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连词的分类搭配及其基本用法详解

连词的分类搭配及其基本用法详解
连词的分类搭配及其基本用法详解

conjunction

连词是一种虚词,它不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类:并列连词(coordinating conjunctions)和从属连词(subordinating conjunctions)。

并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如:and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, both…and, not only…but also, either…or, neither…nor, (and) then等。

上述并列连词又可分为: 一般连词(simple conjunction) , 关联连词(correlative conjunction)

coordinating conjunct(并列连词)

, or, not only… but also, as well as等表示并列

She plays (both) the piano and the guitar. = If you make up your mind, you'll get the chance.

Make up your mind, and you'll get the chance.

There is no air or water in the moon. =There is no air and no water on the moon.

She plays not only the piano but (also) the guitar.

Neither you nor he is to blame.

注意:

(1) not only… but also 关联两个分句时,一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。如:Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.

(2)neither…nor 意思为"既不……也不……"谓语动词采用就近原则,与nor后的词保持一致。请选择:

---I don‘t like chicken ___ fish.

---I don’t like chicken, ___ I like fish very much.

A. and; and

B. and; but

C. or; but

D. or;and

改错:

We will die without air and water.

We can't live without air or water.

2.表示选择

or意思为“否则”。

eg. I must work hard, or I'll fail in the exam.

either…or 意思为“或者……或者……”。注意谓语动词采用就近原则。

eg. Either you or I am right.

3.表示转折或对比

but表示转折,while表示对比。

选择比较下面两句:

(1) Some people love cats, ______ others hate them.

(2) --- Would you like to come to dinner tonight

--- I‘d like to, ______ I’m too busy.

A. and

B. so

C. while

D. but

not…but…意思为“不是……而是……“ not 和but 后面的用词要遵循一致原则。eg. They were not the bones of an animal, but (the bones) of a human being.

4.表原因

for是并列连词,不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首,只能将其放在两个分句中间。so, therefore

eg. He hurt his leg, so he couldn‘t play in the game.

注意:两个并列连词不能连用,但therefore, then, yet例外。

eg. You can watch TV, and or you can go to bed.(错)

He hurt his leg, and therefore he couldn‘t play in the game.(对)

改错:For he is ill, he is absent today.

Although he was weak, but he tried his best to do the work.

subordinating conjunction(从属连词)英语从属连词( subordinating conjunction)用来连接各种从句。由从属连词引导的句子通常叫从句,而把含有从句的句子叫作复合句。从属连词大致可分为如下三大类:

引导状语从句的从属连词

引导名词性从句的从属连词

引导定语从句的从属连词

1. 引导时间状语从句的从属连词

(1) 表示“当…时候”或“每当”的时间连词。主要的有 when, while, as, whenever:He jumped up when the phone rang. 电话铃响时他吓了一跳。

We listened while the teacher read. 老师朗读时我们听着。

The phone rang just as I was leaving. 我正要离开,电话铃就响了起来。

(2) 表示“在…之前(或之后)”的时间连词。主要的有before, after:

Turn the lights off before you leave. 离开前请关灯。

He started the job soon after he left the university. 他大学毕业后就开始做这份工作。

(3) 表示“自从”或“直到”的时间连词。主要的有since, until, till:

He has lived here since he got married. 他结婚后就一直住在这儿。

Most men worked until [till] they’re 65. 大多数男人工作到65岁。

温馨提示:

用until / till引导时间状语从句时,主句的谓语动词要十分小心地去加以选择的。如谓语动词是持续性的, 要用肯定形式,如:I studied hard until 12 o‘clock last night.如果谓语动词是瞬间性的,则要用否定形式,如:He didn't go to bed until his mother came back.

(4) 表示“一…就”的时间连词。主要的有as soon as, the moment, the minute, the second, the instant, immediately, directly, instantly, once, no sooner…than, hardly…when等:

Tell him the news as soon as you see him. 你一见到他就把这消息告诉他。

I recognized her the moment (that) I saw her. 我一看到她就认出她来了。

I want to see him the minute (that) he arrives. 他一到来我就要见他。

I went home directly I had finished work. 我一干完活就回家了。

Once he arrives, we can start. 他一来我们就可以开始。

(5) 表示“上次”、“下次”、“每次”等的时间连词。主要的有every time(每次),each time(每次),(the) next time(下次),any time(随时),(the) last time(上次),the first time(第一次):

