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中国和缅甸的巨粗腿豆象分类学研究

中国和缅甸的巨粗腿豆象分类学研究
中国和缅甸的巨粗腿豆象分类学研究

Taxonomic Studies on the Genus Caryopemon (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) of China and Myanmar with Some New Host Plants

Author(s): You Li , Youssef Mohamed Omar and Runzhi Zhang

Source: Florida Entomologist, 99(2):257-263.

Published By: Florida Entomological Society

DOI: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7810588339.html,/10.1653/024.099.0215

URL: https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7810588339.html,/doi/full/10.1653/024.099.0215

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1

Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China 2

School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA 3

Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt *Corresponding author. E-mail: zhangrz@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7810588339.html,

2016 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 99, No. 2 257

Taxonomic studies on the genus Caryopemon

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae) of China and Myanmar with some new host plants

You Li 1,2, Youssef Mohamed Omar 1,3, and Runzhi Zhang 1,*

Abstract

The genus Caryopemon Jekel (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) contains 9 species distributed only in Oriental and Afrotropical regions with 3 of these species from China and Myanmar. Caryopemon luteonotatus Pic and Caryopemon hieroglyphicus Jekel are recorded for the first time in China. Caryopemon giganteus Pic is recorded newly in Myanmar. Re-descriptions, illustrations, and a key for these 3 species are included. Mucuna interrupta Gagnepain and Mucuna macrocarpa Wallich (Fabales: Fabaceae) are reported as host plants of seed beetles for the first time.Key Words: seed beetle; Caryopemini; taxonomy; new country record; Mucuna

Resumen

El género Caryopemon Jekel (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) contiene nueve especies distribuidas únicamente en las regiones orientales y afrotropicales con tres de éstas especies de China y Myanmar. Caryopemon luteonotatus Pic y Caryopemon hieroglyphicus Jekel están reportadas por primera vez en China. Caryopemon giganteus Pic es recientemente reportado en Myanmar. Redescripciones, ilustraciones y una clave para éstas 3 especies está incluida. Mucuna interrupta Gagnepain y Mucuna macrocarpa Wallich (Fabales: Fabaceae) son reportadas por primera vez como plantas hospederas de semilleros de escarabajos.

Palabras Clave: escarabajo de semillas; Caryopemini; taxonomía; nuevos registros del pais; Mucuna

The Old World bruchid genus Caryopemon Jekel, 1855 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was erected as monotypic based on the type species Caryopemon hieroglyphicus Jekel, 1855 with Ostindien [East Indies] as the locality (Jekel 1855). Anton (2010) in his Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleop -tera considered C. quadriguttatus Chevrolat, 1877 and C. centronotatus Pic, 1924 as synonyms of the type species (Chevrolat 1877; Pic 1924).During the years 1898, 1901, and 1909, Pic described C. luteono-tatus from India, C. signaticollis from Madagascar, and C. giganteus from Yunnan Province, China, respectively (Pic 1898, 1909). In 1987, Borowiec erected the genus Procaryopemon based on the type species Procaryopemon archetypus from British Bootang [North India]. Later, Procaryopemon and P . archetypus were synonymized with Caryope-mon and C. giganteus Pic, 1909, respectively (Nilsson & Johnson 1991; Anton 2010).

Caryopemon cruciger (Stephens, 1839) and C. humerosus (Fair-maire, 1898) were described first in the genera Caryoborus and Bru-chus (Pachymerus ), respectively, and in 1913 Pic transferred them to the genus Caryopemon , and, in 1924, he described the species C. lhos-tei from Sri Lanka.

After more than 55 years, Decelle (1981) added the 8th species, C. abyssinicus , based on specimens from Abyssinie [Eritrea and the north -ern half of Ethiopia] and Somalia. Anton (1999) described the 9th spe -cies, C. transversovittatus , from specimens collected from Laos, Thai -

land, and Vietnam. The main objectives of this work are to report new distributions for 3 species: C. luteonotatus and C. hieroglyphicus , first records in China; and C. giganteus , first record in Myanmar.

Materials and Methods

The specimens were collected from Yunnan Province, southern China, and form Lashio, Myanmar. The specimens were deposited in the Institute of Zoology (IOZ), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), in Beijing, China, and each was given a database number corresponding to the NZMC collection code entry. The morphological studies were conducted using a Cannon 5D digital camera and the images processed in Adobe Photoshop CS5.

