胡壮麟语言学自测题
Chapter 1 Introductions to Linguistics
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human
__________
A. contact
B. communication
C. relation
D. community
2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?
A. tree
B. typewriter
C. crash
D. bang
3. The function of the sentence ―Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.‖ is
__________.
A. interrogative
B. directive
C. informative
D. performative
4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say―碎碎（岁岁）平安‖as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?
A. Interpersonal
B. Emotive
C. Performative
D. Recreational
5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?
A. Transferability
B. Duality
C. Displacement
D. Arbitrariness
6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?
—A nice day, isn’t it?
— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.
A. Emotive
B. Phatic
C. Performative
D. Interpersonal
7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.
A. Performance
B. Competence
C. Langue
D. Parole
8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or l ost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.
A. cultural transmission
B. productivity
C. displacement
D. duality
9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.
A. Psycholinguistics
B.Anthropological linguistics
C. Sociolinguistics
D. Applied linguistics
10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.
A. Linguistic theory
B. Practical linguistics
C. Applied linguistics
D. Comparative linguistics
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.
12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.
13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.
14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.
15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of any language
system can be genetically transmitted.
16. Only human beings are able to communicate.
17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist.
18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of the diachronic study of language.
19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.
20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.
III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)
21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.
22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed __________.
23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is __________.
24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the __________ theory.
25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.
26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.
27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.
28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.
29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.
30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Design feature
32. Displacement
33. Competence
34. Synchronic linguistics
I.
1~5 BACCC 6~10 BACAC
II.
11~15 FFTFF 16~20 FFFFF
III.
21. verbal 22. productivity / creativity
23. metalingual function 24. yo-he-ho
25. scientific 26. descriptive
27. speech 28. diachronic linguistic
29. langue 30. competence
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.
A. intonation
B. tone
C. pronunciation
D. voice
2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).
A. allophone
B. phone
C. phoneme
D. morpheme
3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.
A. analogues
B. tagmemes
C. morphemes
D. allophones
4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as
__________.
A. glottis
B. vocal cavity
C. pharynx
D. uvula
5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center are known as __________ diphthongs.
A. wide
B. closing
C. narrow
D. centering
6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.
A. minimal pairs
B. allomorphs
C. phones
D. allophones
7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?
A. Acoustic phonetics
B. Articulatory phonetics
C. Auditory phonetics
D. None of the above
8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?
A. [n]
B. [m]
C. [ b ]
D. [p]
9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?
A. [i:]
B. [ u ]
C. [e]
D. [ i ]
10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?
A. V oiceless
B. V oiced
C. Glottal stop
D. Consonant
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.
12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.
13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do not contrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.
14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.
15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.
17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.
18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.
19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.
20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are __________.
22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are brought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.
23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.
24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highest point in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.
25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without __________.
26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.
27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.
28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of their neighbors.
29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.
30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. These movements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.
答案I.
1~5 ACDAA 6~10 DBABB
II.
11~15 TTTFF 16~20 TTTFF
III.
21. voiced, voiceless, voiced 22. friction
23. tongue 24. height
25. obstruction 26. minimal pairs
27. diphthongs 28. Co-articulation
29. Phonemes 30. air stream
Chapter 3 Lexicon
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.
A. lexical words
B. grammatical words
C. function words
D. form words
2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.
A. inflectional
B. free
C. bound
D. derivational
3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.
A. three
B. four
C. five
D. six
4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.
A. prefixes
B. suffixes
C. infixes
D. stems
5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.
A. derivational affix
B. inflectional affix
C. infix
D. back-formation
6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words by subtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.
A. affixation
B. back-formation
C. insertion
D. addition
7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.
A. acronymy
B. clipping
C. initialism
D. blending
8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.
A. blending
B. clipping
C. back-formation
D. acronymy
9. The stem of disagreements is __________.
A. agreement
B. agree
C. disagree
D. disagreement
10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.
