文档库 最新最全的文档下载
当前位置:文档库 › 胡小平201109020406

胡小平201109020406

胡小平201109020406
胡小平201109020406

价值链管理在企业财务管理中的应用

2011级财务管理4班胡小平201109020406

【摘要】本文以迈克尔·波特提出的价值链为分析工具,对旨在获取竞争优势的战略管理模式——价值链管理进行探讨。

自从迈克尔·波特提出价值链的概念和价值链管理的战略管理模式以来,理论界和企业界基本上对其形成了共识:实行价值链管理,以确立其在提升企业竞争力、获取竞争优势中的应有地位。在科学技术突飞猛进的今天,消费者的需求日益多样化,社会分工更加细化,价值链的增值环节变得越来越多。

一、价值与价值链管理的内涵

价值链管理就是将企业的业务过程描绘成一个价值链(Value Chain),从而对其进行管理。也就是说,要将企业的生产、营销、财务、人力资源等方方面面的要素有机地整合起来,做好计划、协调、监督和控制等各个环节的工作,使他们形成相互关联的整体,真正按照“链”的特征实施物流和信息流的自我组织和自我适应能力,使企业的供、产、销系统形成一条环环相扣的、可产生价值的、完整的过程。

价值链管理中价值链分析的基础是价值,而不是成本。价值链是由各种价值流动所构成的,即由基本增值活动和辅助性增值活动所构成。价值链的各环节之间是相互关联、相互影响的。在同一个产业中,不同的企业具有不同的价值链,对于同一企业而言,在不同的发展时期,也会有不同的价值链。

价值链管理还强调价值链上各项业务活动之间的联系不仅存在于企业价值链内部,而且还存在于企业价值链与供应商和供应渠道的价值链之间。简言之,价值链是从供应商开始,直到顾客价值实现的一系列价值增值活动和相应的流程。

价值链管理理论认为,竞争不是发生在企业与企业之间,而是发生在企业各自的价值链之间。只有对价值链的各个环节(业务流程)实行有效管理,才有可能真正获得市场上的竞争优势。

价值链管理理论的核心是在企业众多的“价值活动”当中,并非每一个环节都创造价值。企业所创造的价值,实际上来自企业价值链的某些特定的价值活动,这些真正创造价值的战略活动,正是企业价值链的“战略环节”。

二、价值链优化与企业竞争优势

(一)竞争优势之源——成本领先与产品差异化

一个企业相对于其他企业而言可能在多方面具有相对优势,比如产品质量上的优势、研发能力方面的优势、营销方面的优势以及管理上的优势等,但其最根本的表现形式是成本领先优势和产品差异化优势。

保持低成本来获取竞争优势是企业采用的一种主要竞争战略。较低的成本使得企业在同等价格水平上比竞争对手可以获得相对更高的盈利,或者可以以低价

位迅速占领市场。在汽车产业发展的历史当中,“汽车之父”亨利·福特率先采用标准车型的低成本生产和薄利多销为基础的全方位成本领先战略,使得他在20世纪初期便迅速控制了全世界的汽车产业,并在其后的20年中成为该行业的霸主。

另一种竞争优势是产品和服务的差异化优势。企业要想在众多的竞争者中出类拨萃,让消费者感到它的产品和服务“就是同别人不一样”,就必须大力发展别具一格的产品线和营销项目,使企业产品在设计、工艺、品牌、特色、款式、服务等各个方面与竞争对手相比较具有鲜明的差异化特征。差异化使得企业之间出现差别,从而建立起顾客对产品的较高信任度和忠诚度,同时也为竞争对手的介入设置了较高的障碍。

(二)竞争优势识别——价值链分析

企业的竞争优势是通过一系列的活动,也就是价值形成的过程而产生的。因此,用价值链作为分析评价企业竞争优势的一种新的战略工具,通过成本分析和差别分析,从而可以找出公司在价值生产过程的利弊。价值链是从价值生产过程中最基本的原材料和组成部件的供应商开始,经过价值生产过程中的购买者、最终消费者等各个阶段并在材料的处理与再循环中达到顶点。利用价值链分析法可以识别价值生成的过程以及在每一环节所需要投入的成本,通过对价值形成关键环节的成本管理和成本控制来获取成本优势。获得并保持竞争优势不仅要理解企业自身的价值链,而且要理解企业价值链所处的价值系统。

