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中考英语阅读理解试题类型及其解题技巧

分门别类识别文体

随着信息时代的到来，阅读内容更趋于信息化、时代化，突破了单一的故事、寓言等题材，内容涉及新闻、广告、科普、医疗、教育等，文章的体裁也从记叙扩大到产品说明、逻辑推理及实际应用等文体。不同的文体阅读的要求与方法不尽相同。

记叙文阅读主要抓四大要素，即时间、地点、人物和事件的起因、发展和结果，以及人物之间的关系、表现，从中分析他们思想品质、性格特征等；

议论文是阐明作者对人或事的好坏的立场观点，因此在阅读时必须正确把握文章的论点和论据，理清论证思路，再进行逻辑推理得出结论；

应用文是最贴近日常生活的文体，它包括通知、广告、便条、申请书、个人简历，形式多样，题材各异，如图示、表格、地址、网址等，对这类文体的阅读应简明扼要地抓住所需信息，理解文章内容。

考查的主要题型

1.主旨题：考查掌握所读材料的主旨和大意的能力。

主旨题所提问题主要涉及文章的中心思想、主要内容、标题、作者的态度、目的、文章的语气等。

我们首先要找出文章的主题句，我们通常可以在以下几个地方找到：

(1)位于一段开头的段首句，演绎型文章的主题句通常能在段落的起始部分找到；

(2)位于一段结尾的段末句，归纳型文章的主题句通常能在段落的终结部分找到；

(3)若既不在段首，也不在段末，我们就应细心地在这段的中心部分去寻找；

(4)有的主题句通过某种表达方式或修辞手段委婉、含蓄地提出来，这称为暗示句。这种暗示句通常难度较大，它可能不是一句完整的话而仅是一个词语，也可能是通过一些具有感情色彩的词语来表达的，还可能是通过字里行间来表达的。

主旨句的提问形式主要有：

(1)What' s the main idea of the passage

(2)Which is the best title of the passage

(3)Which of the following is this passage about

(4)The passage tells us that__________.

(5)This passage mainly talks about__________.

2.细节题: 考查把握文章的事实和细节的能力。

在做阅读理解题时，除了首先要抓住文章的主旨和大意外，还必须弄清楚文中的一些重要细节或事实。细节题在阅读理解部分占相当大一部分，涉及的内容很广，如时间、地点、人物、数字、原因、结果、文字结构等。这类题目相对容易一些。这些题目有两个共同特点：（1）凡属针对特定细节的考题，其正确答案大都可以在阅读材料中找到对应的文字部分作为验证。这一部分可能是一个词或短语，也可能是一个句子或相关的若干句子，但句式、用词和表达方式不同。（2）干扰项往往是主体思想与细节混杂，正确答案细节和非正确答案的细节混杂，甚至真假混杂。因此，要做好阅读理解中的确定细节和事实的题目，一要在文章中找出相应的信息点，二要排除干扰项。

细节题的提问形式常见的有:

(1) Acc ording to the passage, when/where/what / who/how/why…

(2) Which of the following statements is TRUE

(3)According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT…

(4) Which of the following is not mentioned

(5) Which of the following is Not True in the passage

(6) Choose the right order of this passage.

(7) From this passage we know ________.

3.猜测题: 考查根据上下文猜测生词的含义的能力。

猜测题是阅读理解部分常见的一个测试项目，主要用来测试考生对文章中出现的熟悉或不熟悉的词或词组的意义的理解能力。

当遇到不认识的而又是要测试的生词时，要通过上下文去进行猜测。注意与这个词紧密相连的前后几个词语的意思，

其次，利用构词法来进行猜测。常用的构词法有派生法，转化法以及合成法。英语中有相当大一部分单词都是由上述三种构词法变来的，这些词的构成一般都有一定的规律，掌握一些常见的规律，对于猜测考试中遇到的生词大有帮助。

指代题的提问形式主要有：

(1) The word “______” in the passage probably means ________.

(2) The underlined word “It” in the passage refers to _______.

(3) In this story the underlined word “_______” means ________.

(4) Here “it” means________.

4.推理题: 考查对阅读材料全篇的逻辑关系的理解，对文章各段，各句之间的逻辑关系的理解能力。

推理题是阅读理解部分的一项重要内容。这类题要求考生脱离字面理解的局限，透过文章的字里行间，对作者的话进行推理判断，从而获得对文章的深层理解。

推理题的答案往往在文章的字面上不会出现，必须依据已有信息来进行推理，不能脱离原文去主观臆断。因此，在做推理题时，必须从原文里找到推断的依据。

中考英语试题中的推断题很多，包括的面也很大。

其类型主要有以下几种：

(1)事实推断

这种推断常常针对某一个或几个具体细节，是比较简单的推断。进行这种推断，要首先在文章中找出据以推断的有关文字，然后加以分析，尤其要悟出字里行间的意思。

(2)逻辑推断

这类题目往往是要求根据文章所提供的背景，人物的表情，动作和语言来推断出人物的态度或感觉。

(3)对作者的意图和态度的推断

这类考题大都要求考生就作者对论述对象持什么样的态度做出推断，如作者对所陈述的观点是赞同、反对，还是犹豫不定，对记述或描写的人、物或事件是赞颂、同情、冷漠，还是厌恶。作者的这种思想倾向和感情色彩不一定直接表述出来，而往往隐含在字里行间。因此，进行这种推断时，我们既要依靠短文的主题思想作为推力的前提，又要注意作者的措辞，尤其是形容词一类的修饰语。

推理题的提问形式主要有：

(1) We can learn from this passage that…

(2) We can conclude from the passage that…

(3) It can be seen from the passage that…

(4) What is the re al meaning of the doctors’ words

(5) Many visitors come to the writer’s city to ________.

(6) Air pollution is the most serious kind of pollution because _____.

(7) Why did the writer get off the train two stops before Vienna station

解题注意事项

1．忌不带问题。做阅读理解题时，应先把文章后面所给的考查题浏览一遍，然后带着这些问题进行阅读。边阅读边选出考查表层情况问题的答案，从而提高阅读效果。

2．忌草率行事。在设计理解题时，设计者往往在四个选项中设计出一个似是而非的答案。这样答案干扰性特别强，容易迷惑考生。如果在发现一个看似正确答案时就草率定案，往往会掉进设计者设置的“陷阱”里。处理的方法是：对所给四个备选答案进行分析比较，在理解理解阅读材料内容的基础上进行去伪存真，方可选出正确答案。

3．忌主观印象。少数阅读不明确题只需根据生活常识就可选出答案，而绝大多数则不然，考生必须按照原文来选定答案。因此，考生在做后一种测试题时，一定要排除自身的生活经验、经历和已有的知识等主观因素的干扰，按照文章实际反映的情况来选择答案。

4．忌忽略时间。做阅读理解题时，一定要从整体上控制时间，时间分配根据文章的难易程度有别。文中一两处没弄懂的地方可以暂且放置一边，等把全部题做完后，再回头来处理。因为做完题后，你的心情相对放松了往往会产生新的思路、新的灵感。即使做完题后时间所剩无几了，你再把未处理的题猜测一下也不晚，因为你仍然有选对的可能性。

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