ASTM A 967
Designation:A967–05
Standard Speci?cation for
Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts1 This standard is issued under the?xed designation A967;the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or,in the case of revision,the year of last revision.A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon(e)indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1.Scope*
1.1This speci?cation covers several different types of chemical passivation treatments for stainless steel parts.It includes recommendations and precautions for descaling, cleaning,and passivation of stainless steel parts.It includes several alternative tests,with acceptance criteria,for con?rma-tion of effectiveness of such treatments for stainless steel parts.
1.2Practices for the mechanical and chemical treatments of stainless steel surfaces are discussed more thoroughly in Practice A380.
1.3Several alternative chemical treatments are de?ned for passivation of stainless steel parts.Appendix X1gives some nonmandatory information and provides some general guide-lines regarding the selection of passivation treatment appropri-ate to particular grades of stainless steel.It makes no recom-mendations regarding the suitability of any grade,treatment,or acceptance criteria for any particular application or class of applications.
1.4The tests in this speci?cation are intended to con?rm the effectiveness of passivation,particularly with regard to the removal of free iron and other exogenous matter.These tests include the following practices:
1.4.1Practice A—Water Immersion Test,
1.4.2Practice B—High Humidity Test,
1.4.3Practice C—Salt Spray Test,
1.4.4Practice D—Copper Sulfate Test,
1.4.5Practice E—Potassium Ferricyanide–Nitric Acid Test, and
1.4.6Practice F—Free Iron Test.
1.5The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portions,Sections14through18of this speci?ca-tion:This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,if any,associated with its use.It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.Referenced Documents
2.1ASTM Standards:2
A380Practice for Cleaning,Descaling,and Depassivation of Stainless Steel Parts,Equipment,and Systems
B117Practice for Operating Salt Spray(Fog)Apparatus B254Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating on Stainless Steel
2.2Federal Speci?cation:3
QQ-P-35C Passivation Treatments for Corrosion-Resistant Steels
3.Terminology
3.1De?nition of Term Speci?c to This Standard—It is necessary to de?ne which of the several commonly used de?nitions of the term passivation will be used in this speci?cation.(See Discussion.)
3.1.1Discussion—Stainless steels are autopassivating in the sense that the protective passive?lm is formed spontaneously on exposure to air or moisture.The presence of exogenous surface contamination,including dirt,grease,free iron from contact with steel tooling,and so forth,may interfere with the formation of the passive?lm.The cleaning of these contami-nants from the stainless steel surface will facilitate the spon-taneous passivation by allowing the oxygen uniform access to the surface.The passive?lm may be augmented by chemical treatments that provide an oxidizing environment for the stainless steel surface.
3.1.1.1In this speci?cation,passivation,unless otherwise speci?ed,is de?ned as the chemical treatment of a stainless steel with a mild oxidant,such as a nitric acid solution,for the purpose of the removal of free iron or other foreign matter,but which is generally not effective in removal of heat tint or oxide scale on stainless steel.In the case of stainless steels with additions of sulfur for the purpose of improved machinability,
1This speci?cation is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.14on Methods of Corrosion Testing.
Current edition approved Sept.1,2005.Published September2005.Originally approved https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,st previous edition approved in2001as A967–01e1.
2For referenced ASTM standards,visit the ASTM website,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,,or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information,refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3Available from Superintendent of Documents,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,ernment Printing Office,Washington,DC20402.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard. Copyright?ASTM International,100Barr Harbor Drive,PO Box C700,West Conshohocken,PA19428-2959,United States.--` , , , , , , , , ` ` , ` ` ` ` , ` ` , ` , ` ` , , , ` , ` ` ` ` ` , , ` ` , , ` ` ` ` ` ` ` , , , , -` -` , , ` , , ` , ` , , ` ---
passivation may also include the removal of sul?des from the surface of the metal for the purpose of maximizing corrosion resistance.
3.1.1.2The formation of the protective passive?lm on a stainless steel,also called passivation in a more general context,will occur spontaneously in air or other oxygen-containing environment when the stainless steel surface is free of oxide scale and exogenous matter.
3.1.1.3Chemical treatments,such as sodium dichromate solutions,may facilitate the more rapid formation of the passive?lm on a stainless steel surface already free of scale or foreign matter.Such treatments,also sometimes called passi-vation in common usage,are designated as post-cleaning treatments in this speci?cation in order to distinguish them from chemical treatments capable of removing free iron from stainless steels.
3.1.1.4The chemical treatments capable of removing heat tint or oxide scale from stainless steel and capable of dissolving the stainless steel itself,typically called pickling,are substan-tially more aggressive than treatments used for passivation,as de?ned in3.1.1.1.The surface of stainless steel that has been pickled is free of scale,free iron,and exogenous foreign matter,and does not require a separate treatment for passiva-tion as de?ned in3.1.1.1.The passivation process de?ned in 3.1.1.2will occur without further chemical treatment but may be augmented and improved by the post-cleaning treatments de?ned in3.1.1.3.
3.1.1.5Electrochemical treatments,including electropick-ling and electropolishing capable of removing heat tint or oxide scale from stainless steel and capable of dissolving the stainless steel itself,are substantially more aggressive than treatments used for passivation,as de?ned in3.1.1.1.The surface of stainless steel resulting from these treatments is free of scale, free iron,and exogenous foreign matter,and does not require a separate treatment for passivation as de?ned in3.1.1.1.The passivation process de?ned in 3.1.1.2will occur without further chemical treatment,but may be augmented and im-proved by the post-cleaning treatments de?ned in 3.1.1.3. Statements regarding chemical treatments,unless otherwise speci?ed,are taken to include electrochemical treatments.
4.Ordering Information
4.1It is the responsibility of the purchaser to specify a test practice appropriate to any particular material and application. This speci?cation was written for the purpose of providing an alternative to United States Federal Speci?cation QQ-P-35C. Determination of the suitability of this speci?cation for that purpose is the responsibility of the purchaser.
4.2Unless speci?ed by the purchaser,the chemical treat-ment applied to the stainless steel parts shall be selected by the seller from among the listed passivation treatments.
5.Materials and Preparation for Passivation Treatments 5.1The passivation treatments shall be of one or more of the following types.The effectiveness of a particular treatment for a particular grade of stainless steel in a particular application is demonstrated by meeting the speci?ed testing requirements: 5.1.1Treatments in nitric acid,
5.1.2Treatments in citric acid,
5.1.3Other chemical treatments,including electrochemical treatments,
5.1.4Neutralization,and
5.1.5Post-cleaning treatments.
5.2Materials:
5.2.1The chemicals used for passivation treatments shall produce passivated surfaces that meet the requirements of one or more of the tests of this speci?cation.Attention shall be given to maintaining adequate volume,concentration,purity, and temperature control appropriate to the size and amount of stainless steel to be treated.
5.2.2The processor shall maintain a record with regard to concentration and temperature of the passivation solution sufficient to demonstrate that the speci?ed passivation condi-tions were maintained for each lot of stainless steel parts processed.Such records shall be available for inspection when speci?ed in the purchase order.The processor is not required to reveal the precise composition of proprietary chemical mix-tures but shall maintain a unique identi?cation of the mixture that will ensure its accurate representation for subsequent use.
5.2.3The processor shall be responsible for the safe dis-posal of all material generated by this process.
5.3Preparation for Passivation Treatments:
5.3.1The pretreatment methods and procedures used prior to the passivation treatment,including mechanical and chemi-cal methods,singly or in combination,for descaling and pickling,shall be in accordance with Practice A380.When electrochemical cleaning is required,it shall be performed in accordance with Practice B254.
5.3.2The resulting pretreated surface shall be substantially free of oil,grease,rust,scale,and other foreign matter.
5.3.3When the?nal pretreatment of a part includes pickling of the entire surface of the part,no further passivation treatment is required prior to testing of the surface unless speci?ed by the purchaser.
6.Treatments in Nitric Acid Solutions
6.1Passivation Treatment:
6.1.1Stainless steel parts shall be treated in one of the following aqueous solutions and maintained within the speci-?ed temperature range for the speci?ed time.
6.1.1.1Nitric1—The solution shall contain20to25volume percent of nitric acid and2.5+0.5weight percent of sodium dichromate.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of20 min at a temperature in the range from120to130°F(49to 54°C).
6.1.1.2Nitric2—The solution shall contain20to45volume percent of nitric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of30min at a temperature in the range from70to 90°F(21to32°C).
