文艺复兴英文资料

1

Renaissance

The Renaissance (UK/r??ne?s?ns/, US/?r?n?sɑ?ns/)[1] is a period in Europe, from the 14th to the 17th century, considered the bridge between the Middle Ages and modern history. It started as a cultural movement in Italy in the Late Medieval period and later spread to the rest of Europe, marking the beginning of the Early Modern Age.

The Renaissance's intellectual basis was humanism, derived from the rediscovery of classical Greek philosophy, such as that of Protagoras, who said, that "Man is the measure of all things." This new thinking became manifest in art, architecture, politics, science and literature. Early examples were the development of perspective in oil painting and the recycled knowledge of how to make concrete. Although the invention

of metal movable type sped the dissemination of ideas from the later 15th century, the changes of the Renaissance were not uniformly experienced across Europe.

As a cultural movement, it encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development of

linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting; and gradual but widespread educational reform. In politics, the Renaissance contributed to the development of the customs and conventions of diplomacy, and in science to an increased reliance on observation and inductive reasoning. Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of

such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".[2][3]

There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, in the 14th

century.[4] Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family,

the Medici;[5][6] and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.[7][8][9] Other major centres were northern Italian city-states such as Venice, Genoa, Bologna, Milan and

finally Rome during the Renaissance Papacy.

The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and, in line with general scepticism of discrete periodizations, there has been much debate among historians reacting to the 19th-century glorification of the "Renaissance" and individual culture heroes as "Renaissance men", questioning the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and

as a historical delineation.[10] The art historian Erwin Panofsky observed of this resistance to the concept of "Renaissance":

It is perhaps no accident that the factuality of the Italian Renaissance has been most vigorously questioned by those who are not obliged to take a professional interest in the aesthetic aspects of civilization—historians of economic and social developments, political and religious situations, and, most particularly, natural science—but only exceptionally by students of literature and hardly ever by historians of Art.[11]

Some observers have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism

and nostalgia for classical antiquity,[12] while social and economic historians, especially of the longue durée, have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras[13] which are linked, as Panofsky himself observed, "by a thousand ties".[14]

The word Renaissance, literally meaning "Rebirth" in French, first appears in English in the 1830s.[15] The word occurs in Jules Michelet's 1855 work, Histoire de France. The word Renaissance has also been extended to other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.[16]

2

Representatives

Alfred Tennyson, among many others. In addition, the first use of the interlocking

three-line rhyme scheme, or the terza rima, is attributed to him.

Dante has been called "the Father of the Italian language".[2] In Italy, Dante is often referred to as il Sommo Poeta("the Supreme Poet") and il Poeta; he, Petrarch, and Boccaccio are also called "the three fountains" or "the three crowns".

The Divine Comedy describes Dante's journey

through Hell (Inferno), Purgatory (Purgatorio), and Paradise (Paradiso)

Dante, like most Florentines of his day, was embroiled in the Guelph–Ghibelline conflict. He fought in the Battle of Campaldino (June 11, 1289), with the Florentine Guelphs against Arezzo Ghibellines; then in 1294 he was among the escorts of Charles Martel of Anjou (grandson of Charles I of Naples, more commonly called Charles of Anjou) while he was in Florence. To further his political career, he became a pharmacist. He did not intend to practice as one, but a law issued in 1295 required nobles aspiring to public office to be enrolled in one of the CorporazionidelleArti e deiMestieri, so Dante obtained admission to the Apothecaries' Guild. This profession was not inappropriate, since at that time books were sold from apothecaries' shops. As a politician he accomplished little, but held various offices over some years in a city rife with political unrest.

After defeating the Ghibellines, the Guelphs divided into two factions: the White Guelphs (Guelfi Bianchi)—Dante's party, led by VierideiCerchi—and the Black Guelphs (GuelfiNeri), led by Corso Donati. Although the split was along family lines at first, ideological differences arose based on opposing views of the papal role in Florentine affairs, with the Blacks supporting the Pope and the Whites wanting more freedom from Rome. The Whites took power first and expelled the Blacks. In response, Pope Boniface VIII planned a military occupation of Florence. In 1301, Charles of Valois, brother of

King Philip IV of France, was expected to visit Florence because the Pope had appointed him peacemaker for Tuscany. But the city's government had treated the Pope's ambassadors badly a few weeks before, seeking independence from papal influence. It was believed that Charles had received other unofficial instructions, so the council sent a delegation to Rome to ascertain the Pope's intentions. Dante was one of the delegates.