A. lexeme
B. phoneme
C. morpheme
D. allomorph
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.
12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.
13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.
14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.
15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.
16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.
17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.
18. In most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.
19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.
20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as a word.
22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.
23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: __________, __________ and __________.
24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.
25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, while the largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.
26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.
27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns,
verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.
28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.
29. A word formed by derivation is called a __________, and a word formed by compounding is called
a __________.
30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.
IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)
31. Blending
32. Allomorph
33. Closed-class word
34. Morphological rule
V. Answer the following questions. (20%)
35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）
36. What are the main features of the English compounds?
VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)
37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）
I II
(1) acronym a. foe
(2) free morpheme b. subconscious
(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO
(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed
(5) prefix e. calculation
Key:
I.
1~5 AACBB 6~10 BCADB
II.
11~15 FTFTT 16~20 FTFFF
III.
21. initialism, acronym 22. vocabulary
23. solid, hyphenated, open 24. morpheme
25. close, open 26. back-formation
27. conversion 28. morpheme
29. derivative, compound 30. affix, bound root
IV.
31. Blending: It is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms, like newscast (news + broadcast), brunch (breakfast + lunch)
32. Allomorph: It is any of the variant forms of a morpheme as conditioned by position or adjoining sounds.
33. Close-class word: It is a word whose membership is fixed or limited. Pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, etc. are all closed-class words.
34. Morphological rule: It is the rule that governs which affix can be added to what type of base to form a new word, e.g. –ly can be added to a noun to form an adjective.
V.
Omit.
VI.
37.
(1) c (2) a (3) e (4) d (5) b
Chapter 4 Syntax
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The sentence structure is ________.
A. only linear
B. only hierarchical
C. complex
D. both linear and hierarchical
2. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.
A. large
B. small
C. finite
D. infinite
3. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.
A. lexical
B. morphological
C. linguistic
D. combinational
4. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati¬cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.
A. right
B. wrong
C. grammatical
D. ungrammatical
5. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.
A. coordinator
B. particle
C. preposition
D. subordinator
6. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.
A. recursive
B. grammatical
C. social
D. functional
7. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.
A. how words and phrases form sentences.
B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words
C. how people produce and recognize possible sentences
D. all of the above.
8. The head of the phrase ―the city Rome‖ is __________.
A. the city
B. Rome
C. city
D. the city Rome
9. The phrase ―on the shelf‖ belongs to __________ construction.
A. endocentric
B. exocentric
C. subordinate
D. coordinate
10. The sentence ―They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.‖ is a __________ sentence.
A. simple
B. coordinate
C. compound
D. complex
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.
12. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.
13. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.
14. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.
15. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.
16. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.
17. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.
18. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.
19. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.
20. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.
22. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.
23. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.
24. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.
25. A __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.
26. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.
27. Major lexical categories are __________ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.
28. __________ condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.
29. __________ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.
30. The theory of __________ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.
I.
1~5 DCDDD 6~10 ADDBA
II.
11~15 TTTTF 16~20 FTFTT
III.
21. simple 22. sentence
23. subject 24. predicate
25. complex 26. embedded
27. open 28. Adjacency
29. Parameters 30. Case
Chapter 5 Meaning
[Mainly taken from lxm1000w’s exercises. – icywarmtea]
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. The naming theory is advanced by ________.
A. Plato
B. Bloomfield
C. Geoffrey Leech
D. Firth
2. ―We shall know a word by the company it keeps.‖ This statement represents _______.
A. the conceptualist view
B. contexutalism
C. the naming theory
D. behaviorism
3. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.
C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.
D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.
4. ―Can I borrow your bike?‖_______ ―You have a bike.‖
A. is synonymous with
B. is inconsistent with
C. entails
D. presupposes
5. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
A. Predication analysis
B. Componential analysis
C. Phonemic analysis
D. Grammatical analysis
6. ―Alive‖ and ―dead‖ are ______________.