利用价值链分析企业内部成本有以下几个步骤:

1.识别企业的价值生成过程

以服装行业为例,它的价值生产过程包括:布料的选购、服装式样设计、加工制作和销售等几个主要的价值生产过程。

2.确定企业产品或服务的总成本构成

即将成本在各个不同的价值生产阶段进行分配。仍然以服装企业为例,首先,在不同的服装生产企业中,各个价值生成阶段对其产品总价值所作的贡献是不同的,各阶段所耗用的成本在总成本中的比重也是不同的。服装设计是其价值生成的关键阶段,对产品总价值贡献最大。其次,精良的做工也是名牌服装具有独特魅力的根本原因之一,成为其价值的一大来源。通过对各价值生产阶段的评估和成本分配,可以了解各阶段对价值生成所作的贡献大小、所耗用的成本多少及其增减趋势,同时还可以比较竞争对手的价值和成本分布,从而找出差异。

3.识别各项成本的驱动动因

成本动因多种多样,比如规模经济、学习溢出、技术、生产能力利用比、联系、整合、质量管理、时机、地理位置和机构因素等等。这些成本动因概括起来可以分为结构性成本动因和执行性成本动因两大类,其中结构性成本动因反映了公司的长期决策,并确立了公司在产业及市场中的地位。执行性成本动因可以帮助企业制定经营决策以便合理利用资源,达到既定战略目标。管理政策、企业风格、文化背景和管理人员的素质等因素决定了这类动因。

4.识别价值链中不同价值生成过程之间的内在联系

作为竞争优势的源泉,价值链之间的关系及其联系与各种价值链本身同等重要。而且,这种联系可以提供可持续的竞争优势,因为这种复杂的竞争使得竞争者难以模仿。

5.获得相关成本的优势

许多企业对降低成本这一战略存在认识上的误区,认为降低成本即意味着全面的成本降低,往往制定出诸如在年底内各部门成本都降低到某一程度的目标;而实际上我们的真正目标是要在一些重要的环节上降低成本,提高效率。

(三)企业竞争优势的获取

1.获取成本优势

在用价值链分析法评价企事业成本优势的过程中,可以用两种方法来获取成本优势,即控制成本驱动因素和重构价值链。如果企业能判定其价值链中重要价值活动的成本驱动并能够对他们进行有效控制时,企业就获取了相对于竞争对手的成本优势。

(1)控制规模。规模经济是最重要的成本驱动因素。如何通过控制规模来控制成本呢?一是取得恰当的规模形式;二是在规模敏感的活动中制定政策以加强规模经济;三是企业应根据其战略方向来利用规模经济的形势。

(2)获取学习溢出的效应。一项价值活动由于学习提高,其经济效益可能随着时间的推移而使成本下降。如邯钢通过学习,在改变、改进进度后,劳动效率提高了,从而使成本得以大幅度下降。

(3)控制生产能力利用率。通过均衡生产量,常常可以提高平均生产能力利用率。例如,季节性产品如化肥、农机具等,可以在淡季增加促销和为产品寻求淡季使用途径,使产品生产线拓展到受生产周期影响小,或者能够轮换使用剩余生产能力的产品上;或者挖掘出新的细分市场以弥补淡季生产时的锐减。

(4)控制联系。控制联系包括两方面:一方面是利用价值链内部的成本联系,改善其成本地位。例如提高产品加工的精度可以减少成品的检查费用,降低废品损失和修复费用,甚至可以减少因退货或顾客投诉而带来的损失。另一方面是利用纵向联系,降低原材料采购、产品销售及售后服务等方面的成本。比如向原材料供应商提供企业的生产进度表以保证原材料的及时、充足供应,减少因原材料短缺而带来的停工损失或因材料积压而导致的存储成本上升。(5)控制整合。整合和解散整合,同样具有降低成本的潜力。例如,当企业自己生产某些零部件比外购更合算时,解散整合能带来低成本的优势,而当企业感到自己销售所耗用的费用占总成本比重太大时,他可能会将这项工作交给分销网络去做,以充分利用整合的优势。

(6)选择最佳时机。一项价值活动的成本常常反映了对时机的选择。有时,企业作为率先行动者可以获得捷足先登的优势。例如购买最先进的设备在钢铁业就是一种优势。时机选择对于成本地位的作用可能在更大程度上取决于选择与经济周期和市场条件有关的时机,而不选择绝对意义上的时机。时机选择要求企业一要利用率先行动者和迟后行动者的优势;二要在商业周期中选择购买时机。