2. Leonardo da Vinci

文艺复兴时期服装 英文版

文艺复兴时期服装英文版 Renaissance Costume History Around the 1490's is when costume historians can agree that the new dress for Renaissance began. This was the period of clothing that could be said that excessiveness in all areas of costume began. Different countries took the news styles differently. For instance, the northern European countries were distorting the natural figure by padding sleeves, doublets and stockings. Italy did not go as far as the North, and England and France followed Italy's lead while they stuck to more medieval influenced styles. Germans went to the greatest extremes making “improvements” on the natural silhouette. They put large puffs at the head, shoulders, thighs; small puffs, like boils, over chest, back, arms, legs and feet. They put feathers on many on everything from wide-brimmed hats to the knees. Clothing at this time followed suit with all other types of creative expression at this time—it went over the top into new discoveries. Permanent characteristics in all countries are summarized as thus: rich heavy materials, in voluminous amount, large sleeves, close body garments, large hip-clothing, wide-toed, heelless shoes and covered heads masculine and feminine. Most men's hair was bobbed but the length of your hair was chosen by individual taste. The could be straight or curled according to the nature of the wearer. As the sixteenth century advanced men wore their

文艺复兴的背景(英文版)

Renaissance thought While the humanists were not primarily philosophers and belonged to no single school of formal thought, they had a great deal of influence upon philosophy. They searched out and copied the works of ancient authors, developed critical tools for establishing accurate texts from variant manuscripts, made translations from Latin and Greek, and wrote commentaries that reflected their broad learning and their new standards and points of view. Aristotle’s authority remained preeminent, especially in logic and physics, but humanists were instrumental in the revival of other Greek scientists and other ancient philosophies, including stoicism, skepticism, and various forms of Platonism, as, for example, the eclectic Neoplatonist and gnostic doctrines of the Alexandrian schools known as Hermetic philosophy. All of these were to have far-reaching effects on the subsequent development of European thought. While humanists had a variety of intellectual and scholarly aims, it is fair to say that, like the ancient Romans, they preferred moral philosophy to metaphysics. Their faith in the moral benefits of poetry and rhetoric inspired generations of scholars and educators. Their emphasis upon eloquence, worldly achievement, and fame brought them readers and patrons among merchants and princes and employment in government chancelleries and embassies. The Renaissance was a cultural and scholarly movement which stressed the rediscovery and application of texts and thought from classical antiquity, occurring in Europe c. 1400 – c. 1600. The Renaissance can also refer to the period of European history spanning roughly the same dates. It's increasingly important to stress that the Renaissance had a long history of developments that included the twelfth-century renaissance and more. What Was the Renaissance? There remains debate about what exactly constituted the Renaissance. Essentially, it was a cultural and intellectual movement, intimately tied to society and politics, of the late 14th to early 17th centuries, although it is commonly restricted to just the 15th and 16th centuries. It is considered to have originated in Italy. Traditionally people have claimed it was stimulated, in part, by Petrarch, who had a passion for rediscovering lost manuscripts and a fierce belief in the civilizing power of ancient thought and in part by conditions in Florence. At its core, the Renaissance was a movement dedicated to the rediscovery and use of classical learning, that is to say, knowledge and attitudes from the Ancient Greek and Roman eras. Renaissance literally means ‘rebirth’, and Renaissance thinkers believed the period between themselves and the fall of Rome, which they labeled the Middle Ages, had seen a decline in cultural