A. gradable antonyms
B. relational antonyms
C. complementary antonyms
D. None of the above
7. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
A. Reference
B. Concept
C. Semantics
D. Sense
8. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.
A. Polysemy
B. Synonymy
C. Homonymy
D. Hyponymy
9. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.
A. homonyms
B. polysemies
C. hyponyms
D. synonyms
10. The grammaticality of a sentence is governed by _______.
A. grammatical rules
B. selectional restrictions
C. semantic rules
D. semantic features
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or
American English.
12. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.
13. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
14. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.
15. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.
16. Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.
17. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.
18. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.
19. ―It is hot.‖ is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.
20. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. __________ can be defined as the study of meaning.
22. The conceptualist view holds that there is no __________ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.
23. __________ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.
24. Words that are close in meaning are called __________.
25. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called __________.
26. __________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.
27. __________ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.
28. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called __________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.
29. A(n) __________ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) in a sentence.
30. According to the __________ theory of meaning, the words in a lan¬guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.
1~5 ABDDB 6~10 CACDA
II.
11~15 FFTFT 16~20 TFTTT
III.
21. Semantics 22. direct
23. Reference 24. synonyms
25. homophones 26. Relational
27. Componential 28. selectional
29. argument 30. naming
Chapter 8 Language in Use
I. Choose the best answer. (20%)
1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.
A. reference
B. speech act
C. practical usage
D. context
2. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.
A. pragmatic
B. grammatical
C. mental
D. conceptual
3. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a (n) _________.
A. constative
B. directive
C. utterance
D. expressive
4. Which of the following is true?
A. Utterances usually do not take the form of sentences.
B. Some utterances cannot be restored to complete sentences.
C. No utterances can take the form of sentences.
D. All utterances can be restored to complete sentences.
5. Speech act theory did not come into being until __________.
A. in the late 50’s of the 20the cen tury
B. in the early 1950’s
C. in the late 1960’s
D. in the early 21st century
6. __________ is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.
A. A locutionary act
B. An illocutionary act
C. A perlocutionary act
D. A performative act
7. According to Searle, the illocutionary point of the representative is ______.
A. to get the hearer to do something
B. to commit the speaker to something’s being the case
C. to commit the speaker to some future course of action
D. to express the feelings or attitude towards an existing state of affairs
8. All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose, but they differ __________.
A. in their illocutionary acts
B. in their intentions expressed
C. in their strength or force
D. in their effect brought about
9. __________ is advanced by Paul Grice
A. Cooperative Principle
B. Politeness Principle
C. The General Principle of Universal Grammar
D. Adjacency Principle
10. When any of the maxims under the cooperative principle is flouted, _______ might arise.
A. impoliteness
B. contradictions
C. mutual understanding
D. conversational implicatures
II. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)
11. Pragmatics treats the meaning of language as something intrinsic and inherent.
12. It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered.
13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.
14. The major difference between a sentence and an utterance is that a sentence is not uttered while an utterance is.
15. The meaning of a sentence is abstract, but context-dependent.
16. The meaning of an utterance is decontexualized, therefore stable.
17. Utterances always take the form of complete sentences
18. Speech act theory was originated with the British philosopher John Searle.
19. Speech act theory started i n the late 50’s of the 20th century.
20. Austin made the distinction between a constative and a performative.
III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)
21. The notion of __________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.
22. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an __________.
23. The meaning of a sentence is __________, and decontexualized.
24. __________ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.
25. __________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable.
26. A(n) __________ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.
27. A(n) __________ act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something.
28. A(n) _________ is commit the speaker himself to some future course of action.
29. A(n) ________ is to express feelings or attitude towards an existing state.
30. There are four maxims under the cooperative principle: the maxim of __________, the maxim of quality, the maxim of relation and the maxim of manner.
Key:
I.
1~5 DBCBA 6~10 CBCAD
II.