6.1.1.3Nitric3—The solution shall contain20to25volume percent nitric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of20min at a temperature in the range from120to140°F(49 to60°C).
6.1.1.4Nitric4—The solution shall contain45to55volume percent of nitric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of30min at a temperature in the range from120to 130°F(49to
54°C). --`,,,,,,,,``,````,``,`,``,,,`,`````,,``,,```````,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
6.1.1.5Nitric5—Other combinations of temperature,time, and concentration of nitric acid,with or without other chemi-cals,including accelerants,inhibitors,or proprietary solutions, capable of producing parts that pass the speci?ed test require-ments.
6.2Water Rinse—Immediately after removal from the pas-sivating solution the parts shall be thoroughly rinsed,using stagnant,countercurrent,or spray washes singly or in combi-nation,with or without a separate chemical treatment for neutralization(see9.1)of the passivation media,with a?nal rinse being carried out using water with a maximum total solids content of200ppm.
7.Treatments in Citric Acid
7.1Passivation Treatment:
7.1.1Stainless steel parts shall be treated in one of the following aqueous solutions and maintained within the speci-?ed temperature range for the speci?ed time.
7.1.1.1Citric1—The solution shall contain4to10weight percent of citric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of4min at a temperature in the range from140to 160°F(60to71°C).
7.1.1.2Citric2—The solution shall contain4to10weight percent of citric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of10min at a temperature in the range from120to 140°F(49to60°C).
7.1.1.3Citric3—The solution shall contain4to10weight percent of citric acid.The parts shall be immersed for a minimum of20min at a temperature in the range from70to 120°F(21to49°C).
7.1.1.4Citric4—Other combinations of temperature,time, and concentration of citric acid,with or without other chemi-cals to enhance cleaning,including accelerants,inhibitors,or proprietary solutions capable of producing parts that pass the speci?ed test requirements.
7.1.1.5Citric5—Other combinations of temperature,time, and concentrations of citric acid,with or without other chemi-cals to enhance cleaning,including accelerants,inhibitors,or proprietary solutions capable of producing parts that pass the speci?ed test requirements.Immersion bath to be controlled at
a pH of1.8–2.2.
7.2Water Rinse—Immediately after removal from the pas-sivating solution,the parts shall be thoroughly rinsed,using stagnant,countercurrent,or spray washes,singly or in combi-nation,with or without a separate chemical treatment for neutralization of the passivation media(see9.2),with a?nal rinse being carried out using water with a maximum total solids content of200ppm.
8.Treatments in Other Chemical Solutions,Including
Electrochemical Treatments
8.1It is recognized that the purpose of removal of all exogenous matter from a stainless steel surface,including the removal of free iron,can be accomplished by different media, with potential for bene?ts to be gained from use of proprietary skills and art,including proprietary passivation media.Such treatments may include externally applying an electrical po-tential on the stainless steel parts,as in the case of electropol-ishing.The suitability of such passivation treatments for use in meeting the requirements of this speci?cation shall be deter-mined by the capability of the processed parts meeting the speci?ed test requirements.
8.2Stainless steel parts shall be treated in a speci?ed aqueous solution,with or without externally applied electrical potential,and maintained within a speci?ed temperature range for a time sufficient for the processed parts to meet the speci?ed test requirement.
8.3Water Rinse—Immediately after removal from the pas-sivating solution,the parts shall be thoroughly rinsed,using stagnant,countercurrent,or spray washes,singly or in combi-nation,with or without a separate chemical treatment for neutralization of the passivation media(see9.2),with a?nal rinse being carried out using water with a maximum total solids content of200ppm.
9.Neutralization
9.1The chemical reactions of the passivating media on the surface of the stainless steel shall be stopped by rinsing of the stainless steel part,with or without a separate neutralization treatment.
9.2The suitability of a neutralization procedure is deter-mined by the capability of the processed parts meeting the speci?ed test requirements(see Note1).
N OTE1—The selection of medium and procedures for a neutralization depends of the chemistry of the passivation and on economic consider-ations.An example of a neutralizing treatment would be immersion of the part for a minimum of30min in a solution of5%NaOH at160to180°F (71to82°C),followed by a water rinse.
10.Post-Cleaning Treatments
10.1Although the passive?lm characteristic of stainless steel will form spontaneously in air or any other oxygen-containing environment,the processor shall,when speci?ed, apply a chemical treatment that will accelerate the formation of the passive?lm on a chemically clean stainless steel surface. An example of a medium that serves to accelerate the forma-tion of the passive?lm but does not contribute to the removal of free iron from the stainless steel surface would be an aqueous solution of sodium dichromate.
10.2When speci?ed,within one hour after the?nal water rinse as required in6.2,7.2,or8.3,all ferritic and martensitic steel parts shall be immersed in an aqueous solution containing 4to6weight percent of sodium dichromate at a temperature in the range from140to160°F(60to71°C)for a minimum of30 min,followed by a rinse in accordance with6.2,7.2,or8.3. The parts shall then be thoroughly dried.
10.3The purchaser may specify other post-cleaning treat-ments.
11.Finish
11.1The passivated parts shall exhibit a chemically clean surface and shall,on visual inspection,show no etching, pitting,or frosting resulting from the passivation procedures.
12.Testing Agency
12.1When required,the purchaser shall be permitted to perform such inspections as necessary to determine that the testing agency is capable of performing the speci?ed
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13.Lot,Frequency of Testing,and Selection of Test
13.1De?nition of Lot—A lot shall consist of one of the following,at the option of the processor:
13.1.1The passivated parts of similar alloy and manufac-turing methods that are pretreated and passivated in a single day or within a time frame that will ensure consistent passiva-tion results;
13.1.2The passivated parts of the same product of one size from one heat in one shipment;or
13.1.3When few parts are involved,the passivated parts from an entire production run.
13.2Unless a greater frequency of testing is speci?ed on the purchase order,one test per lot shall be sufficient.
13.3One or more of the following tests,when speci?ed on the purchase order,shall be performed on each lot of stainless steel parts.Not all of the following tests are suitable for all grades of stainless steel.(See Note2.)
13.3.1Practice A—Water Immersion Test,
13.3.2Practice B—High Humidity Test,
13.3.3Practice C—Salt Spray Test,
13.3.4Practice D—Copper Sulfate Test,and
13.3.5Practice E—Potassium Ferricyanide–Nitric Acid Test.
N OTE2—Some of the tests may produce positive indications not associated with the presence of free iron on the stainless steel surface.An example would be application of Practice C on some lesser-alloyed martensitic or ferritic stainless steels.
14.Practice A—Water Immersion Test
14.1This test is used for the detection of free iron or any other anodic surface contaminants on stainless steel.
14.2The sample representing the lot of passivated parts shall be alternately immersed in a non-rusting tank of distilled water for1h and allowed to dry in air for1h.This cycle shall be repeated a minimum of twelve times.
14.3The tested sample shall not exhibit rust or staining attributable to the presence of free iron particles embedded in the surface.
15.Practice B—High Humidity Test
15.1This test is used for the detection of free iron or any other anodic surface contaminants on stainless steel.
15.2The test shall be performed using a humidity cabinet capable of maintaining the speci?ed test conditions.
15.3The sample representing the lot of passivated parts shall be cleaned by immersion in acetone or methyl alcohol or by swabbing with a clean gauze saturated with acetone or methyl alcohol,and dried in an inert atmosphere or desiccated container.The cleaned and dried part shall be subjected to97 63%humidity at10065°F(3863°C)for a minimum of 24h.
15.4The tested sample shall not exhibit rust or staining attributable to the presence of free iron particles imbedded in the surface.
16.Practice C—Salt Spray Test
16.1This test is used for the detection of free iron or any other anodic surface contaminants on stainless steel.
16.2The sample representing the lot of passivated parts shall be tested by the salt spray test conducted in accordance with Practice B117for a minimum of2h using a5%salt solution.
16.3The tested sample shall not exhibit rust or staining attributable to the presence of free iron particles imbedded in the surface.
17.Practice D—Copper Sulfate Test
17.1This test is recommended for the detection of free iron on the surface of austenitic stainless steels in the200and300 series,precipitation hardened stainless steels,and ferritic400 series stainless steels having a minimum of16%chromium. This test is not recommended for martensitic400series stainless steels or for ferritic400series stainless steels with less than16%chromium because these steels will give a positive indication irrespective of the presence or absence of anodic surface contaminants.This test shall not be applied to parts to be used in food processing.