蒙娜丽莎介绍中英文对照

. 《蒙娜丽莎》是一幅享有盛誉的肖像画杰作。它代表达·芬奇的最高艺术成就，成功地塑造了资本主义上升时期一位城市有产阶级的妇女形象。画中人物坐姿优雅，笑容微妙，背景山水幽深茫茫，淋漓尽致地发挥了画家那奇特的烟雾状“无界渐变着色法”般的笔法。画家力图使人物的丰富内心感情和美丽的外形达到巧妙的结合，对于人像面容中眼角唇边等表露感情的关键部位，也特别着重掌握精确与含蓄的辩证关系，达到神韵之境，从而使蒙娜丽莎的微笑具有一种神秘莫测的千古奇韵，那如梦似的妩媚微笑，被不少美术史家称为“神秘的微笑”。 Mona Lisa is a renowned portrait masterpiece. It represents the highest artistic achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, succeeded in shaping the rise of capitalism propertied classes during a city image of women. Stick figures sitting elegant, subtle smile, background landscape deep fog, vividly played a painter that strange smoke-like %unbounded gradient coloring-like strokes. Painter trying to make people rich inner feelings and beautiful shape to achieve clever combination, for the portrait face in the corner of the lips and other key parts of their personal feelings, but also special emphasis on precise and subtle grasp the dialectical relationship, to charm of the environment, so that the Mongolian Mona Lisa's enigmatic smile has one kind of rhyme through the ages, that dream-like charming smile, by many art historians as he mysterious smile. 它的拥有者法国政府把它保存在巴黎的卢浮宫供公众欣赏。 Its owners the French government to save it in the Louvre in Paris for the public to enjoy. 微笑之谜 500年来，人们一直对《蒙娜丽莎》神秘的微笑莫衷一是。不同的观者或在不同的时间去看，感受似乎都不同。有时觉得她笑得舒畅温柔，有时又显得严肃，有时像是略含哀伤，有时甚至显出讥嘲和揶揄。在一幅画中，光线的变化不能像在雕塑中产生那样大的差别。但在蒙娜丽莎的脸上，微暗的阴影时隐时现，为她的双眼与唇部披上了一层面纱。而人的笑容主要表现在眼角和嘴角上，达·芬奇却偏把这些部位画得若隐若现，没有明确的界线，因此才会有这令人捉摸不定的“神秘的微笑”。 Smile Mystery 500 years, people have been on the Mona Lisa mysterious smile today. Different audiences or at different times to see, seems to have a different feel. She laughed sometimes feel comfortable gentle, sometimes seem serious, sometimes like with a little sadness, and sometimes even show ridicule and derision. In one painting, the light changes can not be produced as in sculpture as a big difference. But in the Mona Lisa's face, somber shadows hidden, for her eyes and lips covered with a veil. The man's smile is mainly manifested in the eyes and mouth, and Leonardo da Vinci has chosen to put these parts painted looming, there is no clear boundaries, so will have this elusive mysterious smile. 达芬奇1502年（意大利文艺复兴时期）开始创作《蒙娜丽莎》，并根据瓦萨里（Vasari）的记载，这幅画耗时4年完成。 Leonardo da Vinci in 1502 (Italian Renaissance) began writing the Mona Lisa, and according to Vasari (Vasari) records, this painting took four years to complete. 蒙娜丽莎是意大利最早的一幅半身画像，画中人物坐着并把交叠的双手搁在座椅的扶手上，从头

英国文学史文艺复兴时期复习资料

The Renaissance Time: 1500–1660 The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th and early 16th centuries to the early 17th century. Backgrounds: Following the introduction of a printing press into England by William Caxton in 1476, vernacular literature flourished The Reformation（宗教改革）inspired the production of vernacular（白话的）liturgy（祈祷书）which led to the Book of Common Prayer（英国国教教会祈祷书）, a lasting influence on literary language. Representatives: Poets: Edmund Spenser ( 1552–1599) Works: The Faerie Queene Epithalamion Amoretti William Shakespeare Works: Sonnet 18 A Lover's Complaint The Phoenix and the Turtle Sir Philip Sidney(1554–1586) Works: Astrophel and Stella The Defence of Poetry(essay) The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia (Prose) Blank verse:blank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter Sonnet:a poem of fourteen lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure. A Shakespearean, or English, sonnet consists of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter, a pattern in which an unstressed syllable is followed by a stressed syllable five times. The rhyme scheme :a-b-a-b, c-d-c-d, e-f-e-f, g-g three quatrains and one couplet. A Italian sonnet includes two parts that together formed a compact form of "argument". First, the octave (two quatrains), forms the "proposition", which describes a "problem", or "question", followed by a sestet (two tercets), which proposes a "resolution". Typically, the ninth line initiates what is called the "turn", or "volta", which signals the move from proposition to resolution. The rhyme scheme:a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a,c-d-e-c-d-e or a-b-b-a, a-b-b-a, c-d-c-c-d-c Dramatist: Christopher Marlowe Doctor Faustus William Shakespeare Four comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream《仲夏夜之梦》Merchant of Venice 《威尼斯商人》As You Like It《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night《第十二夜》Four tragedies: Hamlet《哈姆雷特》Othello《奥赛罗》Macbeth《麦克白》King Lear《李尔王》