11~15 FTTFF 16~20 FFFTT
III.
21. context 22. utterance
23. abstract 24. Constatives
25. Performatives 26. locutionary
27. illocutionary 28. commissive
29. expressive 30. quantity
胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记和考研真题详解(现代语言学理论与流派)【圣才出品】
第12章现代语言学理论与流派 12.1 复习笔记 本章要点： 1. The Prague School and Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 布拉格学派与功能句子观 2. The London School and context of situation 伦敦学派与语境观 3. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 韩礼德与系统——功能语法 4. Bloomfield and American Structuralism 布隆菲尔德与美国结构主义 5. Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar 乔姆斯基与转换——生成语法 常考考点： 各流派的代表人物、理论基础、特点、主要观点、重要概念；语言普遍性和人类行为关系等。 本章内容索引：
I. Saussure and modern linguistics II. The Prague School 1. Main points and contribution 2. Functional Sentence Perspective (FSP) 3. Communicative Dynamism (CD) III. The London School 1. Introduction 2. Malinowski’s theories 3. Firth’s theories 4. Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar 5. Systemic grammar and Functional grammar (1) Systemic grammar (2) Functional grammar IV. American Structuralism 1. Introduction 2. Three stages of the development V. Transformational-Generative Grammar 1. Introduction 2. The Innateness Hypothesis 3. Generative Grammar 4. Stage of development of TG Grammar 5. Main features of TG Grammar
英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).
英语语言学教程（胡壮麟版） Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1.What is language? “Language is system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains and is explained by the fact that different languages have different “books”: “book” in English, “livre” in French, “shu” in Ch inese. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2.Design Features of Language. “Design features” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1)Arbitrariness: By “arbitrariness”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2)Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3)Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one’s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4)Displacement: “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5)Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6)Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3.Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1)Phatic function: The “phatic function” refers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2)Directive function: The “directive function” means that language may be used to get the hearer
语言学重要知识点(胡壮麟版)
Language is a means of verbal communication. It is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 1.Design features of language The features that define our human languages can be called design features which can distinguish human language from any animal system of communication.Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meanings.eg.the dog barks wowwow in english but 汪汪汪in chinese.Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.eg.dog-woof(but not w-oo-f)Creativity means that language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness. Eg. An experiment of bee communication.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 3. Origin of language The bow-wow theory In primitive times people imitated the sounds of the animal calls in the wild environment they lived and speech developed from that.The pooh-pooh theory In the hard life of our primitive ancestors, they utter instinctive sounds of pains, anger and joy which gradually developed into language. The “yo-he-ho” theory As primitive people worked together, they produced some rhythmic grunts which gradually developed into chants and then into language. 4.Linguistics is the scientific study of language. It studies not just one language of any one community, but the language of all human beings. 5. Main branches of linguistics ?Phonetics is the study of speech sounds, it includes three main areas: articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory phonetics. ?Phonology studies the rules governing the structure, distribution, and sequencing of speech sounds and the shape of syllables. ?Morphology studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes. ?Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. ?Semantics examines how meaning is encoded in a language. It is concerned with both meanings of words as lexical items and levels of language below the word and above it. ?Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context. It concerned with the way language is used to communicate rather than with the way language is structured. 6.Important distinctions in linguistics 1)Descriptive vs. prescriptive For example, ―Don’t say X.‖ is a prescriptive command; ―People don’t say X.‖ is a descriptive statement. The distinction lies in prescribing how things ought to be and describing how things are.Lyons 2)Synchronic vs. diachronic A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. 3)Langue & parole langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). Saussure 4)Competence and performance According to Chomsky,a language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called the linguistic competence, and the actual use of language in concrete situations is called performance. Competence 7.consonant is produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede, or