Results

Caryopemon hieroglyphicus Jekel, 1855 (Figs. 1–8)

Caryopemon hieroglyphicus Jekel, 1855:27.—Type locality: Ostindien.Caryopemon quadriguttatus Chevrolat, 1877:90.—Type locality: Kampuchea.

258 2016 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 99, No. 2

Figs. 1–8. Caryopemon hieroglyphicus;1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view; 3, hind femur; 4, lateral lobes, ventral view; 5, median lobe; 6, ovipositor; 7, apex of oviposi-tor; 8, spermatheca. Scale bars = 1 mm. (4 and 5 from Singal, 1987)

Li et al.: Seed beetle Caryopemon in China and Myanmar 259

Caryopemon centronotatus var. lajoyei Pic, 1924:40.—Type local-ity: South Vietnam.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

1 female, Cheli Village, Yunnan Province, China. 23.09°N, 102.17°E, alt. 620 m, 16-IV-1957, Zang Lingchao [IOZ(E)1045478]. DIAGNOSIS

Dimension. Body length (pronotum–elytra) 15.9–15.0 mm; width 3.1–5.5 mm.

Color. Integument black; vestiture gray and brown, dense, con-spicuous; ventral segments gray and dorsal segments brown (Figs. 1 and 2). Pronotum medially and laterally with 3 brown stripes. Elytra covered with gray, brown, and white hairs in hieroglyphic form. Female pygidium with 2 vertical glabrous lines. Hind femur with terminal part glabrous.

Head elongate; frontal carina present. Eyes flat, emarginate to 2/5 length of eye. Antennal articles 1–4 subcircular, 5 isosceles right tri-angle, 6–11 pectinate. Pronotum subtrapezoidal (Fig. 1), with great-est width at base (W/L = 1.20), slightly rounded in middle of sides. Metasternal process strongly convex in lateral view. Elytra longer than wide, about 1.15 times longer than combined width; humeral callus distinct. Pygidium longer than wide. Hind femur strongly incrassate, dorsal side granulate, pecten with 1 large, sharp spine with 6 gradually smaller, blunt denticles following; 3 small spines before pecten (Fig. 3).

Male genitalia. Median lobe elongate and sclerotized (Fig. 5); lat-eral lobes fused into gutter-like structure (Fig. 4); apex of lateral lobes densely pubescent.

Female genitalia. Ovipositor 2.5 times longer than wide, weakly sclerotized (Fig. 6). Stylus with 2 short setae (Fig. 7). First pair of bacu-lum elongate, almost 2 times longer than 2nd pair (Fig. 6). Apodeme of spiculum gastrale extending to apex of genitalia. Plate of spiculum gas-trale longer than apodeme. Apex of ovipositor with 2 protuberances (Fig. 7). Spermatheca C-shaped (Fig. 8).

DISTRIBUTION

China (Yunnan) (Fig. 25), India, Cambodia, and South Vietnam.

Caryopemon luteonotatus Pic, 1898 (Figs. 9–14)

Caryopemon luteonotatus Pic, 1898:173.—Type locality: India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

1 male, Xiaomengyang Village, Yunnan Province, China. 22.08°N, 100.90°E, alt. 850 m, 1-VIII-1957, Wang Shuyong [IOZ(E)1045488]. DIAGNOSIS

Dimension. Body length (pronotum–elytra) 5.2–7.0 mm; width 2.6–3.0 mm.

Color. Integument black, antennal margin reddish; vestiture pale yellow, conspicuous on elytra, dorsal of hind femur, pygidium, and segmental venter (Figs. 9 and 10), especially dense on segmen-tal venter. Six pairs of spots on elytra as follows: 3 square close to anterior margin and suture; 3 round at center and on posterior margin. First sternite with brown hairs forming large spots in middle (Fig. 10).

Head elongate; frontal carina present, hairless. Eyes rather flat, emarginate to 1/2 length of eye. Antennal articles: 1–3 subcircular, 4 and 5 isosceles right triangle, 6–11 pectinate. Pronotum subtrapezoi-dal, with many shallow pits, greatest width at base (W/L = 1.15), sides almost straight (Fig. 9). Metasternal process strongly convex in lateral view. Elytra about 1.15 times longer than wide. Pygidium longer than wide. Hind femur strongly incrassate, pecten with 1 sharp spine with 2 gradually smaller, blunt denticles following, 3 spines before pecten; 1st spine small in middle of hind femur; other spines large and sharp between pecten and small spine (Fig. 11).