文艺复兴时期服装 英文版

Renaissance Costume History Around the 1490's is when costume historians can agree that the new dress for Renaissance began. This was the period of clothing that could be said that excessiveness in all areas of costume began. Different countries took the news styles differently. For instance, the northern European countries were distorting the natural figure by padding sleeves, doublets and stockings. Italy did not go as far as the North, and England and France followed Italy's lead while they stuck to more medieval influenced styles. Germans went to the greatest extremes making “improvements” on the natural silhouette. They put large puffs at the head, shoulders, thighs; small puffs, like boils, over chest, back, arms, legs and feet. They put feathers on many on everything from wide-brimmed hats to the knees. Clothing at this time followed suit with all other types of creative expression at this time—it went over the top into new discoveries. Permanent characteristics in all countries are summarized as thus: rich heavy materials, in voluminous amount, large sleeves, close body garments, large hip-clothing, wide-toed, heelless shoes and covered heads masculine and feminine. Most men's hair was bobbed but the length of your hair was chosen by individual taste. The could be straight or curled according to the nature of the wearer. As the sixteenth century advanced men wore their hair shorter almost like modern hair. The men wore variations of the low-crowned, brimmed cap and was often turned up all around or with just one side turned up. Women wore the low-crowned hat in the same fashion as the men. Women either wore their hair with elaborate structures in their hair like the Germans or with just a kerchief. They had the hair covered with some kind of headdress. Some names of headdresses are: crescent, kennel, gable, transparent half-dome bonnet, or the gorget and wimple. Peasant women wore the cote of the earlier period and handkerchiefs or collars around their neck. They looked like what we associate dress of the Puritans. Colors of this period are strong, often dark colors. Black velvet was a staple fabric of the period, especially in headdresses. White linen was another accent against colors of gold and burgundy for collars and wrist ruffles. Notable Renaissance Costume Elements

文艺复兴英文版

The Renaissance The Renaissance (16th and early 17th centuries): towards the end of the Middle Ages, after the loss of the English territories in France, England suffered thirty years of civil war fought by rival aristocratic families for the throne: the Wars of the Roses. The Welsh Tudor family was victorious and proceeded to secure its position. The dynasty ruled from 1485 to 1603, and was succeeded by Scottish relatives – and former opponents – the Stuarts. The military power of the aristocracy was removed: private armies were forbidden; only the crown was entitled to raise an army. The nobility’s great economic power based on land ownership remained intact. The Tudors no longer shared power with the aristocracy, as monarchs did in the Middle Ages, but ruled alone, or absolutely. Parliament existed, was involved in the legislative process but did not determine it. The Church of Rome was another factor limiting the king’s power which the Tudors soon dealt with. In 1531 Henry VIII set up the Church of England, with himself as head, thus nationalising religion, because Vatican politics had become a threat to him. In 1538 the English were given direct access to the bible in their own language; a year later the monasteries were suppressed. Under Henry’s daughte r Mary, Catholicism was restored and Protestants persecuted: 400 were burnt as heretics. I Elizabeth’s reign, when England was under threat of invasion by Spain, Catholics were regarded as foreign agents and punished accordingly. But those protestants unwilling to accept the authority of the new state church also found themselves in trouble with the law. These became known under the general name of Puritans because they demanded that Protestantism be purified of all traces of Catholicism. They felt the reformation had not gone far enough: they wanted the hierarchy within the new church abolished, they disapproved of bishoprics, wanted ministers of religion elected by their congregations, and insisted on their right to speak out. Such freedom of speech they did not regard as a general right, but one they were entitled to as God’s personal spokespeople. Elizabeth regarded the Puritans as dangerous and took measures to minimise the threat. In general, she tried to steer a middle course between the religious extremes of Catholicism and Puritanism. Parallel with the development of England s a modern nation came its growth as a colonial power. Ireland had been under England’s overlordship since the Middle Ages, but now it became a colony, that is occupied territory ruled in the interests of the so-called mother country. Revenue also came to the crown from trading expeditions to newly conquered overseas territories. The increase in overseas trade led to a great boom in manufacturing in England. A flourishing export trade in woollen cloth developed. The lucrative cloth trade made sheep farming more profitable than tillage: the result was the beginning of enclosures by landlords of areas traditionally used by the villagers as common lands. The crafts flourished due to the extra demand for ships, weapons, export goods of all kinds, and the condition of the common people improved compared to that of the Middle Ages. Towns and cities grew, but most of the people continued to live in rural areas.