英语语言学教程胡壮麟版
英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版) Chapter one. Invitation to Linguistic. 1. What is language? “ Languageis system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. It is a system, since linguistic elements are arranged systematically, rather than randomly. Arbitrary, in the sense that there is usually no intrinsic connection between a work (like “book”) and the object it refers to. This explains a is explained by the fact that different languages have different “ books ”“:book ”in English, “ livre in” French, “shu” ii n eCseh. It is symbolic, because words are associated with objects, actions, ideas etc. by nothing but convention. Namely, people use the sounds or vocal forms to symbolize what they wish to refer to. It is vocal, because sound or speech is the primary medium for all human languages. Writing systems came much later than the spoken forms. The fact that small children learn and can only learn to speak (and listen) before they write (and read) also indicates that language is primarily vocal, rather than written. The term “ human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human specific. 2. Design Features of Language. “ Design features ” here refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability (1) Arbitrariness: By “ arbitrariness ”, we mean there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. (2) Duality: The property of having two levels of structures (phonological and grammatical), units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization. (3) Productivity: Productivity refers to the ability to the ability to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences in one?s native language, including those that has never heard before, but that are appropriate to the speaking situation. The property that enables native speakers to construct and understand an indefinitely large number of utterances, including utterances that they have never previously encountered. (4) Displacement: “ Displacement ”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words, one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. (5) Cultural transmission: This means that language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but that the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. (6) Interchangeability: Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages. 3. Functions of Language. Language has at least seven functions: phatic, directive, Informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative and performative. (1) Phatic function: The “ phaticfunction r”efers to language being used for setting up a certain atmosphere or maintaining social contacts (rather than for exchanging information or ideas). Greetings, farewells, and comments on the weather in English and on clothing in Chinese all serve this function. (2) Directive function: The “ directive function ”thamt laenagnusage may be used to get the hearer to do something. Most imperative sentences perform this function, e. g., “Tell me the res you finish. ” (3) Informative function: Language serves an “ informational function ”when used to tell something, characterized by the use of declarative sentences. Informative statements are often labeled as true (truth) or false (falsehood). (4) Interrogative function: When language is used to obtain information, it serves an “ interrogat
胡壮麟语言学复习及答案
胡壮麟语言学复习及答案 Chapter I In troducti on I.Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False: 1.Lin guistics is gen erally defi ned as the scie ntific study of Ian guage. 2.L in guistics studies particular Ian guage, not Ian guages in gen eral. 3.A scie ntific study of Ian guage is based on what the lin guist thi nks. 4.In the study of lin guistics, hypotheses formed should be based on Ian guage facts and checked aga inst the observed facts. 5.Gen eral li nguistics is gen erally the study of Ian guage as a whole. 6.General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic con cepts, theories, descripti ons, models and methods applicable in any lin guistic study. 7.Phon etics is differe nt from phono logy in that the latter studies the comb in ati ons of the sounds to con vey meaning in com muni cati on. 8.Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meanin gful senten ces. 9.The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology. 10.Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the comb in ati on of morphemes into words and words into senten ces. 11.The study of meaning in Ian guage is known as sema ntics. 12.Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings. 13.Pragmatics is differe nt from sema ntics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolati on, but in con text. 14.Social cha nges can ofte n bring about Ian guage cha nges. 15.Sociolinguistics is the study of Ianguage in relation to society. 16.Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive. 17.Moder n lin guistics is differe nt from traditi onal grammar. 18. A diachronic study of Ianguage is the description of Ianguage at some point in time. 19 Modern linguistics regards the written Ianguage as primary, not the written Ian guage. 20.The disti ncti on betwee n compete nee and performa nee was proposed by F. de Saussure. II.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the
