英语语音基础知识(20201014220320)
英语语音基础知识
要想说好英语语音，就要有英语语音的一些基本知识。以下内容供你参考。1．关于语音的几个概念
1) 字母：语言的书写形式。元音字母a, e, i(y), o, u,
2) 音标：词的语音形式。
3) 音素：音的最小的单位。英语中有48 音素。
4) 音节：由元音和辅音构成的发音单位。ap'ple, stu'dent, tea'cher, un'der'stand
5) 元音：发音响亮，是乐音；口腔中气流不收阻碍；是构成音节的主要音。英语中有20
6) 辅音：发音不响亮，是噪音；口腔中气流受到阻碍；不是构成音节的主要音。英语中有
7) 开音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音+e name bike ;b) 辅音+元音he, go, hi
8) 闭音节：a) 辅音+元音+辅音bad, bed, sit, hot, cup; b) 元音+辅音it
9) 重读音节：单词中发音特别响亮的音节。
2. 元音：(注意：下面空方括号是电脑无法输入的音标)
1) [i:] sea, he, see, piece, ceiling
2) [i] sit, build, miss, myth
3) [e] bed, desk, head,
4) [?] bad, land, bank, stamp
5) [a:] car, fast, class, plant, calm, aunt
6) [?] hot, want
7) [ ?:] door, more, sport, ball, warm, author, court, bought, caught
8) [u:] good, who, blue, soup,
9) [u] look, put, women, could
10) [ A ] cup, come, blood, rough
11) [ ?:] girl, work, serve, nurse
12) [ ?] cadre, ago, forget, polite, dollar, doctor, famous, Saturday
13) [ei] cake, they, play, eight, great,
14) [ai] bike, die, neither, light, try, find, height, eye
15) [ ?u] phone, cold, boat, soul, grow
16) [au] house, town
17) [?i] boy, oil
18) [i ?] dear, idea, deer, here, fierce,
19) [ e ?] pear, care, there, fair
20) [u?] tour, poor,
3. 容易混淆的元音
1) [e] [?] bed bad; men, man; pen, pan; lend land
2) [i:] [ei] real rail; greet, great; mean, main; read raid
3) [e] [ai] bet bite; red write; said side, head, hide
4) [au] [ ?:] house horse; loud lord; south sauce; now nor; count corn; cloud clause
5) [au] [ A ] found fond; gown gone; down don
4. 辅音
1) [p] pen, ' 、、”?
音。
2) [b] bed, comb
3) [t] tell,
4) [d], day, played, wanted
5) [k] cold, sky, quick, school, back, accept, box
6) [g] big, go, guess, language
7) [m] man
8) [n] nine, knife, autumn
9) [ n ] bank, uncle, English, sing,
10) [l] land, world
11) [r] read, write,
12) [f] five, cough, laugh
13) [v] voice, of
14) [ 0 ] think,
15) [ e] this, bathe
16) [s] sit, miss, science, case, scarf
17) [z] zoo, close,
18) [ j ] sure, she, social, nation
19) [/] pleasure,
20) [h] hot, who, hour
21) [w] wall, what, answer
22) [j] yes
23) [t j ] child, teach, catch
24) [d/] joke, bridge,
25) [ts] boats
26) [dz] goods
27) [tr] tree
28) [dr] dream
5. 容易混淆的辅音
1) [v] [w] vet wet; vest west; vine wine; very well
2) [s] [ 0 ] sink think; sort thought; miss myth; mass math
3) [z] [e ] closing clothing; breeze breathe; bays bathes
4) [n] [ n ] thin thing; sin sing; ban bang win wing; ran rang
6. 读音规则
1) 重读音节( 见元音和辅音的例句)
2) 非重读音节[?] banana, student, today, after,
[i] orange, secret, evening, very, Monday
7. 特殊读音
1) 音的连读：not at all, half an hour, I love you and all. after all
2) 失去爆破：good girl, good student, good job, expression, school, extreme
3) 音的同化：this year, Would you do it? Can't you see it?
8. 重音
1) 单词重音
A) 双音节词
a) 一般在第一个音节重读。letter, sorry
b) 有a-, be-, de-, re-, res-, in_, im_, en_, em-, es-, ex-, con_, com-, dis-, mis-, pre-, per-, pro-,
等前缀的词，第trans- 二个音节是重音。
a'bout, be'lieve, ad'dress, de'cide, re'port, con'demn, res'pect, com'pare, in'form, dis'cuss, im'press, mis'take, en'force, pre'pare, em'ploy, per'mit, es'cape, pro'duce, ex'claim,trans'late
c）有de-, in-, re-, con-, pre- 等前缀的重音与词义和词类有关, 一般名词的重音在第一个音节上，其它的词性在第
二个音节上。
'record, re'cord; 'insult, in'sult; 'conduct, con'duct; 'present pre'sent; 'content, con'tent
d）有些复合词和带有前缀re-, ex-, un-, pre-, post-, 等的词，有两个重音。
'out'side, 're'tell, 'well-'known, 'un'real, 'fif'teen, 'Chi'nese, 'pre-'war, 'post-'war
B）多音节词
a）—般倒数第三个音节是重音。’difficult, 'com muni st, 'family, e'c onomy, oppor't uni ty,de'mocracy.
