遍缺硒 我国是一个缺硒大国,粮食等天然食物硒含量较低。华北、东北、西北等大中城市都属于缺硒地区,约七亿人生活在低硒地区,大部分地区食物中硒含量在0.02mg/kg以下。东南沿海是我国富硒地区,也只有0.10mg/kg,是世界卫生组织规定的最低限。目前,国民很难从食物中达到补硒的目的。 3、硒对健康的作用 1)抗氧化:硒是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的必需组成成分,后者在清除自由基、减少过氧化物、保护细胞膜、保护细胞敏感分子(DNA、RNA)中占有重要地位。 2)提高免疫力:硒能刺激免疫球蛋白及抗体的产生,增强机体对疾病的抵抗力。 3)保护心脑血管:硒参与保护细胞膜的稳定性及正常通透性,抑制脂质的过氧化反应,消除自由基的毒害作用,从而保护心肌的正常结构、代谢和功能。 4)硒能调节维生素A、C、E、K的代谢。 5)抗肿瘤作用:试验表明硒对皮肤癌、肝癌、结肠癌、乳癌、肺癌等均有显著的抑制作用,1997年,在丹麦召开的“缮食微量营养素与人类癌症危险”会议上,美国科学家CLanKe宣布他12年试验结果,每天补充200微克硒,使大肠癌降低48%,肺癌降低46%,前列腺癌降低63%。 6)降血糖:研究发现,糖尿病患者血硒平均值明显低于健康人,服含硒产品可改善糖尿病人的症状。硒还能提高糖尿病人的葡萄糖耐量。近年的研究表明,硒具有降低血糖和调控胰岛素代谢过程等拟胰岛素作用。 7)防治肝坏死:补硒及给予维生素E对防治肝坏死有一定作用,这可能与抑制体内过氧化物的形成有关。 8)抗病毒:2003年,中国疾病预防控制中心陈君石研究员宣布,经过其多年研究发现,在各种具有免疫调节功能的营养素中,硒是唯一可以直接抗病毒的

常见甲状腺疾病诊断与治疗

常见甲状腺疾病诊断与治疗 甲状腺疾病,是一类遗传与免疫性疾病,他与精神因素密切相关,压力过大,情绪不稳,环境污染、外伤、感染等,都是引发此类疾病的诱因。临床上常见甲状腺疾病主要有:甲状腺结节及囊肿;甲状腺机能亢进症(甲亢);甲状腺机能减退症(甲减);单纯性甲状腺肿(甲肿);甲状腺腺瘤(甲瘤);亚急性甲状腺炎(亚甲炎);淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎(桥本氏甲状腺炎)及甲状腺癌症等。其诊断治疗方法如下: 一、甲状腺机能亢进症(甲亢) 病史:家族史,精神创伤(过度紧张、忧虑),感染(感冒、肺炎、扁桃体炎),外伤,手术,过度劳累等诱因。 临床表现:怕热、多汗、心慌、失眠、多食易饥、大便次数增多切不成型、神经过敏、易怒、手舌细颤,少数可出现低钾型周期性麻痹。典型病例可出现颈部粗大,眼球突出症状。 实验室检查:血清FT3 FT4 T3 T4 升高TSH下降 药物治疗:常用药物丙硫氧嘧啶(MTU)、甲巯咪唑(他巴唑MM)及β受体阻滞剂,疗程为1-2年,最好不少于2年。 131碘治疗:是一种放射性靶向治疗的首选方法,其疗程短、付作用少、治愈率高,85%患者只需用药一次,即可达到治愈目的。 手术治疗:对服药无效或反复复发;甲状腺显著增大,压迫邻近器官;胸骨后甲状腺肿伴甲亢;结节性甲状腺肿伴甲亢等,可实施手术疗法。 二、甲状腺机能减退症(甲减) 临床表现:怕冷,嗜睡,颜面浮肿,易疲劳,反应迟钝,记忆力差,便秘,抑郁,月经不调,体重增加。严重可出现表情淡漠,皮肤干、粗、发黄、脱屑,声音斯哑,脱发,眉毛外1/3脱落,下肢黏液性水肿等。 实验室检查:血清FT4 T4 下降,严重的T3 、FT3均下降,TSH升高。 治疗:左甲状腺素(优甲乐)替代治疗。其剂量依据患者病情、年龄、体重和个体差异而不同。 三、甲状腺结节及囊肿 甲状腺结节患病率随年龄增大而增加,正常人群通过触诊可发现6%左右,运用超声检查可发现20-30%左右。甲状腺结节的恶变率在6%。 临床表现:大部分甲状腺结节患者无任何症状。只有通过体格检查时得以发现。 实验室检查:B超检查;x线摄片;核素扫描;细胞学穿刺。 治疗:一般运用手术治疗,恶性结节可用同位素治疗。 四、亚急性甲状腺炎(亚甲炎) 亚急性甲状腺炎,是由病毒引起的,又名为“亚急性肉芽肿性甲状腺炎”常在病毒感染后1-3周发病。 临床表现:甲状腺肿大触之疼痛,疼痛可放射至同侧耳部、咽喉、胸背部。前期症状可出现怕热,心动过速,T3、T4增高,TSH降低;中期出现怕冷,水肿,T3、T4降低,TSH增高;灰复期症状消失,T3、T4、TSH水平正常。 实验室检查:红细胞沉降率(ESR);T3、T4、TSH检查;甲状腺吸碘率。 治疗:轻症,以口服抗炎镇痛药(水杨酸,吲哚美辛,塞莱西布)为主;重症,以口服糖皮质激素(泼尼松)为主,总疗程不少于6-8周。 五、单纯性甲状腺肿大 是由碘缺乏引起的单纯甲状腺肿大。治疗以补碘为主。