Male genitalia. Median lobe elongate, apex ogival, bent ventrad (Fig. 13); internal sac with dense large spines in middle (Fig. 12); lateral lobes fusing into gutter-like structure without pubescence (Fig. 14).

DISTRIBUTION

China (Yunnan) (Fig. 25), India, and Nepal.

Caryopemon giganteus Pic, 1909 (Figs. 15–24)

Caryopemon giganteus Pic, 1909:34.—Type locality: China. Protocaryopemon archetypus Borowiec, 1987:54.—Type locality: North India.

MATERIAL EXAMINED

7 female, 3 male, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China.

24.90°N, 102.83°E, alt. 1,900 m, 8-VI-1955, Kryzhanovsky leg [IOZ(E)1045387-1045396, 1045412]; 5 female, 2 male, Yuanjiang County, Yunnan Province, China. 23.48°N, 102.94°E, alt. 500 m, 12-V-1957 Liang Qiuzhen [IOZ(E)1045404-1045410]; 1 male, Yuan-jiang County, Yunnan Province, China. 23.38°N, 103.35°E, alt. 540 m, 16-V-1957, Liu Dahua [IOZ(E)1045403]; 2 female, Puer City, Yun-nan Province, China. 22.49°N, 100.97°E, alt. 850 m, 2-V-1957, Zang Lingchao [IOZ(E)1045398-1045399]; 1 male, Nujiang River, Yunnan Province, China. 25.85°N, 98.85°E, alt. 800 m, 11-V-1955, Xue Zifeng [IOZ(E)1045397]; 1 female, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China. 25.69°N, 100.14°E, 30-V-1955, Yang Xinchi [IOZ(E)1045413]; 1 male, Cheli Vil-lage, Yunnan Province, China. 23.09°N, 102.17°E, alt. 580 m, 30-VI-1955, Ou Bingrong [IOZ(E)1045411]; 1 female, Menga Village, Yun-nan Province, China. 22.18°N, 100.33°E, alt. 800 m, 30-X-1958, Wang Shuyong [IOZ(E)1045414]; 1 male, Lashio, Myanmer. 22.94°N, 97.74°E, alt.860 m, 8-VI-2013, Jiang Kaiwen.

DIAGNOSIS

Dimension. Body length (pronotum–elytra): 8.1–12.0 mm; width 4.7–6.0 mm (body size depends on size of host seed).

Color. Integument black, sometimes reddish at apex of anten-nae, vestiture gray and brown, dense, conspicuous, especially on ventral segments (Figs. 15 and 16). Pronotum with 3 gray stripes medially and laterally. Elytra with gray vertical striae, sometimes widened at middle. Hind femur with 2 glabrous spots on dorsum.

Head elongate; frontal carina present. Eyes rather flat, emar-ginate to 2/5 length of eye. Antennal articles: 5–11 pectinate. Pro-notum subtrapezoidal, greatest width at base (W/L = 1.27), sides almost straight (Fig. 15). Metasternal process strongly convex in lat-eral view. Elytra about 1.23 times longer than wide. Last 2 tergites (including pygidium) exposed behind elytra. Last sternite emar-ginate up to base in male, not emarginate in female. Hind femur strongly incrassate; dorsal side of hind femur granulate and with

260 2016 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 99, No. 2

Figs. 9–14. Caryopemon luteonotatus; 9, dorsal view; 10, ventral view; 11, hind femur; 12, median lobe, ventral view; 13, median lobe, lateral view; 14, lateral lobes, ventral view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Li et al.: Seed beetle Caryopemon in China and Myanmar 261

Figs. 15–24. Caryopemon giganteus;15, dorsal view; 16, ventral view; 17, hind femur; 18, lateral lobes, ventral view; 19, setae on the lateral lobe; 20, median lobe, dorsal view; 21, minute denticles in the middle of internal sac, 22; median lobe, lateral view; 23, ovipositor; 24, apex of ovipositor. Scale bars = 1 mm.