b）有一些双音节词，加了前缀和后缀成了多音节，但这些词按原来词根的重音读音。
'carefully, in'definite, 'comfortable, con'ductor, ac'cording, dis'turbance, 'complicated,es'tablishment,
c）词尾有-eous, -grahpy, -ial, -ian, -ic, -ics, -ienee, ient, -ify, -ion，-ious, -ity, ive 后缀的词，重音在这些后缀的前
一个音节上。
cour'teous, cal'ligraphy, edi'torial, his'torian, peri'odic, mathe'matics, ex'perience,suf'ficient, i'dentify, trans'lation,
re'ligious, curi'osity, pro'tective
d）词尾有-ain,-ee,-eer,-ese,-ette后缀的词，重音在该后缀上，而且有一个次重音。enter'tain, emplo'yee, mountai'neer, Japa'nese, ciga'rette
2）句子重音
A）英语的节奏：（轻）-轻-重-轻-（轻）或重-轻-（轻）（轻）重
B）英语句子的长短：是由句子中的重读词的数目决定的，而不是象汉语那样由句子中的汉字数目决定的。
C）实词重读（副词重读），虚词轻读（冠词，单音节介词，单音节连词，人称代词，反代词，物主代词，关系代词，相互代词，助动词，情态动词和系动词be.
D）实词不重读的特殊情况
a）实词第二次出现
He thinks of that as a child thinks.
b）一个名词被第二个名词修饰
I met her in the railway station.
c）代替词
Which book do you want? The small one.
d）感叹词中的what 和how
What a good day it is! How beautiful she is!
e）street 在专有名词中
Wangfujing Street.
f） this 在这些短语中，this morning/afternoon/evening
E）虚词重读的特殊情况
a）情态动词，助动词和系动词be 在句首，句尾和否定时。
Do you like it? Yes, I do. Are you a doctor? Yes, I am. Can you help me? Yes, I can.
I don't like you. He isn't a worker.
b）情态动词表示可能，惊奇和肯定时。
They may come this evening. Can it be five already? He must be in the room.
c）介词在句首和句尾。
In the box, he found a letter. He is the person I talked with.
d）引导复合句的连词在句首。
If you wish, I'll visit you. When he comes, I'll tell him.
e）反身代词表示强调。
He couldn't come himself.
英语发音连读的规则
连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带而过，不可读得太重，也不可音。(连读符号：~)
(1) “辅音+元音”型连读
在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。
I ' m~an~English boy. It~is~an~old book. Let me have~a look~at~it.
Ms Black worked in~an~office last~yesterday.
I called~you half~an~hour~ago.
Put~it~on, please. Not~at~all.
Please pick~it~up.
(2) r/re+元音”型连读
如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r或re不但要发/r/,而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。
They're my fathre~and mother.
I looked for~it here~and there.
There~is a football under~it.
There~are some books on the desk.
Here~is a letter for you.
Here~are four~eggs.
But where~is my cup?
Where~are your brother~and sister?
但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。
The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer. ( nearer 与and 不可连读)
(3) “辅音+半元音”型连读
英语语音中的/j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也
要连读。
Thank~you.
Nice to meet~you.
Did~you get there late~again?
Would~you like~a cup~of tea ？
Could~you help me, please?
“音的同化”
—常把/d/+/j/ 读成/dV/，did you 听上成了/dldVu/，would you 成了/wudVu/，could you 成了/kudVu/。
(4) “元音+元音”型连读如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。
l~am Chinese.
He~is very friendly to me.
She wants to study~English. How~and why did you come here? She can ' t carry~it.
It'll take you three~hours to walk there.
The question is too~easy for him to answer.
(5) 当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连读。
Is~it a~hat or a cat? ( hat与or之间不可以连读)
There~is~a good book in my desk. ( book 与in 之间不可以连读)
Can you speak~English or French? ( English 与or 之间不可以连读)
Shall we meet at~eight or ten tomorrow morning? (meet 与at，eight 与or 之间不可以连读)
She opened the door and walked~in. (door 与and 之间不可以连读)
失去爆破6个爆破音有3对/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ 失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。
(1) “爆破音+爆破音”型
6 个爆破音中的任意2 个相临时,前一个爆破音会失去爆破,即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势,稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。
The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.
The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people.
Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.
The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.
We' re going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.
What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?
It 's a very col(d) day, but it 's a goo(d) day.
You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.
I bought a chea(p) book, but it a goo(d) b'oosk.
(2) “爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音，其后紧跟着某些摩擦音(如/f/, /s/, /W/, /T/等)，那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。
6个爆破音有3对/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。
(1) “爆破音+爆破音”型6 个爆破音中的任意2 个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。
The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now.
The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people.
Wha(t) time does he get up every morning?
This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car.
The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too.
We' re going ot work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday.
What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee?
It 's a very col(d) day, but it 's a goo(d) day.
You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden.
I bought a chea(p) book, but it ' s a goo(d) book.
/f/，/s/，/W/，/T/等），那么前面那(2) “爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音，其后紧跟着某些摩擦音(如
个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。
Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell.