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Structure of the automobile

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Few inventions in modern times have had as much impact on human life and on the global environment as the automobile. Automobiles and trucks have had a strong influence on the history, economy, and social life of much of the world.

Entire societies, especially those of the industrialized countries, have been restructured around the power of rapid, long-distance movement that the automobile confers on individuals and around the flexible distribution patterns made possible by trucks. Automobiles have given great freedom of movement to their

owners, but encourage sprawl (i.e., straggling, low-density urban development). Sprawl degrades landscapes and produces traffic congestion that tends to immobilize the automobiles that make sprawl itself possible. Furthermore, the dependence on petroleum fuel of automobiles and trucks, and thus of the economies based on these machines, imposes strong patterns on global politics, moving industrial societies such as the United States (which consumes approximately 25% of the world's oil production) to be deeply concerned with the power struggles of the Persian Gulf, where approximately 70% of the world's oil reserves are located.

The automobile is also a significant health hazard, both directly and indirectly. According to the United Nations, over a million people (both vehicle occupants and pedestrians) die every year on the world's roads; the United States alone loses over 40,000 lives annually to car crashes. Meanwhile, automobile exhausts are the largest single source of air pollution (in the United States). Air pollution from the manufacture and operation of automobiles contributes importantly to crop damage, acid rain, destruction of the ozone layer, lung disease, and early death by a variety of health problems. Sixteen percent of the world's annual greenhouse-gas production comes from automobiles; greenhouse gasses contribute to global climate change, which may disrupt food production and flood coasts and low islands worldwide.

The first automobiles, constructed in the late nineteenth century, were essentially horse-drawn carriages with the horses removed and engines installed. After more than a century of development, the modern automobile is a sophisticated system. It combines fuel efficiency and speed to offer the mobility and flexibility of use demanded by an enormous variety of lifestyles and industries. Automobiles affect every aspect of society, from the design of our cities, to police, ambulance, fire, and utility services, to such personal uses as vacation travel, dining, and shopping. Mass production techniques, first developed for the automobile in the early twentieth century, have been adapted for use in nearly every industry, providing for the efficient and inexpensive production of products.

Trucks, especially 18-wheel tractor-trailer trucks, have become the major form of transporting goods across the country, allowing, for example, produce to be quickly transported to markets while still fresh. The use of automotive technology—tractors, combines, pickers, sprayers, and other self-propelled machines—in

、管路敷设技术通过管线敷设技术不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷设过程中，要加强看护关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理、电气课件中调试对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行

高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使其在正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案

。

、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组高中资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。

agriculture has enabled farmers to increase the quantity, quality, and variety of our foods, albeit at the price of increased soil erosion rates, agricultural dependence on petroleum-derived fuels and fertilizers, and increased runoff pollution. Meanwhile, dozens of industries depend, directly or indirectly, on the automobile. These industries include producers of steel and other metals, plastics, rubber, glass, fabrics, petroleum products, and electronic components.

Automobile - Structure Of The Automobile Automobile - Design Factors

Automobile - Interaction Of Systems Automobile - Engine Automobile - Fuel System Automobile - Exhaust System Automobile - Cooling System Automobile - Lubrication Automobile - Electrical System Automobile - Transmission Automobile - Chassis Automobile - Body Automobile - Hybrids

Structure of the automobile

Thousands of individual parts make up the modern automobile. Much like the human body, these parts are arranged into several semi-independent systems, each with a different function. For example, the human circulatory system comprises the heart, blood vessels, and blood. The automobile contains analogous circulatory systems for coolant fluid (mostly water), for lubricating oil, and for fuel. The engine—the "heart" of the automobile—is comprised of pistons, cylinders, tubes to deliver fuel to the cylinders, and other components. Each system is necessary for making the automobile run and reducing noise and pollution.

The major systems of an automobile are the engine, fuel system, transmission, electrical system, cooling and lubrication system, and the chassis, which includes the suspension system, braking system, wheels and tires, and the body. These systems will be found in every form of motor vehicle and are designed to interact with and support each other.

Design factors

、管路敷设技术通过管线敷设技术不仅可以解决吊顶层配置不规范高中资料试卷问题，而且可保障各类管路习题到位。在管路敷程中，要加强看护关于管路高中资料试卷连接管口处理高中资料试卷弯扁度固定盒位置保护层防腐跨接地线弯曲半径标高等，要求技术交底。管线敷设技术中包含线槽、管架等多项方式，为解决高中语文电气课件中管壁薄、接口不严等问题，合理利用管线敷设技术。线缆敷设原则：在分线盒处，当不同电压回路交叉时，应采用金属隔板进行隔开处理；同一线槽内，强电回路须同时切断习题电源，线缆敷设完毕，要进行检查和检测处理、电气课件中调试对全部高中资料试卷电气设备，在安装过程中以及安装结束后进行

高中资料试卷调整试验；通电检查所有设备高中资料试卷相互作用与相互关系，根据生产工艺高中资料试卷要求，对电气设备进行空载与带负荷下高中资料试卷调控试验；对设备进行调整使正常工况下与过度工作下都可以正常工作；对于继电保护进行整核对定值，审核与校对图纸，编写复杂设备与装置高中资料试卷调试方案，编写重要设备高中资料试卷试验方案以及系统启动方案；对整套启动过程中高中资料试卷电气设备进行调试工作并且进行过关运行高中资料试卷技术指导。对于调试过程中高中资料试卷技术问题，作为调试人员，需要在事前掌握图纸资料、设备制造厂家出具高中资料试卷试验报告与相关技术资料，并且了解现场设备高中资料试卷布置情况与有关高中资料试卷电气系统接线等情况，然后根据规范与规程规定，制定设备调试高中资料试卷方案

。

、电气设备调试高中资料试卷技术电力保护装置调试技术，电力保护高中资料试卷配置技术是指机组在进行继电保护高中资料试卷总体配置时，需要在最大限度内来确保机组资料试卷安全，并且尽可能地缩小故障高中资料试卷破坏范围，或者对某些异常高中资料试卷工况进行自动处理，尤其要避免错误高中资料试卷保护装置动作，并且拒绝动作，来避免不必要高中资料试卷突然停机。因此，电力高中资料试卷保护装置调试技术，要求电力保护装置做到准确灵活。对于差动保护装置高中资料试卷调试技术是指发电机一变压器组在发生内部故障时，需要进行外部电源高中资料试卷切除从而采用高中资料试卷主要保护装置。

When an automobile is designed, the arrangement, choice, and type of components depend on various factors. The use of the automobile is one factor. Some cars are required only for local driving; these cars may be capable of achieving good fuel economy on short trips, but they may be less comfortable to drive at high speeds. A sports car, built for speed, will have enhanced steering and handling abilities, but requires a stronger engine, more fuel, and a more sophisticated suspension system. Yet, an automobile must also be flexible enough to perform in every situation and use.

