大学英语跨文化交际教程

期末考试范围

? 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%）

? 2. 选词填空：15个句子（15个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。（15%）

?eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.

? 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions和case study( 课内或者稍微改动的）。（25%）

4. 实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%）

5. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论

（comment)。（30%）

如: 说给一个关于教育的话题（文化现象），我们要用所学的中美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。

价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 A Unit10 B

期末考试范围（护理）

? 1. 阅读理解2篇（20%）

? 2. 选词填空：10个句子（16个备选项，课后的key concepts,概念的词为主。（10%）

?eg: ———the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue.

? 3. 简答题：课后comprehension questions（20%）

? 4. 案例分析：case study ( 课后的）。（10%）

? 5.实用写作：一封信什么的（格式）（10%）

? 6. 写作：给出某个文化现象观点，运用所学文化差异进行评论（comment)。（30%）

如:说给一个关于教育的文化现象，我们要用所学的中美教育差异进行评论，议论文形式。

价值观，家庭观，社会关系朋友观，饮食观，教育观，时间观等篇目：Unit1: A B C Unit2 A Unit3 A B Unit5A Unit6A Unit7 A

Unit1 A

Key concepts

reservation: 谦逊的coldness: 冷静的 modesty：谦虚的humor：幽默的 sportsmanship：运动员精神

Q1、what is a reserved person like?

Answer: A reserved person is one who does not talk very much to strangers, does not show much emotion, and seldom gets excited.

Q2、what is the character of the Englishmen?

Answer: reserved 、humor、modesty、cold、sportsmanship.

Q3、what is sportsmanship?

Answer: sportsmanship is the ability to practice a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat.

Case study

Q、What made the British feel quite unhappy in this situation? Answer: The loud speaking and speaking their native language made the reserved British feel quite unhappy. The Englishman is reserved, he doesn’t show much emotion and seldom gets excited.

Unit1 B

Key concepts

the pioneering spirit创业精神trying something new探索精神equality平等national optimism 民族乐观

freedom自由the Declaration of Independence独立宣言rags-to-richer白手起家social mobility社会流动性American dream美国梦

Comprehension questions

1. Can you summarize the character of Americans?

The characters of Americans are the pioneering spirit, trying something new and being eager to equality and freedom. The American is competitive, friendly, spontaneous, adaptable, efficient, energetic, and kindhearted.

2.In what sense is the pioneering spirit still an important

part of the American character?

1). Except for the slaves, immigrants came to America voluntarily in search of greater prosperity and freedom. (para3)

2). In the mid-nineteenth century, the pioneering spirit led American settlers to travel westward in search of land and gold. (para4)

3). The desire to start a new life in a new place is noticeable throughout the nation. Many Americans change residences every year. (para5)

4). Americans who don’t change residence are also on the move—traveling by air or auto to see their own country or to visit others. The need to explore a new frontier is basic to the American character. (para7)

3. What is the American Dream? What is its impact on the American character?

The American Dream is that the belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve wealth and fame through diligence and virtue. Impact: Americans are optimistic and adventurous. The typical American believed in trying something new in an attempt to make life better. He had a firm faith in the possibility of progress. Every day in every way I am getting better and better.

4. What are the basic roots of American character?

The basic roots of American character are the pioneering spirit, the liberty spirit and the equality spirit.

Case study

Q;Why did the American feel uncomfortable? Please give him suggestions on how to get along with English people.

The American did something that he thought is friendly, but the English seemed quite unfriendly to him, so he felt uncomfortable.

American is a bit casual, optimistc and outgoing. He called the first names and touched the people on the shoulder.

But, English are reserved and conservative. They dislike physical touch and dislike to show much emotion. It’s also not polite to call the first names.

Suggestions:

1. On the whole British habits of politeness are very informal. All politeness is based on the elementary rule of showing consideration for others, and acknowledging the consideration they show to you.

2. Conversation in Britain is in general quiet and restrained and loud speech is considered ill-bred.

Passage C The Chinese Character

Comprehension Questions

1.Apart from family, what are other important units in Chinese society? How do

they work?

Clan. A clan is the aggregate of kinship. A clan may comprise a whole village or suburb, and counties, provinces and state are conglomerates of a vast number of villages and suburbs with such clan populations.

Grouping linked by friendship or marriage is also another important unit in

Chinese society. A district may have all its groupings so associated together, and this forms the basis for common action in an emergency.

2.Why is China a country with highly complicated social relationship? What are

supposed to be the advantages and disadvantages of it?

Chinese society appears as a mass of circles or groupings rather than stratus or levels. Within each circle or grouping the people are related in clan or closer kinship and offer cooperation and succor to each other. Marriage and friendship created links with other clans and groupings. Therefore, a district may have all its groupings so associated together. So, the social relationship in China is more close and complicated than Western countries.