262 2016 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 99, No. 2

1 large, sharp spine with 5–7 gradually smaller, blunt denticles fol-lowing (Fig. 17).

Male genitalia . Median lobe elongate (Fig. 20), apex ogival (Fig. 22), bent ventrad; middle of internal sac lined with minute denticles (Fig. 21); lateral lobes fused into gutter-like structure; apex of lat-eral lobes distinctly concave in middle (Fig. 18); apex of gutter-like structure covered with many setae (Fig. 19).

Female genitalia. Ovipositor 2 times longer than wide, weakly sclerotized (Fig. 23). Stylus with 2 short setae (Fig. 24). First pair of baculum elongate almost 2 times longer than 2nd pair (Fig. 23). Apodeme of spiculum gastrale extending to apex of genitalia. Plate

of spiculum gastrale as long as apodeme. Apex of ovipositor with 2 protuberances (Fig. 24). Spermatheca C-shaped (Fig. 8).

DISTRIBUTION

China (Yunnan), Myanmar (Fig. 25), and Nepal.

HOST

Mucuna interrupta Gagnepain, Mucuna macrocarpa Wallich, Mu-cuna sp. (Fig. 26).

Key to Species of Caryopemon in China and Myanmar

1.— Hind femur with 1 large, sharp spine with 5–7 gradually smaller, blunt denticles following; 3 very small spines or no spines before pecten; apex of lateral lobes densely pubescent ...............................................................................21’.— Hind femur with 1 sharp spine with 2 gradually smaller, blunt denticles following; 1 small spine and 2 large spines before pecten; apex of lateral lobes not pubescent ............................................................................. C. luteonotatus

2.— Elytra with gray, brown, and white hairs in hieroglyphic form; apex of lateral lobes distinctly convex in middle ...... C. hieroglyphicus 2’.—

Elytra with only gray vertical striae, sometimes widened in middle; apex of lateral lobes distinctly concave in middle .....C. giganteus

Discussion

The species of Caryopemon can be identified by the combination of characters that are given by Singal (1987) and Borowiec (1987). The ge -nus includes 9 species as follows: C. hieroglyphicus (= C. quadriguttatus = C. centronotatus ), C. luteonotatus , C. signaticollis , C. giganteus (= P . archetypus ), C. cruciger , C. humerosus , C. lhostei , C. abyssinicus , and C. transversovittatus , which are distributed in Cambodia, China, Eritrea, northern Ethiopia, India, Laos, Madagascar, Myanmar, Nepal, Somalia, South Africa, South Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Zaire, and Zimbabwe (Decelle 1981; Singal 1987; Udayagiri & Wadhi 1989; Nils -son & Johnson 1991; Anton 1999, 2010). Unfortunately, the host plants are known for only 2 species and a 3rd is unknown in this study. Abrus precatorius L. (Fabales: Fabaceae) was recorded as a host plant for C.

cruciger and C. lhostei , whereas in this study, Mucuna interrupta Gag-nepain and M. macrocarpa Wallich (Fabales: Fabaceae) are reported for the first time as host plants for Bruchinae. The seeds of Mucuna are usually rather large, usually with a diameter greater than 20 mm.The species of both plant genera, Abrus and Mucuna , are found worldwide in the tropical and subtropical areas only. Probably, that ex-plains why the possibilities of range extension of Caryopemon species are limited because the distribution of individual species may depend on the range of their host plant.

Three of the 9 species were discovered in Yunnan Province, south -western China, and Lashio, northeastern Myanmar. Caryopemon hiero-glyphicus and C. luteonotatus were recorded from the same locality in China at 620 m and 850 m elevation, respectively. The species C. hiero-glyphicus was described based on a single male specimen, which was collected at 2,300 feet (about 700 m) elevation on bushes, whereas

C.

Figs. 25 and 26. Localities and host plant for the herein described Caryopemon species. Fig. 25. Map of southwestern China, illustrating localities for Caryopemon species in China and Myanmar. Caryopemon hieroglyphicus = square, Caryopemon luteonotatus = triangle, Caryopemon giganteus = circles. Fig. 26. Seeds of Mu-cuna sp. (Fabaceae) from Myanmar (Lashio): the middle and right were infested by Caryopemon giganteus . Scale bar = 10 mm.