(7)技术创新。降低成本最有效的办法是技术创新。技术革命和技术革新会带来成本的大幅度降低。例如福特汽车公司通过传送带的应用实现了流水生产方式,从而大幅度降低了汽车的生产成本,进而实现了让汽车进入千家万户的梦想。又如河南莲花味精生产集团围绕着味精生产先后进行了十几次技术改造,每一次改造,都伴随着生产效率提高,能源及原材料的节约。

(8)控制地理位置。地理位置几乎对所有价值活动的成本都具有一定影响。各种活动之间以及它们与买方和供应商之间的相对地理位置,通常对于诸如工资水平、后勤效率和货源供应等方面具有显著的影响。又如,供应商的地理位置是形成企业内部后勤成本中的一个重要因素,而相对而言买方的地理位置又会影响

到外部后勤成本。

(9)控制机构因素。一个企业内的机构设置及其工作效率的高低也会影响到成本的高低,企业可以通过精简机构、优势人员配备和提高机构人员的办事效率来压缩成本。

(10)其他因素。政府法规、免税期、关税、政府运用的财政刺激手段以及本土化规定等机构因素也是构成成本的重要驱动因素。在某些产业,一项或几项机构因素可能会成为最重要的成本驱动因素。例如对于沃尔玛全世界的分销店来讲,关税、税收政策和本土化等机构因素就将成为其重要的成本驱动因素;而对于邯钢来讲,财政刺激手段可能是最重要的成本驱动因素。企业要善于利用有利的机构因素以降低成本。同时还要避免不利的机构因素给企业带来的成本增加额。

在每一个价值生产活动中,其成本驱动因素是不尽相同的。我们可以通过对这些成本驱动因素的综合控制来达到降低成本的目的。另一种取得成本优势的方法是重构企业价值链。重构企业价值链能够从根本上改变企业的成本结构,使企业相对成本地位得到显著改善。

2.差异化优势的取得

企业可以通过两条基本途径获取差异化优势。一是通过正在开展的价值活动使企业更具有独特性;二是用某些方法重构价值链来增进其独特性。

(1)增加独特性的来源。企业独特性来源越多,其竞争对手的模仿能力越低,因而增加独特性来源可以给企业带来显著、持久的优势。这些独特性可能来源于采用了新型材料,与众不同的外观设计,产品卓越良好的性能,完美的售后服务等等。例如麦当劳独特的店铺造型、严格而专有的配料、统一的制作技术、与众不同的品味等都是其显著优越于其他快餐公司之处;而巴黎服装长盛不衰与其新颖的面料、一流的设计、精良的做工紧密相连。

(2)改变规则以创造独特性。在传统的卖方市场之下,企业生产什么,消费者就消费什么,即生产决定了消费,企业无须在独特性上下多大功夫。然而随着全球竞争的加剧,卖方市场转化为买方市场,企业要在激烈竞争中立于不败之地,就必须时刻关注消费者的消费心理和消费需求趋向和变化,以迎合未来产品的发展趋势。譬如说,随着人们生活水平的提高,选购电器可能不再单纯重视它的坚固耐用,而是会注重它的外观设计和功能齐全;对服装的选择从过去的重质地发展到强调它的舒适性和样式设计。企业要获得差异化优势,就必须具有非凡的预见力,在竞争对手认知以前,生产出符合未来发展趋势的新型产品,创造出独特性。

(3)重构独特价值链。重构价值链也可以形成显著的差异化的机会,例如:采用全新程序的技术、独特的销售方法以及独特的、给人印象深刻的广告宣传等等。

翻译课程第一讲

第一讲 选择最佳的译文。 1.大厅的灯晃得我睁不开眼。 The lights in the hall are so bright that I could not open my eyes. 2.中国是一个历史悠久,人口众多的国家,创造了灿烂的古代文明,对人类做出了重大的贡献。 China is a populous country with a time-honored history. It’s a home of a splendid ancient civilization and a major contribution to human progress. 3. They killed a bottle of Erguotou between them. 他们灭了一瓶二锅头。 4.这本书再三重印,仍然供不应求。 Though we got this book reprinted several times ,the readers’ demand still exceeds its supply. I,定义: 1.马建中(1894) 析其字句之繁简,书其文体之变态及其理精神,析之所以然; 模写其神情,仿佛其语气; 阅读者所得之益,与观原文无异。 ---善译 翻译评论家马建中---“善译说” (1),善译的条件:“其平日冥心钩考,必先将所译者与所以译者两