胡壮麟版语言学名词解释
Define the following terms: 1.design feature:are features that define our human languages,such as arbitrariness,duality,creativity,displacement,cultural transmission,etc. 2.function: the use of language tocommunicate,to think ,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7512090103.html,nguage functions inclucle imformative function,interpersonal function,performative function,interpersonal function,performative function,emotive function,phatic communion,recreational function and metalingual function. 3. etic:a term in contrast with emic which originates f rom American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.Being etic mans making far too many, as well as behaviously inconsequential,differentiations,just as was ofter the case with phonetic vx.phonemic analysis in linguistics proper. 4. emic:a term in contrast with etic which originates from American linguist Pike’s distinction of phonetics and phonemics.An emic set of speech acts and events must be one that is validated as meaningful via final resource to the native members of a speech commun ith rather than via qppeal to the investigator’s ingenuith or intuition alone. 5. synchronic: a kind of description which takes a fixed instant(usually,but not necessarily,the present),as its point of observation.Most grammars are of this kind. 6. diachronic:study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 7. prescriptive: the study of a language is carried through the course of its history. 8. prescriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are prescribed how ought to be,https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7512090103.html,ying down rules for language use. 9. descriptive: a kind of linguistic study in which things are just described. 10. arbitrariness: one design feature of human language,which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 11. duality: one design feature of human language,which refers to the property of having two levels of are composed of elements of the secondary.level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization. 12. displacement: one design feature of human language,which means human language enable their users to symbolize objects,events and concepts which are not present c in time and space,at the moment of communication. 13. phatic communion: one function of human language,which refers to the social interaction of language. 14. metalanguage: certain kinds of linguistic signs or terms for the analysis and description of particular studies. 15. macrolinguistics: he interacting study between language and language-related disciplines such as psychology,sociology,ethnograph,science of law and artificial intelligence etc.Branches of macrolinguistics include psycholinguistics,sociolinguistics, anthropological linguistics,et 16. competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules. 17. performance: the actual use of language in concrete situation. 18. langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker. 19. parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances). 20．Articulatory phonetics: the study of production of speechsounds. 21．Coarticulation: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are
胡壮麟语言学教程第二章专业术语解释
2. Articulatory phonetics发音语言学: the study of production of speechsounds.研究语言的发生 phonetics声学语言学：is the study of physical properties of speech sounds.研究语音的物质特征 or Auditory phonetics感知语音学或听觉语音学：is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.研究语音的感知 音系学is the study of the sound patterns and sound systems of languages.研究各种语言的语音模式和语音系统 6. IPA国际音标表: the abbreviation of International Phonetic Alphabet 变音符:are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.是与元音或辅音符号结合使用的一些附加符号或记号，用于表示元音或辅音在发音上的微小变化 辅音: are sound segments produced by constricting or obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert,impede,or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity.声道紧闭，或声道变窄的程度达到无法 9. Vowl元音:are sound segments produced without such obstruction,so no turbulence of a total stopping of the air can be perceived.气流可以相对不受阻碍的从口腔或鼻腔中排出 排出，一旦排出就会产生可闻的摩擦，这样发生的音叫辅音 10. Coarticulation协同发音: a kind of phonetic process in which simultaneous or overlapping articulations are
- 胡壮麟语言学术语表
- 胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第5-6章
- 语言学教程胡壮麟考研笔记
- 胡壮麟《语言学教程》(第5版)-章节题库-第1章 语言学导论【圣才出品】
- 英语语言学教程(胡壮麟版).
- 英语语言学教程胡壮麟版
- 胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点
- 胡壮麟语言学重点
- 语言学第四章知识点总结胡壮麟版
- 英语语言学教程 胡壮麟 术语大集合
- 胡壮麟 第十章 课件语言学教程
- 胡壮麟语言学总复习ppt
- 胡壮麟语言学综述
- 语言学教程复习资料 胡壮麟
- 胡壮麟《语言学教程》(修订版).doc
- (新)胡壮麟语言学教程笔记第8-9章
- (完整版)胡壮麟语言学教程笔记、重点全解
- 胡壮麟《语言学教程》笔记第5-6章
- 胡壮麟《语言学教程》第四章From word to t...
- 胡壮麟版语言学名词解释