北航2012博士研究生入学考试试题
北京航空航天大学2012年
博士研究生入学考试试题科目代码：1001
英语(共14页)
考生注意：所有答题务必书写在考场提供的答题纸上，写在本试题单上的答题一律无效（本题单不参与阅卷）。
Part I Listening Comprehension(20points)
Section A(10%)
Directions:In this section,you will hear10short conversations.At the end of each conversation a question will be asked about what was said.Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once.After each question there will be a pause.During the pause,you must read the four choices marked A,B,C and D and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
1. A.He probably calls his brothers frequently.
B.He should call his brothers more often.
C.He does a lot of traveling.
D.He’s saving money to visit his brothers.
2. A.The battery is not correctly positioned.
B.She doesn’t know how the calculator works.
C.The calculator needs a new battery.
D.The man should enter the numbers in a different order.
3. A.They can get a guidebook in Montreal.
B.It might not be necessary to buy a guidebook.
C.He doesn't mind the cost of a guidebook.
D.It’s no use trying to study on a trip,
4. A.Being hungry.
B.Having a big lunch.
C.The weather.
D.Cooking.
5. A.Tom’s apartment probably costs more than the man’s.
B.The man’s place is becoming more expensive.
C.Her apartment is better than the man’s.
D.She wants to see Tom’s new apartment.
6A.Drop out of the play.
B.Switch parts with another actor.
C.Be patient about learning his part.
D.Have his lines memorized by tomorrow.
7. A.She agrees with the man.
B.The man missed the last study mission.
C.She didn't understand the last chemistry class.
D.The man should be more serious about his studies.
8. A.He can’t meet the woman at the engineering building.
B.He can’t give the woman a ride.
C.He has already passed the engineering building.
D.He’ll meet the woman after his appointment.
9. A.He'll give the quiz at a later time.
B.The quiz will be very short.
C.The quiz won't be ready until Thursday.
D.He’ll score the quiz quickly.
10.A.Take the medicine as she was directed to do.
B.Schedule another appointment with her doctor.
C.Stop taking the medicine.
D.Rest her back for a few days.
Section B(10%)
Directions:In this section you will hear2passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear one question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Passage1
11.A.Luxury tax.
B.Property tax.
C.Income tax.
D.Sales tax.
12.A.The tax percentage increases as a family's income increases.
B.The tax percentage increases as a family’s salaries increase.
C.The tax percentage decreases as a family's expenses increase.
D.The tax percentage increases as a family's property increases.
13.A.How long the family owns the property.
B.The property's value.
C.The owner’s income.
D.The property’s value and the owner's income.
14.A.Public schools.
B.Public safety.
C.Roads,parks and benefits for the poor.
D.All of the above.
15.A.To the state government.
B.To the federal government.
C.To the local government.
D.To the community.
Passage2
16.A.The government gives direct subsidy to every faith.
B.There is no law by Congress respecting the establishment of religion.
C.There is a law by Congress to prohibit the free exercise of religion.
D.There is no freedom for Americans to choose their religious faith.
17.A.One of the biggest increases in church membership.
B.The event of prohibiting the free exercise of religion.
C.A big decrease in church membership.
D.The emergence of classes in religious study.
18.A.9%. B.60%.
C.45%.
D.52%.
19.A.The federal government.
B.Public educational institutions.
C.Various religious groups.
D.The local government.
20.A.Their member’s voluntary donations.
B.The State Government.
C.The private schools.
D.Religious groups.
Part II Reading Comprehension(30points)
Directions:There are four passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them,there are4choices marked A,B,C and D.Read the passages carefully and decide on the best choice.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Passage1
The long-term fortunes of the modern economy depend in part on the strength and sustainability of the family, both in relation to fertility trends and to marriage trends.This basic,but often overlooked,principle is now at work in the current global economic crisis.
The decline of marriage and fertility is one factor in the global economic crisis.That is,one reason that some of the world’s leading economies—from Japan to Italy to Spain to the euro zone as a whole—are facing fiscal challenges is that their fertility rates have been below replacement levels(2.1children per woman)for decades. Persistent sub-replacement fertility eventually translates into fewer workers relative to retirees,which puts tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole.Indeed,one recent study finds that almost half of the recent run-up in public debt in the West can be attributed to rapid aging over the last two decades.
Even China may see its sky-high growth“come down to earth in the next few decades as its work force shrinks”because of its one-child policy,as Carlos Cavalle and I argued in a recent report.The Sustainable Demographic Dividend.By contrast,a recent Rand study suggests that“India will have more favorable demographics than China”over the next few decades,insofar as its work force is poised to grow.In fact,the Rand study suggests that India may be able to use this demographic advantage to outpace China's economic growth rates by the end of the century.
Finally,it’s not just fertility that matters;it’s also marriage.At least in the West,children are more likely to acquire the human and social capital they need to thrive in the modern economy when they are raised in an intact, married family,In the U.S.,for instance,children are more likely to graduate from high school,complete college and be gainfully employed as young adults if they were raised in an intact,married family.
And around the globe,men are more likely to give their work their fullest effort and attention when they are married;this is one reason men worldwide enjoy“marriage premiums”in their income,ranging from about14 percent(Mexico)to19percent(United States)to35percent(Russia).So,at least when it comes to men,research suggests that marriage has important implications for worker productivity.