国文字深嗜笃好…”强调译者平日对本国语言文字和对象国语言文字必须有很高的修养,对语法学、词源学、文体学、修辞学等学科佑很深的研究,这是对译者的素养提出的最高要求。 (2),善译的过程:“一书到手,经营反复,确知其意旨之所在,而又摹写其神情,仿佛其语气,然后心悟神解,振笔而书”。这体现了译者在整个翻译过程中理解和表达的全部。 (3),善译的实质:“译成之文适如其所译而止,而曾无毫发出入于其间”。也就是“等值”翻译理论。 (4),善译的效果:“能使阅者所得之益与观原文无异”,这实质上达到了所谓“等效”翻译的效果。 2.Translation is to reproduce in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source –language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. 《The Theory and Practice of Translation》(Nida,1969) 从语义到文体,用最贴近的自然对等语在接受语言中再现原语信息。或:Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (所谓翻译,是指在译语中用最切近而又自然的对等语再现原语的信息,首先在语义上,其次在文体上。) 3.The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another

考研大小作文万能超级全面

大作文 图表作文模板 第一段(一升一降一不变,一缓慢) What a thought-provoking and illuminating chart it is! As is apparently depicted in the chart, it is obvious that(内容)soared from(数据)in(年份)to(数据)in(年份), While, as a sharp contrast, (内容)decreased from(数据)in(年份)to(数据)in(年份).In addition ,(内容)was almost the same in(年份)and(年份)./(there was only a slow increase from(数据)in(年份)to(数据)in(年份)) 第二段(解释具体原因) Why does this phenomenon revealed in the chart above appear? Several reasons accounting for the situation can be what follows. To begin with ,I am strongly convinced that this is partly duo to the fact that(原因一), In addition, this is partly because ,(原因二), Last but not least,this is partly because(原因三). Maybe there are some other reasons bring about this phenomenon. But it is generally believed that the above mentioned reasons are commonly acceptable. 第三段(发表个人观点) From the analyses made above , we may come to the conclusion that(结论). I am sure my opinion is both sound and well-grounded. 一种事物或现象(正面意义倾向) As is vividly depicted in the picture,(描述图画).The most striking feature is (图画重点信 息)。The status of the phenomenon as the focus of public concern mainly results from its profound influence on individuals, and on our society. As is symbolically revealed in the above picture(s), the deep implication profoundly indicates that (从 图画提炼出的核心信息),which is important and fundamental to anyone who undertakes great deeds. Nothing is more beneficial than (从图画提炼出的核心词) to overcome our defects and improve our efficiency. From what have been discussed above, it is, therefore, necessary that some effective measures are taken. On the one hand, we should keep learning more to acquire base. On the other hand, it is demanding for us to take part in various activities to prove ourselves and strengthen ourselves. However, practice is the most important factor. Only when you pay attention to it and practice it, can you make it better in the near future. 一种事物或现象(负面意义倾向) What is depicted in the picture(s) seems ridiculous but thought—provoking on second thought, which has attracted extensive attention of the society. The most striking feature is that…… (图画的重点信息). There is no doubt that its symbolic meaning subtly conveyed should be given deep consideration Though with various reasons and forms, from the perspective of the essence, the phenomenon (尽量换成图画中提炼出的中心词) reflected by the picture(s) originates from the disguised shadows of individual desires and the loophole of our law system. Thus, we should seek the solutions through setting foot on these aspects. Otherwise, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable results may come out unexpectedly, we will see the gloomy future. From what have been discussed above, it is therefore, necessary that some effective measures should be taken to (联系主题). On the one hand, it is demanding for us to keep people aware of this point. On the other hand, we are supposed to be sensible to strengthen the enforcement of the laws. Although the fight against it is long-standing and tremendous one, our efforts will eventually 小作文