17.2The test solution is prepared by dissolving4g of copper sulfate pentahydrate(CuSO4·5H2O)in250mL of distilled water to which1mL of sulfuric acid(H2SO4,sp gr 1.84)has been added.
17.3The test solution is swabbed on the surface of the sample representing the lot of passivated parts,applying additional solution as needed to keep the surface wet for a period of at least6min.At the end of this period,the surface shall be carefully rinsed and dried with care taken not to disturb copper deposits if present.
17.4The tested sample shall not exhibit copper deposits.
18.Practice E—Potassium Ferricyanide–Nitric Acid Test 18.1This test is recommended when detection of very small amounts of free iron is required.It is recommended for detection of free iron on austenitic200and300series stainless steels.This test is not recommended for detection of free iron on ferritic or martensitic400series stainless steels,because these steels will give a positive indication irrespective of the presence or absence of anodic surface contaminants.This test shall not be applied to parts to be used in food processing.
18.2The test solution is prepared by adding10g of chemically pure potassium ferricyanide to500mL of distilled water,adding30mL of70%nitric acid,agitating until all of the ferricyanide is dissolved,and diluting to1000mL with distilled water.The test solution shall be mixed fresh on the day of the test.
18.3The test solution is swabbed on the surface of the sample representing the lot of passivated parts.The formation of a dark blue color within30s denotes the presence of metallic iron.
18.4The tested sample shall not exhibit the dark blue color indicative of free iron on the surface.
18.5When the test is negative,the surface shall be thor-oughly washed with warm water to removal all traces of the test solution.When the test is positive,the dark blue stain shall be removed with a solution of10%acetic acid and8%oxalic acid,followed by a thorough hot water
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19.Practice F—Free Iron Test
19.1This test is used for the detection of free iron on the surface of stainless steel.It is especially useful for large parts that have been uniformly cleaned but that are inconvenient for reasons of size of equipment or ease of handling of the part to place in the environments de?ned in Practice A(Section14)or Practice B(Section15).Unless otherwise speci?ed by the purchaser,the number of tests and the locations of the tests shall be at the option of the processor to assure a representative testing of the part.
19.2The test is performed by placing a clean cloth pad that has been thoroughly soaked with distilled or deminaralized water on the surface of the part at a part temperature of50°F (10°C)or greater for a period of not less than60minutes.The cloth shall be in contact with the steel for an area of at least20 square inches(130cm2).The pad shall be maintained wet through the test period,either by a method of retarding external evaporation,by the further addition of potable water,or by backing the pad with a sponge or similar water source.The cloth pad used shall be used for only one such test,being changed for each test so as to avoid risk of contamination. After removal of the cloth pad,the surface of the part shall be allowed to dry in air before inspection.
19.3The tested part shall not exhibit rust or staining attributable to the presence of free iron particles embedded in the surface.20.Rejection and Retest
20.1Any lot failing to meet the speci?ed test requirements of the purchase order shall be rejected.A rejected lot may,at the option of the processor,be re-passivated,with or without re-pretreatment,and then be retested.The number of samples tested from a lot subject to retest shall be twice the original speci?ed test frequency,to the limit of the number of pieces in the lot.All samples must pass the speci?ed acceptance criterion for the speci?ed test for the retested lot to be accepted.
21.Precision and Bias
21.1No statement is made concerning either the precision or bias of Practices A,B,C,D,and E because the results state merely whether there is conformance to the criteria for success speci?ed in the procedure.
22.Certi?cation
22.1When speci?ed in the purchase order,a report of the practice and tests used,including the record of process condi-tions when speci?ed in accordance with 3.1.1.2,shall be supplied to the purchaser.
23.Keywords
23.1cleaning of stainless steel;descaling;passivation;tests for cleanliness of stainless steels;
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,RMATION REGARDING PASSIV ATION TREATMENTS
N OTE X1.1—The following information is based on a section of Federal Speci?cation QQ-P-35C(Oct.28,1988)identi?ed as information of a general or explanatory nature that may be helpful,but is not mandatory. Minor changes have been made in the text to facilitate references to the main document and to correct technical inaccuracies.
X1.1Intended Use—The passivation treatments provided by this speci?cation are intended to improve the corrosion resistance of parts made from stainless steels of all types.
X1.1.1During processing operations such as forming,ma-chining,tumbling,and lapping,iron particles or other foreign particles may become smeared over or imbedded into the surface of stainless steel parts.These particles must be re-moved or they will appear as rust or stain spots.This condition may be prevented by chemically treating the parts to remove the iron particles or other foreign particles,and then allowing the passive?lm to form on the cleaned surface,with or without chemical enhancement of the formation of this oxide?lm.
X1.1.2This speci?cation is not intended for the black oxide coating of parts typically used for photographic or optical instruments.
X1.2Ordering Data—Purchasers should select the pre-ferred options permitted by this speci?cation and include the following information in the purchase order:
X1.2.1Title,number,and date of this speci?cation;
X1.2.2Identi?cation of material by type and applicable product speci?cation;
X1.2.3Test practices to be imposed(see1.4);
X1.2.4De?nition of lot size,if other than described in this speci?cation;and
X1.2.5Required documentation,if other than the minimum required by this speci?cation.
X1.3Grades of Stainless Steel—Different types of stainless steel are selected on a basis of properties required,for example, corrosion resistance and design criteria,and fabrication re-quirements.Table X1.1is a compilation that serves as a guide for the selection of passivation treatment for different grades, but is far from complete either in grades or in passivation treatments.
X1.4Clean Water—Clean water is de?ned as water con-taining a maximum total solid content of200ppm.Rinsing can be accomplished by a combination of stagnant,countercurrent or spray rinses,or both,prior to?nal rinse.
X1.5Chemically Clean Surface—A chemically clean sur-face is de?ned as a surface upon which water,when applied momentarily to the surface,will remain on that surface in
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even,continuous ?lm,and in addition is free of any foreign material or residual ?lm deposit which would be detrimental to the quality of the part.
X1.6Test Specimens —When using test specimens instead of parts,the specimens can effectively represent the parts only if they have been exposed to the same processing steps,such as machining,grinding,heat treating,welding,and so forth,as the parts they are to represent.
X1.7Carburized Surfaces —Stainless steel parts with car-burized surfaces cannot be passivated because the carbon combines with the chromium forming chromium carbides on the surface.
X1.8Nitrided Surfaces —Stainless steel parts with nitrided surfaces should not be passivated because the treatment will
severely corrode the nitrided case.
X1.9This speci?cation provides for the same passivation treatments as Fed.Spec.QQ-P-35C ,but also includes a number of alternative passivation treatments.The effectiveness of any passivation treatment is demonstrated by the parts meeting the speci?ed testing requirements after treatment.X1.10Martensitic Grade 440C —High-strength grades such as 440C are subject to hydrogen embrittlement or intergranular attack when exposed to acids.Cleaning by mechanical methods or other chemical methods is recom-mended.
X1.11The salt spray test is typically used to evaluate austenitic stainless steels and may not be applicable to all martensitic or ferritic stainless
steels.
FIG.X1.1Recommended Nitric Acid Passivation Treatments for Different Grades of Stainless
Steel
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee A01has identi?ed the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue, A967–01e1,that may impact the use of this standard.(Approved Sept.1,2005.)
(1)Revised Section1.3.
(2)Deleted requirement on age of copper sulfate solution in
Section17.2.