The bottom-line message is that what happens in the home does not stay at home;rather,the size of families,and their stability and quality,has important implications for the health of the global economy.
Questions21to25are based on the passage.
21.The main idea of this passage is that_________.
A.women should bear more children in order to boost the economy.
B.both marriage and fertility affect a country’s economy.
C.marriage has important implications for worker productivity.
D.India will outpace China’s economic growth rate by the end of the century.
22.One reason that the world’s leading economies are facing fiscal challenges is that______.
A.there is a global economic crisis in recent years.
B.there are fewer babies,and consequently,people spend less on many commodities.
C.people in these countries have fewer children than needed to replace the population for many years.
D.there are tremendous strains on public coffers and the economy as a whole.
23.“...its work force is poised to grow”(para.3)probably means____________.
A.its work force pauses to grow.
B.its work force continues to grow fast.
C.its work force continues to grow steadily.
D.its work force grows slowly.
24.From the passage we know that_________.
A.children from an intact,married family are more likely to have a better life.
B.the more people a country has,the stronger economy it will have.
C.the health of the global economy depends entirely on individual families.
D.men are likely to work harder when they are going to have children.
25.According to the passage,all the following can affect economy EXCEPT_____________.
A.the size of families.
B.the stability of families.
C.the quality of families.
D.men and women ratio within the families.
Passage2
We have known for a long time that the organization of any particular society is influenced by the definition of the sexes and the distinction drawn between them.But we have realized only recently that the identity of each sex is not so easy to pin down,and that definitions evolve in accordance with different types of culture known to us,that is,scientific discoveries and ideological revolutions.Our nature is not considered as immutable,either socially or biologically.As we approach the beginning of the21st century,the substantial progress made in biology and genetics is radically challenging the roles,responsibilities and specific characteristics attributed to each sex,and yet,scarcely twenty years ago,these were thought to be“beyond dispute”.
We can safely say,with a few minor exceptions,that the definition of the sexes and their respective functions
remained unchanged in the West from the beginning of the19th century to the1960s.The role distinction,raised in some cases to the status of uncompromising dualism on a strongly hierarchical model,lasted throughout this period,appealing for its justification to nature,religion and customs alleged to have existed since the dawn of time.The woman bore children and took care of the home.The man set out to conquer the world and was responsible for the survival of his family,by satisfying their needs in peacetime and going to war when necessary.
The entire world order rested on the divergence of the sexes.Any overlapping or confusion between the roles was seen as a threat to the time-honored order of things.It was felt to be against nature,a deviation from the norm.
Sex roles were determined according to the“place”appropriate to each.Women’s place was,first and foremost, in the home.The outside world,i.e.workshops,factories and business firms,belonged to men.This sex-based division of the world(private and public)gave rise to a strict dichotomy between the attitudes,which conferred on each its special identity.The woman,sequestered at home,“cared,nurtured and conserved”.To do this,she had no need to be daring,ambitious,tough or competitive.The man,on the other hand,competing with his fellow men,was caught up every day in the struggle for survival,and hence developed those characteristics which were thought natural in a man.
Today,many women go out to work,and their reasons for doing so have changed considerably.Besides the traditional financial incentives,we find ambition and personal fulfillment motivating those in the most favorable circumstances,and the wish to have a social life and to get out of their domestic isolation influencing others. Above all,for all women,work is invariably connected with the desire for independence.
Questions26to30are based on the passage.
26.It is only in recent years that we have recognized that______.
A.there is almost no clue to the identity of both sexes.
B.the role distinction between different sexes is conspicuous.
C.the different definitions of sexes bears on the development of culture.
D.the progress of civilization greatly influences the role definitions of sexes.
27.From paragraph1we can infer that it is now possible for women to embark on a career because______.
A.the change in sex roles is out of the question.
B.women’s lib has been going on for many years.
C.ideas about the roles of women have been changing.
D.the expansion of sciences scarcely remolds the women’s roles.
28.The author believes that sex discrimination in the West before the1960s was______.
A.preferable.
B.prevalent.
C.presumable.
D.precedent.
29.According to the fourth paragraph,the author seems to think that______.
A.female passivity is natural.
B.men and women are physically identical.
C.men are born competitive and aggressive.
D.some different sex identity is acquired.
30.According to the author,which of the following is the most important reason for women to go to work?
A.Wish to claim their rights and freedom.
B.Ambition and self-fulfillment.
C.Financial incentives.
D.Desire for a social life.
Passage3
BBC’s Casualty programme on Saturday evening gave viewers a vote as to which of two patients should benefit from a donation.But it failed to tell us that we would not need to make so many life-and-death decisions if we got to grip with the chronic organ shortage.Being pussyfooting around in its approach to dead bodies,the Government is giving a kicking to some of the most vulnerable in our society.One depressing consequence of this is that a significant number of those on the waiting list take off to foreign countries to purchase an organ from a living third-world donor,something that is forbidden in the United Kingdom.The poor have no option but to wait in vain.
The Human Tissue Authority’s position on the retention of body parts for medical research after a post-mortem examination is equally flawed.The new consent forms could have been drafted by some evil person seeking to stop the precious flow of human tissue into the pathological laboratory.The forms are so lengthy that doctors rarely have time to complete them and,even if they try,the wording is so graphic that relatives tend to leg it before signing.In consequence,the number of post mortems has fallen quickly.
