《医学英语》翻译(魏凯峰)
Unit 1
1.人体面朝上为仰卧位
A person is supine when lying face upward ．
2.人体面朝下为俯卧位
A person is prone when lying face downward．
3.不同姿势影响对人体相对部位的描述
The position of the body can affect the description of body parts relative to each other.
4.肘在腕的上方
The elbow is above the hand．
5.方位术语描述人体不同部位之间的相对关系
Directional terms describe parts of the body relative to each other.
6.头部在人体的最高点
The head is the highest point of human body.
7.人体的前面是腹面
The anterior surface of the human body is the ventral surface.
8.脚在腿部的远端
The foot is attached at distal end to leg.
9.外侧面指远离中线的方向
Lateral means away from the midline.
10.鼻位于眼睛内侧
The nose is located in a medial position in the face.
11.皮肤在肌肉和骨的表面
The skin is superficial to the muscle and bone.
12.矢状面将人体分为左右两部分
A sagittal plane separates the body into right and left portions.
13.冠状面从左到右垂直穿过人体
A coronal plane runs vertically from right to left.
14.体腔包括鼻腔、颅腔、腹腔等
The body contains the nasal, cranial, and abdominal cavities etc.
15.纵膈中有心脏、胸腺、气管、食道以及血管、神经等。
The mediastinum contains the heart, thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, and other structures such as blood vessels and nerves. Unit 2
1. 冠心病
coronary artery disease (CAD)，coronary heart disease (CHD)
2. 心绞痛
angina Pectoris
3. 临床表现
clinical manifestations
4. 诱发因素
precipitating factors
5. 心血管系统
cardiovascular system
6.心肌梗塞
myocardial infarction (MI)
7. 发病机理
pathogenesis
8. 血管痉挛
vasospasm
9.交叉性栓子
paradoxical emboli
10. 缺血性心肌病
ischemic cardiomyopathy
11. 如果心脏没有足够的含氧血液供给, 就可能发生胸痛即心绞痛
When the heart has not enough oxygenated blood supply, chest pain will be resulted, called angina.
12.心绞痛是冠心病的一个常见症状
Angina is a common symptom for coronary heart disease.
13.一般体力活动（如步行和登楼）不受限, 仅在强、快、或长时间劳力时发生心绞痛
Ordinary physical activity, such as walking and climbing stairs, does not cause angina. Angina with strenuous1or rapid or prolonged exertion at work or recreation.
14.一切体力活动都引起不适, 静息时发生心绞痛
Inability to carry on any physical activity , angina syndrome may be present at rest.
15.在缺血性心脏病引起的死亡中, 缺血性心肌病多达40％
Ischmic cardiomyopathy is responsible for as much as 40% of the mortality in ischemic heart disease (IHD)
Unit 3
1.肺泡
alveolous
2.低氧血症
hypoxemia
3.终末细支气管
the terminal bronchioles
4.急性呼吸道感染
acute respiratory tract infections
5.二氧化碳潴留
carbon dioxide trapping
6.动脉血气分析
Arterial blood gas analysis
7.慢性呼吸衰竭
chronic respiratory failure
8.肺气肿没有明显的肺纤维化。
Emphysema without obvious fibrosis
9.慢性阻塞性肺病包括两个相关的疾病：慢性支气管炎和肺气肿。
COPD actually comprises two related diseases, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
10.引起慢性支气管炎的各种因素如感染、吸烟、大气污染、职业性粉尘和有害的气体的长期吸入、过敏等, 均可引起慢性阻塞性肺病, 其中主要因素是吸烟。Chronic bronchitis is caused by all kinds of factors, such as infection, cigarette smoking, air pollution, inhalations and allergies of powder and toxic fumes from work in a long history, which occurred COPD, and cigarette smoking is the most important one . 11.治疗慢性阻塞性肺病的主要目的在于改善呼吸功能, 提高患者工作和生活的能力。
The main purpose of therapy for COPD is improve respiration function and elevate the work and living ability of patients.
12.慢性阻塞性肺病多发于长期吸烟的人群。
COPD typically occurs insidiously in individuals with a long history of cigarette smoking.
13.健康教育对于慢阻肺患者很重要。
Health education can play an important role to COPD.
14.停止吸烟有助于疾病的所有过程。
Stopping smoking is beneficial at all stages of the disease. Nicotine.
15.长期氧疗可以提高存活期。
Long term oxygen therapy may increase life expectancy of patients
Unit 4
1. 软化食物
soften the food
2. 内痔
internal hemorrhoids
3. 肛周脓肿
perianal abscesses
4. 部分消化的食物
partially digested food
5. 结肠息肉
colon polyps
6. 感染性结肠炎
infectious colitis
7. 排便习惯改变
a change in normal bowel habits
8. 肠易激惹综合征
irritable bowel syndrome
9．利用多种筛查, 可以在出现症状之前防治结肠癌
By using a variety of screening tests, it is possible to prevent, detect, and treat the disease long before symptoms appear. 10．几乎所有的结肠直肠癌起源于息肉
Almost all colorectal cancers begin as polyps.
11．便秘通常由食物中缺乏纤维所致
Constipation is usually caused by inadequate fiber in the diet.
12．结肠结构异常需进行外科治疗
The structural abnormality of colon needs to be treated surgically.
13．肛裂的治疗包括服用止痛药、多食食物纤维及药物坐浴
Treatment for anal fissures includes pain medicine, more dietary fiber and sitz baths with drugs.
14．胰腺可以分泌唾液淀粉酶
Pancreas can secrete ptyalin.
15．通过保持建康的生活方式, 许多结肠和直肠疾病可以得到预防
Many diseases of the colon and rectum can be prevented by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
Unit 5
1. 如果肾小球损害严重, 红细胞穿过肾小球, 形成血尿。
If the glomeruli are severely damaged, erythrocytes pass through causing haematuria.
2. 毒素在体内堆积。
Toxins build up in the body.
3. 只有一个肾脏可以即可以正常发挥作用。
Kidneys can carry out their normal functions even if only one is working.
4. 最常见的肾衰的原因是糖尿病和高血压。
The most common causes of kidney failure are diabetes and high blood pressure.
5. 过滤血浆
filter the blood of waste products and excess water
6. 如果这些肾单位不能正常滤过, 肾脏将会停止工作。
If nephrons don't carry out the filtering process, the kidney will stop functioning.