Such kind is good for the steady of a society and peaceful life, good for governing but not good for development, for avant ideas and reformation. It is as personal oriented society. Sometimes it is easy to deal with something, but other times it makes things more complicated and even hinder the development of a society. For example, the complicated social relation becomes a big barrier for the implementation of law and justice. It may give rise to the unequal of chance and resources. ...(a free answer question)

3.Can you list some of the characteristics of the general character of the Chinese

people based on the text. Try to give the possible reasons for the formation of such character.

Chinese people are compromising, patient, mediative, harmonious, obedient, passive, pacific, long-viewing, tolerant, filial, conservative, thrift, friendly, diligent, and so on. They tend to be in low profile, hide their strength and depreciate their success. The character of Chinese is caused by many factors. From the text, we know its closely related to the organization of Chinese society. The Chinese society is organized by clans or friends of close association. It is a big circle of complicated relations. To maintain the steady of the circle, such kinds of character are of significant importance.

Case Study

China is a society of complicated social relation. Friend is a very important factor in society. Chinese people take care of maintaining friendship and tend to avoid direct conflict or making other lose face. In this case, to maintain the face of Jimmy, I would not mention the borrowed money in the face of Jimmy. But Jimmy keeping reminding "I" of the money made "I" feel quite embarrassed, and a bit angry. "I" thought Jimmy was not friendly.

America is a society advocates individualism and their social relation is quite loose. They think friend is friend, money is money. What's more, compared with Chinese society, it is one with low-contexted culture, in which people would put everything in words and say it directly. In the case, Jimmy reminded "I" once again about the money lest "I" forget about it. To Jimmy, it was the fault of "I" not

mentioning about the borrowed money earlier. So, when "I" asked about it, he said "Why didn't you remind me earlier?"

What’s more, Americans don’t readily give money to others, which will most likely render a sense of humiliation about one’s ability to earn one’s own living. So in this case, Jimmy is a bit annoyed for “I” not remind him to pay back the borrowed money. He thought that he had been looked upon by “I”.

Unit2 A

key concept:

Five Relationships of Confucianism孔子的五伦思想 humanism 人道主义individualism个人主义collectivism集体主义individual's right个人权利

1. According to Confucianism , what are the five cardinal relationships in Chinese society and what should these relationships be?

Five cardinal relationship: ruler-minister, father-son, husband-wife, elder-younger brother and friend and friend. This was explained as “There should be affection between father and son, righteous sense of duty between ruler and minister, division of function between man and wife, stratification between old and young, and good faith between friends.”

2. Can you tell the main influence of Confucianism on the ideology of Chinese people?

In traditional Chinese beliefs, especially in Confucianism, collectivism is appreciated .It emphasizes cooperation among group members and individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit,an organization or a community .

3. Can you tell the main influence of the Renaissance on Western values?

In the Renaissance period of England ,people began to emphasize the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life .This is the rudiment of Humanism .People began to respect the humanity from then on ,and then developed into the ideas of what we always call freedom ,democracy .

4. What is the difference between collectivism and individualism?

Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .Collectivism emphasizes cooperation among group members.

(1)Westerners tend to believe that people should rely on themselves

as much as possible--and usually expect other people to do the

same .People in collectivist cultures generally feel they have a right to expect help from other members of their groups ,and they also tend to feel they have an obligation to help other members of their groups .

(2)Westerners generally feel that the rights of individuals should

not be subordinated to the needs of a larger group .People in collectivist cultures are generally more willing to accept the idea that individuals should sacrifice for the benefit of the group.

(3)Westerners tend to believe that individuals should make decisions

for themselves, and that individuals should take credit responsibility for what they are personally done. People in collectivist cultures tend to feel more that they are representative of their group, and to accept more responsibility for other members of their groups too.

(4)Westerners tend to view individualism as a good thing .The Chinese

term for “individualism,”geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.

5. Why is it said that Americans are selfish? Do you think they are selfish? why or why not?

Because Chinese term for “individualism,” geren zhuyi, often has a somewhat negative connotation, and is sometimes used as a synonym for “selfishness”.

No, I don’t think so .

Individualism refers to the doctrine that the rights of the individual are the most important ones in a society .The word “individualism”

has no negative connotation ,in fact ,its connotation is somewhat positive .

6. Are all the Westerners individualists? Are all the Chinese collectivists? (P20 para20)

Saying that Western culture is individualist does not mean that all Westerners are always individualist. Rather, it means that Westerners are more likely to think and act in individualist ways than people in collectivist cultures are. The difference between individualist and collectivist cultures is relative, not absolute.

Case study

1.Would you please help Shi Hai interpret the Chinese saying he mentioned? Common fame is seldom to blame; shoot the bird which takes the lead; The outstanding usually bear the brunt of attack.