The wider worry is that the moral shortsightedness evident in the Human Tissue Act seems to infect every facet of the contemporary debate on medical ethics.Take the timid approach to embryonic stem cell research.The United States,for example,refuses government funding to scientists who wish to carry out potentially ground-breaking research on the surplus embryos created by IVF treatment.
Senators profess to be worried that embryonic research fails to respect the dignity of“potential persons”.Rarely can such a vacuous concept have found its way into a debate claiming to provide enlightenment.When is this “potential”supposed to kick in?In case you were wondering,these supposedly precious embryos are at the same stage of development as those that are routinely terminated by the Pill without anyone crying.Thankfully,the British Government has refused the position of the United States and operates one of the most liberal regimes in Europe,in which licences have been awarded to researchers to create embryos for medical research.It is possible that,in years to come,scientists will be able to grow organs in the lab and find cures for a range of debilitating diseases.
The fundamental problem with our approach to ethics is our inability to separate emotion from policy.The only factor that should enter our moral and legal deliberations is that of welfare,a concept that is meaningless when applied to entities that lack self-consciousness.Never forget that the research that we are so reluctant to conduct upon embryos and dead bodies is routinely carried out on living,pain-sensitive animals.
Questions31to35are based on the passage.
31.What has caused the chronic organ shortage?
A.a decrease in donation rates
B.inefficient governmental policy
C.illegal trade in human organs
D.news media's indifference
32.The expression“pussyfooting around”(Line3,Paragraph1)might mean______________.
A.unfair
B.hesitant
C.secret
D.strict
33.The moral shortsightedness is revealed in the fact that___________.
A.the government has stopped the experiment on human tissue
B.the donation consent forms are difficult to understand
C.the Human Tissues Act is an obstacle to important medical research
D.embryonic research shows disregard for human life
34.To which of the following is the author most likely to agree?
A.The rich and the poor are equal in the face of death.
B.More scientists are needed for the medical advancement.
C.There is a double standard in medical ethics.
D.The dead deserve the same attention as the living.
35.The author is most critical of______.
A.the media
B.doctors
C.U.S.Legislators
D.the British government
Passage4
When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace,scientists immediately get to work,trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it.Oftentimes,success is achieved,as medical science is able to isolate the parasite,germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it.In the most serious of cases,in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk,it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination,so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.
The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that,if it is encountered,one can ward it off naturally.To accomplish this,a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment,so that his body's immune system can leam to fight the invader https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a6862876.html,rmation on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally,in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell.This makes sure that,should the patient later come into contact with the real problem,his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it,having already done so before.
There are dangers inherent in the process,however.On occasion,even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle,resulting in the immune system succumbing,and, therefore,the patient's death.Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine,designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers.
Approximately1in10,000people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it.Thus,if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today, 3000Americans would be left dead.
Fortunately,the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early1970s,ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America.In the event of a reintroduction of the disease,however,mandatory vaccinations may resume, resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination.The process,which is truly a mixed blessing,may indeed hide some hidden curses.
Questions36to40are based on the passage.
36.The best title for the text may be____________.
A."Vaccinations:A Blessing or A Curse"
B."Principles of Vaccinations"
C."Vaccines:Methods and Implications"
D."A Miracle Cure under Attack"
37.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate?
A.The passible negative outcome of administering vaccines.
B.The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.
C.The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.
D.The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.
38.The phrase"ward it off naturally"(Paragraph2)most probably means______________.
A.dispose of it naturally.
B.fight it off with case.
C.see to it reluctantly.
D.split it up properly.
39.Which of the following is true according to the text?
A.Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.
B.The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.
C.Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.
D.The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.
40.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is____________.
A.to comment and criticize
B.to demonstrate and argue
C.to interest and entertain
D.to explain and inform
Part III Vocabulary(10points)
Directions:In this part,there are20uncompleted sentences with four choices below each sentence.Choose the best one from the4choices to fill the blanks.Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with
a single line through the center.
41.This restaurant is frequently______by tourists because of its famous cooking.
A.patronized
B.serviced
C.attended
D.utilized
42.The miser will not donate any money to charity because he is______________.
A.greedy
B.thrifty
C.stingy
D.careful
43.Childhood memoirs often gain their poignancy through a sense of displacement:each lesson is accompanied
by a loss of______.
A.perspective
B.innocence
C.permission
D.veracity
44.The rain________our spirits because we were planning to go for a picnic.
A.decreased
B.dampened
C.moistened
D.hampered
45.Their view that women are the natural______of morality is not my view.
A.guardians
B.guards
C.guides
D.soldiers
46.Scientists have acknowledged that to interpret an animal’s thought processes in a sound manner requires a
heavy dose of______from our own mental patterns,which we access introspectively.
A.estimation
B.calculation
C.skepticism
D.inference
47.The colonialists managed to wipe out the entire____________population.
A.aboriginal
B.original
https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a6862876.html,rge
D.regional
48.As has always been the case when tragedy has struck our community,the people of our town feel the
obligation,and rightly so,to____in support of the victim and his family.
A.entrench
B.rally
C.disseminate
D.apologize
49.Mr.Smith became very_________when it was suggested that he had made a mistake.