Other factors in the design of automobiles include the requirements for pollution-control components that have been placed on the modern automobile. Safety features are also a factor in the automobile's design, affecting everything from the braking and steering systems to the materials used to construct the body. The design of the body must incorporate standards of safety, size and weight, aerodynamics or ways to reduce

the friction of airflow, and appearance.

Henry Ford and his first automobile. Bettmann/Corbis. Reproduced by permission.

The choice of front-wheel drive allows for a smaller, more fuel-efficient car. But the arrangement of the engine and its relationship to other automobile systems will be different from a rear-wheel-driven car. Independent suspension for all four wheels improves the automobile's handling, safety, and comfort, but requires a more complex arrangement. The use of computer technology, the most recently added system to the automobile, requires changes in many of the car's other systems. Lastly, cost is an important factor in the design of a car. Many features useful for improving the various systems and characteristics of an automobile may make it too costly to produce and too expensive for many people to buy.

The design of an automobile, therefore, is a balance of many factors. Each must be taken into consideration, and compromises among features satisfy as many factors as possible. Yet, for all the variety among automobiles, the basic systems remain essentially the same.

Interaction of systems

Before examining the components of each system, it is useful to understand how the systems interact. The human body is again a good example of the interaction of systems. The heart pumps blood, which feeds the tissues of the body while at the same time helping to remove impurities. The tissues, fed by blood, are able to perform their tasks, and often are required to support the action of the heart. Muscle tissue, for example, depends on the availability of oxygen-rich blood from the heart in order to move the body.

The internal combustion engine is the heart of the automobile. The engine produces energy from fuel and converts that energy into the power to move the different components that will move the car. The engine converts the chemical energy produced by the burning of the fuel into mechanical energy. This energy is used to spin a shaft. The spinning shaft, through the interaction of the transmission and other components,

causes the wheels to turn and the car to move. A similar transfer of energy to motion can be seen when bicycling. The up and down motion of the feet and legs is converted to the turning motion of the pedals, which in turn pulls the chain that causes the rear wheel to spin.

Just as it is more difficult to pedal a bicycle from a standstill than it is while already rolling, the engine requires the electrical system to give it the push to move on its own. The electric starter motor of an automobile provides a powerful force to give the engine its initial movement. The battery supplies energy for the engine to use when burning the fuel needed to make it run. The alternator is driven by a belt attached to the engine, recharging the battery so there will be a constant supply of energy. The sensors of the computer control system, which governs many of the processes in an automobile, also require electricity.

The burning of fuel is a hot, noisy process that also produces pollutants in the form of exhaust. This exhaust must be carried away from the engine and away from the automobile. The exhaust system, with its muffler, also acts to reduce the noise produced by the vehicle. Burning fuel in the cylinders produces two other results: friction and extremely high temperatures. In order to protect the parts from being worn down from the friction and from melting with the heat, they must be properly lubricated and cooled. These systems depend on the engine and the electrical system for the power to perform their tasks.

The engine's power is used to turn the automobile's wheels. Because the tires are the only parts of the automobile that are actually in contact with the road, they must rest on a system of supports that will carry the weight of the car and respond to conditions of the road surface. At the same time, the driver must be capable of guiding the direction of the automobile. Once an automobile is moving, it will continue to move until some sort of friction, the brake, is applied to stop it.

The wheels, suspension, steering, and braking systems are all attached to the car's chassis, as is the rest of the automobile. The chassis and body, analogous to the skeletal structure in the human body, provide support for all the various systems and components, while also providing safety, comfort, and protection

from the elements for the automobile's passengers.

Engine

The engine operates on internal combustion; that is, the fuel used for its power is burned inside the engine. This burning occurs inside cylinders. Within the cylinder is a piston. When the fuel is burned, it creates an explosive force that causes the piston to move up and down. The piston is attached, via a connecting rod, to a crankshaft, where the up and down movement of the piston converts to a circular motion. When bicycling, the upper part of a person's leg is akin to （类似于）the piston. Power from the leg is passed through the pedal in order to turn the crank.

Gasoline is the most common automobile fuel. It is pulled into the cylinder by the vacuum created as the piston moves down through the cylinder. The gasoline is then compressed up into the cylinder by the next movement of the piston. A spark is introduced through a spark plug placed at the end of the cylinder. The spark causes the gasoline to explode, and the explosion drives the piston down again into the cylinder. This movement, called the power stroke, turns the crankshaft. A final movement of the piston upward again forces the exhaust gases, the byproducts of the fuel's combustion, from the cylinder. These four movements—intake, compression, power, and exhaust—are called strokes. The four-stroke engine is the most common type of automobile engine.

Most automobiles have from four to eight cylinders, although there are also two-cylinder and 12-cylinder automobiles. The cylinders work together in a sequence to turn the crankshaft, so that while one cylinder is in its intake stroke, another is in the compression stroke, and so forth. Generally, the more

cylinders, the more smoothly the engine will run. The size of the automobile will affect the number of cylinders the engine uses. Smaller cars generally have the smaller four-cylinder engine. Mid-sized cars will generally require a six-cylinder engine, while larger cars need the power of an eight-cylinder engine.

The number of cylinders, however, is less important to the level of an engine's power than is its displacement. Displacement is a measure of the total volume of fuel mixture moved by all the pistons working together. The more fuel burned at one time, the more explosive the force, and thus, the power will be. Displacement is often expressed as cubic centimeters (cc) or as liters. A smaller engine will displace 1,200 cc (1.2 L) for 60 horsepower, while a larger engine may displace as much as 4,000 cc (4 L), generating more than 100 horsepower. Horsepower is the measurement of the engine's ability to perform work. The size and weight of the car also affects its power. It takes less work to propel a lighter car than a heavier car, even if they have the same engine, just as a horse carrying a single rider can go faster with less effort than a horse drawing a cart.

Electrical system

Electricity is used for many parts of the car, from the headlights to the radio, but its chief function is to provide the electrical spark needed to ignite the fuel in the cylinders. This is performed by an electrical system comprises a battery, starter motor, alternator, distributor, ignition coil, and ignition switch. As discussed above, the starter motor is necessary for generating the power to carry the engine through its initial movements. Initial voltage is supplied by the battery, which is kept charged by the alternator. The alternator creates electrical current from the movement of the engine, much as windmills and watermills generate current from the movement of air or water.

Turning the key in the ignition switch draws current from the battery. This current, however, is not strong enough to provide spark to the spark plugs so it is drawn through the ignition coil, which is comprised of the tight primary winding and the looser secondary winding. The introduction of current between these

windings creates a powerful magnetic field. Interrupting the current flow, which happens many times a second, causes the magnetic field to collapse. The collapsing of the magnetic field produces a powerful electrical surge. In this way, the 12-volt current from the battery is converted to the 20,000 volts needed as spark to ignite the gasoline.