2. Would you please make suitable explanations for his declining the promotion so that Joe would understand him?

Chinese people respect collectivism and emphasize cooperation, so individual success is due to the collective effort of the staff in a unit .so he thinks he should not receive the honor personally.

Unit3 A

key concept:

Nuclear family 核心家庭 happiness of individual member 个人主义幸福Sense of equality 平等意识 independence and individualism 独立自主

1．How do Americans treat their newly-born babies and young adults? The American parents put a newborn in a separate bedroom when the child is a few weeks old. They like to preserve their privacy.

2. What is the base of an American marriage? Why is divorce rate so high in the United States?

(1)Romantic love is most often the basis for marriage in U.S

(2)They are extremely idealist about marriage, and they want deeply loved and deeply understood. But it is because Americans expect so much from marriage that so many divorced.

3. What is the typical life of the old people in America? Why don’t they live together with their children?

(1)American old people live apart from their children. Some families may place older relatives in nursing homes.

(2)Their financial support is often provided by government-sponsored, social security or welfare systems. And older people often seek their own friends rather than becoming too emotionally dependent on their children.

4. As a child in a Chinese family, how can you make your parents happy? Answer is open.

1). To advance the family as a group and bring honor to the family name as well.2).To show filial duty and responsibility to parents. 3). To emphasize the peace and harmony of a family.

case1: Q1：He will feel amazing and sympathy for her ,for which she is old enough but still living alone.

Q2:

1.In individualist cultures like that of the US, children are

alienated from parents because parents chain them to be independent, “push them out of the nest”.

2.Because of the cultural emphasis on self-reliance, the mother feels

it is inappropriate to ask for help, and the children may even think it is inappropriate to offer.

3.Individualism leads people to feel they should stay out of each

other’s business.

Case2:

1).It is an offence to slap a child in America, but not in China. In America,

ill-treating the children is illegal. The police may arrest the parents and send the children to DCFS shelter.

2)In America, a sense of equality often exists in American homes.

3). In China, parents regard their children as private prosperity.

Chinese think Beating means love, scolding means affection to

children.

Unit3 B

Key concepts：

A member of many groups 各种群体中的成员Impermanence暂时Personal goals个人目标/Individual’needs个人需求Responsibilities 职责 A series of concentric circles 一系列同心圆Stable 稳固 Connection VS contract关系和合约

Comprehension questions

1.What are the characteristics of American social relationship? Impermanent and loose, individual’s needs come first, contractual and compartmentalized.

2.Why is American social relationship impermanent?

They are members of many groups simultaneously. If they personal goals are no longer being met by a group,they move on and probably look to new associates for the benefits they used to receive from the former group.

3.Can you draw a picture to illustrate the pattern of Chinese social

relationship? Who are in the inner most part and who are in the outside ?

what is the difference between each part?

○2I and family are in the inner most part while everyone else in the geographic area or nation or world are in the outside.○3 the difference between inner and out side is from most important to least important.

4.What are the different understanding of friend between Chinese and

American?

?1). Americans have casual, friendly relationships with many people , but deeper, close friendships with only a few. (para8) ?American friendships tend to be very compartmentalized because they are based on a shared activity, event, or experience. (para9) ?2). Chinese are likely to react more to the other person as a whole and will avoid forming friendships with those whose values and behaviors are in some way deemed undesirable. (para10) ?

5.Do you think friendship shares some common elements in different

cultures? If you do, what are they?

Answer is open.

Both regard friendship as a very important thing to individuals. Case 1

?Because Jackson thinks friendship is mostly a matter of providing emotional support and spend time together .

?It’s not appropriate for the Americans to use personal connections to help a friend get something hard to obtain.

?This situation creates dependence of one person on the other and it goes against the principle of equality.

Case 2

? 1. Not really, just because their children like to play together, these two women plan to get together at each other’s houses.

? 2. They are common friends. a). American friendships are based on

a shared activity, event, or experience. b). They view themselves

and others as a composite of distinct interests. c). Their children like to play together, so they have some common interests. d). They may get together just because their kids would enjoy that.

Case3

?Q1.They broken their friendship because they finished they common chemistry class and didn’t see each other very much at school.

?No one should be blamed for it because the different culture between Jordan and the United States lead to different attitudes to friendship.

?Q2.No I don’t think so. Because American friendship is imperman ent and based on a shared class, activity or event .If one drop out of it, they may lose contact with the friends with whom they shared that activity.

Unit5A

Key concepts：

Gentleness and benevolence温柔与仁慈harmony 和谐violence and cruelty暴力和残酷conquest over nature征服自然exquisiteness and taste 精致和品位nutrition and balance 均衡营养pragmatism实用主义

1.What are the functions of chopsticks?

Chopsticks can nip, pick, rip and stir food.

2.What are the possible reasons for Americans＇use of forks and knives at dinner?