A.ingenious
B.empirical
C.objective
D.indignant
50.It can not be denied that the existing resources on earth will be depleted,but scientists are______to concede
the inevitability of that day,realizing that new energies can be found in the near future.
A.bound
B.unprepared
C.hesitant
D.likely
51.Perfect certainty belongs only to the gods;the rest of us have to make do with science and its______.
A.imperfections
B.conclusions
C.methodologies
D.hyperbole
52.This was a five-digit national coding system to____________each postal delivery section.
A,testify B.count C.clarify D.identify
53.His physical and emotional___________to Oxford and to Mississippi,to the land and to the people that
shaped him,was at the core of his being.
A.personality
B.character
C.fidelity
D.morality
54.Most people choose a lawyer on the basis of such_____________consideration as his cost,his field of
expertise,and the fees he charges.
A.humanistic
B.irrelevant
C.personal
D.pragmatic
55.Though sometimes__________,all too often technology is seen as a panacea for the great economic,social,
and political challenges facing the nation as it embarks on the path of modernization.
A.expensive
B.effective
C.ignored
D.calamitous
56.Among all the changes resulting from the___________entry of women into the work force,the
transformation that has occurred in the women themselves is not the least important.
A.massive
B.quantitative
C.surplus
D.formidable
57.There is much I enjoy about the changing seasons,but my favorite time is the_________from fall to winter.
A.transmission
B.transformation
C.transition
D.transfer
58.The development of these gene technologies may be far in the future,but the moral and social issues raised by
them should be discussed______,for once a technology has been invented,it may be difficult to stop or control.
A.presently
B.summarily
C.seriously
D.hesitantly
59.The local government has__________the landowners to fish these waters.
A.transformed
B.transferred
C.licensed
D.allocated
60.The plan for the new office tower went ahead____________of local opposition.
A.on account
B.in the light of
C.out
D.regardless
Part IV Cloze(10points)
Directions:There are20blanks in the following passage.For each blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.You should choose the ONE that best fits in to the passage and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET with a single line through the center.
Many years ago people thought the earth was flat.They believed that the sky__61__a big upside-down bowl and that the sun,moon,and stars were lamps hanging from the top of the https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a6862876.html,ter,people__62__better.They found out that the earth__63__round.
We call the study of the skies and the planets astronomy,__64__we call the watchers of the skies astronomer. Early astronomers thought the earth was the center of__65__.They thought the heavens spun__66__the earth. Later,they changed their__67__.They knew the earth was not the center.They believed that the earth and the __68__planets spin around the sun.Today we know this is true.
Ancient scientists studied the skies__69__simple instruments.The first person__70__a telescope was named Galileo.In1610__71__four moons around the planet Jupiter.Today__72__use more complex equipment. Some of these measure the brightness of light.__73__break lights up into different colors.Radio telescopes make stars and planets__74__far closer than Galileo's telescope could.
Early astronomers__75__five planets in the sky.Besides Earth,they knew about mercury,Venus,Mars, Jupiter,and Saturn.In1781a seventh one was discovered and named Uranus.Years later,astronomers found another planet and called it Neptune.The ninth planet to be found is called Pluto.It was not__76__until1930.
Today scientists can__77__almost anywhere.They have reached the heavens with their spacecraft,in1959,a spacecraft__78__took pictures of the dark side of the moon.Ten years later a spacecraft landed two Americans on the moon.Other important journeys into space__79__.Who knows?Maybe__80__human beings will live on another planet.Maybe you will be one of them.
61.A.is B.was C.had been D.were
62.A.spoke B.told C.knew D.swan
63.A.was B.had been C.is D.were
64.A.and B.but C.yet D.still
65.A.anything B.nothing C.something D.everything
66.A.around B.round C.about D.along
67.A.jobs B.minds C.suggestion D.advice
68.A.other B.another C.rest D.remained
69.A.by B.on C.with D.within
70.A.to use https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a6862876.html,ed https://www.wendangku.net/doc/7a6862876.html,es D.of using
71.A.invented B.created C.saw D.discovered
72.A.musicians B.carpenters C.astronomers D.scholars
73.A.The others B Others C.Another D.The other
74.A.look B.looking C.to look D.looks
75.A.could have seen B.could see C.had seen D.saw
76.A.trapped B.served C.discovered D.settled
77.A.run B explore C.play D.relax
78.A.first B.firstly C.for the first D.first of all
79.A.followed B.had followed C.were following D.Follow
80.A.someday B.some day C.some days D.somedays
Part V Translation(15points)
Directions:Read the following passage carefully and translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.
Scholars and students have always been great travelers.81.The official case for“academic mobility”is now often stated in impressive terms as a fundamental necessity for economic and social progress in the world,and debated in the corridors of Europe,but it is certainly nothing new.Serious students were always ready to go abroad in search of the most stimulating teachers and the most famous academies;in search of the purest philosophy,the most effective medicine,the likeliest road to gold.
Mobility of this kind meant also mobility of ideas,their transference across frontiers,their simultaneous impact upon many groups of people.82.The point of learning is to share it,whether with students or with colleagues;one presumes that only eccentrics have no interest in being credited with a startling discovery,or a new technique.It must also have been reassuring to know that other people in other parts of the world were about to make the same discovery or were thinking along the same lines,and that one was not quite alone,confronted by inquisition,ridicule or neglect.
