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高考短文改错解题技巧

高考短文改错解题技巧
高考短文改错解题技巧

短文改错解题技巧

说明:短文改错的文章多采用记叙文,有时也用说明文。在100词左右的短文中设有十个小题,该题的设计形式有四种:

1.该行错一个词,找出来并改正。

2.该行多一个词,找出来并去掉。在文中用斜线( \ )划掉该词

3.该行缺一个词,补上一词。在文中标上添词符号(∧)

4.该行没错,不改动。

短文改错命题方向:词法、句法、行文逻辑

从近几年的高考题来看,这四种形式的考查情况大致为:多一词1~2处;缺一词1~2处;正确1处;错一词5~6处。这种题说到底是考查用词、词的搭配、词法、句法及语篇中的行文逻辑等各方面的水平。换句话说,这是一种比较全面的考查。我们在平时的学习中就要注意做到词不离句,句不离篇,要特别注意词的用法、搭配和语法分析能力的培养。

三遍改错法:

第一遍,快速通读,掌握大意。

一般短文改错选用的都是浅显易懂的短文故事或信件,情节简单明了,文章脉络清晰,用词都是常用词,不会出现我们无法理解的内容。我们在正式精读短文前应该先快速粗读一遍短文,留心文中关键的词句,掌握大意,了解概貌。这一遍你要注意名词单复数、文章的时态以及人称等。

第二遍,细读分析,逐句找错。

尽管短文改错是以行设置错误的,但语言毕竟是以句子为完整意义单位的。所以,可以逐句分析,看看单句是否有错;如果有错,有几处错误,是什么错误,再看看错误在哪一行。把“短文改错”转化为“单句改错”,然后再在行中找错,这样就会降低难度。注意由易到难, 各个击破。

第三遍,检查验证,个别订正。

再读短文,检查漏洞。做完以后,再把文章阅读一遍,检查是否有遗漏情况,尤其注意上下句之间的逻辑关系。多读一遍,就有可能把某些不清楚的地方理顺。对个别拿不准的词语,一定要小心分析。一旦确定需重新改正的词语,

应立即改词或减词。

解题思路:

常见的改错十大思路是:一致关系、连接手段、平行结构、非谓语动词形式、删除冗言、冠词使用,名词数与格,词语搭配,词性分辨,行文逻辑等。

详解:

一、一致关系

短文改错中所涉及到的一致关系包括主谓一致、时态一致和代词指代一致。谓语动词的单、复数形式要与句子的主语在人称和数上保持一致,动词的时态要与时间状语或上下文的时态保持一致,代词所指的内容与其先行词在词性和数方面以及与其自身的指代,要在意义上保持一致。

二、连接手段

连接不当会造成上下文不衔接。英语中句与句连接一般使用并列连词或从属连词。或若并列句,要判断句与句之间是并列、转折、选择、递进关系,还是让步关系。从而选择恰当的连词,若为复合句,首先应判断内含何种从句,然后根据主、从句之间的关系判断连接词的使用是否正确,是否有遗漏或多余现象,要注意句子结构的完整性。三、平行结构

平行结构是指两个或更多的具有相似或相同的句法功能的词、词组或从句并列在一起的结构,在表达相互平行的概念时,要使用相同的语法结构,即动词与动词并列,形容词与形容词并列,不定式与不定式并列,短语与短语并列。平行结构常使用等立连词and,but, or或连词词组not only…but also…,not.. but, either…or…,neither…nor…,as well as等。

四、非谓语动词形式

主要考查不定式符号to的多余或遗漏,to是介词还是不定式符号,现在分词与过去分词、动名词等。

五、删除冗言

造成冗言错误的原因主要由于汉英表达上的差异。对英语惯用语在使用上的细微差异,主要考程度副词和频度副词。如:much more, often等的多余,介词的多余,语义的重复,固定搭配中多余的词以及由于受汉语的影响而多用了某些词语等。

六、冠词的使用

冠词是英语中特有的词,由于汉语中没有与之相对应的词,大家对它的用法感到难以掌握,高考英语短文改错题对冠词的考查几乎每年都有,但多数是考查其基本用法,如不可数名词泛指时前面多冠词;单数可数名词前少冠词不定冠词a,an与定冠词the的错误使用;固定搭配中冠词的误用等等。