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(完整版)国家4A5A级旅游景区评定标准
国家4A级旅游景区评定标准 1旅游交通 a)可进入性良好交通设施完善，进出便捷或具有级公路或高等级航道航线直达；或具有旅游线交通工具 b)有景观环境相协调的用停车场或船舶码头管理完善，布局合理，容量能满足游客接待量要求场地平整坚实或水域畅通标志规范醒目 c)区内游览（参观）路线或航道布局合理顺畅，观赏面大路面有特色，或航道水质良好 d)区内使用低排放的交通工具，或鼓励使用清洁能源的交通工具 2游览 a)游客中心位置合理，规模适度，设施齐全，功能完善咨询服务人员配备齐全，务熟练，服务热情 b)各种引导标识（包括导游全景图导览图标识牌景物介绍牌等）造型有特色，景观环境相协调标识牌和景物介绍牌设置合理 c)公众信息资料（如研究论著科普读物综合画册音像制品导游图和导游材料等）特色突出，品种齐全，内容丰富，制作良好，适时更新 d)导游员（讲解员）持证岗，人数及语种能满足游客需要普通话达标率100％导游员（讲解员）均应具备高中以文化程度，其中大以少于40％ e)导游（讲解）词科学准确生动导游服务质量达到GB/T 15971-1995中4.5.3和第5章要求 f)公共信息图形符号的设置合理，设计精美，有特色，有艺术感，符合GB/T 10001. 1的规定 g)游客公共休息设施布局合理，数量充足，设计精美，有特色，有艺术感 3旅游安全 a)认真执行公安交通劳动质量监督旅游等有关部门制定和颁布的安全法规，建立完善的安全保卫制度，工作全面落实 b)消防防盗救护等设备齐全完好有效，交通机电游览娱乐等设备完好，运行正常，无安全隐患游乐园达到GB/T 16767规定的安全和服务标准危险地段标志明显，防护设施齐备有效，高峰期有人看守 c)建立紧急救援机制，设立医务室，并配备医务人员设有突发事件处理预案，应急处理能力强，事故处理及时妥当，档案记录准确齐全 4卫生 a)环境整洁，无污水污物，无乱建乱堆乱放现象，建筑物及各种设施设备无剥落无污垢，空气清新无异味 b)各类场所全部达到GB 9664规定的要求，餐饮场所达到GB 16153规定的要求，游泳场所达到GB 9667规定的要求 c)公共厕所布局合理，数量能满足需要，标识醒目美观，建筑造型景观环境相协调所有厕所具备水冲盟洗通风设备，并保持完好或使用免水冲生态厕所厕所管理完善，洁具洁净无污垢无堵塞室内整洁 d)垃圾箱布局合理，标识明显，数量能满足需要，造型美观，环境相协调垃圾分类收集，清扫及时，日产日清 e)食品卫生符合国家规定，餐饮服务配备消毒设施，使用对环境造成污染的次性餐具
国家5A级景区评定标准
国家5A级景区评定标准第一部分创建国家5A级旅游景区评比标准 一、细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 （一）旅游交通 1、可进入性 2、自备停车场 3、内部交通 （二）游览 1、门票 2、游客中心 3、引导标识 4、宣教资料 5、导游服务 6、游客公共休息设施和观景设施 7、公共信息图形符号 8、特殊人群服务项目 （三）旅游安全 1、安全保护机构、制度与人员 2、安全处置 3、安全设备设施 4、医疗服务 5、救护服务 （四）卫生 1、环境卫生
2、废弃物管理 3、吸烟区管理 4、食品卫生 5、厕所 （五）邮电服务 1、邮政纪念服务 2、电讯服务 （六）旅游购物 1、购物场所建设 2、购物场所管理 3、商品经营从业人员管理 4、旅游商品 （七）综合管理 1、机构与制度 2、企业形象 3、培训 4、游客投诉及意见处理 5、征询游客意见 6、国际互联网宣传 7、电视宣传 8、报刊宣传 9、电子商务
10、社会效益 （八）资源和环境的保护 1、空气质量 2、噪声指标 3、地表水质量 4、景观、生态、文物、古建筑保护 5、出入口 6、区内建筑及设施与景观的协调性 7、周边环境与景观协调性 8、绿化或美化 9、清洁能源的设施、设备 10、环保型材料 二、细则二：景观质量评分细则（一）资源吸引力 1、观赏游憩价值 2、历史文化科学价值 3、珍稀或奇特程度 4、规模与丰度 5、完整性 （二）市场影响力 1、知名度 2、美誉度
3、市场辐射力 4、主题强化度 三、细则三：游客意见评分细则 1、旅游景区质量等级对游客意见的评分依据 2、游客综合满意度的考察 3、《旅游景区游客意见调查表》发放、回收、统计 4、在质量等级评定过程中，《旅游景区游客意见调查表》发放规模 5、《旅游景区游客意见调查表》采取发放方式 6、游客综合满意度的计分方法 7、旅游景区质量等级游客意见综合得分最低要求 第二部分有关景区评比知识点 1、外部交通 2、景区交通 3、停车场 4、风景区旅游线路 5、景区内标识牌 6、景区互联网 7、导游服务 8、多功能的游客中心 9、景区安全 10、景区内厕所 11、景区通信
不锈钢材料标准对比
不锈钢材料知识 由于钢中的铬含量较高，铬又是一种很容易钝化的金属，当铬含量达到13％以上时，就能使Fe-Cr合金在大气中自然钝化。从化学成分上来说，通常把铬含量在13％以上的钢称为不锈钢。 不锈钢的种类很多。按化学成分可分为铬钢、络镍钢、铬锰钢、铬锰镍钢等；按显微组织可分为奥氏体钢、铁素体钢、奥氏体-铁素体复相钢、马氏体钢、铁素体-马氏体复相钢等；还可以按照用途分为耐海水腐蚀、耐应力腐蚀、耐浓硝酸、耐硫酸、耐尿素腐蚀不锈钢等。 不锈钢不是绝对不锈和耐蚀的，它的耐腐蚀性也是相对的，某种不锈钢只是在某些介质条件下才耐腐蚀，而在另外的介质中未必耐腐蚀。例如：常用的18-8型奥氏体不锈钢在稀硝酸中具有良好的耐腐蚀性能，但在稀硫酸和盐酸中则不耐腐蚀。所以不能随便使用不锈钢。 为了改善不锈钢的耐腐蚀性能，扩大其使用范围，通常采用加某些合金元素的方法，有针对性地改善它在某些介质中的耐腐蚀性。例如，对于18-8型不锈钢来说，添加钛或铌，可以提高其抗晶间腐蚀的能力；添加铜和钼，可以改善其耐硫酸腐蚀的性能；提高铬的含量，添加钼，则可以提高耐点腐蚀的能力；提高铬含量和钼含量，并添加2％-4％的硅，可以制成耐硝酸和高硅奥氏体不锈钢。此外，还可以尽量降低碳含量和硫、磷等杂质含量，制成超低碳或超纯不锈钢，其耐腐蚀性能更为优良，特别适用于某些苛刻的腐蚀环境。 由于不锈钢具有多方面的优良性能，所以，在化工生产中已得到越来越广泛的应用。从长远角度来考虑，采用不锈钢材料是一种比较经济合理的防腐蚀措施，特别是在一些恶劣的腐蚀环境中，更显出其优越性。由于它的使用寿命长，不需要经常更换，一次性投入虽然高，但可以节省大量的维修费用，并可以减少由于停车维修所造成的损失。 不锈钢在使用中最容易出现点腐蚀、晶间腐蚀和应力腐蚀破裂，特别是当介质中存在氯离子等活性离子时，更容易出现这些腐蚀问题。所以，在使用普通不锈钢时，应注意防止介质中积存氯离子。 下表列出了国内常用的一些不锈钢牌号及主要用途，供参考。 表1-1 常用不锈钢的牌号和主要用途
2018国家5A级景区评定标准
国家5A级景区评定标准 第一部分创建国家5A级旅游景区评比标准 一、细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 说明： 1、本细则共计1000分，共分为8个大项，各大项分值为：旅游交通140分；游览210分；旅游安全80分；卫生140分；邮电服务30分；旅游购物50分；综合管理195分；资源和环境的保护155分。 2、5A级旅游景区需达到950分， （一）旅游交通140分 1、可进入性70分 ①抵达依托城市便捷程度，直达机场距依托城市距离在30公里以内。 ②依托城市有高速公路进、出口；客运火车站、航运码头。 ③依托城市到达景区便捷。 ④抵达公路及客运航道等级为一级公路或最高级客运航 专业整理分享
道。 ⑤景区外部交通引导标识，要求在颜色、外形上有别于一般交通标识。 ⑥护坡良好。 ⑦有旅游专项交通方式。 ⑧有直达旅游专线。 ⑨公交通达。 2、自备停车场30分 ①自备停车场地，要求停车场有绿化停车面或绿化隔离线。 ②停车场设停车线、停车分区、回车线、分设出入口、专人值管。③车场内有方向引导指示标识。停车场或码头要求美观，有特色或文化性，与景观相协调。 3、内部交通40分 ①游览线路进出口设置合理，不过分邻近，有利于游客疏散。 ②景区特色游步道，要求游步道设计特色突出, 体现景区文化，采用生态或仿生态效果。 ③游道或线路设置合理，线路设置形成环线，观赏面大，有利于游客游览。 专业整理分享
（二）游览210分 1、门票10分 ①设计制作精美 ②有突出特色 ③背面有游览简图，咨询、投诉、紧急救援电话。 2、游客中心65分 ①游客中心位置优越、标识醒目、规模恰当，游客中心外明示免费服务项目。 ②在游客中心内部设置电脑触摸屏，介绍各景点设施及服务。 ③在游客中心内设置影视介绍系统。 ④提供游客休息设施。 ⑤提供本旅游景区导览宣传资料。 ⑥咨询服务人员配备齐全。 ⑦提供游程线路图。 ⑧明示景区活动节目预告。 ⑨提供导游人员明细公示。 ⑩提供饮料及纪念品服务。 ○11提供特殊人群服务项目，包括残疾人轮椅、盲道、 专业整理分享
不锈钢材质标准对照表
不锈钢牌号对照表