甲状腺和碘的关系是什么

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心脑血管疾病症状

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7、流鼻血,中老年人鼻出血症状就是高血压病人即将发生中风警报。 四、脑出血先兆 1、经常出现反复性的流鼻血。 2、突然发作较为剧烈的头痛。 3、颈部变得僵直,后枕部不适。(活动受限,尤其就是低头) 4、出现头晕的症状(感到周围环境不停旋转,无法稳定的站立或晕倒在地,这些表现就是一过性的) 5、身体麻木,无力,活动不便。手持物掉落,嘴歪流涎,走路不稳。 6、与她人交谈时突然出现语言障碍。口齿不清,听不懂别人在说话。 7、走路不稳定意识出现障碍反应差,甚至神志不清醒,大小便失禁。 心脏病的分类 一、心脏病种类 1、风湿性心脏病 2、先天性心脏病 3、高血压性心脏病 4、冠心病 5、心肌炎 二、常见症状: 心悸,心前区疼痛 三、体表征兆 呼吸:轻微活动时,或安静状态时,出现呼吸短促现象,但不伴咳嗽。(左心功能不全)

关于结节性甲状腺肿及甲状腺疾病的知识整理

疾病概述 结节性甲状腺肿(nodular goiter)是甲状腺结节中最常见的一种良性病变,由单纯性甲状腺肿发展而来,广泛见于世界各地,常见于离海较远的高原山区。我国古代医学家称其为“瘿瘤”,瘿与“婴”同,是缠绕的意思,即在颈绕喉也。隋朝的《诸病源候论》、明代的《本草纲目》对此病均有提及。结节性甲状腺肿表现为甲状腺腺体内不均质的增生结节,一般是多发,也可以单发。后期可发生囊性变并在局部形成纤维化、钙化等。 发病原因 结节性甲状腺肿是单纯性甲状腺肿的一种,多由弥漫性甲状腺肿演变而成,属于单纯性甲状腺肿。病因主要有以下几个方面: 1、缺碘:是地方性甲状腺肿的主要原因之一。流行地区的土壤、水和食物中的碘含量和甲状腺肿的发病率成反比,碘化食盐可以预防甲状腺肿大等事实均可证明缺碘是引起甲状腺肿的重要原因。另外,机体对甲状腺激素的需要量增多可引起相对性碘不足,比如生长发育期、怀孕、哺乳、寒冷、感染、创伤和精神刺激等,可加重或诱发甲状腺肿。 2、致甲状腺肿物质:萝卜族食物含有硫脲类致甲状腺肿物质,黄豆、白菜中也有某些可以阻止甲状腺激素合成的物质,引起甲状腺肿大。土壤、饮水中钙、镁、锌等矿物质含量,对甲状腺肿的发生也有关系,有的流行地区除了碘以外,也缺少上述各种元素,也有些地区甲状腺肿的发生率和饮水的硬度成正比。药物如硫氰化钾、过氯酸钾、对氨基水杨酸、硫脲嘧啶类、磺胺类、保泰松、秋水仙素等,可妨碍甲状腺素合成和释放,从而引起甲状腺肿。 3、激素合成障碍:家族性甲状腺肿的致病原因在于遗传性酶的缺陷,造成激素合成障碍,如缺乏过氧化酶、脱碘酶,影响甲状腺素的合成,或缺乏水解酶,使甲状腺激素从甲状腺球蛋白分离和释放入血发生困难,均可导致甲状腺肿。这种先天性缺陷属于隐性遗传。 4、高碘:少见,可呈地方性或散发性分布,其发病机制为过量摄入的碘导致TPO的功能基因过多占用,从而影响酪氨酸碘化,碘的有机化过程受阻,甲状腺代偿性肿大。 5、基因突变:此类异常包括甲状腺球蛋白基因外显子10的点突变等。 病理生理 单纯性甲状腺肿在早期,呈弥漫性轻度或中毒的增生肿大,血管增多,腺细胞肥大。当疾病持续或反复恶化及缓解时,甲状腺因不规则增生或再生,逐渐出现结节,形成结节性甲状腺肿。随着病情发展,由于腺泡内积聚大量胶质(胶性甲状腺肿),形成巨大腺泡,滤泡上皮细胞呈扁平,腺泡间结缔组织和血管减少。至后期,部分腺体可发生坏死、出血、囊性变、纤维化或钙化,此时甲状腺不仅体积显著增大,且有大小不等、质地不一的结节。甲状腺结构和功能的异质性,一定程度功能上的自主性是本病后期的特征。 临床表现 结节性甲状腺肿的女性发病数较男性高。一般都发生在青春期,在流行地区常出现于入学年龄。甲状腺肿大小不等,形态不同。初期弥漫性肿大,两侧常对称;后期形成结节时,双侧常不对称。结节性甲状腺肿可伴发囊性变,若并发囊内出血,结节可在短期内迅速增大而引起疼痛。腺体表面一般较平坦,质软;吞咽时,腺体随着喉和气管上下移动。