考研小作文写作常用短语与句

考研小作文写作常用短语及句子 1、常用与开头的短语、句式 (1)with the (rapidly)growing popularity of (computers/private cars)in China,the quality of our lives has been considerably changed。 (2)With the (rapid)growth of (our economy/population),many problems such as (water shortages/waste of energy/lack of professionals and chaotic management)are beginng to surface (3)With the development of (science and technology/market economy),more and more/an increasing number of people come to real ize that … (4)Currently there is a widespread/serious concern over (illegal publication/drug abuse/negative influence of western cultures). (5)Nowadays ,a heated debated/discussion about…is under way in China .some people believe that …,whereas others argue that… (6)There are some reasons for owning (private cars/ personal computers).To begin with,…Next,…Last,…There are,on the oher hand,many reasons against it,First,…Second,…Finally,… (7)There are many advantanges and disadvantages in(owning a car). (8)There are various /at least three ways/possible techniques/problems/methods to do something (9)Smoking/Alcoholic beverage should be banned from college campuses for toe reasons.The first reason is that …The second reason is that …/On the one hand ,… On the other hand,… (10)The possible solutions of (the enery crisis/water shortanges/these social problems)depend on three factors… (11)The tow major reasons responsible for(the rapid economic growth /the widespread of fake products )are… 2.常用于结尾的短语、句式 (1)It is hoped that we should place much emphasis on/pay more attention to 。。。 (2)To conclude,we can see that (the best way/the possible solution)is。。。 (3)In short,(shortages of water,decrease of fertile fields and environmental pollution)are the major problems to be solved to(increase rain production)。 (4)In order to make our world a better palce in which to live we should make great efforts to。。。(5)In a word ,there are three suggestions we must follow ,only in this way can we(achieve a great success)。 (6)It is time for us to take an actie part in。。。 (7)Let us work hand in hand in hand to(solve these social problems) 3.陈述或论证观点、看法(view,point,opinion)、原因(reason、cause)、方法、手段、措施、步骤。。。。。。(method,means,measures,step。。。)、因素(factor)、利弊、优缺点(advantage,disadvantage)时常用的词语、句式: (1)引述段落提出问题时常用的句式、词语:

汉英翻译实践第一讲讲课讲稿

汉英翻译实践第一讲

PART I: I. 原文(Source Text) 水桥 在巴拿马,有一座世界闻名的“水桥”,那就是巴拿马运河。去年暑假,我跟着爸爸妈妈去巴拿马运河游览观光,至今还记忆犹新。 我们乘机抵达巴拿马城,然后搭上了一艘游轮,从巴尔博亚港进入运 河。船行13公里后,便到了运河的第一组水闸1。巴拿马运河就是通过水闸的关与开,让船舰跨越陆地的一座“水桥” 2。 我们开始“上桥”了。船驶进闸池之后,厚2米,高、宽各20米,重数百吨的钢闸门便缓缓地关闭,闸池里开始注水。几分钟后,水涨船高3。游轮在两岸 电力机车的牵引下缓缓前进。这样连升两级之后,船已经升高了16米。出闸 后,再驶过一个小湖,又到了第二组水闸。经过这座水闸,船又升高了9.5 米。这样,船已高出海平面26米,进入“桥顶”4。我们的游船驶进了长达13公里的主航道,只见5两岸山6如刀削,绿树红花,景色十分秀丽7。 游船出了峡谷,驶入了宽阔的加通湖。湖水倒映着远山白云,美丽的小岛时隐时现8。在湖中悠悠航行38公里之后,船来到了加通水闸,从此进入了“下桥”段。这座水闸共有三级,犹如三个巨大的台阶。游船经过加通水闸后,已经降到了与大西洋水面相同的高度。当船驶入利蒙湾时,美丽的加勒比海便出现在眼前9。 我们从太平洋来到大西洋10,彼此隔离的大洋因为有了巴拿马运河而相通。 运河全长81.8公里,宽度由150米到304米不等。5万吨级的巨轮,日夜畅通无阻。它无愧于“世界桥梁”的称誉。我由衷地赞美人类改造自然的智慧和勇气! 我敬佩你,巴拿马人民!