表一 中国 GB1220-92[84] GB3220-92[84] 日本 JIS 美国 AISI UNS 英国 BS 970 Part4 BS 1449 Part2 德国 DIN 17440 DIN 17224 法国 NFA35-572 NFA35- 576~582 NFA35-584 前苏联 TOCT5632 1Cr17Mn6Ni5N SUS201 201 -- -- -- -- 1Cr18Mn8Ni5N SUS202 202 -- -- -- 12×17.T9AH4 -- -- S20200 284S16 -- -- -- 2Cr13Mn9Ni4 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1Cr17Ni7 SUS301 301 -- -- -- -- -- -- S30100 301S21 X12CrNi177 Z12CN17.07 -- 1Cr17Ni8 SUS301J1 -- -- X12CrNi177 -- -- 1Cr18Ni9 SUS302 302 302S25 X12CrNi188 Z10CN18.09 12×18H9 1Cr18Ni9Si3 SUS302B 302B -- -- -- -- Y1Cr18Ni9 SUS303 303 303S21 X12CrNiS188 Z10CNF18.09 -- Y1Cr18Ni9Se SUS303Se 303Se 303S41 -- -- -- 0Cr18Ni9 SUS304 304 304S15 X2CrNi89 Z6CN18.09 08×18B10 00Cr19Ni10 SUS304L 304L 304S12 X2CrNi189 Z2CN18.09 03×18H11 0Cr19Ni9N SUS304N1 304N -- -- Z5CN18.09A2 -- 00Cr19Ni10NbN SUS304N XM21 -- -- -- --
十个最流行的在线英汉翻译网站准确性评测对比
Facebook、Digg、Twitter、美味书签(https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,)……很多名声大噪且已逐渐步入主流的网络服务都是从国外开始引爆的,而即便是抛却技术上的前瞻性,仅从资源上来看“外域”的也更丰富.当网友们浏览国外网站时,即使有些英文基础,也大都或多或少要使用到翻译工具.在线翻译显然是最便捷的方式,目前提供此类服务的网站有不少,但机器智能翻译尤其考验真功夫,翻译质量的优劣直接影响着用户的阅读效果.在这里我们将全面网罗十个颇有些关注度的在线翻译服务,试炼其翻译质量、速度等各方面的表现. 参评在线翻译 1、Google翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/language_tools?hl=zh-CN 2、Windows Live在线翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/Default.aspx 3、雅虎翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/ 4、爱词霸 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/trans.php
5、百度词典 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/ 6、海词在线翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/ 7、金桥翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/ 8、谷词在线词典 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/ 9、木头鱼在线翻译 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/translation/ 10、nciku在线词典 网址：https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a11358821.html,/ 一、翻译质量比拼 单词翻译 测试项1：日常用语 翻译单词：boil 参考释义：煮沸 测试结果： 1、Google翻译：沸腾、煮沸等 2、Windows Live在线翻译：煮沸
各标准主要不锈钢钢号对照表(含中国最新国家标准)
各标准主要不锈钢钢号对照表(含中国最新国家标准 No 中国GB 日本 JIS 美国韩国 KS 欧盟 BS EN 印度 IS 澳大利亚 AS 中国台湾 CNS 旧牌号新牌号（07.10）ASTM UNS 奥氏体不锈钢 1 1Cr17Mn6Ni5N 12Cr17Mn6Ni5N SUS201 201 S20100 STS201 1.437 2 10Cr17Mn6Ni4N20201-2 201 2 1Cr18Mn8Ni5N 12Cr18Mn9Ni5N SUS202 202 S20200 STS202 1.437 3 - 202 3 1Cr17Ni7 12Cr17Ni7 SUS301 301 S30100 STS301 1.4319 10Cr17Ni7 301 301 4 0Cr18Ni9 06Cr19Ni10 SUS304 304 S30400 STS304 1.4301 07Cr18Ni9 304 304 5 00Cr19Ni10 022Cr19Ni10 SUS304L 304L S30403 STS304L 1.430 6 02Cr18Ni11 304L 304L 6 0Cr19Ni9N 06Cr19Ni10N SUS304N1 304N S30451 STS304N1 1.4315 - 304N1 304N1 7 0Cr19Ni10NbN 06Cr19Ni9NbN SUS304N2 XM21 S30452 STS304N2 - - 304N2 304N2 8 00Cr18Ni10N 022Cr19Ni10N SUS304LN 304LN S30453 STS304LN - - 304LN 304LN 9 1Cr18Ni12 10Cr18Ni12 SUS305 305 S30500 STS305 1.4303 - 305 305 10 0Cr23Ni13 06Cr23Ni13 SUS309S 309S S30908 STS309S 1.4833 - 309S 309S 11 0Cr25Ni20 06Cr25Ni20 SUS310S 310S S31008 STS310S 1.4845 - 310S 310S 12 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 06Cr17Ni12Mo2 SUS316 316 S31600 STS316 1.4401 04Cr17Ni12Mo2 316 316 13 0Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti 06Cr17Ni12Mo2Ti SUS316Ti 316Ti S31635 - 1.4571 04Cr17Ni12MoTi20316Ti 316Ti 14 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 022Cr17Ni12Mo2 SUS316L 316L S31603 STS316L 1.4404 ~02Cr17Ni12Mo2 316L 316L 15 0Cr17Ni12Mo2N 06Cr17Ni12Mo2N SUS316N 316N S31651 STS316N - - 316N 316N 16 00Cr17Ni13Mo2N 022Cr17Ni13Mo2N SUS316LN 316LN S31653 STS316LN 1.4429 - 316LN 316LN 17 0Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2 06Cr18Ni12Mo2Cu2 SUS316J1 - - STS316J1 - - 316J1 316J1 18 00Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2 022Cr18Ni14Mo2Cu2 SUS316J1L - - STS316J1L - - - 316J1L 19 0Cr19Ni13Mo3 06Cr19Ni13Mo3 SUS317 317 S31700 STS317 - - 317 317 20 00Cr19Ni13Mo3 022Cr19Ni13Mo3 SUS317L 317L S31703 STS317L 1.4438 - 317L 317L 21 0Cr18Ni10Ti 06Cr18Ni11Ti SUS321 321 S32100 STS321 1.4541 04Cr18Ni10Ti20321 321 22 0Cr18Ni11Nb 