Li et al.: Seed beetle Caryopemon in China and Myanmar 263

transversovittatus was collected at 330 m elevation. The differences in altitude perhaps are due to the host range of each species. The avail-able distribution data of species of this genus and their host plant dis-tributions supports our assumption that the genus still has many spe-cies to be recorded from many countries in which the host plants are found. With more collecting in the tropical and subtropical countries, it is probable that new species of these seed beetles will be discovered. Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Liu Ning, Ren Li, Wang Zhiliang, and Yao Jian (Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science) for their kind help. We sincerely thank Alex Delobel (Museum national d’histoire naturel-le, Paris) for providing constructive comments and Charles O’Brien for doing the linguistic review before submission. The first author thanks Jiang Kaiwen for presenting specimens. Thanks to Ramon Saucedo for translating the abstract. This research work was supported by the Na-tional Natural Science Foundation of China (31210103909-31172130/ J1210002), and it is part of the first author’s Master’s thesis. References Cited

Anton KW. 1999. Caryopemon transversovittatus n. sp. from Oriental Region (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerinae). Genus (Wroclaw) 10: 395–398.Anton KW. 2010. Bruchinae, pp. 339–353 In L?bl I, Smetana A [eds.], Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Vol. 6: Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark.

Borowiec L. 1987. The genera of seed-beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczn57: 3–207.

Chevrolat A. 1877. Les diagnoses de nouvelles especes des bruchides. Annales de la Société entomologique de France 5: 116.

Decelle J. 1981. Une nouvelle espece africaine de Caryopemon Jekel, 1855 (Co-leoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerinae). Revue de zoologie et botanique afric-aines 95: 727–731.

Jekel H. 1855. Insecta Saundersiana: Coleoptera, Curculionides. Van Voorst, London, United Kingdom.

Nilsson JA, Johnson CD. 1991. Protocaryopemon Borowiec 1987, a synonym of Caryopemon Jekel 1855, and P. archetypus Borowiec 1987, a synonym of C.

giganteus Pic 1909 (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerinae). Coleopterists Bulletin 45: 349.

Pic M. 1898. Description d’un genre nouveaux et de sept coleopteres exotiques.

Bulletin de la Société zoologique de France 23: 173–174.

Pic M. 1909. Divers Coleopteres exotiques nouveaux.Naturaliste Paris 31: 19–34. Pic M. 1924. Notes diverses, descriptions et diagnoses. l’Echange Moulins 39: 29–30.

Singal SK. 1987. Taxonomic studies on the genus Caryopemon Jekel (Coleoptera: Bruchidae: Pachymerinae: Caryopemini). Association for Advancement of Entomology12: 215–218.

Udayagiri S, Wadhi SR. 1989.Catalog of Bruchidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 45: 301 p.

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中国企业对缅甸投资面临的风险及对策

龙源期刊网 https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7810588339.html, 中国企业对缅甸投资面临的风险及对策 作者:孟萍莉吴若楠 来源:《对外经贸实务》2019年第10期 关键词:中国企业; 缅甸; 对外投资 ;风险与对策 缅甸是“丝绸之路经济带”和“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的重要节点,在实现中方倡导的“一带一路”和“孟中印缅经济走廊”建设中发挥着重要作用。2018年9月,中缅双方签署备忘录同意开展“中缅经济走廊建设”。这是中国在“六大经济走廊”后,第二次与单个国家建立的经济走廊,标志着“一带一路”框架下中缅合作的深化、具体化。受此影响,中缅两国投资增长迅速,铁路、公路和电力互联互通以及其他基础设施项目合作正在稳步推进。然而,当前缅甸国内的投资环境并不完善,还存在着政治法律风险、金融风险、劳工问题等风险。在此背景下,本文重点研究:如何规避在缅投资的风险,加快推进中缅经济走廊建设。 (一)投资规模 1988年之前,缅政府推行闭关锁国,外资的流入被禁止。1988年,缅甸军政府执政后,颁布《外商直接投资法》吸引外资,外国资本开始进入缅甸。1989至2006年期间,中国是缅甸的第六大直接投资来源地;2006年后中国企业对缅直接投资开始稳步增长,2008年中国企业对缅直接投资流量为2.33亿美元,存量为4.99亿美元,成为缅甸的最大直接投资来源地;2010年中国企业对缅直接投资达到近十年来的最高值。2010年开始,随着缅甸的营商环境不断改善,以美国为首的发达国家不断加大对缅甸的投资力度,中国企业对缅直接投资受发达国家投资挤压有所减少,由2010年的8.76亿美元下降到2011年的2.19亿美元。2012年开始,该状况有所缓解,但中国企业对缅直接投资仍呈下降趋势。 一带一路倡议提出后,中缅经贸合作方式增多,如合作经营、工程承包、经济援助等,而直接投资相对减少。总体来看,虽然中国企业对缅直接投资流量的波动幅度较大,但是存量稳步增长。到2017年底,中国企业对缅直接投资存量达到55.25亿美元,占缅甸吸引外资存 量的19.8%,排名第一,这还不包括港澳注册的中国大陆企业对缅的投资额。 (二)投资领域 受缅甸外交动态和引资政策的影响,中国企业在缅甸的投资呈现阶段性差异。1989-1998年,中国企业对缅的投资以贸易导向型为主,集中于木材、玉石和农产品等缅对中国出口的领