7. 减少食物中胆固醇量
reducing intake of protein and phosphate
8. 肾脏具有强大的功能储备
The kidneys have a large functional reserve.
9. 在等待肾移植时，可以进行血液透析
Dialysis is used while waiting for a suitable transplant opportunity.
10. 肾脏可以将废物滤出体外
Kidneys can filter waste products out of the body.
11. 大分子蛋白进入尿中形成蛋白尿
Large protein molecules are lost in the urine causing proteinuria
12. 肾脏衰竭通常是一个渐进性的过程
Usually kidney failure is a gradual process.
13. 如果肾单位不能进行滤过，肾脏将停止工作
If nephrons don't carry out the filtering process, the kidney will stop functioning.
14. 在肾病的晚期，肾脏皱缩，表面不平，变硬
When kidney disease is advanced, the kidneys are shrunken, have an uneven shape and are firm to touch.
15. 减少蛋白及核苷类食物摄入以减轻肾脏负担
Reducing intake of protein and phosphate can ease the strain on the kidneys.
Unit 6
1. 糖尿病diabetes mellitus
2. 碳水化合物 carbohydrate
3. 胰腺 pancreas
4. 急慢性病 acute and chronic disease
5. 高血糖症 hyperglycemia
6. 传染性病communicable disease
7. 脱水 dehydrate
8. 蛋白质代谢 protein metabolism
9. 感染 infection
10. 并发症 complication
11. 胰岛素是胰腺分泌的一种能调节糖、脂肪等物质代谢的激素。
Insulin is a hormone that is secreted from the pancreas, which is able to regulate the metabolisms of the nutrients, such as carbohydrate , fat.
12. 糖尿病是一种因体内胰岛素的相对或绝对不足而引起糖、脂肪和蛋白质代谢紊乱的慢性代谢性疾病。
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease caused by insufficient production of insulin, including either absolutely or relative to the body’s n eeds, which lead to the disorders of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.
13. 糖尿病的早期症状有：食欲增加, 尿量增加, 体重减轻, 疲劳、视力模糊等。
The early symptoms of diabetes are manifested as increased appetite, polyuria, weight loss, fatigue, blured vision, etc.
14. 糖尿病的慢性并发症与血管疾病有关, 包括小血管和大血管疾病。
The complications of diabetes are associated with vascular diseases, including microvascular and macrovascular diseases.
15. 糖尿病的治疗因人而异, 其方法包括减轻体重, 饮食控制, 锻炼, 口服药物, 注射胰岛素等等。
The treatment of diabetes must be individualized, which involves reducing body weight, diet control, physical exercise, medication and insulin injection.
Unit 7
1. 中风 stroke, apoplexy
2. 瘫痪paralysis
3. 康复rehabilitation
4. 中枢神经系统central nervous system
5. 周围神经系统 peripheral nervous system
6. 颅内出血intracerebral haemorrhage
7. 脑梗塞由血栓堵塞脑部血管所致
cerebral infarction results from the blockage of blood vessels in the brain induced by a blood clot
8. 蛛网膜下腔出血通常表现有突然的剧烈头痛
subarachnoid haemorrhage is commonly manifested as sudden，severe headache.
9. 中风的治疗包括药物、手术、住院治疗和康复治疗
The treatment of stroke includes medications, surgery, hospitalization, and rehabilitation
10. 中风患者的恢复情况取决于大脑受损的程度
The recovery of stroke depends on the extent of brain tissue damaged
12. 血液受阻的原因可能是动脉堵塞或者动脉壁破裂
The obstruction of blood circulation may be caused by the blockage or rapture of an artery.
13. 短暂性脑缺血症状可与中风相似, 但患者在24小时内得以恢复
The symptoms of transient ischemic attack resemble to those of a stroke, but they may resolve within 24 hours. 14．脑部动脉痉挛引起大脑局部缺血
Arterial Spasm causes the cerebral ischaemia in the part of brain.
15．高血压患者较血压正常人群更容易出现动脉瘤
hypertensive patients are more likely to have aneurysms than normotensive people.
Unit 8
1. 血红蛋白Hemoglobin
2. 白蛋白Albumin
3. 晕厥Syncope
4. 促红细胞生成素Erythropoietin
5. 网织红细胞Reticulocyte
6. 急/慢性出血Acute / chronic bleeding
7. 静脉痉挛Venouspasm
8. 劳累性心动过速Fatigue tachycardia
9. 再生障碍性贫血Aplastic anemia
10. 失血性贫血Hemorrhagic anemia
11. 突发性的严重的出血可诱发低血容量性休克, 心血管衰竭, 甚至死亡。
Sudden,severe hemorrhage can induce hypovolemic shock, cardiovascular failure, and death.
12. 慢性失血会消耗铁储备引起缺铁性贫血。
Chronic blood loss will deplete iron stores and produce an iron deficiency anemia.
13. 正常人可以轻易耐受总血容量20%的失血量。
Blood volume losses of up to 20%of the total blood volume are readily tolerated by a normal individual.
14. 骨髓对贫血的反应能力部分取决于促红细胞生成素的刺激水平
The capacity of marrow to respond(to the anemia) depends on the level of erythropoietin stimulaiton.
15. 慢性内出血诊断更难。
Slower bleeding internally can be harder to diagnose.
Unit 9
1鉴别诊断Differential diagnosis
2 流行病学Incidence and epidemiology
3 银屑病关节炎Psoriatic arthritis
4骨关节炎Osteoarthritis
5 寰枢关节Atlantoaxial joint
6 齿突Odontoid prcess
7 腰椎Lumbar
8拇趾外翻Hallux valgus
9近端指 (趾) 间关节Proximal interphalangeal joint
10 颈椎病Cervical spondylosis
11 从出现症状到确诊平均需要6个月到1年
The average time from the onset of symtoms to diagnosis is about 6 months to 1 year.
12 如果病人保持一个姿势时间过长, 就会出现类似“凝胶”的现象
A simillar ”gelling” phenomenon occurs when Patients remain in a single position for a prolonged period of time.
13 在类风湿性关节炎中, 腰部疾病是很常见的
Waist disease is quite common in RA.
14 肩关节炎可引起疼痛, 活动受限, 回旋肌腱的撕裂。
Arthrits in the shoulder joint can cause pain,decrease range of motion,and chronic rotator cuff tears.
15 在患有严重肩关节炎的病人中, 疼痛引起的入睡困难是很常见的疾病。
Difficulty in slepping due to pain is a very common complaint in paients with significant shoulder arthritis.