Because there are two or more cylinders, and therefore as many spark plugs, this powerful current must be distributed—by the distributor—to each spark plug in a carefully controlled sequence. This sequence must be timed so that the cylinders and the pistons powering the crankshaft work smoothly together. For this reason, most automobiles manufactured today utilize an electronic ignition, in which a computer precisely controls the timing and distribution of current to the spark plugs.

Transmission

Once the pistons are firing and the crankshaft is spinning, this energy must be converted, or transmitted, to drive the wheels. But the crankshaft spins only within a limited range, usually between 1,000 to 6,000 revolutions per minute (rpm), and this is not enough power to cause the wheel to turn when applied directly. The transmission accomplishes the task of bringing the engine's torque (the amount of twisting force the crankshaft has as it spins) to a range that will turn the wheels. One way to experience the effect of torque is by using two wrenches, one with a short handle, the other with a long handle. It may be difficult to turn a nut with the shorter wrench; but the nut turns much more easily with the longer wrench, because it allows a more powerful twisting force. The transmission has two other functions: allowing reverse movement, and braking the engine.

There are two types of transmission: manual and automatic. With a manual transmission, the driver controls the shifting of the gears. In an automatic transmission, as its name implies, gears are engaged automatically. Both types of transmission make use of a clutch, which allows the gears to be engaged and disengaged.

Automobiles generally have at least three forward gears plus a reverse gear, although many manual transmissions have four or even five gears. Each gear provides a different ratio of the number of revolutions per minute (rpms) of the crankshaft (the power input) to the number of revolutions per minute of the output of the transmission, directed to the wheels. In first gear, for example, which is needed to move the automobile from a standstill, the ratio of input to output is 3.5 to one or even higher. The greater the ratio, the more torque will be achieved in the output. Each successively higher gear has a lower input to output ratio. This is because once the automobile is rolling, progressively less torque is needed to maintain its movement. The fourth and fifth gears found on most cars are used when the engine has achieved higher speeds; often called overdrive gears, these gears allow the input to output ratio to sink lower than one to one. In other words, the wheels are spinning faster than the crankshaft. This allows for higher speeds and greater fuel efficiency.

。

Chassis

The chassis is the framework to which the various parts of the automobile are mounted. The chassis must be strong enough to bear the weight of the car, yet somewhat flexible in order to sustain the shocks and tension caused by turning and road conditions. Attached to the chassis are the wheels and steering assembly, the suspension, the brakes, and the body.

The suspension system enables the automobile to absorb the shocks and variations in the road surface, keeping the automobile stable. Most cars feature independent front suspension, that is, the two wheels in front are supported independently of each other. In this way, if one wheel hits a bump while the other wheel is in a dip, both wheels will maintain contact with the road. This is especially important because steering the

automobile is performed with the front wheels. More and more cars also feature independent rear suspension, improving handling and the smoothness of the ride.

The main components of the suspension system are the springs and the shock absorbers. The springs suspend the automobile above the wheel, absorbing the shocks and bumps in the road surface. As the chassis bounces on the springs, the shock absorbers act to dampen, or quiet, the movement of the springs, using tubes and chambers filled with hydraulic fluid.

The steering system is another part of the suspension system. It allows the front wheels to guide the automobile. The steering wheel is attached to the steering column, which in turn is fitted to a gear assembly that allows the circular movement of the steering wheel to be converted to the more linear, or straight, movement of the front wheels. The gear assembly is attached to the front axle by tie rods. The axle is connected to the hubs of the wheels.

Wheels and the tires around them are the only contact the automobile has with the road. Tires are generally made of layers of rubber or synthetic rubber around steel fibers that greatly increase the rubber's strength and ability to resist puncture. Tires are inflated with air at a level that balances the greatest contact

with the road surface with the ability to offer puncture resistance. Proper inflation of the tires will decrease wear on the tires and improve fuel efficiency.

Body

The body of a car is usually composed of steel or aluminum, although fiberglass and plastic are also used. The body is actually a part of the chassis, the whole formed by welding stamped components into a single unit. While the body forms the passenger compartment, offers storage space, and houses the automobile's systems, it has other important functions as well. Passenger safety is achieved by providing structural support strong enough to withstand the force of an accident. Other parts of the car, such as the front and hood, are designed to crumple in a crash, thereby absorbing much of the impact. A firewall

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between the engine and the interior of the car protects the passengers in case of an engine fire. Lastly, the body's shape contributes to reducing the level of wind resistance as the car moves, allowing the driver better handling and improving fuel efficiency.

汽车专用术语大全

Automotive Electric System 汽车电系

Starting Motor 起动马达

利用齿轮传动来摇动引擎或起动引擎的电动马达。

Solenoid Switch 电磁开关

借着电磁线圈蕊的移动而使开关合的一种小开关装置。其蕊也会导致机械作用，如将传动小齿轮与飞轮的齿轮啮合，以激活引擎。

Halogen Headlamp 卤素头灯

一种灯泡内充满卤素的聚光大灯，其光度较一般头灯为亮。

Fuel Level Indicator 汽油表

分为装在驾驶室仪表板的表体及装在油箱上的量油器两部份。

Oil Pressure Gauge 机油压力表

通称为机油表，指示引擎内部机油压力的大小。至于油底壳中的机油量，需要引擎旁的机油尺测量。现今多数汽车以警告灯代替机油压力表。

Compressor 压缩机

空调系统的机件，可探冷却剂蒸气压缩以增加其压力及温度。

Condenser 冷凝器

空调系统的机件，能将管子中的热量，以很快的方式，传到管子附近的空气，大部分的汽车置于水箱前方。 Dehydrator 储液器和干燥器

安装在冷凝器和挥发器之间，*近冷凝器，用来储存液体冷媒，并且将冷媒里的水份吸掉。

Refrigerant 冷媒

在空调系统中，透过蒸发与凝结，使热转移的一种物质。

Refrigerant Oil 冷冻油

润滑空调系统里的活动机件，实施空调工作时，必须重新充填。

Alternator 交流发电机

在汽车电系中，一种可将机械能改变成为电能的装置。由此可充电至电瓶，并可供应各电器的电力。

Suspension System悬吊系统

Coil Spring 圈状弹簧

圈状弹簧为独立式悬吊装置使用最多之弹簧，以弹簧钢卷成螺旋状。

Torsion-Bar Spring 扭杆弹簧

扭杆一端固定在车架上，另一端使用臂与车轮连接，车轮上下跳动时使扭杆扭转，以扭转弹力来吸收震动，构造简单占位置小，适合小型车使用，但材质要佳。

Stabilizer Bar 平稳杆

平稳杆属横向装置于车架与控制臂之间，其功用可减少悬吊系统的移动及车身摇摆，尤其汽车转弯时，因离心力作用，会使车身发生倾斜，此杆抗衡扭力的作用足以减轻汽车偏外的程度。