导游告诉我们,巴拿马人民是有志气的。他们一方面正在改造现在这条运 河;另一方面,还准备新建一条更长的运河,预计工程需要10年才能完成,它 将成为人类有史以来最大的工程11。我们期待着它早日完成。 II. 理解难点提示(Suggestions for Comprehension) 1. 这里的“水闸”指什么?参考下文的“进闸池”、“出闸”。 2. 为什么称巴拿马运河为“水桥”? 3. “涨、高”指“开始涨、高”,还是“涨、高”到了足够的高度?考虑上文的“几分钟后”。 4. 这里两个分句是否平起平坐?考虑上文已经说过船“升高了16米,又升高 了9.5 米”。 5. 只见”是不是真的在描写“我们”在干什么?考虑上文的主语是“我们的游 船”,不是“我们”;上文的宾语是“主航道”,下文接着是“两岸”。 6. “”指hills还是指mountains?考虑1)上文说“桥顶”只高出海平面26米;2) 地理知识:巴拿马地峡很窄。 7. (我们的游船驶进了)长达13公里的主航道,只见两岸山如刀削,绿树红 花,景色十分秀丽”中各部分的层次关系如何?考虑“主航道”与“山”的空间关 系,“山”与“绿树红花”的空间关系,“山”与“景色十分秀丽”的物与属性的关系。 8. 这里的“时隐时现”什么意思?参考1)上文的“驶入”,下文的“悠悠航行”2) 常识:“隐、现”可由光线明暗造成,遮拦物的有无造成,也可由观察者移动造 成。 9. “驶入”与“出现”同时,还是先后?利用常识“运动是相对的”。

考研英语小作文万能模板

考研小作文万能模板 辞职信 模板1: Dear , I am writing to inform you about the decision to resign from my current position. There are a few factors involved. First and foremost, . Secondly, . Last but not last, . I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude for the rewarding experience that I have enjoyed during my employment. I sincerely wish you could approve of my resignation, and I apologize in advance for any inconvenience thus caused. Yours Sincerely, Li Ming 模板2 Dear , I am sure it will come as no surprise that I wish to resign my position as . Though I have enjoyed working with you and other colleagues in the company / organization, there are a few reasons that force me to give up my current work. For one thing, . For another, . Moreover / Besides / In addition, . I appreciate the plenty of help and encouragement from you constantly, and I am very sorry for any inconvenience thus caused. I promise that I will stay through the next month to help you find a replacement for my position. Yours Sincerely, Li Ming 请求信 模板1: Dear , I am . I’d like to ask if you have / can provide me with the information of . The reasons for my urgent need of are as follows: 1) ; 2) ; 3) . Therefore, I will be much obliged if you can help me . Please feel free to call me at for further questions. Thank you for your time and patience, and I look forward to your prompt reply. Yours Sincerely, Li Ming 模板2: Dear , My name is , and I am . I have made up my mind to write to you in the hope that you can furnish me with the information regarding . At the present I am preparing / doing , and am in lack of that is crucial for the work / project / program. Therefore, it would be of great help if I can have your help for . Please get back to me at your earliest convenience as I have to soon. I am praying for your reply with full appreciation. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 建议信 模板1: Dear , I am very glad to hear that you want to seek some suggestions about in order to . From my point of view, . Also, to you, I highly recommend that . On the one hand, . On the other

2016考研英语小作文万能模板

2016年考研英语二小作文 一、咨询信★★★★★ 写作模式: Dear Sir or Madam, As a ……, I am writing to ask if ……. ……. I,d appreciate it if you could ……/I will be looking forward to hearing from you soon.(两句皆可) 投诉信★★★★★ 写作模式: Dear Sir or Madam, I write this to place a complaint against ……/ I venture to write to complain about ……(两句皆可)the quality of ……I bought ……. During ……has been in my possession, problems have emerged one after another . For one thing,……, For another,……. Therefore,I wish you would look into occurrence immediately and send me a replacement (替代品)as soon as possible. or I will demand a refund. Yours, Xiao xiang 二、邀请信★★★★★ 写作模式:

㈠发出的邀请信分为邀请名人和邀请参加聚会. ⑴邀请名人 Dear ……, We should be very grateful if you could ……/May I take the opportunity to you to …….(两句皆可). Please let me know as soon as possible if you come and when you will be able to make it . ⑵邀请参加聚会 Dear ……, I wonder if there is any chance for you to come to ……. It would be my pleasure to share the important moments with you. ……I am glad to tell you that ……. There are also arrangements for ……, which I am sure you will thoroughly enjoy. The dinner starts at ……so that we can have a nice and long evening. I would love for you to attend, so pleasure let me know your decision . Love, Xiao xiang ㈡回复别人的邀请信一般情况下为拒绝别人的邀请信 Dear ……, It,s an honor for me to be invited, but I deeply regret being unable to ……. ……. I do hope I can have a chance to visit ……. Regretfully,