Last time I saw him, he looked ill. 上次我见到他的时候,他好像有病。

Do look me up next time you’re in London. 你下次到伦敦来,一定来找我。

Every time I call on him, he is out. 我每次去访问他,他都不在。

You can call me any time you want to. 你随时都可以给我打电话。

2. 引导条件状语从句的从属连词:主要有if, unless, as (so) long as, in case 等:

If anyone calls tell them I’m not at home. 要是有人打电话来,就说我不在家。

You will fail unless you work hard. 你若不努力就会失败。

As [So] long as you need me, I’ll stay. 只要你需要我,我就留下。

In case I forget, please remind me about it. 万一我忘记,请提醒我一下。【注】在条件状语从句中,通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义,而不能直接使用将来时态。不过,有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will,但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词):

If you will wait a moment, I’ll fetch the money. 请等一下,我就去拿钱。

3. 引导目的状语从句的从属连词:主要的有 in order that, so that, in case, for fear 等:

We used the computer in order that we might save time. 我们使用计算机是为了节约时间。

Speak clearly so that they may understand you. 说清楚,以便让他们能明白你的意思。

Be quiet in case you should wake the baby. 安静些,免得把婴儿吵醒。

He is working hard for fear he should fail. 他努力工作以免会失败。

4. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词:主要的有so that, so…that, such…that等:

We’re all here now, so that the meeting can begin at last. 我们现在都到齐了,终于能开会了。

It’s so difficult a question that none of us can answer it. 那是一个很难的问题,我们没有一个人能回答。

He shut the window with such force that the glass broke. 他关窗户用力很大,结果玻璃震破了。

【注】so that 中的that在口语中通常可以省略。

5. 引导原因状语从句的从属连词: 主要的有because, as, since, seeing (that), now

(that), considering (that) 等:

He couldn’t got to school because he had a cold.

他因患感冒而未能去上学。

Since everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion.

大家都到了,我们就开始吧。

Seeing that it is 8 o’clock, we’ll wait no longer.

由于时间已到8点,我们将不再等了。

Now that you are here, you’d better stay.

你既然来了,最好还是留下吧。

6. 引导让步状语从句的从属连词:主要的有although, though, even though, even if, while, however, whatever, whoever, whenever, wherever等:

Although [Though] he is poor, he is well contented. 他虽穷却能知足常乐。

Though [Even though] it’s hard work, I enjoy it. 尽管是苦活,但我乐意干。

Even if you don’t like wine, try a glass of this. 即使你不喜欢喝酒,也尝尝这杯吧。

While we don’t agree we continue to be friends. 尽管我们意见不同,但我们还是朋友。

However you use it, it won’t break. 不管你怎么使用,它都不会破。

Whatever you say, I believe you. 无论你说什么,我都相信你。

Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out. 不管是谁打电话,都说我出去了。

Whenever you come, you are welcome. 你什么时候来,我们都欢迎。

.However much he eats, he never gets fat. 无论他吃多少, 他都不发胖。

7. 引导方式状语从句的从属连词: 主要的有as, like, as if, as though, the way等:Do it as he does. 像他那样做。

.He behaved as if nothing had happened. 他装作若无其事的样子。

.They treat me as though I were a stranger. 他们待我如陌生人。

.Nobody else loves you the way(=as) I do. 没有人像我这样爱你。

8. 引导地点状语从句的从属连词: 主要的有where, wherever, everywhere等:

There were lots of parks where I lived. 我住的地方有许多公园。

Sit wherever you like. 你想坐在那儿就坐在那儿。

Everywhere they went, they were warmly welcomed. 他们每到一个地方都受到热烈欢迎。

9. 引导比较状语从句的从属连词: 主要的有than和as…as:

It’s easier than I thought. 这比我想像的要容易。

They are as often wrong as they are right. 他们错对各半。

一、引导状语从句的从属连词

引导引导名词性从句(Noun clauses)的从属连词通常有:

1. 连接词: that (无词义,不做成分) if,whether (表达是否的意义,但不做句子成分)

2. 连接代词:who,whom,whose,what,which,what (有词义,在句子中可作主语、表语、宾语)

3. 连接副词:when,where,why,how,how many,how long,how far,however,whenever,wherever (有词义,在句子中作从句的状语)

eg.