七、名词的数与格

汉语中的名词没有单复数形式。英语则不同,如果英语的名词是可数名词,它有单复数形式。一般来讲,不可数名词没有复数式。

八、词语搭配

这主要考查介词与动词,名词、形容词的固定搭配,副词与动词的固定搭配,及物动词后面介词或副词的多余以及不及物动词后面缺少介词,英语中的一些固定结构及习惯搭配等。

九、词性分辨

根据词在句中的位置与其它词的修饰与被修饰关系,判断词的正确使用形式,根据词在句子中不同的句法功能,使用与之相适应的词性。

十、行文逻辑

这主要测试行文中not的有无;come与leave的误用;before与after的混用。

(1)词法内容。包括名词、代词的数与格,反身代词,动词时态语态,非谓语动词、短语动词的用法,不规则动词的变化形式,形容词的比较级,形容词副词的区别,介词的误用等。

(2)句法内容。包括主谓一致、指代一致,并列连词,从属连词等引导各种从句的关联词语,感叹句,疑问句,祈使句的结构等。

(3)行文逻辑。包括句子的肯定、否定、推理判断等。

考点设置之名词

命题特点:本来用复数,却用单数.改正方法:

(1)根据名词前的修饰限定成份;

(2)根据上下文的逻辑关系.

详解:

1.She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success.(schoolmate改为schoolmates)

2.After class we become stranger at once.(stranger改为strangers)

3.They want me to devote all my time to my studies so that I’ll get marks in all my subject.(subject改为subjects)

4.On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful.(picture改为pictures)

5.There are advantage for students to work while studying at school.(advantage改为advantages)

6.He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests.(ideas改为idea)

7.I looked at his other hands. (hands改为hand)

考点设置之代词

命题特点:

1.女性代词指代男性或相反;

2.单数指代复数;

3.代词词性误用。

改正方法:联系上下文的逻辑关系。

代词的错误特点:

1.人称代词的偷换错误

2. 缺少人称代词的错误

3. 人称代词数的一致问题

4. 人称代词格的一致问题

详解:

1.The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.(his改为their)

2.I have a good friend who’s name is Liu Mei.( who’s改为whose)

3.It was about noon when we arrived at the foot of the mountain. The three of them were very excited.(them改为us)

4.Soon I began to enjoy talking to myself on paper as Iwas learning to express me in simple English .(me改为myself)

5.One day I wrote a little story and showed to my teacher .(showed后加it)

6.Some students may also save up for our college or future use .(our改为their)

7.I took it in me and we walked. (me改为mine)

考点设置之介词

命题特点及改正方法:介词涉及搭配错误,因此可从以下方面确定错误:

1)介词的基本用法;

2)习惯搭配;

3)动词词类确定错误,如talk,, serve, wait等。

介词的错误:

介词短语常常考,

固定搭配要记牢。

介词后边跟宾语,

结合语境细推敲。

详解:

1.We do not seem to get much time to talk about together.(去掉about)

2.I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. (去掉at)

3.The main problem was in that I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate anything into English.(去掉was 后的in)

4.We’ll talk with our plan for the weekend over dinner.(with改为about)

5.I am writing to thank you with your kind help. (with改为for)

6.He was looking for a glass the cupboard. (glass后加in)

7.Each these lines stands for a trouble in my life. (each后加of)

考点设置之时态

命题特点及改正方法:现在时与过去时的误用,句中一般没有时间状语。每年都考。要注意联系上下文,着眼于整个语篇的时态。通常整篇都是过去,突然一个句子用现在时。其中又以一般现在时和过去时互改为多。

详解:

1.They did not want me to do any work at home; they want me to devote all my time to my studie(did改为do)

2.The time passes quickly. Evening came.(passes改为passed)

3.She liked it very much and reads it to the class.(reads改为read)

4.I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me. Sometimes,we talked to each other very well in class.(talked 改为talk)

5.I will write again and send you the photos we take together.(take改为took)

6.We had guests last night who have not stayed in a B&B hotel ago.(have改为had)

and\but\or误用及前后不一致

命题特点:主要考查and、or、but、so等并列连词的误用。However与although/though不能同时出现

改正方法;

1)根据句意确定误;

2)根据句子的逻辑关系确定错误。

详解:

1.She is smiling at me but nodding at me.(but改为and)

2.It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest.(and改为or)

3.The food was expensive and the service was good.(and改为but)

4.I came into the living room and saw one of them just go through the kitchen door but turn on the light.(but改为and)