第8讲 省略句的翻译

第八讲省略句的翻译 The translation of elliptical sentences Complete sentences in Chinese translated into English elliptical sentences 1. 要注意你的一言一行。 Mind your p’s and q’s. 2. 你是傻子?你才一点不傻呢! You foolish? Not a bit of it. Chinese elliptical sentences translated into English elliptical sentences 1.必要的话,我可以马上离开。 If necessary, I’ll be leaving at once. 2. 遇到困难,可找我帮助。 When in trouble, turn to me for help. Chinese elliptical sentences translated into English complete sentences 1.大伙劝他歇歇,他不。 They all advised him to have a rest, but he wouldn’t listen. 课堂练习 1. 好久不见了。 2. 怎么啦?小伙子!找下个对象没有? 3. 怕不能去。 4. 他有自己的打算,但不愿意向别人谈论。 5. 多年来一直喝这种苦药,我真是喝够了。 6. “她怎么啦?” 又饿又急,昏过去了。 7. 这件事你不懂,就别在操心了。 8. 她找着了就送过来。 9. 妈不像您,见钱就忘了命。 10.严重吗?不,只是胃有点疼。一定是吃多了。 1. 好久不见了。 I haven’t seen you for ages. Long time no see 2. 怎么啦?小伙子!找下个对象没有? What about it young man? Have you found yourself a girl yet? How are you doing, young man/lad? Have you found a girl friend yet?/a girl friend for you would-be wife?/a girl friend after your heart?/a partner

(完整版)2017考研英语小作文万能模板

小作文模板 一、咨询信★★★★★ 模式:写信目的+介绍背景+询问详情+表示谢意,期盼回复 模板1: Dear , I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide some information regarding . Currently, I am doing / planning / organizing , and am in urgent need of the following things. First of all, . Secondly, . Thirdly, . I would also like to inquire if . If so, could you please . Your prompt attention would be highly appreciated, and thank you for your consideration. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 模板2: Dear , I am , and I would like to have some information about . At the present, I am doing and I intend to . Therefore, I should be very obliged if you would kindly furnish me with details concerning . Other than that, I also need . I am expecting your reply with heartfelt appreciation. Yours sincerely, Li Ming 模板3: Dear Sir or Madam, As a ……, I am writing to ask if ……. ……. I,d appreciate it if you could ……/I will be looking forward to hearing from you soon.(两句皆可) Yours sincerely, Li Ming 二、投诉信★★★★★ 模式:提出投诉+具体投诉内容+要求 模板1: Dear Sir or Madam,

07翻译第五讲

Chapter 3 The technique of translation Technique means a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn special skills (Advanced Dictionary). In translation, it is difficult to get rid of the influence of the structure of the source language. If we follow the original structure in translation, we may find it hard to reproduce the original thought. We may divide a sentence into two or more parts by picking out of words, phrases or clauses and making them into Chinese word-groups, clauses or sentences, coordinate or subordinate. (division, 拆译) Picking out words (拆譯單詞) There are usually three steps to deal with division. [1] Determine which word(s) to pick out [2] Apply conversion or addition, if necessary, to make the translated version smooth and well-connected [3] Rearrange the word order according to Chinese mode of expression Examples: He crashed down on a protesting chair. (1, P54) Darkness released him from last restraints. (3, P54) The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors. (4, P54) The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket. (P54)(dinner jacket--semiformal evening dress for men短礼服) Illness indisposes a man for enjoyment. (13, P55) A new dignity crept into his walk. (16, P56) I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch.(32,P60) They relentlessly tear the flowers they see. 他們見花就摘,好不愛惜。 I shall be glad of your company on the journey. 如果你陪我一起去,我會很高興的。 She had seen the dictionary, flying over the pavement of the little garden, fall at length at the feet of the astonished Miss Jemima. 她看著字典飛過小花園的甬道,最後掉在吉米瑪小姐的腳邊,嚇了她一大跳。 He was thunderingly insistent that something should be done about it. 他大發雷霆,堅持必須對此事採取措施。 Auntie Julia vainly asked each of her neighbours in turn to tell her what Gabriel had said. 朱利亚姨妈接连向坐在旁边的人打听加布里埃尔刚才说了些什么,却没有问出个

考研英语小作文万能模版

2015年考研英语小作文万能模版(超实用) 辞职信 模板1: Dear , I am writing to inform you about the decision to resign from mycurrent position. There are a few factors involved. First and foremost, _____ .Secondly,______ . Last but not last, _______ . I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude forthe rewarding experience that I have enjoyed during my employment. I sincerely wish you could approve of my resignation, and Iapologize in advance for any inconvenience thus caused. 模板2 Dear , I am sure it will come as no surprise that I wish to resign myposition as ______ . Though I have enjoyedworking with you and other colleagues in the company / organization, there area few reasons that force me to give up my current work. For one thing, ______ . Foranother,______ . Moreover / Besides / Inaddition, ______ . I appreciate the plenty of help and encouragement from youconstantly, and I am very sorry for any inconvenience thus caused. I promisethat I will stay through the next month to help you find a replacement for myposition. 请求信 模板1: Dear ______ , I am ______ . I’d like to ask ifyou have______/ can provide me with theinformation of ______. The reasons for myurgent need of _____ are as follows: 1) ; 2) ;3) . Therefore, I will be much obliged if you can help me ______. Please feel free to call me at ______for further questions. Thank you for your time and patience, and I look forward to yourprompt reply. 模板2: Dear _____ , My name is ______, and I am _____ . I have made up my mind to write to youin the hope that you can furnish me with the information regarding .

考研大作文万能模板最新总结(新)

考研大作文万能模板总结 大作文考题总结: (1)正面(正确、积极的):01、02、03、08、10 反面(不正确的做法、消极):04、05、06、07、09、11 (2)一幅图还是两幅图(04、06) (3)作文有无规定题目(仅02) (4)1st:描述图画,2nd:解释图画要表达的含义,3rd:严重性及采取的举措。 例如:2011环境污染;2010:一个火锅——多种文化 第一段3句话 ①In the picture above,...... .第一句话(句型要用do+ing\with短语+非限定性定语从句)要将整个漫画内容描述完整。要考验大家的语法功底,首句很重要哦! ②There has been a heated discussion about them in the newspaper. 第二句就是套话,大家也可以自己换其他自己喜欢的句子。 ③The picture , at the first glimpse , seem to be simple ,but only a penetrating sight can pierce through its superficial meaning. 同第二句解释的一样。 第二段6句话 记住:写作重点就在此段,因为大多数考研者都会把首尾段写得出色,但仅此这打动不了阅卷老师,比的就是谁的第二段写得漂亮,谁就获得高分的机会大。 ①The picture tells us that nothing can be compared with the (漫画主题词) / nothing is more harmful or damaging than the ( 主题词) . 当时漫画反映坏/好的方面的主题时,大家相应地进行替换。纵观2001-2011年的漫画都是如此,大家不用太怀疑。 ②In no country other than China ,it has been said ,is this phenomenon more obvious (好的主题用此句). / is the problem of (有关主题词) more serious(坏的主题用此句).

考研英语小作文万能模板

考研英语小作文万能模板 作文模板对于应试写作的功效可以说是屡试不爽。它可以有效地帮助考生节省在考场上用于列提纲和构思框架的时间,而可以集中精力在文字的润色加工上,从而大大提高文章的质量,更容易赢得考官的第一印象。因此,在考试之前准备各种文体和各种类型的写作模板至关重要。 应用文万能模板 辞职信 模板1: Dear , I am writing to inform you about the decision to resign from my current position. There are a few factors involved. First and foremost, . Secondly, . Last but not last, . I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude for the rewarding experience that I have enjoyed during my employment. I sincerely wish you could approve of my resignation, and I apologize in advance for any inconvenience thus caused. Sincerely yours, Li Ming 模板2 Dear , I am sure it will come as no surprise that I wish to resign my position as . Though I have enjoyed working with you and other colleagues in the company / organization, there are a few reasons that force me to give up my current work. For one thing, . For another, . Moreover / Besides / In addition, . I appreciate the plenty of help and encouragement from you constantly, and I am very sorry for any inconvenience thus caused. I promise that I will stay through the next month to help you find a replacement for my position. Sincerely yours, Li Ming 请求信 模板1: Dear , I am . I’d like to ask if you have / can provide me with the information of . The reasons for my urgent need of are as follows: 1) ; 2) ; 3) . Therefore, I will be much obliged if you can help me . Please feel free to call me at for further questions. Thank you for your time and patience, and I look forward to your prompt reply. Yours, Li Ming 模板2: Dear ,

相关文档