In the twentieth century,and particularly in the last20years,the old footpaths of the wandering scholars have become vast highways.83.The vehicle which has made this possible has of course been the aeroplane,making contact between scholars even in the most distant places immediately feasible,and providing for the very rapid transmission of knowledge.
Apart from the vehicle itself,it is fairly easy to identify the main factors which have brought about the recent explosion in academic movement.84.Some of these are purely quantitative and require no further mention:there are far more centers of learning,and a far greater number of scholars and students.
85.In addition one must recognize the very considerable multiplication of disciplines,particularly in the sciences,which by widening the total area of advanced studies has produced an enormous number of specialists whose particular interests are precisely defined.These people would work in some isolation if they were not able to keep in touch with similar isolated groups in other countries.
Part VI Writing(15points)
Directions:Have you ever attempted to question academic authority in your learning and research process?What do you think are the appropriate attitudes towards academic authority?Write an essay of no less than150words to explain your opinions on this issue.Write your answer on ANSWER SHEET2.
北航11秋学期《C语言程序设计》在线作业
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研究、软件可信性分析、度量和验证、硬件安全、现场可编程门阵列安全性、安全芯片设计等。 3、网络安全 网络安全是指保证连接计算机的网络自身安全和传输信息安全。培养方向包括网络安全体系结构、网络安全防护、通信对抗、异构网络安全接入与融合、安全事件挖掘、发现和跟踪、策略自动化、Web 安全、社交网络安全、网络动态防御体系、自组织网络攻击与防御、协议分析与识别、流量分析与控制、访问控制与授权技术、信任模型与管理、网络的可生存性与可用性等。 4、网络内容安全 网络内容安全是网络空间安全的重要保障，本方向面向国家安全需求，在信息获取、传输、处理和分析环节涉及安全的相关技术开展研究。形成数字内容安全、视频图像分析与敏感内容检测和网络舆情分析三方面的学科优势方向。 5、网络空间安全治理 网络空间安全治理是网络空间安全的重要组成部分，以网络空间安全法治化为核心的网络空间安全治理刻不容缓。本方向包括网络空间安全立法研究、网络信息安全事件应急处理机制研究、以及网络安全治理与战略规划研究。 四、培养模式及学习年限 本学科博士研究生主要按一级学科培养，鼓励开展国际联合培养，实行导师或联合导师负责制，负责制订研究生个人培养计划、指导科学研究和学位论文。 遵循《北京航空航天大学研究生学籍管理规定》。本学科直接攻博研究生学制为4年；其它类型博士研究生学制为3年，实行弹性学习年限。 博士研究生实行学分制，在攻读学位期间，要求在申请博士学位论文答辩前，依据培养方案，获得知识和能力结构中所规定的各部分学分及总学分。 鼓励研究生从入学起就开始学位论文相关的研究工作；博士研究生文献综述与开题报告至申请学位论文答辩的时间不少于1年。 五、知识和能力结构 网络空间安全学科博士生应掌握坚实宽广的网络空间安全基础、密码学及应用、系统安全、网络安全、应用安全、信息内容安全
北航数电2015试题及答案
数字电子技术基础(A 卷)（无答案） 一． 解答下列问题（共40分，每小题5分） 1. 十进制数 X = 117，其ASCII 码表示为： 。 在8位机器中，[X]补 = ，[-X]补 = 。 2. 已知逻辑函数：()F A C BC A B CD =+++，直接用反演规则写出其反函数和对偶函数。 3. 用卡诺图化简逻辑函数∑∑+=)15,1013,8,2,1()14,12,7,6,0(44d m F 4. 用OC 门驱动发光二极管电路如图，若V F =2V ，I F =20mA ，试完善电路并计算电阻R=? 5. 画出图示电路的输出波形 6. 主-从JK 触发器，已知CP 、J 、K 信号波形如图示，画出输出波形（初始状态为0）。 A B C Y Y A B C & E n
7. 分析函数 F AB ABC =+ 所组成的电路存在何种险象。 8. 图示电路中触发器： 建立时间 t su = 20ns ， 保持时间 t h = 5ns ， 传输迟延时间t pdcp-Q,/Q = 30ns ， 门G 迟延t pd G = 10ns ， 时钟脉冲F max = ? 二． 逻辑函数 (,,)F A B C ABC BC AC =++（本题共14分，每小题7分） 1. 用3-8译码器及适当门电路实现。 2. 用“四选一”数据选择器及适当门电路实现。 CP J K Q D Q CP CK G