Shock Absorber 避震器

避震器的需求是由于弹簧不能马上稳定下来，也就是说弹簧被压缩再放开以后，它会持续一段时间又伸又缩，所以避震器可以吸收车轮遇到凹凸路面所引起的震动，使乘坐舒适。

Front Suspension 前悬吊

前悬吊系统使前轮可以上下移动并吸收路面震动，但是也须使车轮能左右摆动，以便汽车转向。除大货卡车外，

大多的车辆已普遍采用独立式悬吊装置，左右轮互相无关系，为独立动作。

Rear Suspension 后悬吊

一般后悬吊系统会采用钢板弹簧，或螺旋弹簧，但现今轿车为使乘坐舒适，亦采用独立悬吊系，与前悬吊系相同，可以使四个轮子各自独立，为减少轮胎磨损及行驶稳定，需作后轮定位。

自动水平控制装置(Automatic Level Control)

自动水平控制系统为专门应付汽车后部荷重的改变，没有自动水平控制的汽车若在后部加重，汽车后部就会下沉，则会改变汽车的操纵特性，使头灯上扬。

Drive Line System 传动系统

Front Engine Front Drive

F.F.式车辆

表示前置引擎前轮驱动的车辆，目前小轿车多采用此种装置，它的优点是加速传动较轻快，高速行驶直线性较佳，车内空间可加大，缺点是车辆前半部较重，增加前轮的负担，且左右两根传动轴较易损坏，增加保养费。 Front Engine Rear Drive

F.R.式车辆

表示前置引擎后轮驱动的车辆，它的优点是传动系统较坚固耐用，爬坡性较佳保养费较低，缺点为车内空间较小，加速较不轻快。

Clutch System离合器

将来自引擎的动力给予传达，或予截断的机构，使用于截断与变速机构之连结使引擎起动，或使引擎处于旋转状态停车，或变速机构的齿轮之变换，或将离合器接续做车辆徐徐出发等。

Flywheel 飞轮

装置在曲柄轴的一端，是铸铁制造较重的轮盘，在爆发冲程传递回转力，由飞轮一时吸收储蓄，供给在下次动力冲程，能使曲柄轴圆滑回转作用，外环的齿环可供起动时摇转引擎之用，背面与离合器片接触，成为离合器总成的组件。

Speedometer Drive 速率表

表示轮轴回转数的仪表，每辆汽车都必须配备，可供驾驶人员随时注意车速，通常装于驾驶室，以显示状况，另一端连接到变速箱的输出轴。

Cable-Operated Control System

液压式离合器系统

利用特殊钢绳，连接踏板与释放杆间，作为切断或接通的连杆机构。

Clutch Disc, Clutch 离合器片

作为传递引擎动力到变速箱的媒介物。

Manual Transmission

手排档变速箱

需要离合器配合操纵的变速机构，可依车辆行走阻力的变化，变换引擎的扭矩，使车辆正常行驶。

Automatic Transmission

自动排档变速箱

没有装置操作变速机的离合器机构，操纵机构是没有选择杆(Selecter)，附有P(停车)、R(倒车)、N(空档)、D(高速)、L(低速)等记号。

Synchro-Mesh Type Transmission

同步啮合式变速机

一般用于手排变速箱内，在齿轮啮合前先由设置在两齿轮的摩擦圆锥体机构接触，使两个齿轮在啮合前其回转成一致后，同时啮合方式的变速箱，通常在第一挡到第二挡，第二挡到第三挡，或第三挡到第四挡时才有此种装置，倒文件并没有。