Unit 10
1.阴阳学说建立在对立统一规律的基础上
The theory of Yin-Yang is guided by the law of unity of the opposites.
2.阴阳之间的关系有阴阳的对立、阴阳的互根、阴阳的消长和阴阳的相互转化
The interaction between Yin and Yang can be summed up briefly as: opposition of Yin and Yang, interdependence of Yin and Yang, waning and waxing of Yin and Yang, and inter-transformation of Yin and Yang.
3.阴阳消长指阴阳之间的相互作用及其转化
waning and waxing of Yin and Yang describes the interaction and potential exchange between Yin and Yang..
4.静止、下降、黑暗等属阴
The characteristics of stillness, descending, darkness, and, etc. pertain to Yin
5. 阳盛阴虚则滋阴潜阳，阴阳两虚则滋阴益阳
In case of little Yin deficiency, nourishing Yin and subdue Yang. In case of deficiency of both Yin and Yang, nourishing Yin and tonifying Yang.
6. 事物阴阳的属性是相对的
The Yin-Yang attribution of the thing is relative
7. 阴阳两者之间互为条件，任何一方都不能脱离另一方而存在
Yin-Yang are interdependent. One cannot exist without the other. Each of the two aspects is the condition for the other's existence and neither can exist in isolation.
8. 量变可以导致质变
Quantitative change can lead to qualitative change.
9. 功能性疾病、器质性疾病
Functional diseases. Organic diseases.
10. 维持阴阳平衡是中医学的基本治则
The general principle in the treatment of the TCM is “to keep Yin-Yang in balance”.
11. 阴阳可以概括疾病的性质
The nature of diseases attributes to either Yin or Yang.
12. 在一定条件下，阴阳可以相互转化
In certain circumstances, Yin and Yang will transform into each other.
13. 五行包括木、火、土、金、水
The five elements include wood, fire, earth, metal, and water.
14. 五行之间的正常关系包括相生、相克，异常关系有相乘和相侮
There are two types of interactions among the five elements, inter-promotion and inter-restriction. In addition, there are two abnormal relationships among the five elements, i.e. over-restriction and reverse-restriction.
Unit 11
1.五脏包括肝、心、脾、肺、肾
The heart, lungs, spleen, liver and kidney are termed the five Zang-organs．
2.六腑指胆、小肠、大肠、胃、膀胱、三焦等
The gallbladder, Stomach, large and small intestines, bladder and tri-Jiao are termed the six Fu-organs．
3.奇恒之腑有胆、脑、骨、脉、髓、女子胞等
The brain, spine, bones, vessels, gallbladder, and uterus are termed the extraordinary or extra Fu-organs.
4.心为君主之官
The heart is considered to be the most important of all the internal organs, sometimes described as the “ruler” or “monarch” of the internal organs.
5.心主血脉
The heart governs blood and blood vessels.
6.心藏神，开窍于舌
The heart houses the mind opens into the tongue.
7.肺主气司呼吸
The lungs govern Qi and respiration.
8.脾主运化、主统血，为气血生化之源
The spleen governs transformation and transportation, controls the blood and is described as “the source of Qi and blood”.
9.肝主藏血，主疏泄
The liver stores blood, and ensures the smooth flow of Qi.
10.肾藏精、主发育与生殖
The kidneys store essence and govern birth, growth, reproduction and development.
11.肾与膀胱相表里
The kidney has interior-exterior relationship with urinary bladder.
12.三焦主气化，通行元气、水液等
The triple jiao dominates all kinds of Qi, governs the “Qi-varying”of the human body and is pathways of Qi, fluid and foodstuff.
13.大肠可以接受食物残渣
The large intestine receives food dregs.
14.脑为髓海，主管精神活动
The brain is consider as the “the sea of the marrow”and governs the mental activities of the human being.
15.女子胞可以发生月经和孕育胎儿。
Uterus is the organ for occurrence of menstruation and housing and nourishing the embryo and fetus during pregancy.
Unit 12
1.病因学etiology
2.邪气pathogenic factors
3.外邪exogenous pathogens (factors)
4.痰饮phlegm and fluid retention
5.瘀血blood stasis
6.疫疠pestilence（epidemic pathogenic factors）
7.六淫six exogenous pathogens
8.七情seven emotions
9.病机pathogenesis
10.过劳overwork
11.病因学的定义是造成疾病的各种原因。
Etiology is defined as various kinds of factors that cause diseases.
12. 通过分析疾病的症状、体征来推求病因, 为治疗用药提供依据的方法称为“辨证求因”。
Seeking the cause by syndrome differentiation is actually a method to offer a basis for treatment and prescription through analysis of symptoms and signs of the disease to infer its cause.
13. 病机是指疾病发生、发展和转归的机理。
Pathogenesis is the mechanism of the occurrence, development and outcome of diseases.
14. 正邪相争不仅与疾病的发生有关, 而且直接影响到疾病的发展和转归。
The conflict between the vital-Qi and pathogens is not only related to the occurrence of a disease, but also directly affects its development and final outcome.
15.气血紊乱指的是气血亏虚、功能失调和相互依赖关系崩溃导致的一种病理状态。
The disturbance of qi and blood refers to a morbid state caused by deficiency and dysfunction of qi and blood, and the breakdown of their interdependent relationship.
1.四诊four diagnostic methods
2.观察指纹o bservation of infant’s fingerprint
3.舌质、舌苔tongue proper, tongue coating
4.望、闻、问、切inspection, auscultation and olfaction, interrogation, and pulse diagnosis
5.用指尖判断脉象to feel the pulse with the ginger-tips
6.四诊为诊断提供基础
The four diagnostic methods are applied to provide a basis for clinical diagnosis.
7.有神、少神、失神、假神
strong vitality, insufficient vitality, losing vitality and pseudo-vitality.
8.望面色可以判断脏腑证候及疾病的性质
Observation of the complexion can help to deduce the syndromes of Zangfu-organs and the nature of disease.
9.通过四诊可以判断脏腑、气血、津液的盛衰情况
Rise and fall of zangfu organs, qi, blood and body fluid can be judged through the four diagnostic methods.
10.人体是一个有机整体，局部的病变可以反应的全身，全身病变也可以身体的特定部位反映出来
Human body is an organic entirety, because local disorder can influence the whole body and the whole-length disease also can be reflected at certain part of the body.