Your greatest fault is that you are careless. 你最大的缺点是粗心大意。

Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。

She didn’t say if he was still alive. 她没说他是否还活着。

It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。

二、引导定语从句的从属连词

由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出的定语从句(Attributive Clauses),通常在句中做定语,被其修饰的名词,词组或代词叫先行词。

关系代词有:who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词,并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

关系副词有:when, where, why等。关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词,在从句中作状语。

Simple subordinators

Because

before

After

When (ever)

Where (ever)

Whereupon

While

Whilst, etc

Lest

unless

until

for

Since

As

Although

Though

Directly

Immediately

If

Till

Simple subordinators

I will telephone you directly I hear the news.

Be careful lest you fall down the tree.

I came here immediately after having my super.

He saw me coming, whereupon he offered me his seat.

Complex subordinators

Assuming (that)

Providing (that)

Provided (that)

Given (that)

Supposing (that)

In the event that

Granted (granting) that

Considering (that)

Seeing (that)

Now (that)

In that

In order that

So (that)

Such that

Except that

Excepting (that)

Save that

But that

Insofar that

Granted (granting) that

Complex subordinators

He has many faults, but for all that I like him.

He request is unreasonable in that he knows we can’t afford it.

Granted that we have no future.

In the event that he has not been told, I will tell him.

Correlative subordinators

As … as

As… so

Not so … as

Such … as

Barely / hardly / scarcely … when

No sooner … than

Whether … or

Mo re / less … than

The… the,

Correlative subordinators

I had hardly left when the quarrel started.

We had no sooner sat down than we found it was time to go.

Hardly had I left when the quarrel started.

No sooner had we sat down than we found it was time to go.

Marginal subordinators

Marginal subordinators refer to some free lexical combinations, which is hard to distinguish from complex subordinators:

Even if, if only, only if

Every time (that), the moment (that)

Due to the fact (that), for the reason (that)

In spite of the fact (that)

On the grounds that

Subordinate clauses (finite)

A finite subordinate clause is one whose predicator is a finite verb phrase.

Syntactically, subordinate clauses can be subdivided into

nominal clauses

relative clauses, and

adverbial clauses

1.请判断下列句子种类并说出连词的语用。

(1) Air and water are indispensable to me.

(2) She likes going out with friends or playing outdoor games.

(3) Most workers have a good income, so they look very happy.

(4) He said that he did not want to go .

(5) Many things have happened since I last saw him.

(6) You may come if you want to.

(7) It’s so difficult a question that none of us can answer it.

(8) Whoever telephones, tell them I’m out.

(9) I still remember the day when I first came to college.

(10) Some people love cats while others hate them.

2.指出并改正下面句子中错用的连词。

(1) This book may be used both as a text as well as a reference book.

此句的“as well as”和“both”不能搭配,应该将“as well ”改为“and”,使“both.......and......”变成关联连词。

(2) He not only speaks Mandarin but also English.

此句的“not only”应该移到“speaks”后面,使这个动词兼顾两个并列宾语:“Mandarin”和“English”

(3) Although he is fat, but he is very weak.

英语中的“although”和“but”是不见面的,因此这句里的“ but”要去掉,不然“although”就要出来。

(4) Jim is not so strong like you.

此句的“not so”必须和“as”连成一体;介词“like”是不适宜的。

5) No sooner had we reached our destination, they left.

“No sooner”必须和“than”配成从属连词,把“than”省掉是不对的,因此,应改为:No sooner had we reached our destination than they left. 但也可改为: “As soon as we reached our destination, they left.”

(6) I took a taxi and which took me to the station.

此句的并列连词“and”是多余的,必须去掉。如果要保留“and ”也可,但是定语从句里的关系代词“Which”则要改成主语“it”,使整个句子变成并列句,如下: I took a taxi and it took me to the station.

(7) My friend came up to me and held my hand, said good-bye excitedly.

此句的“and”应该用来连接最后两个谓语才对:

My friend came up to me, held my hand, and said good-bye excitedly.