The ancestors of many Western countries lived by hunting. Meat was their basic food source and gradually took the place of staple food. They had to use forks and knives to cut and pork their food.

3.Why do Chinese pay more attention to the taste of food?

That appeals to the traditional ideology of China. Confucius emphasized the delight that food could bring to us. The standards of quality and taste that Confucius recommended required the perfect blend of ingredients, herbs and condiments---a blend which would result in the perfect combination of flavor.

4.Why do Americans pay more attention to nutrition?

Under the influence of pragmatism, food or eating is just a way to keep healthy to Westerners, having little to do with artistry. What they care about most is the nutrition contained in food and the balance of the whole diet structure rather than exquisiteness in cuisine and taste of food.

5.Do you know why vegetables became the staple food of the Chinese, while meat became the main food of Americans?

? 1. Historically, China is an agricultural country, while the ancestors of Americans lived by hunting.

? 2. Environmentally, China has a large amount of population and lack of land to support a cattle industry. America has an abundance of fertile, flat land for grazing cattle and food production.

?

Case Study:

? 1.Why did Ling Hong’s mother keep on encouraging Susan to eat more even after Susan refused?

?In Chinese culture, Ling Hong’s mother kept on encouraging Susan to eat more is to show the hospitality of the host to Susan.

? 2.Why did Susan feel embarrassed when Ling Hong’s mother put some food in her bowl with her chopsticks?

?Because in western culture, food is usually served separately to each person----partly for hygiene reasons and partly due to individualism.

Unit6 A

Key concepts ：

1.Creativity: 创造力the ability to use your imagination to produce new ideas, make things.

2.Exploring:探索

1)、to discuss or think about something carefully；

2)、to travel around an area in order to find out about it；

3)、written to feel something with your hand or another part of your body to find out what it is like

3.Self-reliant：自主的able to do or decide things by yourself, without depending on the help or advice of other people

Originality：.独创性1. the ability to think and act independently 2. the

quality of being new and original (not derived from something else)

Molding and shaping: 塑造to guide (sb.) with the intent to control.

1、How do the Chinese teach their children ? How do American do? Can you

find the theories supporting the different teaching methods?

2. Answer is open.

3. Answer is open. Don’t help the baby stand immediately. Let the baby

explore and experience, and try to find the balance to stand by itself.

Case1:

Firstly, Chinese students are used to take what the teacher's said as authority, and try to memorize what is given in lessons. On the other hand, teaching in China focus more on knowledge than on creation, to make students with the same ideas, the same knowledge. Moreover, to them, it

is impolite to challenge the teacher's words, to form different ideas from

the teacher. But to the Westerners, things are quite different. The aim

of western education is to produce students with different ideas, to

develop their creativity. To them, the more questions asked in class means

more attention you give to what the teacher says. And more interest you show to the topic and the teacher. So, in this case, Professor Johnson mistook the silence of the students as their no interest in his subject, and felt disappointed.

Case2

1. Because the American teacher thought that I was an adult, I should at least have some ideas about a question, no matter how difficult it is, even the answer is totally wrong.

2. Chinese educators are used to “teaching by holding his hand”. So long as the students are shown how to do something, they are less likely to solve a problem effectively by themselves. They may lack of creativity and self-reliance.

unit7A

Key concepts；

1.Monochronic time : 单一时间an approach that favors linear structure and focus on one event or interaction at a time.

2.Polychronic time: 多元时间people may attend to many things happening at once in this approach to time

3.linear structure: 线性结构sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled.

4. Schedule oriented:以计划为方向的 people doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished.

5. People oriented:以人为方向的do not emphasize scheduling by separating time into discrete, fixed segments.

6. Punctuality:严守时间 everyone is supposed to arrive on time when attending a formal banquet or meeting appointments.

Comprehension questions (p82)

1. What is monochromic cultures? What is polychromic cultures? Monochronic cultures typically emphasize doing one thing at a time during a specified time-period, working on a single task until it is finished. Polychronic cultures are involved with many things at once, usually with varying levels of attention paid to each.

2. what are the different attitudes monochromic people and polychromic

people hold toward time?

Monochronic people see time as being divided into fixed elements (seconds, minutes, hours, etc.), sequential blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled. Polychronic people prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them but want to make their own plans and meet deadlines in their own way.

3.What difficulties might an M-time-oriented person encounter when interacting someone who follows a P-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?

Difficulties: M-time-oriented person should keep waiting.

Feelings: To feel put down, angry and frustrated.

4．What difficulties might a P-time-oriented person encounter when meeting someone who follows an M-time orientation? What kind of feelings might emerge during their meeting?

Difficulties: P-time-oriented person dislikes to squeeze people in . They prefer not to have detailed plans imposed on them. Feelings: To feel compelled and uncomfortable.

5．What are the strengths and weaknesses of M-time system and P-time system?