06Cr18Ni11Nb SUS347 347 S34700 STS347 1.4550 04Cr18Ni10Nb40347 347 奥氏体-铁素体型不锈钢（双相不锈钢） 23 0Cr26Ni5Mo2 - SUS329J1 329 S32900 STS329J1 1.4477 - 329J1 329J1 24 00Cr18Ni5Mo3Si2 022Cr19Ni5Mo3Si2N SUS329J3L - S31803 STS329J3L 1.4462 - 329J3L 329J3L 铁素体型不锈钢 25 0Crl3Al 06Crl3Al SUS405 405 S40500 STS405 1.4002 04Cr13 405 405 26 - 022Cr11Ti SUH409 409 S40900 STS409 1.4512 - 409L 409L 27 00Cr12 022Cr12 SUS410L - - STS410L - - 410L 410L 28 1Cr17 10Cr17 SUS430 430 S43000 STS430 1.4016 05Cr17 430 430 29 1Cr17Mo 10Cr17Mo SUS434 434 S43400 STS434 1.4113 - 434 434 30 - 022Cr18NbTi - - S43940 - 1.4509 - 439 439 31 00Cr18Mo2 019Cr19Mo2NbTi SUS444 444 S44400 STS444 1.4521 - 444 444 马氏体型不锈钢
5A旅游景区质量等级和评分细则
5A旅游景区质量等级与评分细则 细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 本细则共计1000分，共分为8个大项，共计216个评分点，各大项分值为：旅游交通130分；游览235分；旅游安全80分；卫生140分；邮电20分；旅游购物50分；综合管理200分；资源和环境的保护145分。5A级旅游景区需达到950分以上。 1、旅游交通 （1）可进入性好，交通设施完善，进出便捷，具有一级公路或高等级航道、航线直达；或具有旅游专线交通工具。 （2）有与景观环境相协调的专用停车场或船舶码头。且管理完善，布局合理，容量能充分满足游客接待量要求。场地平整坚实、绿化美观或水域畅通、清洁。标志规范、醒目、美观。 （3）区内游览(参观)路线或航道布局合理、顺畅，与观赏内容联结度高，兴奋感强。路面特色突出，或航道水体清澈。 （4）区内应使用清洁能源的交通工具。 2、游览 (1)门票设计制作精美，有突出特色，背面有游览简图，有咨询、投诉、紧急救援电话。 （2）游客中心位置合理，规模适度，设施齐全，功能体现充分。咨询服务人员配备齐全，业务熟练，服务热情。 （3）各种引导标识(包括导游全景图、导览图、标识牌、景物介绍牌等)造型特色突出，艺术感和文化气息浓厚，能烘托总体环境。标识牌和景物介绍牌设
置合理。 （4）公众信息资料(如研究论著、科普读物、综合画册、音像制品、导游图和导游材料等)特色突出，品种齐全，内容丰富、文字优美，制作精美，适时更新。 （5）导游员持证上岗，人数及语种能满足游客需要。普通话达标率100%。导游员均应具大专以上文化程度，其中本科以上不少于30%。设语音导游。 （6）导游词科学、准确、有文采。导游服务具有针对性，强调个性化，服务质量达到GB/T15971-1995中4.5.3和第5章要求。 （7）游客公共休息设施布局合理，数量充足，设计精美，特色突出，有艺术感和文化气息。 （8）公共信息图形符号符合GB/T 10001的规定，设置合理，图形规范，与景观协调，有文化特色，视觉效果精美，维护保养好。 （9)为特殊人群(老年人、儿童、残疾人等)配备旅游工具、用品，提供特殊服务。 3、旅游安全 （1）认真执行公安、交通、劳动、质量监督、旅游等有关部门制定和颁布的安全法规，建立完善的安全保卫制度，工作全面落实。 （2）消防、防盗、救护等设备齐全、完好、有效，交通、机电、游览、娱乐等设备完好，运行正常，无安全隐患。游乐园达到GB/T 16767规定的安全和服务标准。危险地段标志明显，防护设施齐备、有效、特殊地段有专人看守。 （3）建立紧急救援机制，设立医务室，并配备专职医务人员.设有突发事件处理预案，应急处理能力强，事故处理及时、妥当，档案记录准确、齐全。
国内外不锈钢材质对照表
国内外不锈钢材质对照表 GB JIS AISI/SATM UNS代号DIN17006 DIN17007 0Cr18Ni9 (0Cr19Ni9) SUS 304 304 S30400 X5CrNi18-10 1.4301 0Cr19Ni10 (00Cr19Ni10) SUS 304L 304L S30403 X2CrNi19-11 1.4306 0Cr25Ni20 SUS 304S 304S S31008 X12CrNi25-21 1.4845 0Cr17Ni12Mo2 SUS 316 316 S31600 X5CrNiMo17-12-2 X5CrNiMo17-13-3 1.4401 1.4436 00Cr17Ni14Mo2 SUS 316L 316L S31603 X2CrNiMo18-14-3 1.4404 0Cr19Ni13Mo3 SUS 317 317 S31700 X2CrNiMo17-13-3 1.4439 00Cr19Ni13Mo3 (00Cr17Ni14Mo3) SUS 317L 317L S3703 X2CrNiMo18-16-4 1.4438 (1Cr18Ni9Ti) X12CrNi18-9 1.4878 0Cr18Ni10Ti SUS 321 321 S32100 X6CrNiTi18-10 1.4541 0Cr18Ni11Nb SUS 347 347 S34700 X6CrNiNb18-10 1.4550 不锈钢材质 不锈钢材质，有着接近镜面的光亮度，触感硬朗冰冷，属于比较前卫的装饰材料，符合金属时代的酷感审美。不锈钢材质通常按基体组织分为： 1、铁素体不锈钢。含铬12％～30％。其耐蚀性、韧性和可焊性随含铬量的增加而提高，耐氯化物应力腐蚀性能优于其他种类不锈
不锈钢材质标准
不銹鋼材質對照表(2009-05-03 11:11:35) 不锈钢材质有：SUS310S、316、316L、302、321、304、304L、301、202、201、420等 不锈钢|不锈钢价格与性能，不锈钢|不锈钢价格与性能 304不锈钢国标0Cr18Ni9 国标0Cr18Ni9,作为一种用途广泛的钢，具有良好的耐蚀性、耐热性，低温强度和机械性能；冲压、弯曲等热加工性好，无热处理硬化现象（无磁性，使用温度-196℃~800℃）。应用在：家庭用品（1、2类餐具、橱柜、室内管线、热水器、锅炉、浴缸），汽车配件（风挡雨刷、消声器、模制品），医疗器具、建材，化学，食品工业，农业，船舶部件 321不锈钢相当于国产1Cr17Ni9Ti,321不锈钢其性能与304非常相似，但是由于加入了金属钛，使其具有了更好的耐晶界腐蚀性及高温强度。由于添加金属钛，使其有效的控制了碳化铬的形成。321不锈钢具有的优异的高温应力破断(Stress Rupture)性能及高温抗潜变性能(Creep Resistance)应力机械性能都优于304不锈钢。应用于抗晶界腐蚀性要求高的化学、煤炭、石油产业的野外露天机器，建材耐热零件及热处理有困难的零件 316不锈钢国标0Cr17Ni12Mo2 国标0Cr17Ni12Mo2,因添加Mo,故其耐蚀性,耐大气腐蚀性和高温强度特
别好,可在苛刻的条件下使用;加工硬化性优(无磁性). 应用在：海水里用设备、化工、染料、造纸、草酸、肥料等生产设备;照像、食品工业、沿海地区设施、绳索、CD杆、螺栓、螺母. 316L不锈钢国标00Cr17Ni14Mo2 国标00Cr17Ni14Mo2,作为316钢种的低C系列,除与316钢的有相同的特性外,其抗晶界腐蚀性优于316；另外增加了钼元素,可以显著提高其耐晶间腐蚀、氧化物应力腐蚀的能力,以及减少焊接时的热裂倾向性.还有良好的耐氯化物腐蚀的性能.应用在：常用于纯水、蒸馏水、药品、酱、醋等卫生要求高、介质腐蚀性能强的场合，316钢的特别用途中对抗晶界腐蚀有特别要求的产品。 310S 是美国对不锈钢的一种标法，在国内的标号是（2520）0Cr25Ni20，是一种奥氏体不锈钢，310S 中的S是指该不锈钢的特殊用途。 0Cr25Ni20（310S）特性 --高温耐氧化性,高温强度。用途 --排气管Bellows,微波炉Heater,Tube,高温炉胆,火化炉等要求耐热性的钢种,高热/高温接触部件 200系不锈钢腐蚀 2009-11-18 8:55:21 调查发现，中国大陆市场生产、流通、使用的所谓“200系不锈钢”很少有符合国内国际权威标准的，以下是抽样检测结果： 检测结果1：国内市场“201”名义销售的产品与有关产品的对比
国家5A级景区评定标准