三． 分析下列电路所实现的逻辑功能（本题共16分，每小题8分） 1. 由2-5-10进制异步计数器构成的电路。 2. 由74LS163构成计数器电路。 四． 某同步时序系统的原始状态表如图示（本题15分） 1. 用隐含表法化简； 2. 自然序编码； 3. 用JK 触发器及适当门设计电路； 4. 检查是否可以自启动。 CP Q A Q B Q C Q D CK 1 CK 2 R D X Qn 0 1 A B/0 A/1 B C/0 A/0 C C/0 B/0 D E/0 D/1 E C/0 D/0 P Q A Q B Q C Q D T PC A B C D L P Q A Q B Q C Q D T PC A B C D L “1” “1”
北航2015级硕士研究生数理统计参考答案(B层)
2015－2016 学年 第一学期期末试卷 参考答案 学号 姓名 成绩 考试日期： 2016年1月15日 考试科目：《数理统计》（B 层） 一、填空题（本题共16分，每小题4分） 1．设12,,n x x x ，是来自正态总体2(0,)N σ的简单样本，则当c = 时，统计量2 21 () n k k x c x x η==-∑服从F -分布，其中1 1n k k x x n ==∑。（(1)n n -） 2. 设12,,n x x x ，是来自两点分布(1,)B p 的简单样本，其中01p <<，2n ≥，则 当c = 时，统计量2?(1)cx x σ =-是参数()(1)q p p p =-的无偏估计，其中1 1n k k x x n ==∑。（1n n -） 3．设总体X 的密度函数为22 ,[0,] (;)0,[0,]x x p x x θθθθ?∈?=????，其中0θ>，12,,,n x x x 是 来自总体X 简单样本，则θ的充分统计量是 。（()n x ） 4．设12,,n x x x ，是来自正态总体2(,)N μσ的简单样本，已知样本均值 4.25x =， μ的置信度为0.95的双侧置信区间下限为3.1，则μ的置信度为0.95的双侧置信区间为(,)。（(3.1,5.4)）
二、（本题12分）设12,,,n x x x 是来自正态总体2(1,2)N σ的简单样本。（1）求2σ的极大似然估计2σ；（2）求2σ的一致最小方差无偏估计；（3）问2σ的一致最小方差无偏估计是否为有效估计？证明你的结论。 解（1）似然函数为 2 2 2 1 1()exp{(1)}4n n i i L x σσ ==- -∑ 对数似然函数为 2 2 221 1ln ()(ln(4)ln )(1)24n i i n L x σπσσ==-+--∑ 求导，有 22 224 1 ln ()1(1)24n i i L n x σσσσ=?=-+-?∑ 令22 ln ()0L σσ?=?，可得θ的极大似然估计为2 21 1?(1)2n i i x n σ==-∑。 （2）因为 2 2 122 1 1(,,,;)exp{(1)}4n n n i i f x x x x σσ ==- -∑ 令2()n c σ=，()1h x =，22 1()4w σσ =- ，，由于2()w σ的值域(,0)-∞有内 点，由定理2.2.4知21(1)n i i T x ==-∑是完全充分统计量。而 2 221 1 ((1))(1)2n n i i i i E x E x n σ==-=-=∑∑ 因而2 2 11?(1)2n i i x n σ==-∑既是完全充分统计量21 (1)n i i T x ==-∑的函数，又是2σ的无偏估计，由定理2.2.5知2 21 1?(1)2n i i x n σ==-∑是2σ一致最小方差无偏估计。 （3）224112 ?()((1))4Var Var x n n σ σ=-=。因为
北航2017年电子信息工程学院博士研究生申请考核制 招生工作方案_北航考研网
北航2017年电子信息工程学院博士研究生申请考核制招生工作方案为积极探索更加符合学科特色和人才成长规律的选拔机制，引更多优秀人才攻读博士学位研究生，促进跨学科的交叉与融合，进一步提升博士研究生招生导师和学院自主权，北京航空航天大学电子信息工程学院从2016年开始试行“申请考核制”，凡符合申请条件并通过资格审核的考生，可免于参加北京航空航天大学普通招考博士研究生统一入学考试。具体相关规定如下： 一、申请条件 1、符合我校博士生招生简章中基本要求的普通招考考生（年龄不超过35岁），本科直博、硕博连读、提前攻博及学校各类专项博士招生计划考生按原办法执行。 2、仅限报考我院"非定向"类型博士研究生。 3、本科及硕士专业均为理工科专业,非本学院相关学科的考生须提供与所报考学科相关的课程和研究背景材料。 4、须符合下列条件之一: （1）硕士为“985工程”高校、中科院所属研究所或具有一级国家重点学科的其他高校应届及往届学历硕士毕业生(包括全日制专业学位硕士研究生)； （2）本科、硕士均为“211工程”高校或具有国家重点学科的其他高校应届及往届学历硕士毕业生(包括全日制专业学位硕士研究生)； （3）以第一作者发表Q1区或Q2区SCI期刊论文1篇以上； （4）已取得国外一流大学硕士学位，其所持境外获得的学位证书须通过教育部留学服务中心认证。 4、外语水平须符合下列条件之一： （1）2011年1月1日以后获得国家六级425分以上或相同级别托福（TOEFL）/雅思（IELTS)/GRE成绩； （2）2011年1月1日以后在英语国家或地区获得过硕士或博士学位； （3）其他语种考生须提供相应证明材料。 5、发表SCI收录论文（学生第一作者）、获得省部级以上科研成果奖（排名前5名）、申请发明专利（排名前2名）和获得全国级别的学科竞赛奖(排名前2名)等科研活动表现优异者，经导师同意，同等条件下优先录取。 二、组织形式及职责 在学校研究生招生领导小组(以下简称领导小组)领导下开展工作。电子信息工程学院成立由院长任组长、研究生教学主管副院长任副组长的学院研究生招生工作小组（以下简称学院工作小组），具体负责学院研究生招生工作，研究解决学院研究生招生相关工作重大问题。 “申请考核制”博士生招生工作由学院工作小组统一组织实施。招生过程及结果实行公示制度。面试专家成员由学院工作小组聘任，拟招收“申请考核制”博士生的博导本人可参与拟招收的博士生面试，但不得自行委托他人代替参加。 三、选拔程序 1、报名 申请者需在2016年10月10日以前，通过教育部研究生招生报名系统进行网上报名，考试方式选择“申请考核制”。 申请者须在2016年10月10日以前向本学院提交以下材料: A：基本报名材料： （1）完成报名后系统生成的《报名登记表况表》，请打印并按表中规定完成“考生所在单位人事部门意见”一栏的填写； （2）两名所报考学科专业领域内教授(或相当专业技术职称的专家)的推荐书；
北航考博辅导班：2019北京航空航天大学光学考博难度解析及经验分享