Planetary Gear System

行星齿轮装置

属于自动变速箱内的齿轮组，如太阳系运动状况组成的齿轮，有太阳齿轮、行星齿轮、环齿轮、行星齿轮架所构成，由液压控制，由选择而可获得各种减速比。

Steering System 转向系统

Steering Linkages 转向拉杆

此装置是被用来连接前轮转向节和转向齿轮，使方向盘转动时，可使前轮由一边摆向另一边。

Steering Gear 轮向齿轮

固定在转向机轴下端的齿轮和装配在转向臂的齿轮总称。可将方向盘的旋转动作，转换成拉杆的直线运动。有二种基本的转向齿轮：回旋滚珠式和齿棒小齿轮式。

Recirclulating-Ball Steering Gear回旋滚珠式齿轮

此种转向齿轮，利用内部的循环珠，使螺母和螺杆之间的接触摩擦大大减少，让驾驶者操作方向盘轻巧方便。

Power Steering 动力转向

汽车所使用的动力转向系统，基本上是经修改的手动转向系统，主要的是增加一个助力器(Power Booster)，以帮助驾驶者。

Automotive Engine System 引擎系统

Combustion Chamber 燃烧室

活塞到达上死点后其顶部与汽缸盖之间的空间，燃料即在此室燃烧。

Compression Ratio 压缩比

活塞在下死点的汽缸之总容积除以活塞在上死点的总容积(燃烧室容积)，所得的值就称为压缩比。Connecting Rod 连杆

引擎中连接曲轴与活塞的连接杆。

Cooling System 冷却系统

可藉冷却剂的循环，将多余的热量移出引擎，以防止过热的系统。在水冷式的引擎中，包括水套、水泵、水箱及节温器。

Crankcase 曲轴箱

引擎下部，为曲轴运转的地方，包括汽缸体的下部和油底壳。

Crankshaft 曲轴

引擎的主要旋转机件，装上连杆后，可承接连杆的上下(往复)运动变成循环(旋转)运动。

Crankshaft Gear 曲轴齿轮

装在曲轴前端的齿轮或键齿轮，通常用来代动凸轮轴齿轮，链条或齿状皮带。

Cylinder Block 汽缸体

引擎的基本结构，引擎所有的零附件都装在该机件上，包括引擎汽缸及曲轴箱的上半部。

Cylinder Head 汽缸盖

引擎的盖子及封闭汽缺的机件，包括水套和汽门及冷却片。

Detonation 爆震

为火焰的撞击或爆声，在火花点火引擎的燃烧室内，因为压过的空气燃料混合气会自燃，于是使部份未燃的混合气产生二次点火(在火星塞点火之后)，因而发出了爆声。

Displacemint 排气量

在引擎的某一循环运作中，能将全部空气及混合气送入所有汽缸的能力，也是指一个活塞从一个行程运作至另一行程所能排的体积。

Engine 引擎

一种能将热能转变为机械能的机械：一种可将燃料燃烧产生机械动力的装置；有时可视为一种发动机。

Fan Belt 风扇皮带

一种由曲轴带动的皮带，其主要目的是带动引擎风扇和水泵。

Float Level 浮筒油面高度

化油器浮筒室内，浮筒浮起而顶住针阀，堵住进油口，使油不再流入浮筒室时，油面的高度。

Four-Stroke Cycle 四行程引擎

进气、压缩、动力、排气四个行程。四个行程调一完整的循环。

Gasket 垫片

用纸、橡皮片或铜片制成，放在两平面之间以加强密封的材料。

Gear Lubricant 齿轮润滑油

一种可润滑齿轮的机油，通常为SAE90号机油。

Heat-Control Valve 热控制阀

在引擎排气歧管中一种节温操作阀门，可在引擎未达正常工作温度之前，将废气的热导入进气歧管。

Knock 敲击

随引擎速度出现的金属撞击声，通常是因轴承松脱或磨损所产生。

Main Bearing 主轴承

引擎内支撑曲轴的轴承。

Manifold Pressure 歧管压力

涡轮增压器运作时位于进气歧管内的压力。

Manifold Vacuum 歧管真空

指进气歧管内的真空，即汽缸在进气行程中所产生的真空。

Oil Pan 油底壳

位于引擎下部：可拆装，并将由轴箱密封做为贮油槽的外壳。

Oil filter 机油滤清器

一种在机油通过时便可将污物滤下的装置。

Oil Pump机油泵

在润滑系统中，可迫使机油自油底壳送到引擎运动件的装置。

Ping 爆声

引擎在加速时所产生的爆震现象，此因点火正时提前太多或燃料的辛烷值过低所致。

Piston 活塞

一种装在汽缸内活动的机件，能在压力改变时接受或传递动力。就引擎而言是指在汽缸内上下滑动，并藉助连杆，迫使曲轴旋转的圆形机件。

Piston Pin 活塞梢

一种管状的金属块，可将活塞或连杆连接。

Piston Ring 活塞环

嵌入活塞槽沟的环，分为两种：压缩环和机油环。压缩环可用来密封燃烧室内的压缩空气；机油环则用来刮除汽缸上多余的机油。

Pressure Cap 压力水箱盖

阀门的水箱盖，可使冷却系统在压力下，保持较高或更有效率的温度。

Radiator 散热器

冷却系统中，可将热气自冷却器消除的装置，亦即吸收引擎过热的冷却液，并将低温冷却液送到引擎的装置。

Turbocharger 涡轮增压器

藉引擎排气所驱动的一种增压器，马力通常可增25~30%。

Brake System 刹车系统

Service Brake System

主刹车系统

汽车行驶时常用之刹车都是脚操作，故又称脚刹车(Foot Brake)。驾驶人踩下刹车踏板后即由机械或液压将刹车力传到车轮之制动装置使产生磨擦作用。

Parking Brake System

驻车刹车系统

驻车刹车又称手刹车，为汽车停驻时，防止车辆滑行之制动装置。一般有装在传动轴之中间制动式，及直接控制后轮制动式两种。

Master Cylinder刹车总泵

Wheel Cylinder刹车分泵

油压刹车的主要配合部份，其上面有储蓄刹车油的槽池，下方是汽缸内配有活塞。活塞是在缸内受刹车踏板再经推杆起作用，将缸内的刹车油压传至各轮分缸，亦是油压刹车装置，配置在各车轮内的制动缸。

动力刹车器(Power-Brake)

以引擎真空及油压操纵Booster等作用补助刹车力量的刹车。

刹车来令(Brake Lining)

刹车蹄片上的制动表面所张贴的摩擦材料，一般大型汽车是以铆钉固定，而小型车则用粘剂加压张贴之。

Brake Shoes 刹车蹄片

受刹车凸轮或推杆的作用量被推向外展开压制刹车鼓，而起制动作用的配件，其形状似如半月形。

Drum brakes鼓式刹车

由刹车底板、刹车分泵、刹车蹄片等有关连杆、弹簧、梢钉、刹车鼓所组成。目前仅普通采用于后轮。

Disc Brakes 碟式刹车

使用金属块(碟)而不用鼓轮，在刹车碟的两边都有一平坦的刹车蹄，当刹车总泵来的油压压送到分缸，使刹车蹄向刹车碟夹住，以达到刹紧的效果，目前已普遍用于前轮，有的高级车装置四轮碟式刹车，其优点是作用灵敏，散热良好，不必调整刹车间隙，保养容易。

Brake Fluid 刹车油

液压刹车系统所使用的液体称为刹车油，它必须不起化学作用，不受高温的影响，对金属及橡胶不会产生腐蚀、软化、膨胀之影响，目前所采用的有DOT3、DOT4、DOT5。

Wheel rim, Tire 钢圈与车胎

Tire Tread 轮胎面

指轮胎面接触在地面的部份，为防止打滑及散热起见，在轮胎面设置有许多花纹。

Tubeless Tires 无内胎轮胎

轮胎内未配装内胎而此轮胎本身就有内胎构造，空气即充填在胎中，目前已普遍采用，取代有内胎的车轮。Tire Tube 内胎

以良质的橡胶制成，充填空气支持车重，配装在外胎内部，目前小轿车较少采用，而大客货车仍普遍用之。 Tire Size 轮胎尺寸

轮胎尺寸印在胎壁上，表示方法有二种，即如34*7或7.50-20等表示之。前者为高压轮胎，后者为低压轮胎。另外也有许多记号，例如D用于轻型汽车，F用于中型汽车，G指标准型汽车，H、L、J是用于大型豪华及高性能汽车。如胎壁上加印个R，如175R13，表示轮胎是径轮胎，宽长175mm，装在轮圈直径330mm在车轮上，一般也会刻上RADIAL字。

Wheel Rim 钢圈

大多数车辆所使用的钢圈为钢材压制及焊接而成，目前的钢圈为钢材压制及焊接而成，目前的钢圈外环制造的很精确，以装配无内胎的轮胎。

Alumminum-Rim 铝合金钢圈

质轻，加工容易，是一体铸成，不易变形，外观多变化，目前多采用，有省油，导热性良好，强度分布均匀，减少滚动噪音的优点。

Wheel Balance 轮胎平衡

是前轮定位中，对轮胎的检查项目之一，轮胎若不平衡，会造成车辆行驶时，左右偏摆震荡上下跳动，方向盘摆震的现象，驾驶乘座极不舒适，必须配挂重铅块于钢圈的两侧，使之平衡。

Wheel Alignment 车轮定位

汽车的前轮，为顾及操作容易及行驶上的安全，减少轮胎的磨损，于设计时则订定各项角度，即前束、内倾角、外倾角、后倾角，转向前展等五个项目，近年来车辆多采用四轮独立悬吊，而后轮亦做有前束及外倾角，以增加行驶的稳定及舒适性，故有后轮定位。

Side Slip Tester 偏滑测试

以车子行驶1公里，车子偏向横侧之公尺数表非，即m/km，一般不得超过3-5m/km。车辆产生侧滑之原因为前束、外倾角，后倾角等调整不良之结果，所以监理站做车辆安全检查时，只需量偏滑值即可。

1、引擎系统(Automotive Engine System)

燃烧室(Combustion Chamber)

活塞到达上死点后其顶部与汽缸盖之间的空间，燃料即在此室燃烧。

压缩比(Compression Ratio)

活塞在下死点的汽缸之总容积除以活塞在上死点的总容积(燃烧室容积)，所得的值就称

为压缩比。

连杆(Connecting Rod)

引擎中连接曲轴与活塞的连接杆。

冷却系统(Cooling System)

可藉冷却剂的循环，将多余的热量移出引擎，以防止过热的系统。在水冷式的引擎中，

包括水套、水泵、水箱及节温器。

曲轴箱(Crankcase)

引擎下部，为曲轴运转的地方，包括汽缸体的下部和油底壳。

曲轴(Crankshaft)

引擎的主要旋转机件，装上连杆后，可承接连杆的上下(往复)运动变成循环(旋转)运动。

曲轴齿轮(Crankshaft Gear)

装在曲轴前端的齿轮或键齿轮，通常用来代动凸轮轴齿轮，链条或齿状皮带。

汽缸体(Cylinder Block)

引擎的基本结构，引擎所有的零附件都装在该机件上，包括引擎汽缸及曲轴箱的上半部。

汽缸盖(Cylinder Head)

引擎的盖子及封闭汽缺的机件，包括水套和汽门及冷却片。

爆震(Detonation)

排气量(Displacemint)

在引擎的某一循环运作中，能将全部空气及混合气送入所有汽缸的能力，也是指一个活塞从一个行程运作至另一行程所能排的体积。

引擎(Engine)

一种能将热能转变为机械能的机械：一种可将燃料燃烧产生机械动力的装置；有时可视为一种发动机。

风扇皮带(Fan Belt)

一种由曲轴带动的皮带，其主要目的是带动引擎风扇和水泵。

浮筒油面高度(Float Level)

化油器浮筒室内，浮筒浮起而顶住针阀，堵住进油口，使油不再流入浮筒室时，油面的高度。

四行程引擎(Four-Stroke Cycle)

进气、压缩、动力、排气四个行程。四个行程调一完整的循环。

垫片(Gasket)

用纸、橡皮片或铜片制成，放在两平面之间以加强密封的材料。

齿轮润滑油(Gear Lubricant)

一种可润滑齿轮的机油，通常为SAE90号机油。

热控制阀(Heat-Control Valve)

在引擎排气歧管中一种节温操作阀门，可在引擎未达正常工作温度之前，将废气的热导入进气歧管。

敲击(Knock)

随引擎速度出现的金属撞击声，通常是因轴承松脱或磨损所产生。

主轴承(Main Bearing)

引擎内支撑曲轴的轴承。

歧管压力(Manifold Pressure)

涡轮增压器运作时位于进气歧管内的压力。

歧管真空(Manifold Vacuum)

指进气歧管内的真空，即汽缸在进气行程中所产生的真空。

油底壳(Oil Pan)

位于引擎下部：可拆装，并将由轴箱密封做为贮油槽的外壳。

机油滤清器(Oil filter)

一种在机油通过时便可将污物滤下的装置。

机油泵(Oil Pump)

在润滑系统中，可迫使机油自油底壳送到引擎运动件的装置。

爆声(Ping)

引擎在加速时所产生的爆震现象，此因点火正时提前太多或燃料的辛烷值过低所致。

活塞(Piston)

一种装在汽缸内活动的机件，能在压力改变时接受或传递动力。就引擎而言是指在汽缸

内上下滑动，并藉助连杆，迫使曲轴旋转的圆形机件。

活塞梢(Piston Pin)

一种管状的金属块，可将活塞或连杆连接。

活塞环(Piston Ring)

崁入活塞槽沟的环，分为两种：压缩环和机油环。压缩环可用来密封燃烧室内的压缩空气；机油环则用来刮除汽缸上多余的机油。

压力水箱盖(Pressure Cap)

一种附有阀门的水箱盖，可使冷却系统在压力下，保持较高或更有效率的温度。

散热器(Radiator)

冷却系统中，可将热气自冷却器消除的装置，亦即吸收引擎过热的冷却液，并将低温冷

却液送到引擎的装置。

火星塞(Spark plug)

为两电极及一绝缘体组合而成，可提供引擎汽函火花点火的一种零件。

火花测试(Spark Test)

一种点火系统的快速检查方法。先将高压线的金属端接近汽函盖6mm处，而后起动引擎，检查火花发生的情形。

增压器(SuperCharger)

引擎进气系统内，将进入的空气或空气燃油混合比加以压力的泵。如此增加可燃的燃油量，而增进引擎动力。

节温器(Thermostat)

为一自动调温装置，通常含有感温组件，借着膨胀或冷缩来开启、关掉空气、气体或液

体的流动。

涡轮增压器(Turbocharger)

藉引擎排气所驱动的一种增压器，马力通常可增25~30%。

二行程循(Two-Stroke Cycle)

二行程循环引擎，其燃油进入、压缩、燃烧与排气陆续发生在两活塞行程之间。

汽门间隙(Valve Clearance)

OHC引擎中，摇臂与汽门杆顶的间隙。汽门机构中，关闭的汽门之间隙。

汽门正时(Valve Tming)

配合活塞位置使汽门开或关的正时。

汽门机构(Valve Train)

引擎的汽门操值机构，从凸轮轴至汽门的机件包括在内。

减震器(Vibration Damper)

与引震曲轴相接的装置，用来抗衡曲轴的扭转振动(即曲轴受汽缸点火的冲击力而扭动的

现象)。

废汽门(Wastegate)

涡轮增压器中的控制装置，可限制压力升高，以避免引擎和滑轮增压器的损坏。

水套(Water Jackets)

指汽缸体和汽缸盖的内外壳间之空间，冷却液即在其间循环。

水泵(Water Pump)

在冷却系统中，水泵的作用使冷却液在引擎水套和水箱之间不断循环。

2、传动系统(Drive Line System)

F.F.式车辆(Front Engine Front Drive)

表示前置引擎前轮驱动的车辆，目前小轿车多采用此种装置，它的优点是加速传动较轻快，高速行驶直线性较佳，车内空间可加大，缺点是车辆前半部较重，增加前轮的负担，且左右两根传动轴较易损坏，增加保养费。

F.R.式车辆(Front Engine Rear Drive)

表示前置引擎后轮驱动的车辆，它的优点是传动系统较坚固耐用，爬坡性较佳保养费较低，缺点为车内空间较小，加速较不轻快。

离合器(Clutch System)

系将来自引擎的动力，给予传达，或予截断的机构，使用于截断与变速机构之连结使引擎起动，或使引擎处于旋转状态停车，或变速机构的齿轮之变换，或将离合器接续做车辆徐徐出发等。

飞轮(Flywheel)