?M. S: stimulating, productive, desirable, punctual

? W: without reference to logic and human needs

?.

?P. S: Being oriented toward people, emphasizing human needs.

? W: wasteful and distracting, not punctual

Case1(para3)

? 1.No , I don't like . Robert is a monochronic

people , these people see time as being divided

into fixed elements

(seconds ,minutes ,hours ,etc), sequential

blocks that can be organized, quantified, and scheduled .They love to plan in detail, make lists, keep track of activities and organize time into a

daily routine. so Robert does things like this.

? 2. I'm a polychronic people , I dislike doing

things in haste.

Case2(para5)

?The director is a polychronic people , people

in such kind of cultures do not emphasize

scheduling by separating time into discrete,

fixed segments. They treat time as a less

tangible medium so that they can interact with

more than one person or do more than one thing

at a time , they do not perceive appointments as

iron-clad commitments ,therefore ,in these

cultures, personal interaction an relationship

development are more important than making

appointments or meeting deadlines. so the

director had the behavior toward Katherine .

跨文化交际概论-课程各章节内容要点整理

第一章跨文化语言交际概述 第一节文化、语言和交际 一、关于文化的概念 （一）文化的内涵和特性 1、关于文化的内涵 概括地讲，文化即是人们所思、所言（言语和非言语）、所为、所觉的总和。在不同的生态或自然环境下，不同的民族创造了自己特有的文化，也被自己的文化所塑造。交际即文化，文化即交际，如果没有交际，文化是难以形成的。科学的提法是：“文化是冻结了的人际交流，而交际是流动着的文化。” 2、关于文化的特性 （1）文化由人们的内稳和外显的行为组成。 （2）文化是通过符号被人们习得和传授的知识。 （3）文化是群体行为规则的集合。 （4）文化与社会是潜在现实中两种类型或两个层面上的概念。 （5）文化是历史所衍生及选择的传统观念。 （6）文化和交际具有同一性。 （7）文化是动态多变的。 （8）文化具有选择性。 （9）文化是群体或民族中心主义的意识产物。 （10）文化是个非常复杂的系统。 （二）文化定势、群体文化、亚文化 1、文化定势和群体文化 世界上大多数社会中都可能存在着若干群体或社团，这些群体或社团对地域、历史、生活方式、世界观，以及价值观等方面的共享，使其成员形成并发展和强化了自己独特的文化和与其相关的交际文化。存在两种不同类型的文化范畴：一是全民族的文化，即整体的文化形象，二是具体的个性文化，即是按个人的社会情况或个人所属文化群体为基础的文化，有的学者把这种文化称之为群体文化或副文化。 2、亚文化与亚群体 在跨文化交际研究中，对文化分类的一种较为传统的做法是把文化分成主流文化和亚文化。亚文化是指存在于某一主流文化之中的一种非主流文化，某一少数群体的文化，这一文化中的行为模式区别于主流文化的行为模式。 二、关于语言的概念 （一）语言是交际工具 1、交际媒介 言语交际是人类社会中必需的另一种交换活动，交换的是信息、思想、情感。语言就是一个符号系统，一个人脑子里贮存了符号和符号的组合规则，他就可以和别人交际，传情达意，沟通信息。 2、符号功能 符号是用某种能感知的形式来代表某种事物或现象的结合体。符号由两个要素构成：一个是形式，必须是人们可感知的途径，如听觉、视觉、嗅觉、触觉等等；另一个是意义，即这个形式所代表的事物或现象。形式和意义结合，就成了“符号”。人类语言是一种有声语言，用声音形式来表示意义，通过听觉途径来感知和理解话语。 （二）语言是思维工具 “思维”和“思想”不完全相同：思维是人们认识现实世界的过程；而思想是人们对现实世

新编跨文化交际英语教程 参考答案

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大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案完整版

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跨文化交际(英文版)

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(完整版)新编跨文化交际英语教程翻译1-10单元

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比如集体主义与个体主义。该课程还讨论语言交际中的具体问题,比如介绍与问候,词语的使用,非言语交际,价值观念,对时间,空间的看法,对教育,工作的态度, 人际间的关系, 家庭观念,以及文化冲突,文化休克等问题。最后能考试合格。 5、教学基本内容及学时安排（总学时：36） 6、各章节教学要求及教学重点 第一章跨文化交际中的问题 本章主要教学内容: 举例说明中国人与英美人士交际中存在的误解或问题。 本章教学目的及要求: 要求学生认识到跨文化交际中文化意识的重要性。 本章教学重点及难点: 交际失败的深层原因不只是语言问题,而是价值观念,经济基础,道德观念等因素在起作用。