11.闻诊包括听患者发出的声音和闻患者所发出的气味
Auscultation and olfaction include listening to the patient's sounds of speaking, respiring, coughing and moaning and smelling the patient's odor of the secretion and excretion.
12.问病史包括主诉、现病史、个人史、家庭史、治疗史、生活史等
The content of inquiry includes the chief complaints, the history of present disease, life history, family history, treatment history, constitution and so forth.
13.排泄物包括痰、唾液、呕吐物、涕、泪、汗、尿、大便、月经及白带等
excretions include sputum, saliva, vomitus, nasal discharge, tears, sweat, urine, stools, menstrual flow and leukorrhea.
14.触诊指医生触摸或按压患者的皮肤、四肢、胸、腹等部位，以检查体温、润燥、软硬等
Palpation means that the physician touches and presses the patient’s skin, four limbs, chest and abdomen in order to detect the body temperature, moistening and dryness, tenderness and hardness, etc.
15.神指人体生命活动的外在表现，包括精神、意识、思维等
The vitality refers to the general external manifestations of life activity of the human body, including spirit, consciousness and thinking.
Unit 14
1.食欲欠佳
poor appetite
2.失眠多梦
insomnia and dream-disturbed sleep
3.小便淋漓
dribbling after urination
4.肛门脱垂
prolapse of anus
5.颧部潮红
malar flush
6.自汗盗汗
spontaneous perspiration，night sweating
7.气喘痰鸣
dyspnea with rumbling of sputum
8.痰热扰心
phlegm-fire disturb the heart
wind-heat invade the lung
10.脘部烧灼样疼痛
Burning sensation and pain in the epigastrium.
11.腹痛绵绵，喜温喜按
Dull pain and relieved by warmth and pressure.
12.肝阴虚肝阳上亢引动肝风
Deficiency of liver-Yin with rising of liver-Yang leading to liver-wind.
13.小肠热盛证候可表现有小便短赤、灼痛、尿血等
Excessive Heat in the Small Intestine can manifest as: scanty and dark urine, burning pain in micturition, hematuria,etc.
14.大肠湿热可表现为腹痛、腹泻、脓血便、肛门灼热等
Sydrome of Damp-Heat in the Large Intestine can manifest as: abdominal pain, diarrhea, mucus and blood in stools, burning in anus,etc.
15.肾阴虚证可见乏力、头昏、耳鸣、眩晕、耳聋、盗汗等
Kidney-Yin Deficiency can manifest as: lassitude, dizziness, tinnitus, vertigo, deafness, night sweating,etc.
Unit 15
1.预防法
preventive method
2.既病防变
prevent progress of disease once it occurs.
3.治病求本
concentrate treatment on the root cause
4.扶正祛邪
strengthen vital Qi and eliminat pathogens
5.三因治宜
Adjust treatment to individual constitution, local conditions and seasonal conditions.
6.解表法
exterior-relieving method
7.消食导滞
remove the retention of food and eliminate stagnation
8.清热解毒
clear heat and remove toxin
9.半表半里证
semi-exterior and semi-interior phase
10.肝胃不和
liver-stomach disharmony
11.在辨证论治原则指导下, 中医临床治疗中有汗、吐、下、温、清、消、补这的八种基本治疗方法
As therapeutic methods embody therapeutic principles, there are eight basic therapeutic methods in TCM, namely han (diaphoresis), tu (emesis2), xia (purgation), he (regulation), wen (warming), qing (heat-clearing), xiao (resolution) and bu (invigorating, tonifying or reinforcing) which are commonly used in clinical treatment.
12.温法是祛除寒邪和补益阳气的一种治法
Warming therapy is a therapeutic method used to eliminate pathogenic cold and invigorate Yang Qi.
13.补法是补益人体脏腑气血阴阳不足的一种治法
Invigorating therapy is used to treat deficiency of Qi and blood, Yin and Yang, Zang and Fu.
14.攻补兼施适用于正虚邪实的虚实错杂证
Simultaneous application of purgation and tonification is a therapeutic method used for in deficiency of vital Qi and excessive
15.损其有余和泻其不足是调整阴阳这一治疗原则的体现
The former is also known as “excess should be treated by purgation. ” and the later as “deficiency should be treated by tonification. ”
Unit 16
1.中药：Materia medica
2.四气五味：four natures & five flavors
3.归经：meridian tropism
4.升降浮沉：lifting and lowering, floating and sinking
5.寒热温凉：cool, cold and warmth, hot
6.酸苦甘辛咸：sour, bitter, sweet, pungent and salty
7.渗湿利尿：emoving dampnessand promoting diuresis
8.清热燥湿：clearing away heat and drying dampness
9.解表散寒：disperse cold and expel exterior pathogenic factors
10.脾胃不和：incoordination between the spleen and stomach
11.中药的寒热温凉四种药性称为四气。
Four properties of Chinese drugs, cold, hot, warm and cool, are also called the four natures or four xing in TCM
12.五味是指中药的辛、甘、酸、苦、咸五种不同的滋味。
The five flavors of Chinese drugs refer to the five different tastes, pungent, sweet, sour, bitter and salty, which can be tasted by the tongue.
13.升降浮沉是药物作用于人体的四种不同趋向。
Lifting, lowering, floating and sinking refer to four different directions of actions of Chinese drugs in human body when they are taken.
14.归经是指某药对人体某脏腑经络病变有明显和特殊的治疗作用, 而对其他脏腑经络起的作用较小或不起作用, 体现了药物对人体各部位治疗作用的选择性。
Meridian tropism refers to that drugs may often produce their therapeutic effects on some portion of a human body in preference, in other words, their therapeutic action is mainly related to some viscus or channel or some channels in predominance but lt may seem to produce fewer effects on or seem not related to the other viscera and channels.
15.药物的升降浮沉作用与药物的性味、质地有一定的关系。
lifting and lowering, floating and sinking of the herbs is different with the texture, flavour and nature of the herbs.
Unit 17
1.经络：meridians
2.腧穴：acupoints
3.艾灸：acupuncture and moxibustion
4.十二正经：twelve regular meridians
5.十二经别：twelve meridian branches
6.十五络脉：fifteen collaterals
7.奇经八脉：eight extraordinary vessels
8.表里关系：external and internal relationship
9.十二正经与脏腑存在属络关系
the association of the twelve channels with the viscera is mainly demonstrate d as “pertaining and connection”.