离合器片(Clutch Disc, Clutch)

作为传递引擎动力到变速箱的媒介物。

液压式离合器系统(Cable-Operated Control System)

利用特殊钢绳，连接踏板与释放杆间，作为切断或接通的连杆机构。

手排档变速箱(Manual Transmission)

需要离合器配合操纵的变速机构，可依车辆行走阻力的变化，变换引擎的扭矩，使车辆正常行驶。

自动排档变速箱(Automatic Transmission)

没有装置操作变速机的离合器机构，操纵机构是没有选择杆(Selecter)，附有P(停车)、

R(倒车)、N(空档)、D(高速)、L(低速)等记号。

速率表(Speedometer Drive)

表示轮轴回转数的仪表，每辆汽车都必须配备，可供驾驶人员随时注意车速，通常装于驾驶室，以显示状况，另一端连接到变速箱的输出轴。

同步啮合式变速机(Synchro-Mesh Type Transmission)

一般用于手排变速箱内，在齿轮啮合前先由设置在两齿轮的摩擦圆锥体机构接触，使两个齿轮在啮合前其回转成一致后，同时啮合方式的变速箱，通常在第一檔到第二檔，第二档到第三档，或第三档到第四档时才有此种装置，倒文件并没有。

行星齿轮装置(Planetary Gear System)

超速传动(Overdrive)

使变速箱的输出轴回转数超过引擎的转速，可降低燃料消耗量，噪音，震动均随之减少的装置。一般称O/D档，即第五档，自动变速箱亦有加装此装置。

差速器(Differential)

传递推进轴的回转动力至后左右轮所需之差异的旋转速度，使汽车能够自由转弯行驶的一种齿轮装置。

万向接头(Universal Joint)

可让动力传送到成一角度的二个轴，其中包括二支Y型轭及一个叫做十字轴架的十字型构件。

滑动接头(Slip Joint)

有外栓槽和内栓槽与二轴连接。栓槽不但可以使两轴一起转动，且也可以允许二轴沿轴线作有限度的移动，亦即可应付传动轴的长度变化。

传动轴(Drive Shaft)

连接或装配各项配件而可移动或转动的圆形物体配件，一般均使用轻而抗扭性佳的合金

钢管制成。

四轮驱动(Four-wheel Drive)

许多汽车及一些卡车使用四轮驱动，也就是说。引擎动力可传送到四个轮子，因此车辆可越野行驶，也可以爬陡峭的斜坡，甚至可以在崎岖不平或泥泞的地上行驶。

车(主动)轴(Axle Shaft)

多使用在前轮驱动汽车上，除了可传轮由变速箱来的动力到左右两前轮外，还需配合转向角度的改变。

3、剎车系统(Brake System)

主剎车系统(Service Brake System)

汽车行驶时常用之剎车都是脚操作，故又称脚剎车(Foot Brake)。驾驶人踩下剎车踏板后即由机械或液压将剎车力传到车轮之制动装置使产生磨擦作用。

驻车剎车系统(Parking Brake System)

驻车剎车又称手剎车，为汽车停驻时，防止车辆滑行之制动装置。一般有装在传动轴之中间制动式，及直接控制后轮制动式两种。

剎车总泵(Master Cylinder)及剎车分泵(Wheel Cylinder)

油压剎车的主要配合部份，其上面有储蓄剎车油的槽池，下方是汽缸内配有活塞。活塞是在缸内受剎车踏板再经推杆起作用，将缸内的剎车油压传至各轮分缸，亦是油压剎车装置，配置在各车轮内的制动缸。

动力剎车器(Power-Brake)

以引擎真空及油压操纵Booster等作用补助剎车力量的剎车。

剎车来令(Brake Lining)

剎车蹄片上的制动表面所张贴的摩擦材料，一般大型汽车是以铆钉固定，而小型车则用粘剂加压张贴之。

剎车蹄片(Brake Shoes)

受剎车凸轮或推杆的作用量被推向外展开压制剎车鼓，而起制动作用的配件，其形状似如半月形。

鼓式剎车(Drum brakes)

由剎车底板、剎车分泵、剎车蹄片等有关连杆、弹簧、梢钉、剎车鼓所组成。目前仅普通采用于后轮。

碟式剎车(Disc Brakes)

使用金属块(碟)而不用鼓轮，在剎车碟的两边都有一平坦的剎车蹄，当剎车总泵来的油压压送到分缸，使剎车蹄向剎车碟夹住，以达到剎紧的效果，目前已普遍用于前轮，有的高级车装置四轮碟式剎车，其优点是作用灵敏，散热良好，不必调整剎车间隙，保养容易。

剎车油(Brake Fluid)

液压剎车系统所使用的液体称为剎车油，它必须不起化学作用，不受高温的影响，对金属及橡胶不会产生腐蚀、软化、膨胀之影响，目前所采用的有DOT3、DOT4、DOT5。

4、钢圈与车胎(Wheel rim, Tire)

轮胎面(Tire Tread)

指轮胎面接触在地面的部份，为防止打滑及散热起见，在轮胎面设置有许多花纹。

无内胎轮胎(Tubeless Tires)

轮胎内未配装内胎而此轮胎本身就有内胎构造，空气即充填在胎中，目前已普遍采用，取代有内胎的车轮。

内胎(Tire Tube)

以良质的橡胶制成，充填空气支持车重，配装在外胎内部，目前小轿车较少采用，而大客货车仍普遍用之。

轮胎尺寸(Tire Size)

轮胎尺寸印在胎壁上，表示方法有二种，即如34*7或7.50-20等表示之。前者为高压轮胎，后者为低压轮胎。另外也有许多记号，例如D用于轻型汽车，F用于中型汽车，G指标准型汽车，H、L、J是用于大型豪华及高性能汽车。如胎壁上加印个R，如175R13，表示轮胎是径轮胎，宽长175mm(6.9英吋)，装在轮圈直径13英吋(330mm)在车轮上，一般也会刻上RADIAL字。

钢圈(Wheel Rim)

大多数车辆所使用的钢圈为钢材压制及焊接而成，目前的钢圈为钢材压制及焊接而成，

目前的钢圈外环制造的很精确，以装配无内胎的轮胎。

铝合金钢圈(Alumminum-Rim)

质轻，加工容易，是一体铸成，不易变形，外观多变化，目前多采用，有省油，导热性

良好，强度分布均匀，减少滚动噪音的优点。

轮胎平衡(Wheel Balance)

是前轮定位中，对轮胎的检查项目之一，轮胎若不平衡，会造成车辆行驶时，左右偏摆

震荡上下跳动，方向盘摆震的现象，驾驶乘座极不舒适，必须配挂重铅块于钢圈的两侧

，使之平衡。

车轮定位(Wheel Alignment)