5.We fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.(visiting改为visited)

考点设置之从句连词

命题特点及改正方法:句子结构方面的错误主要涉及句子成份和复合句的关联词等。

解答这类题从以下方面来思考:

1)句子结构是否完整,成份是否冗缺;

2)复合句中从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。

平行结构常使用等立连词and,but, or或连词词组not only…but also…, either…or…,neither…nor…遵循就近原则。主语+With,together with,as well as,besides,动词与主语一致

and,but,or,also 前后动词时态不一致。(具有对称性)

详解:

1.It was about noon we arrived at the foot of the mountain.(noon后加when)

2.I don’t know that they don’t like to talk with me.(that改为why)

3.The main problem was in that I always thought in Chinese and tried to translate everything into English.(去掉that前的in)

4.What things are in other homes, I wonder.(What改为How)

5.Earning their own money allows them to spend on anything as if they please.(去掉if)

6.They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early in the morning.(去掉that)

考点设置之冠词

命题特点及改正方法:英语中冠词只有三个,只能从以下几个方向出题:

1)不定冠词a和an互改;

2)不定冠词a或an和定冠词the互改;

3)根据需要增删冠词。

4)注意:一般情况下某个名词第一次出现,用a,第二次出现,用the

详解:

1.As everyone knows, it’s famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. (famous前加a)

2.We may be one family and live under a same roof, but---(a改为the)

3.On Thursday I will have to decide what I want to doover a weekend.(a改为the)

4.I hope you’ve had pleasant journey home (had后加a)

考点设置之形容词和副词

命题特点及改正方法:主要考查形容词和副词的误用、形容词及副词的比较级等。

1)根据adj.或adv.的基本用法确定错误;

2)修饰连系动词或名词用形容词;

3)修饰行为动词、形容词、过去分词及整个句子用副词。

详解:

1.I would describe myself as shy and quietly.(quietly改为quiet)

2.There have been reports in America about people trying to steal person information for bad purposes.(person 改为personal)

3.Finding information on the Net is easily.(easily改为easy)

4.So what I learned from the job was much more important as what I earned.(as改为than)

5.My pronunciation was terribly .(terribly改为terrible)

6.They came back lately and had some tea.(lately改为late)

考点设置之非谓语动词

命题特点改正方法:

1)谓语动词和非谓语动词的错用;

2)动词不定式和动名词的错用;

3)现在分词和过去分词的错用等。

详解:

1.Earning their own money allow them to spend on anything as they please.(allow改为allows)

2.My parents will do all they can make sure that I get a good education.(make前加to)

3.Soon I began to enjoy talk to myself on paper as I was learning to express myself in simple English.(talk改为talking)

4.We fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.(visiting改为visited)

【小技巧】

①标点符号不改。

②大小写不改。

③词序错误不改(不是不改,而是按错词或少词来改)。

④在纲外生词不改。文中出现带汉语注释的词,在句中不可能用错

这里给大家梳理了一些短文改错常见考点:

⒈多一词:

抽象名词前多一冠词:

如:Modern people know more about the health.(去掉the )

专有名词前多一冠词:

如: the England(去掉the ), the Hebei Province(去掉the ),

the Beijing Airport(去掉the )

固定词组中名词前多一冠词:

如:go to the school(去掉the ), go to the prison(去掉the ),at the work(去掉the ), in the bed (去掉the ), go to the hospital(去掉the ), set a fire to sth (去掉a)., at the first(去掉the ), the most of them(去掉the ),at the noon(去掉the ), make a rapid progress(去掉a ),a plenty of(去掉a )

表示交通工具的和by连用的名词前多一冠词:

如:by the air(去掉the ), by the bus(去掉the ), by the ship(去掉the )

表示体育活动的名词前;

如:play the football(去掉the ), play the basketball(去掉the )

表示节日(常含有Day)的名词前多一冠词:

如:the National Day(去掉the ), the May Day(去掉the )

表示“非常”意思的“most”前多一冠词:

如:He is the most hardworking. (去掉the )

某种让步状语从句中名词前面多一冠词:

如:A child as he is, he knows a lot. (去掉a )

在表示时间的“one/ this/ every + 名词”的时间状语前多一介词:

如:on one day(去掉on ), on that evening(去掉on ), in every week(去掉in)

某些及物动词因混淆词义而多一介词或副词;

如:①raise up one’s hand(去掉up )②pick(摘)up apples(去掉up )③return back(回来) (去掉back)④repeat again(去掉again)⑤play with them in the match(去掉with )⑥marry with the man(去掉with )⑦serve for the people(去掉for )⑧enter into the room(去掉into)⑨I learn English every day to improve it better(去掉better ).