健康与疾病

第一节健康 健康是与人有关的事,其定义与人对健康的认知密切相关。人类对健康的认识主要从微观及宏观两个方面来考虑。 (一)健康的概念 1.健康的微观概念 从微观的角度来看。 (1)健康就是没有疾病:这是一种传统的生物个体健康观。此概念是对健康的消极定义,因为它没有真正回答健康的实质,也没有说明健康的特征,而是将健康与疾病视为“非此即彼”的关系。显然,这对于人们认识健康、研究健康、谋求健康,都没有实际意义。 (2)健康是人们感到身体舒适:此定义从功利主义角度来认识健康。但必须注意,虽然健康的身体会给人带来舒适,拥有健康身体的生活较之不健康身体的生活更为舒适和愉快。但是,健康并不等于舒适,例如使用某些药物(如吗啡)后,能给身体带来暂时的舒适,但成瘾后则会从根本上破坏人的健康。 (3)健康是人体正常的功能活动:此定义虽然古老,但它抓住了健康的重要特征,使人们对健康的认识前进了一步。人通过其各种功能的发挥,从而达到与环境的和谐或平衡而生存。人体各部位功能如何,当然会在很大程度上反映人体的健康程度,但这一定义却忽视了人体精神心理的作用与影响。 (4)健康是人体正常的生理、心理活动:与上述健康定义相比,此定义增加了人的精神、心理层面,认为人的健康不仅只是躯体的健康,也应包括心理健康。这个健康定义比前者又进了一步,但它仍欠全面,只从微观的角度分析了健康,而没有把健康置人人类生活的广阔背景中,忽视了人的社会适应性。 2.健康的宏观概念 从宏观的角度来看,主要考虑了人在整个社会大环境中的功能,提供了一种理想的、可以追求的状态。 1946年,世界卫生组织(world Health Organization,WHO)对健康作出的定义为:“健康不但是没有疾病和身体缺陷,还要有完整的生理、心理状态和良好的社会适应能力”。1978年,WHO又在《阿拉木图宣言》中重申“健康不仅是疾病与赢弱的匿迹,而且是身心健康和社会幸福的完美状态”,并再次提出了“健康是基本人权,达到尽可能的健康水平是世界范围内的一项重要的社会性目标”。1989年,WHO又提出了有关健康的新概念:即“健康不仅是没有疾病,而且包括躯体健康、心理健康、社会适应良好和道德健康”。 WHO的健康概念有许多优点:①对健康的解释从过去局限于生物学范围,扩大到生物、心理、社会及经济等诸多方面,将人作为整体看待,克服了那种将身体、心理、社会诸方面机械分割开的传统观念,给护理学理论和实践的发展带来了深远的影响,为护理模式的转变提供了依据;②把健康看作是动态的变化过程,并说明健康可以有不同的水平;③从关注个体健康扩大到重视群体健康;④把健康放在人类社会生存的广阔背景中,指出健康不仅是医务工作者的目标,也是国家和社会的目标。 3.不同学科的健康概念 从不同角度、不同层次丰富了健康的概念,表达了人类对健康更高水平的追求,体现了现代健康观的崭新特征。 (二)亚健康状态 是近年来国内外医学界提出的一个新概念,WHO将机体无器质性病变,但有一些功能改变的状态称为“第三状态”,亦称“亚健康状态”。指的是当机体介于健康与疾病之间的边缘状态,临床检查无明显疾病,但机体各系统的生理功能和代谢过程活力降低,表现为身心疲劳,创造力下降,并伴有自感不适症状时,这种生理状态称为亚健康状态。 二、影响健康的因素

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