新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译

U1 reading1 跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因：是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不 同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段： A语言的产生； B文字的使用； C印刷技术的发明； D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展； E跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族.研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。 在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点 含义:人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。人类传播的发展： 信息符号传播：手势、有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物 口语传播 媒介传播 传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播 伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动 文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段 case1 主角被埃及人邀请去家里吃丰盛的大餐，他用餐后说食物很好。在这种情况下,理查德错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身,而不是整个晚上,的食物。他的主人和女主人就好像他参加了一个艺术展,称赞这位艺术家说:多么美丽的你的照片。在日本工作的时候他犯了一个错，开会的时候解释试图让大家明白每个人也许都会跟他一样以减轻罪过，结果又错了。相比之下,美国人强调个性价值和容易维护个体差异时,他们似乎理由与组织的目标或价值观冲突。在这种情况下:理查德…年代错误是在努力保护自己。 case2 对于学生来说，向老师提问很多问题是不尊重的，另一方面，提问一些跟老师说的无关的也如此，代表你没有听课。在美国文化中,人们倾向于说什么是对他们的思想和他们所说的意思。因此,学生在课堂上预计提问当他们需要澄清。墨西哥文化与美国文化共享这种偏好的风格在某些情况下,这就是为什么学生们从墨西哥容易在课堂上采用提问的技巧。但是,韩国人通常喜欢间接的沟通方式,因此他们往往不会说什么是对他们的思想和更多的依赖影响和推理,以保持礼貌通过任何不恰当的言语行为, 避免丢脸。提到的情况下,许多韩国人,很多问题会显示不尊重老师,而且还反映,学生不够努力学习。

《英语跨文化交际》课程教学大纲-

《英语跨文化交际》课程教学大纲 课程编号：1233201 课程名称：英语跨文化交际 总学时：16学时 试验或上机学时：无 先修课及后续课：先修课：涉外礼仪 一、课程说明 1.课程性质：本课程是继《涉外礼仪》之后的专业必修课。 2.教学目标及意义： 本课程是与专业基础课同时开设的专业课，旨在通过学习跨文化交际基础理论，结合涉外礼仪实践，分析跨文化交际案例，提高跨文化交际意识，并在语言学习的同时，更多关注相关国家的文化，特别是通过与本族文化的对比，提高跨文化交际能力。 3. 教学内容与教学要求： 英语专业教学大纲强调，在语言学习过程中要培养学生的跨文化交际意识，增强对文化差异的敏感性和宽容性，提高处理跨文化交际冲突的灵活性，即跨文化交际能力。 跨文化交际能力包括语言运用能力，相关国家文化知识以及相关专业的能力和交流能力。通常认为语言运用能力特指外语知识和外语技能，忽视了学习者对目的语国家的文化知识的要求，特别是灵活运用已有的本国和目的国的相同之处，相似之处和差异进行跨文化交流的能力。 交际的主要媒介是语言但语言并非唯一的媒介。诸多非语言手段，如手势，面部表情，时间和空间的使用等，都具有重要的交际功能。而任何交际，无论是语言的还是非语言的，都是在特定文化环境中进行的，必然受到该文化中价值观念、思维方式、传统习惯、交往规约等的影响和制约。因此，这些文化内涵也是交际能力的重要组成部分。 不同文化之间，在方方面面都存在明显的差异。实践证明，文化背景不同的人进行交际时，这些差异常常成为障碍。要减少此类交际障碍，促成有效交流，跨文化意识与跨文化交际能力必不可少。 任何人都生活在特定的文化之中，思想、语言、行为等都受到该文化的影响与支配。 文化意识即指对此有清醒的认识。跨文化意识首先涉及对文化多元的认识。对文化而言，既有国别文化的不同，一国之内亦有主流文化与种种亚文化之分，同时个体间的差异也不容忽视。因此，不能理所当然地以本文化的规则来评价不同文化背景人的交际行为。 其次，不同文化间既有异（个性），也有同（共性），要辩证的看待文化。另外，应该树立文化平等观。文化没有高低优劣之分，跨文化交际目的是理解和沟通，促进各民族间的长期友谊和共同发展，在培养文化意识和跨文化意识的同时，还要认真思考汉语与英语文化在主要方面的异同之处，分析跨文化交际中可能出现的问题及其对应策略。 本课程以语言学习为前提，强调在语言学习的过程中提高利用外语进行跨文化交际的能力，通过对交际与语言，语言与文化，文化与价值观的学习和讨论，提高跨文化交际意识；通过对文化现象的思考和讨论，反思语言学习过程，增加对文化差异的敏感性； 通过课堂活动和案例学习，提高跨文化交际意识和能力，达到有效交流的目的。 4. 教学重点和难点： 本课程内容包括：交际与文化，语言与文化，文化与价值观，语言交际和非语言交际，

跨文化交际笔记

第一章跨文化交际 一、什么是跨文化交际——具有不同文化背景的人从事交际的过程 跨文化交际之所以在今天日益引起人们的注意，主要原因是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展，使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。 L.S.Harms认为，在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段：语言的产生；文字的使用；印刷技术的发明；近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展；跨文化交际。近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。 二、对跨文化交际的不同理解 有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。 有的人认为，不同国籍人们之间的文化差异与不同职业的人们之间的文化差异并没有什么本质上的区别，只是程度上的差异。 有的人认为，跨文化交际研究应该把重点放在亚文化系统的语篇系统方面。 有的人认为，作大范围的国与国之间的对比对于改进跨文化交际益处不大，应该把眼光放在更具体的文化差异上。跨文化交际研究的范围应该也包括地区、职业、年龄、性别等方面的文化差异的探讨。 文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯。作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。至于地区、阶级、阶层、职业、性别、年龄等不同层次的差异也应该给予关注。至于个人之间的差异的研究只是在我们把他们当做群体的代表时才有意义。在研究一个国家的文化特点时，我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点。 主流文化亚文化地区文化小群体文化 （不同年龄、职业、性别群体的文化）第二章跨文化交际学 一、跨文化交际学在美国Intercultural Communication 与人类学、心理学、传播学关系密切 1.首先在美国兴起。美国有来自各个国家的移民，有各自的文化系统和风俗习惯，逐渐在美国社会形成了多元文化的格局；美国与各国交往频繁。 2.Edwar Hall 《无声的语言》跨文化交际学的奠基之作。认为不同文化背景的人们在使用时间、空间表达意义方面表现出明显的差异。（对时间、空间、交际的关系作了深入探讨） 3.1970年是具有重要意义的一年，在这一年，国际传播学会承认跨文化交际学是传播学的一个分支，成立了跨文化交际学分会。1972年，第一届跨文化交际学国际会议，日本东京。 4.70年代，影响最大的书籍。《跨文化交际学选读》 5.跨文化交际学内容：

跨文化交际教学大纲

《跨文化交际》 课程教学大纲 课程名称：英语教学论 课程类别：专业必修课 考核类别：考试 适用对象：本科 适用专业：英语 总学时、学分：36学时2学分 一、课程教学目的 该课程旨在扩大学生的知识面，对西方文化的不同层面有所了解,以提高学生的交际能力。在传统的外语教学中, 人们往往忽视文化的重要作用, 只注重语言能力的培养而未能顾及交际能力的提高。近年来国内学者认识到外语教学必须引进文化知识的对比，训练学生灵活运用语言知识,

更好地与外国人沟通, 减少和避免误解。 二、课程教学要求 该课程教学要求学生提高对文化差异的敏感性, 更有效地与外国人进行交际，为英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高奠定基础。 三、先修课程 跨文化交际是英语专业的必修课, 是在完成了精读、泛读、综合英语、写作等基本技能训练后开设的，旨在增强文化差异的敏感性，增强跨文化交际意识，有助于英语专业课程的学习和翻译实践能力的提高。因此，学生先期完成英语听说读写等技能训练基本课程，如《基础英语》、《英国文学选读》等课程。

四、课程教学重、难点 该课程教学重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的了解及跨文化交际意识, 提高驾驭英语语言的能力, 从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。教师的讲授重点是帮助学生认识中西文化的异同，分析文化差异的根源, 帮助学生深化对西方文化的理解。中西文化的差异在表层上很容易识别,但对造成差异的原因却需追根溯源。东西方在历史,思维方式以及哲学等方面的差异则是造成中国学生对西方文化不解的主要原因,也是该课程的难点。 五、课程教学方法（或手段） 教学方法：以课堂讲授为主，适当组织课堂讨论，鼓励学生充分利用课外资源进行探索性、研究性学习。

跨文化交际理论

跨文化交际理论 一.文化、交际、跨文化交际： 1.“文化”的含义： ①“文化”二字最初没有联系在一起，它的意思是统治者通过观察天象，可以了解时序的变化，通过观察人类社会的各种现象，可以用教育感化的手段来治理天下。 ②西方的“文化”引申出对人的性情的陶冶和品德的培养，泰勒认为，“文化”是包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整理。 ③马克思主义理论家认为文化分为两种：狭义的文化指的是历史上一定的物质资料生产方式的基础上产生和发展的社会精神生活形式的总和；广义的文化指的是人类在社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。 2.文化的分类：按内容分包括：物质文化、行为文化、制度文化、观念文化四个方面。 3.文化的特性： （1）文化史人类独有的，是区别人类和动物的主要标志，文化史社会遗产，而不是生理遗传。 （2）文化不是先天就有的，而是后天习得的。 （3）文化中的大部分是不自觉的，人总是自然而然地表现其文化色彩的。 （4）文化是人们行动的指南。 （5）文化是动态的，文化的形态与一定的历史时期相联系。 4.隐性文化的基本内容：包括以下内容：时间观念，对空间的利用，成就感，交际模式，对环境的取向，家庭关系，上下级关系模式，对个人的看法，对竞争和合作的偏爱，谦虚的挂念，对规章制度的需要，对宇宙的看法，法律的观念，工作积极性，对领导的看法，社交频率，友谊的性质，控制感情的模式，依据年龄、性别、阶级、职业、亲属的关系，确定地位及相关角色。 5.语言和文化的关系： ①语言文化的重要组成部分，语言与文化是部分与整体的关系：一种文化不可能没有与之相应的语言；抽取文化内容，语言也不能独立存在。 ②语言是用于记录文化的符号体系，是文化的主要载体。 ③语言和文化相互依附、促进和制约。 6.人类交际的主要手段：符号是人们交际时使用的主要手段，任何符号都可以用来交际。 7.组成交际行为的八个重要因素： ①信息源/行为源 ②编码 ③信息

大学英语跨文化交际教程课后答案(全)

Unit1 Sportsmanship: It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s opponent and good temper in defeat. 2. Traditionally, an Englishman is thought to be reserved, unemotional, courteous, shy of strangers, suspicious of change, and slow to accept new ideas. 3.It is the ability to practise a sport according to its rules, while also showing generosity to one’s oppo nent and good temper in defeat. Moreover, sportsmanship as an idea is applied to life in general. The pioneering spirit: Except for the brought from Africa, immigrants came to America voluntarily, early in search of greater prosperity and freedom. Rags-to-riches: It is story about a poor boy who, because he was hardworking, honest, and lucky, grew up to become rich and respected. American dream: The belief that any individual, no matter how poor, can achieve weather and fame through diligence and virtue.

新编跨文化交际英语教程(许力生) 课后翻译

1.纵观历史，我们可以清楚地看到，各民族与文化由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异，而长久无法互相理解，无法和睦相处。在这种情况下，跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。值得注意的是，人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折，既是个人的，又是全球性的；人类历史进程总是充满了个人间的直接冲突和民族间的误解－－从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义甚至到武装冲突，大大小小争端不绝。很显然，文化间以及亚文化间的交往日益增多，这迫切要求我们共同努力，去理解与我们有着天壤之别信仰和文化背景的人们，并与之和睦相处。通过加深认识和理解，我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处；这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定，也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。 2.文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序，也即我们“头脑的软件”。但是，我们可以进一步引申这个用电脑所做的类比，把文化看作是支持软件运行的操作环境。文化就像电脑使用的DOS或者Unix或者“视窗”(Windows)等操作系统一样，使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。文化就是我们心灵的视窗，透过它我们可以审视生活的方方面面。一个社会中不同个体的视窗是大不一样的，但都有着一些重要的共同特征。文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般，人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实，从而很少去研究它。文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中，文化对我们了解自我是必不可少的，就正如生命离不开空气一样。文化是特定群体的共有财产，而不单是个体的特征。社会按照文化设定的程序来运作，这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之涵义的相似性阐释。如果文化是一种心智程序，那么它也是现实的心灵地图。从我们很小的时候开始，文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么以及做些什么。文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样的。文化为我们提供超越个体经验的理想典范，帮助我们决定应该优先考虑什么。文化为我们建立起行为准则，并解释为什么符合这些准则的行为正当、合法。 3.虽然，我们每个人都有各自一套独特的价值观，但在每一文化里，总有弥漫于整个文化之中的普遍的价值观。这些被称作文化价值观文化价值观通常是规范性的，它使文化的成员知道什么是好的和坏的、什么是正确的和错误的、什么是真的和假的、什么是积极的和消极的，等等。文化价值规定了什么是值得为之献身的，什么是值得维护的，什么会危及人们及其社会制度，什么是学习的恰当内容，什么是可讽刺嘲笑的，什么是形成群体团结的途径。文化价值观也指明了文化中的什么行为是举足轻重的，哪些是应当尽力避免的。价值观是人们在做出抉择和解决争端时作为依据的一种习得的规则体系。 跨文化交际的参与者所具有的价值观是十分重要的，因为价值观产生出决定何为正当或不正当社会行为的标准。换言之，价值观有助于人们决定他们的行为方式，以符合他们的价值系统所期望的行为准则。由于文化价值系统之间存在差异，我们可以预见，在相似的情境中，跨文化交际的参与者会表现出并期待着不同的行为。 4. 我们说语言总是模糊的，指的是我们所说所写的东西总不能完全表达我们的意图。我们通过说话和写作所传达的意思不仅仅由词语和句子本身决定，听众和读者的理解也起到了一定的作用。换言之，是交际双方共同创造了语言所表达的意思。语言的模糊性是与生俱来的。为了沟通，我们必须自己推断出对方的意思，除此之外别无他法。在理解别人说话时，我们必须推测这些话的意思。这些推测主要基于以下两个来源：（1）他们所使用的语言；（2）我们的世界知识。