表示地点的副词前多一介词:如:①go to there(去掉to )②drive to home(去掉to)③return to home (去掉to )

某些动词、连词、介词或副词后面多了一个介词:如:

①because of his left leg was broken(去掉of)

②instead of he developed his love for the theatre(去掉of )

③I looked at but could see nothing. (去掉at)

④join in the army(去掉in )

状语从句和主句间多一并列连词:如:

①Although he is very busy, but he often helps us with housework. (去掉but )

②As the weather was good, so I decided to go there yesterday. (去掉so)

充当状语的分词和主句之间多了并列连词:如:

①Her husband died, and leaving her three children. (去掉and )

②He sat under the tree and reading a magazine. (去掉and )

作定语的分词前多一代词:如:

①The child who reading a book is her brother. (去掉who)

②How I regretted the hours which wasted in the woods. (去掉which )

定语从句中多一代词:如:

①The film that I saw it yesterday is good. (去掉it )

②This is the very book that I am looking for it. (去掉it )

③He is the man we talked about him. (去掉him )

在“连词+ 分词”结构中多一代词:如:

①While I waiting for a bus, I found a wallet lying on the ground. (去掉waiting前的I )

②If it heated, ice turns to water. (去掉it)

在某些固定结构中多了“to”:如:

①I would rather stay at home than to go to the cinema with you. (去掉第一个to)

②Why not to take a holiday for a good rest? (去掉to )

③She said she would rather not to discuss it right now. (去掉to )

④You had better not to go there. (去掉to )

⑤I made them to do the cleaning. (去掉to )

⑥I had him to clean the room. (去掉to )

⑦We noticed him to walk out of the garden. (去掉to )

⑧I often hear her to sing the song. (去掉to )

⒉缺一词:

表一类事物的单数可数名词前缺冠词:

∧horse is a useful animal.

单数可数名词前缺少表示“一”的不定冠词:如:

① library in every town in Britain.

② person’s most valuable possession.

特指名词前缺定冠词the , 如:

①Have you read the∧ books by Mark Twain?

②The book on the∧ desk is mine.

作状语的动词不定式缺“to”,如:

①David and I want to go off to∧ find help…

②…and other organizations are working to∧ improve health all over the world. 形容词最高级前缺定冠词the ,

如:one of the∧ earliest kinds of money

such或so与单数名词连用时不可缺少冠词,如:

① This is such a∧ good book that I like it.

②He is so good a∧ student that all the teachers like him.

姓氏复数形式(表示一家人或夫妇二人)前面缺一冠词,

如:The∧ Turners are watching TV.

表示世纪的某个年代前面缺一冠词

In the∧ 1870s, when Marx was already in his fifties, he found it important …表示“一个名叫…的人”前缺一冠词,

如:A∧ Miss Lee is waiting for you outside.

“形容词比较级+ of the two”前缺一冠词,

如:He is the∧ taller of the two.

某些固定短语中缺一冠词,

如:in the∧ end, go to the∧ cinema, in the∧ daytime, on the∧ right

抽象名词具体化时前面缺一冠词,如:

①The meeting held yesterday was a∧ success.

②It is a∧ famous Chinese tea.

③The experiment turned out to be a∧ failure.

作定语的不定式后缺少必要的介词,如:

①He is looking for a room to live in∧.

②There is nothing to worry about∧.

③I need a pen to write with∧.

一些固定短语或习惯搭配中缺介词,如:

①He didn’t reply to∧ my letter.

②Are you sure about∧ it?

③Thousands and thousands of∧ people like watching TV.

④Dr Wang started to operate on∧ them at once.

⑤He grasped my hands and asked for∧ my name and address.

⑥Just then a man came to me and asked what I was looking for∧.

并列句缺并列连词,如:

①He was tired and∧ it was getting dark.

②He asked me to go, so∧ I went.

③He is old, but∧ he is still strong.

名词性从句中缺少必要的连接词,如:

①That∧ he will come is certain.

②It is uncertain whether∧ he can come or not.

④We all know the truth that∧ the earth goes round the sun

⑤They expressed the hope that∧ they would come over to visit China again.