北航考博辅导班：2019北京航空航天大学光学考博难度解析及经验 分享 根据教育部学位与研究生教育发展中心最新公布的第四轮学科评估结果可知，全国共有40所开设光学专业的大学参与了2017-2018光学专业大学排名，其中排名第一的是南京大学，排名第二的是哈尔滨工业大学，排名第三的是中国科学技术大学。 作为北京航空航天大学实施国家“211工程”和“985工程”的重点学科，北京航空航天大学的光学一级学科在历次全国学科评估中均名列第十一。 下面是启道考博整理的关于北京航空航天大学光学考博相关内容 一、专业介绍 光学专业是研究光(电磁波)的行为和性质，以及光和物质相互作用的物理学科。传统的光学只研究可见光，现代光学已扩展到对全波段电磁波的研究。如今常说的光学是广义的，是研究从微波、红外线、可见光、紫外线直到 X射线的宽广波段范围内的，关于电磁辐射的发生、传播、接收和显示，以及跟物质相互作用的科学。光学是物理学的一个重要组成部分，也是与其他应用技术紧密相关的学科。本专业培养具有坚实的光学理论基础和基本实验技能，具有较强的创新能力;了解本领域的发展现状和研究动态，熟悉光学发展的国际前沿动态;能从事科研、教学或承担专门技术工作，具有较强的综合能力、语言表达能力及写作能力的高级人才。 北京航空航天大学物理科学与核能工程学院博士招生专业 专业代码及名称：1、070207 光学 考试科目详细内容，请咨询招生学院。 二、综合考核 1.我院根据申请人的申请材料，进行初步审核。根据初步审核结果，择优确定进入考核的候选人； 2.考核采取面试方式进行差额复试，对学生的学科背景、专业素质、操作技能、外语水平、思维能力、创新能力以及申请人分析、解决问题以及进行创新的综合能力等进行考察； 复试成绩组成：
北航C语言期末模拟试题2012
一、选择题 1、下列数据中，为字符串常量的是（）。 A、'A' B、How do you do. C、$abc D、"house" 2、以下所列的C语言常量中，错误的是( )。 A、0xFF B、1.2e0.5 C、2L D、'\72' 3、以下程序的输出结果是（）。 main() {float x=3.6; int i; i=(int)x; printf("x=%f,i=%d\n",x,i); } A、x=3.,i=4 B、x=3 i=3. C、x=3,i=3 D、x=3.,i=3 4、若k是整型,则以下程序段的执行结果是:( ) k=-3; if(k<=0) printf("####") else printf("&&&&"); A、#### B、有语法错误,无结果 C、&&&& D、####&&&& 5、若x=2,y=3则x||y的结果是( )。 A、3 B、0 C、1 D、2 6、针对下列程序段回答问题( ). for(t=1;t<=100;t++) { scanf("%d",&x); if(x<0) continue; printf("%3d",t); } A、x>=0时什么也不输出 B、最多允许输出100个非负整数 C、printf函数永远也不执行 D、当x<0时整个循环结束 7、以下程序的执行结果是( )。 main() { int num = 0; while( num <= 2 ) { num++; printf( "%d,",num ); } } A、0,1,2 B、1,2,3, C、1,2,3,4, D、1,2, 8、选择正确的输入语句( )。:(其中:char string[20];)使得string的内容为"I am student". A、scanf("%s", string); B、scanf("%c", &string); C、scanf("%s", &string); D、gets(string); 9、对以下说明语句 int a[10]={6,7,8,9,10}; 的正确理解是（）。 A、将5个初值依次赋给a[6]至a[10] B、将5个初值依次赋给a[0]至a[4] C、因为数组长度与初值的个数不相同,所以此语句不正确 D、将5个初值依次赋给a[1]至a[5] 10、以下标识符中可以作为用户函数名的是（）. A、struct B、int C、union D、go_to 11、以下叙述错误的是（）. A、函数调用可以出现在一个表达式中 B、函数调用可以作为一个函数的形参 C、函数调用可以作为一个函数的实参 D、函数允许递归调用 12、若用数组名作为函数的实参，传递给形参的是（）。 A、数组第一个元素的值
北航期末英语考试题与答案
北京航空航天大学 2005－2006 学年第二学期期末《大学英语II》 考试卷 班级______________学号 _________ 姓名______________成绩 _________ 2006年6月28日
北京航空航天大学2005级2005——2006学年第二学期 大学英语二级期末考试 B卷 系别：姓名：学号： 请用铅笔将所有答案涂/写在答题卡/纸上，做在此试卷上无效。 Part I. Listening Comprehension (30 points) Section A Directions: In this section you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be spoken once. After each question there will be a pause. You must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which one is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEE with a single line through the center. 1. A) He stayed in his company. B) He was away on business in London. C) He went to London with his wife. D) He enjoyed his holiday in London. 2. A) She was absent from the party. B) She organized the party. C) She was present for the party. D) She was invited to the party. 3. A) Bob's. B) Tom's. C) The man's. D) The woman's. 4. A) The one the woman bought yesterday. B) Both the man's and Jack's. C) Jack's. D) The man's. 5. A) That the woman should not worry. B) That Mr. Smith is very kind. C) That he is worried. D) That he likes Mr. Smith. 6. A) 8:00. B) 8:10. C) 8:25. D) 7:45. 7. A) He does not like Mr. Smith and his friends. B) He looks after them carefully. C) He makes them work even on Sunday. D) He is strict. 8.A) Rainy.