国家5A级景区评定标准 第一部分 创建国家5A级旅游景区评比标准 一、细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 说明： 1、本细则共计1000分，共分为8个大项，各大项分值为：旅游交通140分；游览210分； 旅游安全80分；卫生140分；邮电服务30分；旅游购物50分；综合管理195分；资源和环境的保护155分。 2、5A级旅游景区需达到950分， （一）旅游交通 140分 1、可进入性 70分 ①抵达依托城市便捷程度，直达机场距依托城市距离在30公里以内。 ②依托城市有高速公路进、出口；客运火车站、航运码头。 ③依托城市到达景区便捷。 ④抵达公路及客运航道等级为一级公路或最高级客运航道。 ⑤景区外部交通引导标识，要求在颜色、外形上有别于一般交通标识。 ⑥护坡良好。 ⑦有旅游专项交通方式。 ⑧有直达旅游专线。 ⑨公交通达。 2、自备停车场 30分 ①自备停车场地，要求停车场有绿化停车面或绿化隔离线。 ②停车场设停车线、停车分区、回车线、分设出入口、专人值管。 ③车场内有方向引导指示标识。停车场或码头要求美观，有特色或文化性，与景观相协调。 3、内部交通 40分 ①游览线路进出口设置合理，不过分邻近，有利于游客疏散。 ②景区特色游步道，要求游步道设计特色突出, 体现景区文化，采用生态或仿生态效果。 ③游道或线路设置合理，线路设置形成环线，观赏面大，有利于游客游览。
（二）游览 210分 1、门票 10分 ①设计制作精美 ②有突出特色 ③背面有游览简图，咨询、投诉、紧急救援电话。 2、游客中心 65分 ①游客中心位置优越、标识醒目、规模恰当，游客中心外明示免费服务项目。 ②在游客中心内部设置电脑触摸屏，介绍各景点设施及服务。 ③在游客中心内设置影视介绍系统。 ④提供游客休息设施。 ⑤提供本旅游景区导览宣传资料。 ⑥咨询服务人员配备齐全。 ⑦提供游程线路图。 ⑧明示景区活动节目预告。 ⑨提供导游人员明细公示。 ⑩提供饮料及纪念品服务。 ○11提供特殊人群服务项目，包括残疾人轮椅、盲道、无障碍设施，老年人使用的拐杖，儿童使用的童车等。 3、引导标识 43分 ①配备导游全景图，全景图要正确标识出主要景点及旅游服务设施的位置，包括各主要景点、游客中心、厕所、出入口、医务室、公用电话、停车场等，并明示咨询、投诉、救援电话。 ②大型景区内交叉路口设置导览图，标明现在位置及周边景点和服务设施的图示。 ③配备景物介绍牌，标识牌 ④设计制作精美，维护良好，无脱落、无毛剌、无腐蚀等。 ⑤中外文对照明确无误，对照最少3种，要文图相符。 4、提供宣教资料。15分 ①包括正式出版印刷的导游图、明信片、画册、音像制品、研究 论著、科普读物等。 ②游客能获取本旅游景区主要的导览和宣传资料，其中至少包括一种免费宣传品，品种多,展示精美。
中英文在线翻译
英文翻译中文在线翻译 英文翻译中文在线翻译 （一）促进经济平稳较快发展 1. Promoting steady and robust economic development 扩大内需特别是消费需求是我国经济长期平稳较快发展的根本立足点，是今年工作的重点。 Expanding domestic demand, particularly consumer demand, which is essential to ensuring China’s long -term, steady, and robust economic development, is the focus of our economic work this year. 着力扩大消费需求。加快构建扩大消费的长效机制。大力调整收入分配格局，增加中低收入者收入，提高居民消费能力。完善鼓励居民消费政策。大力发展社会化养老、家政、物业、医疗保健等服务业。鼓励文化、旅游、健身等消费，落实好带薪休假制度。积极发展网络购物等新型消费业态。支持引导环保建材、节水洁具、节能汽车等绿色消费。
扩大消费信贷。加强城乡流通体系和道路、停车场等基础设 施建设。加强产品质量安全监管。改善消费环境，维护消费 者合法权益。 We will work hard to expand consumer demand. We will move faster to set up a permanent mechanism for boosting consumption. Wewill vigorously adjust income distribution, increase the incomes of low-and middle- income groups, and enhance people ’s ability to consume. We will improve policies that encourage consumption. We will vigorously develop elderly care, domestic, property management, medical and healthcare services. We will encourage consumer spending on cultural activities, tourism, and fitness; and implement the system of paid vacations. We will actively develop new forms of consumption such as online shopping; support and guide the consumption of green goods such as environmentally friendly building materials, water-saving sanitation products, and energy-efficient vehicles; and expand consumer credit. We will improve the urban-rural logistics system and infrastructural facilities, such as roads and parking lots, strengthen supervision over product quality and
国家5A级景区服务质量与环境质量评分细则
细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 说明： 1、本细则共计1000分，共分为8个大项，各大项分值为：旅游交通140分；游览210分；旅游安全80分；卫生140分；邮电服务30分；旅游购物50分；综合管理195分；资源和环境的保护155分。 2、5A级旅游景区需达到950分，4A级旅游景区需达到850分，3A级旅游景区需达到750分，2A级旅游景区需达到600分，1A级旅游景区需达到500分。 细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 说明：10 栏为打分点，所有 10 分值总和为1000分。 序号评定项目检查评定方法与说明 大项 分值栏 分项 分值栏 次分项 分值栏 小项 分值栏 自检 计分栏 推荐单 位计分 栏 评定单 位计分 栏 1旅游交通140 1.1 可进入性70 1.1.1 抵达依托城市(镇)的便捷程度依托城市（镇）系指旅游景区直接的主要 客源集散城市（镇）。依托城市（镇）可 跨越行政区划 20 1.1.1.1 直达机场距依托城市（镇）距离直达机场系指直达依托城市（镇）的民用 机场，包括军民两用机场，但不包括可提 供包机服务的军用机场10 30公里以内10 60公里以内 6 100公里以内 2 1.1.1.2 依托城市（镇）有高速公路进、出口包括高速公路进、出口通达旅游景区，但 不另计分 4 1.1.1.3 依托城市（镇）有客运火车站包括旅游景区有客运火车站，但不另计分3 1.1.1.4 依托城市（镇）有客用航运码头包括旅游景区有客用码头，但不另计分3 1.1.2 依托城市（镇）抵达旅游景区的便捷 程度 50 1.1. 2.1 与依托城市（镇）的关系15 在依托城市（镇）内处于建成区内。建成区系指经过批准的城 市（镇）规划确定的范围 15 在依托城市（镇）周边20公里内 系指距最近的建成区外缘的距离12 在依托城市（镇）周边50公里内10 在依托城市（镇）周边120公里内 5
姓名中英文翻译大全
姓名中英文翻译大全 A: 艾--Ai 安--Ann/An 敖--Ao B: 巴--Pa 白--Pai 包/鲍--Paul/Pao 班--Pan 贝--Pei 毕--Pih 卞--Bein 卜/薄--Po/Pu 步--Poo 百里--Pai-li C: 蔡/柴--Tsia/Choi/Tsai 曹/晁/巢--Chao/Chiao/Tsao 岑--Cheng 崔--Tsui 查--Cha
常--Chiong 车--Che 陈--Chen/Chan/Tan 成/程--Cheng 池--Chi 褚/楚--Chu 淳于--Chwen-yu D: 戴/代--Day/Tai 邓--Teng/Tang/Tung 狄--Ti 刁--Tiao 丁--Ting/T 董/东--Tung/Tong 窦--Tou 杜--To/Du/Too 段--Tuan 端木--Duan-mu 东郭--Tung-kuo 东方--Tung-fang E: F:
范/樊--Fan/Van 房/方--Fang 费--Fei 冯/凤/封--Fung/Fong 符/傅--Fu/Foo G: 盖--Kai 甘--Kan 高/郜--Gao/Kao 葛--Keh 耿--Keng 弓/宫/龚/恭--Kung 勾--Kou 古/谷/顾--Ku/Koo 桂--Kwei 管/关--Kuan/Kwan 郭/国--Kwok/Kuo 公孙--Kung-sun 公羊--Kung-yang 公冶--Kung-yeh 谷梁--Ku-liang H:
韩--Hon/Han 杭--Hang 郝--Hoa/Howe 何/贺--Ho 桓--Won 侯--Hou 洪--Hung 胡/扈--Hu/Hoo 花/华--Hua 宦--Huan 黄--Wong/Hwang 霍--Huo 皇甫--Hwang-fu 呼延--Hu-yen I: J: 纪/翼/季/吉/嵇/汲/籍/姬--Chi 居--Chu 贾--Chia 翦/简--Jen/Jane/Chieh 蒋/姜/江/--Chiang/Kwong
国家4A5A级旅游景区评定标准
或具有旅游线交通工具 b)有景观环境相协调的用停车场或船舶码头管理完善，布局合理，容量能满足游客接待量要求场地平整坚实或水域畅通标志规范醒目 c)区内游览（参观）路线或航道布局合理顺畅，观赏面大路面有特色，或航道水质良好 d)区内使用低排放的交通工具，或鼓励使用清洁能源的交通工具 2游览 a)游客中心位置合理，规模适度，设施齐全，功能完善咨询服务人员配备齐全，务熟练，服务热情 b)各种引导标识（包括导游全景图导览图标识牌景物介绍牌等）造型有特色，景观环境相协调标识牌和景物介绍牌设置合理 c)公众信息资料（如研究论著科普读物综合画册音像制品导游图和导游材料等）特色突出，品种齐全，内容丰富，制作良好，适时更新 d)导游员（讲解员）持证岗，人数及语种能满足游客需要普通话达标率100％导游员（讲解员）均应具备高中以文化程度，其中大以少于40％ e)导游（讲解）词科学准确生动导游服务质量达到GB/T 15971-1995中4.5.3和第5章要求 f)公共信息图形符号的设置合理，设计精美，有特色，有艺术感，符合GB/T 10001. 1的规定 g)游客公共休息设施布局合理，数量充足，设计精美，有特色，有艺术感 3旅游安全 a)认真执行公安交通劳动质量监督旅游等有关部门制定和颁布的安全法规，建立完善的安全保卫制度，工作全面落实 b)消防防盗救护等设备齐全完好有效，交通机电游览娱乐等设备完好，运行正常，无安全隐患游乐园达到GB/T 16767规定的安全和服务标准危险地段标志明显，防护设施齐备有效，高峰期有人看守 c)建立紧急救援机制，设立医务室，并配备医务人员设有突发事件处理预案，应急处理能力强，事故处理及时妥当，档案记录准确齐全 4卫生 a)环境整洁，无污水污物，无乱建乱堆乱放现象，建筑物及各种设施设备无剥落无污垢，空气清新无异味 b)各类场所全部达到GB 9664规定的要求，餐饮场所达到GB 16153规定的要求，游泳场所达到GB 9667规定的要求 c)公共厕所布局合理，数量能满足需要，标识醒目美观，建筑造型景观环境相协调所有厕所具备水冲盟洗通风设备，并保持完好或使用免水冲生态厕所厕所管理完善，洁具洁净无污垢无堵塞室内整洁 d)垃圾箱布局合理，标识明显，数量能满足需要，造型美观，环境相协调垃圾分类收集，清扫及时，日产日清 e)食品卫生符合国家规定，餐饮服务配备消毒设施，使用对环境造成污染的次性
国家1A-5A级景区标准(1)
国家1A-5A级旅游景区标准 本标准从实施之日起，代替GB/T 17775-1999《旅游区(点)质量等级的划分与评定》。本标准与GB/T 17775-1999相比，主要修改如下： ——在划分等级中增加了AAAAA级旅游景区。新增的AAAAA级主要从细节方面、景区的文化性和特色性等方面做更高要求； ——对原AAAAA级旅游景区的划分条件均进行了修订，强化以人为本的服务宗旨，AAAA 级旅游景区增加细节性、文化性和特色性要求；细化了关于资源吸引力和市场影响力方面的划分条件。 本标准由国家旅游局提出。 本标准由全国旅游标准化技术委员会归口并负责解释。 本标准起草单位：国家旅游局规划发展与财务司。 本标准主要起草人：魏小安、汪黎明、彭德成、潘肖澎、周梅。 引言 本标准的制定旨在加强对旅游景区的管理，提高旅游景区服务质量，维护旅游景区和旅游者的合法权益，促进我国旅游资源开发、利用和环境保护。 本标准在制定过程中，总结了国内旅游景区的管理经验，借鉴了国内外有关资料和技术规程，并直接引用了部分国家标准或标准条文。同时，根据GB/T 17775-1999《旅游区(点)质量等级的划分与评定》自1999年至今近三年时间的实施情况，在原标准基础上对一些内容进行了修订，使其更加符合旅游区（点）的发展实际。 旅游区（点）质量等级的划分与评定 1 范围 本标准规定了旅游景区质量等级划分的依据、条件及评定的基本要求。 本标准适用于接待海内外旅游者的各种类型的旅游景区，包括以自然景观及人文景观为主的旅游景区。 2 规范性引用文件 下列文件中的条款通过本标准的引用而成为本标准的条款。凡是注日期的引用文件，其随后所有的修改单（不包括勘误的内容）或修订版均不适用于本标准，然而，鼓励根据本标准达成协议的各方研究是否可使用这些文件的最新版本。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本适用于本标准。
国内外不锈钢材质对照表
国内外不锈钢材质对照表
国内外不锈钢材质对照表 不锈钢材质 不锈钢材质，有着接近镜面的光亮度，触感硬朗冰冷，属于比较前卫的装饰材料，符合金属时代的酷感审美。不锈钢材质通常按基体组织分为： 1、铁素体不锈钢。含铬12％～30％。其耐蚀性、韧性和可焊性随含铬量的增加而提高，耐氯化物应力腐蚀性能优于其他种类不
通俗地说，不锈钢就是不容易生锈的钢，实际上一部分不锈钢，既有不锈性，又有耐酸性（耐蚀性）。不锈钢的不锈性和耐蚀性是由于其表面上富铬氧化膜（钝化膜）的形成。这种不锈性和耐蚀性是相对的。试验表明，钢在大气、水等弱介质中和硝酸等氧化性介质中，其耐蚀性随钢中铬含量的增加而提高，当铬含量达到一定的百分比时，钢的耐蚀性发生突变，即从易生锈到不易生锈，从不耐蚀到耐腐蚀。不锈钢的分类方法很多。按室温下的组织结构分类，有马氏体型、奥氏体型、铁素体和双相不锈钢；按主要化学成分分类，基本上可分为铬不锈钢和铬镍不锈钢两大系统；按用途分则有耐硝酸不锈钢、耐 相容性以及在很宽温度范围内的强韧性等系列特点，所以在重工业、轻工业、生活用品行业以及建筑装饰等行业中获取得广泛的应用。、 奥氏体不锈钢 在常温下具有奥氏体组织的不锈钢。钢中含Cr约18%、Ni 8%~10%、C约0.1%时，具有稳定的奥氏体组织。奥氏体铬镍不锈钢包括著名的18Cr-8Ni钢和在此基础上增加Cr、Ni含量并加入Mo、Cu、Si、Nb、Ti等元素发展起来的高Cr-Ni系列钢。奥氏体不锈钢无磁性而且具有高韧性和塑性，但强度较低，不可能通过相变使之强化，仅能通过冷加工进行强化。如加入S，Ca，Se，Te等元素，则具有良好的易切削性。此类钢除耐氧化性酸介质腐蚀外，如果含有Mo、Cu等元素还能耐硫酸、磷酸以
旅游景区5A级评比标准
创建国家5A级旅游景区评比标准 一、细则一：服务质量与环境质量评分细则 （一）旅游交通 1、可进入性 2、自备停车场 3、内部交通 （二）游览 1、门票 2、游客中心 3、引导标识 4、宣教资料 5、导游服务 6、游客公共休息设施和观景设施 7、公共信息图形符号 8、特殊人群服务项目 （三）旅游安全 1、安全保护机构、制度与人员 2、安全处置 3、安全设备设施 4、医疗服务 5、救护服务 （四）卫生 1、环境卫生 2、废弃物管理 3、吸烟区管理 4、食品卫生 5、厕所 （五）邮电服务 1、邮政纪念服务 2、电讯服务 （六）旅游购物 1、购物场所建设 2、购物场所管理 3、商品经营从业人员管理 4、旅游商品 （七）综合管理 1、机构与制度 2、企业形象 3、培训 4、游客投诉及意见处理
5、征询游客意见 6、国际互联网宣传 7、电视宣传 8、报刊宣传 9、电子商务 10、社会效益 （八）资源和环境的保护 1、空气质量 2、噪声指标 3、地表水质量 4、景观、生态、文物、古建筑保护 5、出入口 6、区内建筑及设施与景观的协调性 7、周边环境与景观协调性 8、绿化或美化 9、清洁能源的设施、设备 10、环保型材料 二、细则二：景观质量评分细则 （一）资源吸引力 1、观赏游憩价值 2、历史文化科学价值 3、珍稀或奇特程度 4、规模与丰度 5、完整性 （二）市场影响力 1、知名度 2、美誉度 3、市场辐射力 4、主题强化度 三、细则三：游客意见评分细则 1、旅游景区质量等级对游客意见的评分依据 2、游客综合满意度的考察 3、《旅游景区游客意见调查表》发放、回收、统计 4、在质量等级评定过程中，《旅游景区游客意见调查表》发放规模 5、《旅游景区游客意见调查表》采取发放方式 6、游客综合满意度的计分方法 7、旅游景区质量等级游客意见综合得分最低要求 第二部分有关景区评比知识点 1、外部交通 2、景区交通 3、停车场 4、风景区旅游线路 5、景区内标识牌