10.十二经脉对称地分布在人体的头、面、躯干和四肢
The twelve channels distribute in symmetry on the face, head, trunk and limbs.
11.腧穴的治疗作用有近治作用、远治作用和特殊治疗作用
The functions of acupoints are marked by proximal curative effect, distal curative effect and special curative effect.
12.近治作用指所有穴位可以针刺治疗局部病变
Proximal curative effect is the common features of all acupoints which means that all acupoints can be needled to treat local disorder.
13.穴位通常可以分为经穴、经外奇穴以及阿是穴
Acupoints can usually be classified into meridian acupoints, extraordinary acupoints and Ashi points
14.穴位是体表脏腑、经络气血汇聚之处
Acupoints are the spots where Qi and blood from the viscera and meridians effuse and infuse in the body surface.
15.刺激穴位可以调节相应脏腑的功能
Stimulation of the acupoints may regulate the functional activities of the corresponding viscera.
(完整版)医学专业英语翻译及答案
Chapter 1 Passage 1 Human Body In this passage you will learn: 1. Classification of organ systems 2. Structure and function of each organ system 3. Associated medical terms To understand the human body it is necessary to understand how its parts are put together and how they function. The study of the body's structure is called anatomy; the study of the body's function is known as physiology. Other studies of human body include biology, cytology, embryology, histology, endocrinology, hematology, immunology, psychology etc. 了解人体各部分的组成及其功能，对于认识人体是必需的。研究人体结构的科学叫解剖学；研究人体功能的科学叫生理学。其他研究人体的科学包括生物学、细胞学、胚胎学、组织学、内分泌学、血液学、遗传学、免疫学、心理学等等。 Anatomists find it useful to divide the human body into ten systems, that is, the skeletal system, the muscular system, the circulatory system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the reproductive system and the skin. The principal parts of each of these systems are described in this article. 解剖学家发现把整个人体分成骨骼、肌肉、循环、呼吸、消化、泌尿、内分泌、神经、生殖系统以及感觉器官的做法是很有帮助的。本文描绘并阐述了各系统的主要部分。 The skeletal system is made of bones, joints between bones, and cartilage. Its function is to provide support and protection for the soft tissues and the organs of the body and to provide points of attachment for the muscles that move the body. There are 206 bones in the human skeleton. They have various shapes - long, short, cube - shaped, flat, and irregular. Many of the long bones have an interior space that is filled with bone marrow, where blood cells are made. 骨骼系统由骨、关节以及软骨组成。它对软组织及人体器官起到支持和保护作用，并牵动骨胳肌，引起各种运动。人体有206根骨头。骨形态不一，有长的、短、立方的、扁的及不规则的。许多长骨里有一个内层间隙，里面充填着骨髓，这即是血细胞的制造场所。 A joint is where bones are joined together. The connection can be so close that no movement is possible, as is the case in the skull. Other kinds of joints permit movement: either back and forth in one plane - as with the hinge joint of the elbow - or movement around a single axis - as with the pivot joint that permits the head to rotate. A wide range of movement is possible when the ball - shaped end of one bone fits into a socket at the end of another bone, as they do in the shoulder and hip joints. 关节把骨与骨连接起来。颅骨不能运动，是由于骨与骨之间的连接太紧密。但其它的关节可允许活动，如一个平面上的前后屈伸运动，如肘关节；或是绕轴心旋转运动，如枢轴点允许头部转动。如果一根骨的球形末端插入另一根骨的臼槽里，大辐度的运动（如肩关节、髋关节）即成为可能。 Cartilage is a more flexible material than bone. It serves as a protective, cushioning layer where bones come together. It also connects the ribs to the breastbone and provides a structural base for the nose and the external ear. An infant's skeleton is made of cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone as the infant grows into an adult. 软骨是一种比一般骨更具韧性的物质。它是骨连结的保护、缓冲层。它把肋骨与胸骨连结起来，也是鼻腔与内耳的结构基础。一个婴儿的骨骼就是由软骨组成，然后不断生长、
医学专业英语翻译
医学专业英语翻译 医学专业英语翻译如下： portable electric dental engine 轻便电动钻牙机，轻便牙钻portable hearing aid 袖珍助听器 portable microtome 手提式切片机 portable monitor 手提式监护仪 portable obstetric table 轻便产床 portable operating table 轻便手术台 portable photoelectric colorimeter 便携式光电比色计 portable suction unit 便携式吸引器 portable testing set 便携式测试仪器 portable typewriter 手提式打字机 portable X-ray machine 手提式X 光机 portacid 移酸滴管，滴酸器 portal 门，入门 portal venography 门静脉造影术 port B/L 港口提单 portcaustic 腐蚀药把持器 porte 柄 porte-acid 移酸滴管，滴酸器
porte-aiguille 持针器 porte-caustique 腐蚀药把持器 porte-ligature 深部结扎器，缚线把持器porte-meche 填塞条器 porte-noeud 瘤蒂结扎器 porte-polisher 握柄磨光器 porterage 搬运费 portial impression trays 局部牙托portion 部分，段，份 portligature 深部结扎器，缚线把线器port of arrival 到达港 port of delivery 交货港 port of departure 出发港 port of destination 到达港目的港 port of discharge 卸货港 portogram 门静脉造影片 portoraphy 门静脉造影术portovenogram 门静脉造影片 posion 阴离子，阳向离子 position 位置，状态 positioner 定位器（牙），位置控制器
(完整版)医学专业英语
cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone; 骨骼系统skeletal system; 维生素吸收vitamin absorption; 骨钙丧失the loss of calcium from bone; 生长激素growth hormone;