中国企业在缅甸投资、贸易、承包工程注意事项

一、投资方面 1. 中国投资者到缅甸投资兴业应注意以下事项 (1)缅政府为促进本国经济发展,鼓励外国人来缅投资兴业,于1988年颁布实施了《缅甸联邦外国投资法》以及实施细则。但缅甸政府对引进外资仍持保守谨慎态度。中国投资者来缅投资前应先熟悉缅甸的法律法规及相关政策,避免盲目投资,遭受损失。 (2)部分外国投资者为避开政策限制,借用缅甸人身份在缅开展投资经营活动。由于此类外国投资不受缅甸法律保护,因合作失败或缅外合作方利益纠纷而致外国投资者蒙受损失的现象时有发生。中国投资者对此应格外注意。 (3)长期以来,缅中央政府和部分少数民族组织之间的关系十分微妙。中国投资者应尽可能避免擅自同缅地方政府以及在少数民族控制区进行投资合作,此类合作一旦有意外事件发生,两国政府将难以及时有效介入。 (4)由于缅甸投资政策模糊,基础设施薄弱,不可预见因素较多,在缅甸投资面临较大困难。 2. 客观评估投资环境 中国和缅甸既是近邻,又有着传统的友谊,双方在经济上有着很强的互补性。在缅甸开展投资合作主要面临三大难点: (1)缅甸政策法规有待完善,政策稳定性不足,给投资者带来许多不确定性。 (2)缅甸基础设施落后。由于缅甸工业发展水平较低,交通、通讯等基础设施较为落后,电力供应不足,燃料短缺,给外资带来诸多不利因素。 (3)缅甸双重汇率相差悬殊,对外国投资者利益造成影响。 3. 企业注册的充分准备

(1)办理投资许可证。 (2)签署合同。 (3 注册公司。 4. 充分核算税赋成本 二、贸易方面 目前缅甸的对外贸易多以美元或欧元通过银行信用证结算,但受美国等西方国家的制裁,缅甸无法直接与中国银行(601988,股吧)间开展信用证结算,要通过设在新加坡或香港等第三地的公司。中缅两国银行已就中缅边境贸易中以人民币结算问题进行了多次商谈。 总体看,缅甸银行结算体系、汇率制度等有待进一步完善。无论是在缅局势平稳还是动乱时期,对缅贸易以及结汇问题均存在风险,需谨慎为之。 三、承包工程方面 1. 充分发掘市场潜力 近年来,缅甸政府努力推行市场导向的经济改革,在坚持继续抓好农业发展的基础上,大力发展基础工业,兴修水利工程,加大交通设施建设投入,合理开采石油矿产资源,经济社会发展有了较大起色,也给承包工程的市场带来了巨大商机。 2. 建立良好合作关系 与缅甸政府部门以及当地有实力、有影响的企业建立良好的合作与互信关系,不仅可以帮助企业更加有效的开拓市场,而且在实施工程项目建设任务的过程中,更有可能获得对方的支持与配合,使企业在缅甸承包工程市场上能够做到游刃有余。 3. 避免恶性竞争