北航数理统计第二次大作业-数据分析模板
数理统计第二次大作业材料行业股票的聚类分析与判别分析 2015年12月26日
材料行业股票的聚类分析与判别分析摘要
1 引言 2 数据采集及标准化处理 2.1 数据采集 本文选取的数据来自大智慧软件的股票基本资料分析数据，从材料行业的股票中选取了30支股票2015年1月至9月的7项财务指标作为分类的自变量，分别是每股收益（单位：元）、净资产收益率（单位：%）、每股经营现金流（单位：元）、主营业务收入同比增长率（单位：%）、净利润同比增长率（单位：%）、流通股本（单位：万股）、每股净资产（单位：元）。各变量的符号说明见表2.1，整理后的数据如表2.2。 表2.1 各变量的符号说明 自变量符号 每股收益（单位：元）X1 净资产收益率（单位：%）X2 每股经营现金流（单位：元）X3 主营业务收入同比增长率（单位：%）X4 净利润同比增长率（单位：%）X5 流通股本（单位：万股）X6 每股净资产（单位：元）X7 表2.2 30支股票的财务指标 股票代码X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 武钢股份600005-0.0990-2.81-0.0237-35.21-200.231009377.98 3.4444宝钢股份6000190.1400 1.980.9351-14.90-55.011642427.88 6.9197山东钢铁600022-0.11650.060.0938-20.5421.76643629.58 1.8734北方稀土6001110.0830 3.640.652218.33-24.02221920.48 2.2856
杭钢股份600126-0.4900-13.190.4184-36.59-8191.0283893.88 3.4497抚顺特钢6003990.219310.080.1703-14.26714.18112962.28 1.4667盛和资源6003920.0247 1.84-0.2141-5.96-19.3739150.00 1.2796宁夏建材6004490.04000.510.3795-22.15-92.3447818.108.7321宝钛股份600456-0.2090-2.53-0.3313-14.81-6070.2043026.578.1497山东药玻6005290.4404 5.26 1.2013 6.5016.7825738.018.5230国睿科技6005620.410011.53-0.2949 3.3018.9416817.86 3.6765海螺水泥600585 1.15169.05 1.1960-13.06-25.33399970.2612.9100华建集团6006290.224012.75-0.57877.90-6.4034799.98 1.8421福耀玻璃6006600.790014.250.9015 3.6017.27200298.63 6.2419宁波富邦600768-0.2200-35.02-0.5129 3.1217.8813374.720.5188马钢股份600808-0.3344-11.710.3939-21.85-689.22596775.12 2.6854亚泰集团6008810.02000.600.1400-23.63-68.16189473.21 4.5127博闻科技6008830.503516.71-0.1010-10.992612.8023608.80 3.0126新疆众和6008880.0523 1.04-0.910662.64162.0464122.59 5.0385西部黄金6010690.0969 3.940.115115.5125.5712600.00 2.4965中国铝业601600-0.0700-2.920.2066-9.0882.79958052.19 2.3811明泰铝业6016770.2688 4.66-1.09040.8227.8640770.247.4850金隅股份6019920.1989 3.390.3310-10.05-39.01311140.26 6.7772松发股份6032680.35007.00-0.3195-4.43-9.622200.00 6.0244方大集团0000550.0950 5.66-0.480939.2920.6742017.94 1.6961铜陵有色0006300.0200 1.220.6132 3.23-30.74956045.21 1.5443鞍钢股份000898-0.1230-1.870.7067-27.32-196.21614893.17 6.4932中钢国际0009280.572714.45-0.4048-14.33410.2441286.57 4.2449中材科技0020800.684610.27 1.219547.69282.1740000.00 6.8936中南重工0024450.1100 4.300.340518.8445.0950155.00 2.7030 2.2 数据的标准化处理 由于不同的变量之间存在着较大的数量级的差别，因此要对数据变量进行标准化处理。本文采用Z得分值法标准化的方法进行标准化，用x的值减去x的均值再除以样本的方差。也就是把个案转换为样本均值为0、标准差为1的样本。如果不同变量的变量值数值相差太大，会导致计算个案间距离时，由于绝对值较小的数值权数较小，个案距离的大小几乎由大数值决定，标准化过程可以解决此类问题，使不同变量的数值具有同等的重要性。经Z标准化输出结果见表 2.2。 表2.2 经Z标准化后的数据 ZX1ZX2ZX3ZX4ZX5ZX6ZX7
北航考博辅导班：2019北京航空航天大学可靠性与系统工程学院考博难度解析及经验分享
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