医学英语翻译常用专业词汇
这里汇聚了中西医学行业的大部分英语词汇和详细解说，如果要查询相关词汇，你可以点此word 文档工具栏的“编辑”，找到“查找”，然后点开输入你要查询的词汇就可以查询了。 西医篇： 1、医院部门及科室名称 2、医务人员名称 3、诊断和治疗常用词汇 4、常见疾病名称 5、常见手术名称 6、常用药物名称 7、常用护理术语 8、常用临床医学术语 9、医疗器材 10、医学英语快速记忆－后缀 11、主要人体系统名称 12、医院类型名称 13、医学词汇 14、医学常用字首与字根 1.医院部门及科室名称 out-patient department 门诊部 In-patient department 住院部 Nursing department 护理部 Admission office 住院处 Discharge office 出院处 Registration office 挂号处 Reception room, waiting room 侯诊室 Consultation room 诊察室 Isolation room 隔离室 Delivery room 分娩室 Emergency room 急诊室 Ward 病房室 Department of internal medicine 内科 Department of surgery 外科 Department of pediatrics 儿科 Department of obstetrics and gynecology 妇科 Department of neurology 神经科 Department of ophtalmology 眼科 E.N.T.department 耳鼻喉科 Department of stomatology 口腔科 Department of urology 泌尿科 Department of orthopedic 骨科 Department of traumatology 创伤科 Department of endocrinology 内分泌科
医学英语课后翻译答案完整版
医学英语课后翻译答案完 整版 Revised by Jack on December 14,2020
Translation： Unit one 1 医院，在现代意义上，就是由专业人员和专业的设备为病人提供医疗服务的机构，通常但也不总是提供长期的住院治疗。它的历史意义，直至最近，是给退伍战士提供服务的地方。 2 在现代社会，从广义上说，医院或者由它所处的国家的政府提供资助，或者在私营部门通过竞争在经济上生存下来。目前，为医院提供赞助的通常有公共部门，医疗机构，赢利或者非赢利的，医疗保险公司或者教会，包括直接由教会提供捐赠。在历史上，医院通常由宗教机构或者教会的成员或领导来建立和资助。与此不同的是，现代医院主要由专业的内科医生、外科医生和护士组成，在过去这些工作主要由成立医院的宗教机构或者志愿者来完成。 3 一些病人去医院只是去接受诊断和治疗，然后离开，不在医院过夜（门诊病人）；也有一些病人被收入院，在医院过夜，甚至长达几个星期或几个月（住院病人）。医院的等级划分通常由它们所提供的医疗设施的类型和为住院病人提供的医疗服务，以及其他的在门诊所提供的医疗服务水平所决定。（医院与其他医疗机构的区别在于它具有将病人收住院并为住院病人提供医疗服务的能力，而其他一类通常称为诊所。） Unit two 1它们平均是每两位医生为一千位病人提供预防性和初级医疗服务。下一级别的为城镇医疗中心，这些中心通常主要为一万到三万位病人
提供门诊医疗服务。每一个中心有十到三十个床位，中心的专业医生为医士(助理医师）。这两个较低级别的医疗机构构成了乡村合作医疗系统，为大多数的乡村病人提供医疗服务。 2强调公共卫生和预防性治疗为主的医疗政策始于50年代早期，在那个时候，共产党开始有大批的人口流动，（动员群众）参与大规模的“爱国卫生运动”，目的在于改进较差的环境卫生，预防某些疾病。 3这一转变对农村医疗卫生产生了一系列重要影响，合作医疗缺乏资金来源，致使赤脚医生数量减少，这就意味着健康教育、初级保健和家庭保健都受挫，在一些村庄，卫生状况和饮用水(水源检测这个大家自己看哈）很少得到监控。 Unit three 1金刚烷阻碍(阻断）了由m2蛋白质形成的离子通道，这一通道在vRNPs释放进入细胞质的过程中是至关重要的。对金刚烷的排斥（耐药）迅速形成，大多数的人类传染性H1N1和H3N2病毒，一些H5N1病毒，大多数的欧洲猪H1N1、H1N2和H3N2病毒都能抵制（耐受）金刚烷。 2（然而），万一（一旦）发生流行性疾病（大流行），鸡蛋供应就会短缺，相反的是，细胞培养是可高度控制的系统，可以促使疫苗的大批量生产，包括这些对抗高致病性H5N1的禽流感病毒（可以促使包括那些针对高致病性H5N1病毒在内的疫苗大批量生产），通过以狗肾传代细胞或者非洲绿猴子肾细胞生产的流感疫苗的纯度和免疫能力
医学英语翻译常用专业词汇
医学英语翻译常用专业词汇 学英语教学担负着促使医学生从外语学习阶段向使用阶段过渡的任务,下面为大家分享医学英语翻译常用专业词汇，希望对大家有用。 医学英语翻译常用专业词汇如下： M (①meter ②molar) ①米②容积克分子的（溶液） MA (milliampere) 毫安（培） maceration 浸渍，浸软 maceration tank 浸渍槽 macerator 浸渍器 Mach 马赫（音速单位） machcardiogram (abbr. MCG) 心机械图（即对心电、心音、颈动脉波，心尖搏动图进行同步 记录，可对各图型和时相及其相互关系进行研究） machine(abbr. mach.) 机，机器，装置 machine parts 机器零件 machinery 机器，机械装置 macro- 巨，大，长，宏观 macroanalysis 常量分析 macrochemistry 常量化学
macroroentgenogram X 射线放大照片macroroentgenography X 射线放大工业照像术 made-up 人工的，制成的，预制的 madisterion 拔毛镊 madisterium 拔毛镊 madistor 晶体磁控管 magamp 磁性放大器 magazine ①杂志，期刊②箱，盒，办片匣，暗盒③软片盒magic 魔术，不可思议的 magic eye ①电眼②光调谐指示管 magic lantern 幻灯 magmeter 直读式频率计 magnalium 镁铝合金 magnesia anastomosis tube 镁氧吻合管 magnesium (abbr. Mg) 镁 magnet 吸铁器，磁铁 magnet for eye 眼用吸铁器 magnetic 磁（性）的 magnetic amplifier 磁性放大器，磁增强器 magnetic attraction 磁吸引 magnetic belt 磁性治病带 magnetic core memory 磁心存储器
医学英语翻译
医学英语翻译的标准 一．忠实和通顺。 对于医学专业方面的翻译而言，译文应该至少达到两个标准：忠实和通顺 (1)忠实，指译文必须忠于原文的内容，在内容上不应增添删减；也要忠实于原文的风格、语气等。但要注意．盲目追求与原文表面结构的一致并不是忠实。 例1: A woman with child came to see her doctor. 【误译】一位带着孩子的妇女来看病。 【鹿译】一位孕妇来看病。 例2: The complaints of the patient did not answer to the proper manifestations of the disease. 【醍坪】病人的主诉没有回答此病的适当表现。 【应泽】病人的主诉不符合此病应有的表现。 (2)通顺，指译文语言必须合乎汉语的语法规范，用词造句应符合汉语的习惯，避免文理不通、逐词死译、晦涩难懂，在忠实的基础上达到通顺。 例1：Illness prevented him from going there. 【误译】疾病妨碍他去那里。 【应译】他因病未去那里。 例2: The medicine will make you feel better, 【误译】此药会使你感到好些。 【应译】你服此药后会感到好想。 Exercises 1. 按忠实、通顺的标准，修改下列各句的译文 1) The amount of sleep required depends upon age of the individual. 【误译】睡眠的需要量取决于一个人的年龄。 2) The sound heard in the heart is due to the closing of the valves. 【误译】心脏里听到的声音是由于瓣膜的关闭。 3) Through this membrane materials are allowed to pass into the protoplasm． 【误译】通过这层膜，物质被允许进入原生质． 4) Half an hour passed before the patient came to. 【误译】在患者苏醒之前，半小时过去了。 5) Two screening test are in common use, 【误译】两种筛选实验在常用。 6) It is reported that in the world today there are about 55 million people who have tuberculosis. 【误译】它被报道，日前世界上大约有5 500万人患结核病。
各专业课程英文翻译(精心整理)