文艺复兴英文简介

The Renaissance T he Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. 1.The origin of the Renaissance The Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism. Literature and ideology soon followed as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation. 2.The characteristics of the Renaissance The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. 3.The influence of the Renaissance The Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age. 文艺复兴是指由于意大利最早产生了资本主义萌芽，13世纪末在意大利兴起，以后扩散到西欧各国，16世纪盛行的一场思想文化运动。代表人物有但丁，彼特拉克，薄伽丘，达芬奇等。 文艺复兴是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起，以后扩展到西欧各国，于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动，带来一段科学与艺术革命时期，揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕，被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。马克思主义史学家认为是封建主义时代和资本主义时代的分界。13世纪末期，在意大利商业发达的城市，新兴的资产阶级中的一些先进的知识分子借助研究古希腊、古罗马艺术文化，通过文艺创作，宣传人文精神。另有相关图书。 概念介绍

文艺复兴 英语作文

The Renaissance and Shakespeare Originated from Italy in the late 13th century and boomed in Europe in 16th century, the Renaissance just seemed like a wisdom storm sweeping across the continent of Europe, even the whole world. The Renaissance was the first great enlightenment in human history, its influence for human society was beyond measured. Engels once said: “this was a most great and progressed revolution which people never experienced in human history. And this was a full of wisdom and passion period which born many giants in varied areas.” The Renaissance was a cultural revolution against the feudal ideas which leaded by the asset class. The core idea of the Renaissance was humanism spirit. They advocated human nature and opposed divine nature. They encouraged people chasing their own happiness and pursuing the liberation of human nature. The Renaissance left a great fortune ranged from literature, painting and music to astronomy, mathematics and so on. Until today it also exerts a subtle influence in our daily life. The western literature came to an unprecedented prosperity in the period of Renaissance. We can never ignore a great, distinguished and outstanding English litterateur ------ Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was born in 26 April 1564 and died in 23 April 1616. He was born and brought up in Stratford-upon-Avon.

关于文艺复兴的英语文章

What I Have Learnt from Renaissance Abstract: Renaissance refers to the time period in the European civilization towards the end of Middle age which is characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. The most striking feature of Renaissance is doubtlessly humanism. This thesis is mainly about an outline of Renaissance and something I’ve learnt from Renaissance and my preparation of my PPT. As everyone knows, the Renaissance is very important in the history of western world. Both historians and writers and many scholars speak highly of the things which were left during that period of time: the sculptures 《Pieta》、《David》by Michelangelo, the oil paints 《the last supper》and 《Mona Lisa》by Leonardo Da Vinci, 《Madonna of the Meadow》、《School of Athens》by Raphael. Now, I have learned something about Renaissance through the process of preparing the presentation, so I have a new review on the Renaissance. And I want to say something about the Renaissance and what I think of the Renaissance. Renaissance refers to the time period in the European civilization towards the end of Middle age which is characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. It emerged Social instability、economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. It first started in Florence, and expanded to Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. And its major achievements were seen in six areas including painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate. The most striking feature of Renaissance is doubtlessly humanism. That is, the topic of the Renaissance is to preach humanistic spirit. Humanist ideals led to a widespread concern with education and many schools were formed, especially for boys who were educated in the faith of Christ and in classical literature (girls were for centuries deprived of a formal education). The study of Christian and pagan authors was seen as the best way to prepare men for the vicissitudes of life. Thus classical authors were studied as guides to life. An important aspect of the rhetorical training of the humanist schools in the Renaissance was the absorption of large numbers of received conventions or commonplaces of description (such as traditional similes) called topoi. All Renaissance students were taught, as part of their basic training, to amplify, vary, and enrich these topoi or received ideas in novel or copious ways. Though Renaissance started in Italy, and flourished very later in England, an important English writer should be mentioned—Shakespeare. Both Protestantism and humanism had a formative influence on the genius of William Shakespeare. In common with other Elizabethan dramatists, his dramas broke away from the religious domination evident in the crypto-Catholic mystery and morality