中缅经贸合作的现状与未来展望

中缅经贸合作的现状与未来展望 徐长文 中国与缅甸是好近邻、好伙伴。两国经济上互补性强,经贸合作持续发展。特别是近十年,经贸合作步伐加快,贸易额已从2004年的11.5亿美元,增至2013年的101.5亿美元,年均增长26.4%。自2011年起,中国已经超过泰国,成为缅甸的第一大贸易伙伴国。 表1、近十年中国与缅甸贸易发展 年进出口总额出口进口差额 金额增长 2004 11.5 6.1 9.4 2.1 7.3 2006 14.6 20.7 12.1 2.5 9.6 2008 26.3 27.7 19.8 6.5 13.3 2010 44.4 53.2 34.8 9.6 25.2 2012 69.7 7.2 56.7 13.0 43.7 2013 101.5 45.6 73.4 28.1 45.3 14(1--6)84.3 92.6 46.2 38.1 8.1 资料来源:中国《海关统计》各年 1、中缅经贸合作快速发展 中缅两国经济互补性强。近十年来,中国对缅主要出口的产品是缅经济发展所需的工业制成品,如机电产品、纺织原料及制品、贱金属及制品、车辆及部件、化工品等五大类产品,占对缅出口总额的80%左右。 中国从缅进口的产品也是缅的出口优势,主要是木及木制品、植物产品、矿产品、塑料制品和水产品等五大产品,占从缅进口总额的80%以上。2010年开始,中国从缅甸进口的珠宝、贵金属及制品明显增加,成为中国从缅进口的第一大产品。

中国也是对缅投资最多的国家。自1989年缅甸宣布引进外资以来,截止2013年10月末,缅从中国引进外资总额达141.9亿美元,是对缅投资最多的国家,占缅引进外资总额的32.2%。 表2、截止2013年10月末对缅投资最多的10个国家及地区 (单位:100万美元) 位次国家及地区 1989--2013年10月末 比重 % 投资项目投资金额 1 中国51 14,193.40 32.33 2 泰国69 9,984.01 22.74 3 香港61 6,458.98 14.75 4 英国62 3,055.52 6.96 5 韩国84 3,044.68 6.94 6 新加坡96 2,584.20 5.89 7 马来西亚46 1,625.86 3.70 8 越南 6 511.19 1.16 9 法国 3 474.36 1.08 10 日本40 292.42 0.67 资料来源:日本JETRO2013年12月《缅甸的投资环境及日系企业投资动向》 中缅经贸合作步伐加快的原因:一是,两国经济增长快速,新世纪以来的10多年,中国经济年均增长在9%左右,也是世界上经济增长最快的国家。新世纪以来,缅甸经济也持续增长,至2007年经济年均增长在12%以上。2008年利曼危机对缅经济也受到冲击,但是很快又恢复到5~6%以上。两国经济的持续快速增长,不仅为各自的出口提供了丰富的货源,也为扩大进口提供了广阔的市场空间,促进了两国经贸合作的快速发展。二是,1997年后,以美国为首的发达国家以缅甸违反人权为借口,发动包括禁止新投资在内的经济制裁,致使缅引进投资举步维艰。而中国一贯坚持不干涉他国内政、尊重各国自主选择的发展道路,推动与缅贸易、投资等各领域的合作。所以,中国不仅已成为缅最大贸易伙伴,也是最大的投资伙伴。 2、中缅经贸合作中面临的主要问题

中国和缅甸的关系

中国和缅甸的利害关系 红五角星处为科科群岛。该岛也北距中国只有1200公里,东南距马六甲海峡只有数百公里战略地位十分重要。中国建的长波雷达站就在此,对面就是印度阿三。 缅甸联邦外交部长吴年温29日在联大一般性辩论中发言时强调,西方国家对缅甸实施的单方面制裁是没有根据、不公平和不道德的,也违反了国际法。 事实上,美国和欧盟近年来一直以民主问题为由不断加紧对缅甸政府的制裁,缅甸军政府在国际上日益孤立,经济更遭受严重损失。从而迫使军政府更寻求得到中国的支持。 考虑到中国在解决国际问题上的成就,对于缅甸局势,国际社会同样希望中国发挥其应有的影响力!