各专业课程英文翻译(精心整理) 生物及医学专业课程汉英对照表 应用生物学 Applied Biology 医学技术 Medical Technology 细胞生物学 Cell Biology 医学 Medicine 生物学 Biology 护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia 进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology 口腔外科学 Oral Surgery 海洋生物学 Marine Biology 口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences 微生物学 Microbiology 骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine 分子生物学 Molecular Biology 耳科学 Otology 医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology 理疗学 Physical Therapy 口腔生物学 Oral Biology 足病医学 Podiatric Medicine 寄生物学 Parasutology 眼科学 Ophthalmology 植物生物学 Plant Physiology 预防医学 Preventive Medicine 心理生物学 Psychobiology 放射学 Radiology 放射生物学 Radiation Biology 康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling 理论生物学 Theoretical Biology 康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing 野生生物学 Wildlife Biology 外科护理学 Surgical Nursing 环境生物学 Environmental Biology 治疗学 Therapeutics 运动生物学 Exercise Physiology 畸形学 Teratology 有机体生物学 Organismal Biology 兽医学 V eterinary Sciences 生物统计学 Biometrics 牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences 生物物理学 Biophysics 牙科科学 Dentistry 生物心理学 Biopsychology 皮肤学 Dermatology 生物统计学 Biostatistics 内分泌学 Endocrinology 生物工艺学 Biotechnology 遗传学 Genetics 生物化学 Biological Chemistry 解剖学 Anatomy 生物工程学 Biological Engineering 麻醉学 Anesthesia 生物数学 Biomathematics 临床科学 Clinical Science 生物医学科学 Biomedical Science 临床心理学 Clinical Psychology 细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology 精神病护理学 Psychiatric Nursing 力学专业 数学分析 Mathematical Analysis 高等代数与几何 Advanced Algebra and Geometry 常微分方程 Ordinary Differential Equation 数学物理方法 Methods in Mathematical Physics 计算方法 Numerical Methods 理论力学 Theoretical Mechanics 材料力学 Mechanics of Materials 弹性力学 Elasticity 流体力学 Fluid Mechanics 力学实验 Experiments in Solid Mechanics 机械制图 Machining Drawing 力学概论 Introduction to Mechanics 气体力学 Gas Dynamics 计算流体力学 Computational Fluid Mechanics 弹性板理论 Theory of Elastic Plates 粘性流体力学 V iscous Fluid Flow 弹性力学变分原理 V ariational Principles inElasticity 有限元法 Finite Element Method 塑性力学 Introduction of Plasticity
医学英语专业词汇大全单词带翻译.doc
医学英语专业词汇大全单词带翻译 医学专业的很多英语的专业术语都需要清楚了解，今天在这里为大家分享医学英语专业词汇大全，希望这些医学专业词汇能帮到大家! 医学英语专业词汇阅读 Apnea呼吸暂停 Aplastic Anemia再生不良性贫血 Arterio Venous Malformation 动静脉畸形 Bronchial Asthma支气管性气喘 Bronchitis支气管炎 Cephalopematoma头血肿 Erythema红斑 Hypospadia尿道下裂 Dehydration 脱水 Hydrocephalus水脑 Hydrocele 阴囊积水 Polydactylia多指畸形 Pyoderma脓皮症 Sepsis 败血症 Tonsillitis扁桃腺炎 Encephalitis脑炎
Gastroenteritis肠胃炎 Necrotizing Enterocolitis坏死性小肠结肠炎Malignant恶性的 Congenital Malformation 先天性畸形Neonatal Asphyxia新生儿窒息 Cleft Palate 颚裂 Diarrhea腹泻 Dental Caries 龋齿 catelepsy 僵直 illogical thinking 不合逻辑思考 pressure speech 言语急迫 thought blocking 思考中断 incoherent 语无伦次 thought Withdrawal 思想退缩 irrelevant 答非所问 delusion 妄想 delusion of persecution 被害妄想 医学类英语简单词汇 Facial Nerve Paralysis 颜面神经麻痹Hives Urticaria蕈麻疹 Torticollis斜颈
医学专业翻译名词
医学专业词汇在线翻译、医学专业英语词典、医学术语英文翻译: 熄风stop wind 活塞滴定管stop-cock buret 活栓润滑脂stop-cock grease 滞流stop-flow 截流流射stop-flow injection 停训综合征stop-training syndrome 荫胎stoppage of growth of fetus 傍流动力学stopped-flow kinetics 有塞试管stoppered test tube 塞塞子stoppering 止血行瘀stopping bleeding and absorbing clots 傍药stopping dosage 戒酒stopping drinking 回乳stopping mik secretion 回乳stopping milk secretion 固涩止汗stopping perspiration with astringents 戒烟stopping smoking 贮存多糖storage polysaccharide 热能储存率storage rate of thermal energy 藏而不泻storage with no excretion 苏合香storax styrax liquidus 藏精store the essence of life 贮谷昆虫stored grain insect 贮谷害虫stored product insect 藏而不泄storing and not eliminating 藏而不泄storing?and?not eliminating 毛细血管扩张斑stork bites 斯一布二氏染剂stovallbllack stain 瓷炉stoving porcelain 斜视计strabismeter 斜视性弱视strabismic amblyopia 斜视测量法strabismometry 惊后瞳斜strabismus after convulsive seizure 交替斜视strabismus alternans 假性斜视strabismus apparens 共同性斜视strabismus concomitans 内斜视strabismus convergens 斜下视strabismus deorsum vergens 外斜视strabismus divergens 固定性斜视strabismus fixus 斜视镊strabismus forceps 斜视钩strabismus hook 隐斜视strabismus latens
生物医学工程专业英语及其翻译
1 Unit 1 Biomedical Engineering Lesson 1 A History of Biomedical Engineering In its broadest sense, biomedical engineering has been with us for centuries, perhaps even thousands of years. In 2000, German archeologists uncover a 3,000-year-old mummy from Thebes with a wooden prosthetic tied to its foot to serve as a big toe. Researchers said the wear on the bottom surface suggests that it could be the oldest known limb prosthesis. Egyptians also used hollow reeds to look and listen to the internal goings on of the human anatomy. In 1816, modesty prevented French physician Rene Laennec from placing his ear next to a young woman’s bare chest, so he rolled up a newspaper and listened through it, triggering the idea for his invention that led to today’s ubiquitous stethoscope. 广义上来说,生物医学工程与我们已经几个世纪以来,甚至数千年。