不然,就要把“ and said”改成“saying”。

现代汉语连词

并列关系连词:和、跟、与、既、同、及、而、况、况且、何况、乃至等。 承接关系连词:则、乃、就、而、便、于是、然后、至于、说到、此外、像、如、一般、比方、接着等。 转折关系连词:却、虽然、但是、然而、而、偏偏、只是、不过、至于、致、不料、岂知等。 因果关系连词:原来、因为、由于、以便、因此、所以、是故、以致等。 选择关系连词:或、或者、还是、亦、非…即、不是…就是等。 假设关系连词:若、如果、若是、假如、只要、除非、假使、倘若、即使、假若、要是、譬如等。 比较关系连词:像、好比、如同、似乎、等于;不如、不及;与其…不如、若…则、虽然…可是等。 让步关系连词:虽然、固然、尽管、纵然、即使等。 递进关系连词:不但、不仅、而且、何况、并、且等。条件关系连词:... 现代汉语连词 一、连词的性质、特征和类别 汉语的连词是一种具有多层级连接功能的虚词,既可以连接词和短语,也可以连接小句和句子,还可以连接句子和句组。而且,连词除了具有连接的语法功能之外,还兼有修饰的语义功能和表述的语用功能。例如:长期以来,“钻石男”一直是许多女人梦寐以求的择偶对象。但在这个物欲横流的社会,和“钻石男”组建家庭需要面对太多不安定因素,高风险下未必获得高回报。“牛奋男”虽然暂时没有良好的经济基础,但却拥有可靠的人格魅力和信得过的品质;不乏上进心,能够为家庭努力奋斗;对爱情忠诚度高,像牛一样执着。《比钻石男靠谱的牛奋男长啥样?》2010-09-07中国日报网) 前一个“但”连接句子构成句组,后一个“但”连接分句,构成复句。 连词在句法功能上主要具有以下四个方面的特征: a连词是粘附的,本身不能单说,也不能同被连一方一起单说。比如:儿子和女儿或快或慢只有亲自去一趟,才能了解实际情况。 [* ]和女儿 [*]或慢只有亲自去一趟,[* ] 在对话中,会话一方单用的连词其实是配合关系的合用。比如:路上出车祸了,塞车了。-----哦,难怪好多人到现在还没来到呢。 你去通知他们一声。-----要是他们不同意提前呢?-----那就不等他们了。 上面“难怪、可、要是”看似是同所连接的成分单用,其实都是在对话中,从会话双方所组成的整个话轮看,上面的“连词X”是整个复句的一部分。 b连词不能被其他词语修饰。也就是说连词前面出现的修饰语,都不是修饰连词本身的,而是修饰整个由连词引导的分句的。比如: 正因为这一带饭店太多了,所以大家生意都不好。 不论你愿意不愿意,也不论你是否已作好准备,现在没有其他办法,只有马上行动。 显然,“正因为、也不论、更为了”在汉语中单用都是不能成立的。 c同类连词不能在同一层次上连用。比如: *要是如果明天早晨下大雨,他们可能就不会来了。 *因为由于这两天他身体不太好,其他事情又多,所以没有接受我们的邀请。

英语连词用法详解

英语连词用法详解 一、单项选择连词 1.Owen wouldn’t eat anything ________ he cooked it himself. A.until B.since C.unless D.while 【答案】C 【解析】 句意:欧文不吃任何东西,除非这种东西是他自己亲自烹饪的。unless“除非”,符合语境。 2._______ your opinions are worth considering, the committee finds it unwise to place too much importance on them. A.As B.Since C.Once D.While 【答案】D 【解析】While尽管,在本题中引导让步状语从句。尽管你的观点值得考虑,委员会发现过于重视它们是不明智的。 3.He was about to tell me the secret __ _____ someone patted him on the shoulder. A.as B.until C.while D.when 【答案】D 【解析】 试题分析:句意:她正要告诉我这个秘密,这时有人拍了一下她的肩膀。beabouttodo...when...是固定句型,意为“正要做……这时……”。 考点:考查连词。 【名师点睛】 用when引导时间状语从句的句型结构搭配 beabouttodosthwhen刚要,即将;正要做某事,突然发生其他事 bedoingsthwhen正在做某事突然 haddonesthwhen刚刚做过某事突然 beatthepointofdoingsthwhen就在做某事的关键时刻突然 scarcely...when/hardly...when几乎未来得及就…;刚一……就…… nosooner...than一……就…… 4.How long do you think it will be ________ the computer company brings out a new product? A.until B.when C.before D.that 【答案】C 【解析】分析句子,可知这是一个时间状语从句。根据句意,可知选C。 句意: 你认为在电脑公司发布一种新的产品之前,还需要经过多长的时间呢?

现代汉语连词意义及用法总结

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