中国的态度为何成为各方的焦点呢?中国在缅甸有什么利益? 从基建项目上说 自从中国与缅甸在1950年建交以来,北京除了向缅甸提供了大量的无息和低息贷款外,兴建很多基础建设包括十几座水电站。 中国最大金矿企业之一的紫金矿业集团股份有限公司和其它公司也计划大规模投资缅甸,开展采矿业务。 由于缅甸缺乏受过教育的专业人才,工程项目的主要技术人员和管理层由中国派出。 据统计,在过去10年间,至少有26家中国企业在缅甸参与了62项大型项目。 从能源战略上说 中国石油天然气集团公司和中国海洋石油总公司等中国石油巨头在缅甸都拥有勘探项目。 大型项目包括:兴建从云南通往缅甸西南的印度洋海岸的石油及天然气输送管道。 这条输油管长达2380公里,将能够协助中国把从中东和非洲进口的燃油直接输送到中国境内,免去了绕道马六甲海峡的麻烦。

虽然缅甸目前还没有出口天然气到中国,但是对于迫切寻找能源的中国来说,缅甸无疑是一个便捷而且相对可靠的来源。 从经贸利益上说 由于军政府长期受到西方的经济制裁,中国成为缅甸其中一个最重要的贸易伙伴。 数据显示,今年首七个月中国对缅甸的出口额增加了50%,总值达到9.64亿美元。其中,军火贸易占很大比重。而今年一月到七月,中国从缅甸的总进口量则为1.46亿美元。 与其它东南亚国家一样,缅甸也居住了大量的华人,他们很多都从事贸易。由于经营有方等因素,华人一般经济条件都不错,属于当地的中产阶级。 然而,缅甸政局的每次动荡都会严重影响那些从事贸易的华商,对华人造成巨大的财产的损失也难以估计。 中国因素 同苏丹、朝鲜一样,缅甸也是在世界受到孤立、但是又与中国保持密切关系的国家。 从地缘政治、经济贸易等角度考虑,中国和缅甸发展关系都符合各自的国家利益。

一个中国雇佣兵在缅甸的真实经历

一个中国雇佣兵在缅甸的真实经历 0 && image.height>0){if(image.width>=700){this.width=700;this.hei ght=image.height*700/image.width;}}" height="398"> 尽管当时我顺利入伍,但这并不等于真的入伙时间已过去了一年,一切看来还没能回到正轨。我(本文口述者曾在缅北当雇佣兵)有时会恍惚,对现代社会有些陌生,就像一滴油,再不能融入过往的生活的水中。但每当到夜深人静,我常常会梦回缅北老林,想起五年的雇佣兵经历,想起那里发生的一切。 缅北人称中国人为“达号”,达是尊称,号指汉人。在缅北,达号非常多,但大部分属引浆卖车者流,不直接跟军队,毒品接触。像我们这样的,真不多见。 2009年12月29日,我几经周折,抵达位于缅甸某帮首府的某帮连合军总部所在地,成了某帮联合军4某某旅的一名普通战士。在缅北诸多地方武装中,某帮军的实力算是不错的,北部有4个旅,中央炮团以及总部的各个直属单位,南部有5个旅。

尽管当时我顺利入伍,但这并不等于真的入伙,某联合军给我发了两套军装,安排完吃饭和睡觉的地方后就不理睬了。我后来才明白,这是某帮军考察雇佣兵的惯例,某帮军一般对外来新兵有所防备,所以先对他们“放羊”一段时间,只要不外出,没人管你。据我观察,以往大多懵懂无知的外来青年来到缅北,部分是冲着当雇佣兵的神秘色彩而来,以为这里可以恣意享乐,顺便发财,但来了之后,90%的人呆不了一个月就跑了。 缅北武装的基层和防守阵地没有土木建筑的固定营房,房子是用竹子和茅草盖的,几个人或十几个人住在一块,除了能遮点雨,其他条件谈不上,电视也没有,只能偶尔听听收音机,夜里除了头顶上的月亮和星斗,手电筒成了唯一的光源。我刚入伍时(2010年),某帮军一律每月发40斤大米和50元人民币,扣除菜钱20元,实发30元,到了第二年,每月涨到150元,扣除菜钱50元,实发100元。 这与网上流传的“缅北雇佣兵每天500元”的说法大相径庭。实际上,缅北雇佣兵的待遇远不如当地赌场的保安,在某邦首府,一般工资水平是每月500-700元人民币,劳动强度大的工作,如在建筑工地,月薪1000元左右,而在赌场里做保镖,月薪可达2000元。

中国对缅甸投资风险中的非政府组织(NGO)因素分析

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