2000年,德国考古学家发现一个3000岁高龄的木乃伊从底比斯木制假肢与作为大脚趾的脚。研究人员说,穿底部表面上表明它可能是最古老的下肢义肢。埃及人也用空心的芦苇外观和听人类解剖学的内部行为。1816年,谦虚阻止法国医生雷奈克把他的耳朵旁边一个年轻女人的裸胸,所以他卷起报纸和听它,引发他的发明的想法,导致今天无处不在的听诊器。 No matter what the date, biomedical engineering has provided advances in medical technology to improve human health. Biomedical engineering achievements range from early devices, such as crutches, platform shoes, wooden teeth, and the ever-changing cache of instruments in a doctor’s black bag, to more modern marvels, including pacemakers, the heart-lung machine, dialysis machines, diagnostic equipment, imaging technologies of every kind, and artificial organs, implants and advanced prosthetics. The National Academy of Engineering estimates that there are currently about 32,000 bioengineers working in various areas of health technology. 无论什么日期,生物医学工程提供了先进的医疗技术来改善人类健康。生物医学工程成就范围从早期设备,如拐杖,松糕鞋,木制的牙齿,和不断变化的缓存工具在医生的黑包,更现代的奇迹,包括心脏起搏器、人工心肺机,透析机器,诊断设备,各种成像技术,和人造器官,移植和先进的假肢。美国国家工程学院的估计,目前大约有32000生物各领域工作的卫生技术。 As an academic endeavor, the roots of biomedical engineering reach back to early developments in electrophysiology, which originated about 200 years ago. An early landmark in electrophysiology occurred in 1848 when DuBois Reymond published the widely recognized Ueber die tierische Elektrizitaet. Raymond’s contemporary, Hermann von Helmholtz, is credited with applying engineering principles to a problem in physiology and dentifying the resistance of muscle and nervous tissues to direct current. 作为一个学术努力,生物医学工程的根源及早期电生理学的发展,起源于约200年前。电生理学的早期具有里程碑意义的发生在1848年当杜布瓦Reymond发表了公认Ueber死tierische Elektrizitaet。赫尔曼·冯·雷蒙德?当代亥姆霍兹因应用工程原则问题在生理学和dentifying 电阻直流的肌肉和神经组织。 In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen accidentally discovered that a cathode-ray tube could make a sheet of paper coated with barium platinocyanide glow, even when the tube and the paper were in separate rooms. Roentgen decided the tube must be emitting some kind of penetrating rays, which he called “X”rays for unknown. This set off a flurry of research into the tissue-penetrating and tissue-destroying properties of X-rays, a line of research that ultimately produced the modern array of medical imaging technologies and virtually eliminated the need for exploratory surgery.
医学英语翻译
Unit One Text A： Hippocratic Oath, The Medical Ideal 1.Perhaps the most enduring --- certainly the most quoted --- tradition in the history of medicine is the Hippocratic Oath. Named after the famous Greek physician Hippocrates, this oath was written as a guideline for the medical ethics of doctors. Although the exact words have changed over time, the general content is the same - an oath to respect those who have imparted their knowledge upon the science of medicine, and respect to the patients as well as the promise to treat them to the best of the physicians' ability. 或许在医学史上最持久的,被引用最多次的誓言就是”希波克拉底誓言”.这个以古希腊著 名医师希波克拉底命名的誓言,被作为医师道德伦理的指导纲领.虽然随着时代的变迁,准确 的文字已不可考,但誓言的主旨却始终如一——尊敬那些将毕生知识奉献于医学科学的人， 尊重病人，尊重医师尽己所能治愈病人的承诺。 Who was Hippocrates, and Did he Write the Oath? 2.For a man considered by many to be the 'Father of Medicine', little is known about Hippocrates of Cos. He lived circa 460-380 BC, and was the contemporary of Socrates as well as a practising physician. He was certainly held to be the most famous physician and teacher of medicine in his time. Over 60 treatises of medicine, called the Hippocratic Corpus have been attributed to him; however, these treatises had conflicting contents and were written some time between 510 and 300 BC, and therefore could not all have been written by him. 作为被大家公认的”医学之父”,我们对希波克拉底知之甚少.他生活于约公元前460-380 年,作为一名职业医师,与苏格拉底是同代人.在他的时代,他被推举为当时最著名的医师和 医学教育者.收录了超过60篇论文的专著——希波克拉底文集,被归于他的名下;但是其中 有些论文的内容主旨相冲突,并成文于公元前510-300年,所以不可能都是出自他之手. 3.The Oath was named after Hippocrates, certainly, although its penmanship is still in question. According to authorities in medical history, the contents of the oath suggest that it was penned during the 4th Century BC, which makes it possible that Hippocrates had himself written it. Anyway, regardless of whether or not Hippocrates himself had written the Hippocratic Oath, the contents of the oath reflect his views on medical ethics. 这个宣言是以希波克拉底命名的，虽然它的作者依然存在疑问。根据医学历史权威的看 法，这个宣言的内容是在公元前四世纪起草的，这使希波克拉底自己起草这个宣言成为可能。 无论如何，不管是否是希波克拉底自己起草的（希波克拉底宣言），这个宣言的内容都反映 了他在医学伦理上的看法。 From Medical Ideal to Standard Ethics Guidelines 4.The Hippocratic Oath was not very well received when it was first penned, being a representation of only a minor segment of Greek opinion at the time. However, by