汽车的前轮，为顾及操作容易及行驶上的安全，减少轮胎的磨损，于设计时则订定各项

角度，即前束、内倾角、外倾角、后倾角，转向前展等五个项目，近年来车辆多采用四

轮独立悬吊，而后轮亦做有前束及外倾角，以增加行驶的稳定及舒适性，故有后轮定位

。

偏滑测试(Side Slip Tester)

以车子行驶1公里，车子偏向横侧之公尺数表非，即m/km，一般不得超过3-5m/km。车辆产生侧滑之原因为前束、外倾角，后倾角等调整不良之结果，所以监理站做车辆安全检

查时，只需量偏滑值即可。

5、汽车电系(Automotive Electric System)

起动马达(Starting Motor)

利用齿轮传动来摇动引擎或起动引擎的电动马达。

电磁开关(Solenoid Switch)

借着电磁线圈蕊的移动而使开关合的一种小开关装置。其蕊也会导致机械作用，如将传

动小齿轮与飞轮的齿轮啮合，以激活引擎。

卤素头灯(Halogen Headlamp)

一种灯泡内充满卤素的聚光大灯，其光度较一般头灯为亮。

汽油表(Fuel Level Indicator)

分为装在驾驶室仪表板的表体及装在油箱上的量油器两部份。

机油压力表(Oil Pressure Gauge)

通称为机油表，指示引擎内部机油压力的大小。至于油底壳中的机油量，需要引擎旁的

机油尺测量。现今多数汽车以警告灯代替机油压力表。

压缩机(Compressor)

空调系统的机件，可探冷却剂蒸气压缩以增加其压力及温度。

冷凝器(Condenser)

空调系统的机件，能将管子中的热量，以很快的方式，传到管子附近的空气，大部分的

汽车置于水箱前方。

储液器和干燥器(Dehydrator)

安装在冷凝器和挥发器之间，*近冷凝器，用来储存液体冷媒，并且将冷媒里的水份吸

掉。

冷媒(Refrigerant)

在空调系统中，透过蒸发与凝结，使热转移的一种物质。俗称氟里翁(Freon)。

冷冻油(Refrigerant Oil)

润滑空调系统里的活动机件，实施空调工作时，必须重新充填。

交流发电机(Alternator)

在汽车电系中，一种可将机械能改变成为电能的装置。由此可充电至电瓶，并可供应各电器的电力。

调整器(Regulator)

在充电系统中，能控制交流发电机电压的轮出，以防电压过高的装置。

电瓶水(Battery Acid)

电瓶内所用的电解液：是硫酸和水的混合物。

电瓶电压(Battery Voltage)

由电瓶极板数量决定，每一片极板为2.1伏特，一般12伏特电瓶则有六片极板。

发火线圈(Coil)

在汽车点火系统中，它可将电瓶的电压(12v)转变成为火星塞点火燃烧时所需的高电压。

分电盘(Distributor)

点火系统高低压电的转接站，可将通往发火线圈的电路接通或切断，而后将产生的高电压配送到各缸火星塞。

点火开关(Ignition Switch)

点火系统的开关(通常要使用钥匙)，可自由开启或关闭点火线圈的主要电路，也适用于其它电系电路。

火星塞(Spark Plug)

为两电极及一绝缘体组合而成，可提供引擎汽缸火花点火间隙的一种零件。

分火头(Rotor)

分电盘里的零件，跟着分电盘轴一起轴动，利用一金属薄片，将高压电送至火星塞。6、转向系统(Steering System)

转向拉杆(Steering Linkages)

此装置是被用来连接前轮转向节和转向齿轮，使方向盘转动时，可使前轮由一边摆向另一边。

轮向齿轮(Steering Gear)

回旋滚珠式齿轮(Recirclulating-Ball Steering Gear)

此种转向齿轮，利用内部的循环珠，使螺母和螺杆之间的接触摩擦大大减少，让驾驶者操作方向盘轻巧方便。

动力转向(Power Steering)

汽车所使用的动力转向系统，基本上是经修改的手动转向系统，主要的是增加一个助力器(Power Booster)，以帮助驾驶者。

7、悬吊系统(Suspension System)

钢板弹簧(Leaf Spring)

扁平长方形的钢板呈弯曲形，以数片叠成的底盘用弹簧，一端以梢子安装在吊架上，另一端使用吊耳连接到大梁上，使弹簧能伸缩。目前适用于中大型的货卡车上。

圈状弹簧(Coil Spring)

圈状弹簧为独立式悬吊装置使用最多之弹簧，以弹簧钢卷成螺旋状。

扭杆弹簧(Torsion-Bar Spring)

平稳杆(Stabilizer Bar)

避震器(Shock Absorber)

前悬吊(Front Suspension)

前悬吊系统使前轮可以上下移动并吸收路面震动，但是也须使车轮能左右摆动，以便汽车转向。除大货卡车外，大多的车辆已普遍采用独立式悬吊装置，左右轮互相无关系，为独立动作。

后悬吊(Rear Suspension)

一般车辆后悬吊系统会采用钢板弹簧，或螺旋弹簧，但现今的轿车为使乘坐舒适，亦采用独立悬吊系，与前悬吊系相同，可以使四个轮子各自独立，为减少轮胎磨损及行驶稳定，需作后轮定位。

自动水平控制装置(Automatic Level Control)

8、车体(Body)

全长(Overall Length)

自前保险杆至车尾最末端之长度。

全宽(Overall Width)

车身左右最大之宽度。

全高(Overall Height)

自地面至车身最高点之高度。

轮距(Track)

前轮胎左右中心线之距离。

轴距(Wheel Base)

前轴中心点与后轴中心点间之距离。

感应烘烤(Induction Baking)

利用静电和电磁感应所发热量来烘烤涂装面的意思。

9、其它(Other)

三元触媒转换器(Three-Way Catalytic Converter)

使用铑和其它催化转换器，用来限制废气中HC、Co和NOx等污染物的含量。

排气系统(Exhaust System)

指收集并且排放废气的系统，包括排气歧管、排气管、灭音管、尾管以及共振器。

共振器(Resonator)

一种类似灭音管，可减少排气噪音的装置。

蒸气液体分离器(Vapor-Liquid Separator)

蒸发气排散控制系统内的装置，可防止液体燃油经由活性碳滤罐蒸气管流入引擎。

电子燃料喷射(Electronic Fuel-Injection System)

能将燃料喷入引擎，并能定时、测油的一种系统。

氧气感知器(Oxygen Sensor)

排气管的装置之一，可测量废气中的含氧量，并将此讯号透过电压讯号送至ECU，作为调整混合比之参考。

感知器(Sensor)

任何可接收及反应讯号的装置，如电压的改变、温度及压力的变化，电子燃料喷射系统中，各厂牌均使用了6至10个以上的感知器。

电动汽油泵(Electric Fuel Pump)

供应超额油量至分油盘以维持喷射系统的工作压力：一般装在油箱附近工具箱