定语从句中缺少必要的关系代词,如:

①The police have found the knife with which∧ the man killed his wife.

②The changes that/ which∧ have taken place are great.

③Is this the boy who∧ did the good deed?

缺少为避免重复而使用的替代词“that或those”,如:

①The population is much larger than that∧ of Canada.

②The weather of Beijing is as good as that∧ of Shijiazhuang.

③The bikes made in Shanghai are better than those∧ made in Beijing.

“make, let, have, see, hear, notice, observe, watch”等动词变成被动语态时缺少“to”,如:

①They were made to∧ work fourteen hours a day by the landlord.

②He was noticed to∧ cross the street.

为避免重复而使用的不定式省略形式缺少了to, 如:

①If you don’t want to do it, you don’t need to∧.

②I wanted to go out, but my mother told me not to∧.

③Don’t leave the room unless I tell you to∧. ⒊错一词:

名词的单复数错误,如:

①Different people speak different language. (language →languages)

②We have been to Europe many time.( time→times)

③His word were a great encouragement to me. (word→words)

④There are branch library in many villages. (library→libraries)

动词时态、语态的错误,如:

①Last Saturday police cars hurry to the tallest building in New York.( hurry →hurried)

②Today it is much easier to be healthy than it is in the past.( is →was)

③Anyone may borrow books, and it cost nothing to borrow them. (cost→costs)

形容词、副词混用错误(修饰行为动词、形容词、过去分词、整个句子应用副词,修饰系动词、名词应用形容词)及其他词性错误,如:

①I’m sure we’ll have a wonderfully time together. (wonderfully →wonderful)

②A player’s native language is not importance. (importance→important)

③Also, the sport teaches us the important of obedience. ( important→importance)

④Unfortunate, there are too many people…(Unfortunate→Unfortunately)

人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的错误,如:

①The game speaks for themselves. ( themselves →itself)

②The Blacks did his best to make me feel at home. ( his→their)

⒊同义词、近义词、形似词错误:

如:across与through, among 与between, except与 besides, like与 as, ago 与before, accept 与receive, living 与alive, let与 allow, lonely与 alone, too 与either, cost 、spend 、pay与 take, hard 与 hardly, worth与 worthy, raise与 rise, likely与 possible, near 与nearly, lend 与borrow, job 与work, deep 与deeply, answer 与reply, high与 highly, sit 与seat, wide 与widely, try 与 manage, neither 与either, so 与such, every day 与everyday, all与 both, every 与each, find 与

found(建立), lie(躺)、lie(撒谎)与 lay(放置、生产), hang(挂)与 hang(绞死)sound与voice, place与room, forget与leave, hope 与wish, call on与call at

如:

①I raised my sound so that I could be heard. (sound→voice, voice表示人的嗓音)

②There isn’t any place for me in the bus.

(place→room, room为不可数名词表示“空间”)

③I forgot my umbrella in the classroom.

(forgot→left, leave表示“剩留,把某物忘在某地”)

④I hope you to come earlier next time.

(hope→wish, hope后面不能跟“宾语+动词不定式”的复合结构)

He made such much progress that he was praised by the teacher.

(such→so, 当many/ much/few/little 表示“多或少”的含义时,前面常用so)

⑥I received an invitation but I didn’t receive it.

(receive→accept, accept 表示“主观接受”)

⑦You should rise your hand before asking the question.

(rise→raise, rise是不及物动词,raise是及物动词)

关系词用错,如:

①I also enjoyed the evenings when we spent together.

(when→that,先行词在定语从句中作宾语)

②I’ll never forget the day that I went abroad myself.

(that→when, 先行词在定语从句中作时间状语)

③The tool with that he is working is called a saw.

(that→which, 介词后面的关系代词不能用that )

④If he will come to the ball has nothing to do with me.

(If→Whether, if 不能引导主语从句)

⑤The fact which water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen is undeniable. (which→that, that 引导同位语从句只起连接作用,不做句子成分)

连词使用错误,如 if与unless, because与for, when与while

①We tried to fix it and there was nothing we could do. ( and→but)

If packages of food could be dropped from planes, the people might get hungry.

(If→Unless)

③He was walking by the sea while he heard a voice for help.

(while→when, 此时,when不译作“当…的时候”,而表示“正在…时,这时另一件事发生了”。) 感叹词用错:what和how

其他情况:介词使用错误,情态动词使用错误,冠词使用错误等。

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